DOCSLIB.ORG

Aviation Industry Agreed in 2008 to the World’S First Set of Sector-Specific Climate Change Targets

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aviation Industry Agreed in 2008 to the World’S First Set of Sector-Specific Climate Change Targets CONTENTS Introduction 2 Executive summary 3 Key facts and figures from the world of air transport A global industry, driving sustainable development 11 Aviation’s global economic, social and environmental profile in 2016 Regional and group analysis 39 Africa 40 Asia-Pacific 42 Europe 44 Latin America and the Caribbean 46 Middle East 48 North America 50 APEC economies 52 European Union 53 Small island states 54 Developing countries 55 OECD countries 56 Least-developed countries 57 Landlocked developing countries 58 National analysis 59 A country-by-country look at aviation’s benefits A growth industry 75 An assessment of the next 20 years of aviation References 80 Methodology 84 1 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS INTRODUCTION Open skies, open minds The preamble to the Chicago Convention – in many ways aviation’s constitution – says that the “future development of international civil aviation can greatly help to create and preserve friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world”. Drafted in December 1944, the Convention also illustrates a sentiment that underpins the construction of the post-World War Two multilateral economic system: that by trading with one another, we are far less likely to fight one another. This pursuit of peace helped create the United Nations and other elements of our multilateral system and, although these institutions are never perfect, they have for the most part achieved that most basic aim: peace. Air travel, too, played its own important role. If trading with others helps to break down barriers, then meeting and learning from each other surely goes even further. We have all gained so much from this international system of trade and travel over the Michael Gill past 70 years that it would be easy to forget how much it relies on cooperation and goodwill between countries. ATAG Executive Director Geneva, October 2018 Those of us within the aviation sector never forget – our global reach requires constant coordination. It’s an extraordinary system. Over 10 million women and men are directly employed to ensure we build the best aircraft; load them with fuel, food, cargo and passengers; fly them in the most efficient way; guide them safely through the skies; and land them at airports all over the world. There are thousands, indeed millions, of moving parts all coming together to make that system work. International cooperation is key to this. On a daily basis, we use standards and rules developed by collaborative efforts through expert industry committees and at the International Civil Aviation Organization to deliver a safe, secure and interoperable system. Through multilateral efforts, we have also led the way with a sector-wide climate change action plan, including the world’s first market-based measure for any industry. Although we are rightly often thought of as a technology-driven business, we are also aware of the people that we are responsible for transporting and the teams that make it all work. Bringing people together – both as employees and as customers – is how our sector helps to break down barriers and build understanding between people. At a time when the forces of protectionism threaten to drive people apart, it’s good to know there is still an industry whose entire raison d’être is to do quite the opposite. 2 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Key facts and figures from the world of air transport 3 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS Beyond the industry Aviation’s global employment and GDP impact2 65.5 million $2.7 trillion 36.7 million $896.9 billion 65.5 Tourism million catalytic Jobs supported by aviation 7.8 million $454.0 billion Induced worldwide1 10.8 million $637.8 billion Indirect 10.2 million $704.4 billion Aviation direct JOBS GDP $2.7 trillion DIRECT JOBS Aviation’s global economic th impact (including direct, indirect, 20If aviation were a country, 8 525,000 it would rank 20th in size by induced and tourism catalytic) 3 Airport operators GDP (similar to Switzerland (operations, planning, engineering) or Argentina)11 5.6 million Other on-airport4 (retail, car rental, government All employment and GDP figures are for agencies such as customs and 2016, unless otherwise stated, to give a single set of data for one year. Where immigration, freight forwarders, 3.6%Global GDP supported by aviation9 available, traffic and financial statistics some catering) data are for 2017. These figures represent the benefits that aviation activities deliver to the 2.7 million global economy. They do not include Airlines5 other economic benefits of aviation, (flight and cabin crews, executives, such as the jobs or economic activity ground services, check-in, training generated when companies or whole and maintenance staff) industries exist because air travel makes them possible. They also do not include the intrinsic value that the 4.4xAviation jobs are, on average, speed and connectivity of air travel 1.2 million provides or domestic tourism and 4.4 times more productive than 6 Civil aerospace trade. Including these would increase 12 other jobs . By opening markets (engineers and designers of civil the employment and global economic and enabling knowledge transfer and aircraft, engines and components) impact numbers several-fold10. other catalytic effects, aviation also The figures in Aviation: Benefits Beyond makes jobs in other sectors more Borders should be viewed as a snapshot productive. Globally, each aviation 233,000 of the aviation sector in 2016-2018 and job generates $108,700 in gross value Air navigation service providers7 not as part of a trend. Differences in added (GVA). data sources mean the reports are not (air traffic controllers, executives) directly comparable. 4 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS Going places Routes served Global passenger split, international/domestic, millions17 45,091 globally, 201713 (of these, 20,032 unique city pairs are served) Total: 4,094 m 58.5% 41.5% Domestic International Passengers carried passengers passengers 4.1 billion by airlines, 201714 (in 2018, 4.4 billion passengers are forecast) Asia-Pacific in front Regional passenger traffic split18 2% 41.9 million Africa Scheduled commercial flights worldwide, 201715 23% North America 37% Asia-Pacific 4% Middle East 8% 7.75 trillion Latin America and 16 the Caribbean 26% Passenger kilometres, 2017 Europe Jetting off 1,303 170 Aircraft in commercial service, by type, 201724 Commercial airlines19 Air navigation service providers22 5,567 26,150 Total: 31,717 3,759 31,717 17.5% 82.5% Airports with scheduled Commercial aircraft Turboprops Jets commercial flights20 in service23 (it is estimated there are 41,820 airfields in the world, including military and general aviation aerodromes21) 5 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS High value, time sensitive Proportion of global trade transported by air26 0.5% By volume 34.6% 35% By value Air transport carries around 35% of world trade by value and less than 1% by volume25 Tonnes of freight handled 27 57% 61.9 million by air, 2017 Percentage of international tourists who travel by air30, 2017 Value of cargo handled by air, 201728 (in 2018, it is expected $6.8 trillion will $6trillion be carried) 81% Average aircraft occupancy39, Scheduled freight tonne much higher than other forms 255billion kilometres, 201729 of transport40 341 billion $149 billion Litres of jet fuel used by commercial operators, Amount the world’s airlines paid for fuel, 201732 2017 (90 billion gallons, or around 275 million tonnes of jet fuel)31. This is roughly 10% of global liquid fuel use. 14 million Litres of neat sustainable aviation fuel used by commercial flights, 2017. This was blended 859 million with traditional fuel in over 52,000 flights from four international airports (Los Angeles, Bergen, Oslo and Tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by airlines, Stockholm)35. As this new source of fuel takes off, 201733. This is 2% of the global human emissions of 34 we will see this figure rise substantially. around 40 billion tonnes . Around 80% of aviation CO2 is emitted from flights over 1,500 kilometres in length. Follow developments at www.enviro.aero/SAF 6 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS The air transport industry has made significant This report provides a global view of a truly global industry. progress in reducing its environmental impact: Oxford Economics analysed the economic and social benefits of aviation at a national level in 63 countries and used the results » CO2 emissions per seat kilometre ▼ 80% since first of that assessment to build the most comprehensive global jet aircraft. picture of air transport’s many benefits. Working with partners across the industry, the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) has » Perceived noise ▼ 75% since first jets. expanded the analysis to build a unique view of the air transport » Currently surpassing the first goal, with an average system, which creates and supports jobs, trade, connectivity, annual fuel efficiency of 2.1% achieved across the fleet tourism, vital lifelines for many remote communities and rapid between 2009 and 201636. disaster response. » Over ten billion tonnes of CO2 avoided since 1990 Every day in 2018… through a combination of new technology, operational efficiencies and infrastructural improvements, including » 12 million passengers airlines spending $1 trillion on over 12,200 new aircraft » 120,000 flights since 200937. » $18.8 billion worth of goods carried45 » The industry has invested in new technology, better operations and improved infrastructure. Air transport is a major contributor to global economic » Civil aerospace spends $15 billion per year on efficiency- prosperity related research and development. » Deployment of sustainable aviation fuels could Aviation provides the only rapid worldwide transportation reduce CO2 emissions as much as 80% compared with network, which makes it essential for global business and traditional fuel. It is expected that a million commercial tourism.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WORLD AVIATION Yearbook 2013 EUROPE
    WORLD AVIATION Yearbook 2013 EUROPE 1 PROFILES W ESTERN EUROPE TOP 10 AIRLINES SOURCE: CAPA - CENTRE FOR AVIATION AND INNOVATA | WEEK startinG 31-MAR-2013 R ANKING CARRIER NAME SEATS Lufthansa 1 Lufthansa 1,739,886 Ryanair 2 Ryanair 1,604,799 Air France 3 Air France 1,329,819 easyJet Britis 4 easyJet 1,200,528 Airways 5 British Airways 1,025,222 SAS 6 SAS 703,817 airberlin KLM Royal 7 airberlin 609,008 Dutch Airlines 8 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 571,584 Iberia 9 Iberia 534,125 Other Western 10 Norwegian Air Shuttle 494,828 W ESTERN EUROPE TOP 10 AIRPORTS SOURCE: CAPA - CENTRE FOR AVIATION AND INNOVATA | WEEK startinG 31-MAR-2013 Europe R ANKING CARRIER NAME SEATS 1 London Heathrow Airport 1,774,606 2 Paris Charles De Gaulle Airport 1,421,231 Outlook 3 Frankfurt Airport 1,394,143 4 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol 1,052,624 5 Madrid Barajas Airport 1,016,791 HE EUROPEAN AIRLINE MARKET 6 Munich Airport 1,007,000 HAS A NUMBER OF DIVIDING LINES. 7 Rome Fiumicino Airport 812,178 There is little growth on routes within the 8 Barcelona El Prat Airport 768,004 continent, but steady growth on long-haul. MostT of the growth within Europe goes to low-cost 9 Paris Orly Field 683,097 carriers, while the major legacy groups restructure 10 London Gatwick Airport 622,909 their short/medium-haul activities. The big Western countries see little or negative traffic growth, while the East enjoys a growth spurt ... ... On the other hand, the big Western airline groups continue to lead consolidation, while many in the East struggle to survive.
    [Show full text]
  • A 21St Century Powerhouse Dick Forsberg Head of Strategy, Avolon
    An in-depth analysis of the Indian air travel market Dick Forsberg | July 2018India A 21st Century Powerhouse Dick Forsberg Head of Strategy, Avolon ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to acknowledge FlightGlobal Ascend as the source of the fleet data and OAG, through their Traffic Analyser and Schedules Analyser products, as the source of the airline traffic and capacity data used in this paper. DISCLAIMER This document and any other materials contained in or accompanying this document (collectively, the ‘Materials’) are provided for general information purposes only. The Materials are provided without any guarantee, condition, representation or warranty (express or implied) as to their adequacy, correctness or completeness. Any opinions, estimates, commentary or conclusions contained in the Materials represent the judgement of Avolon as at the date of the Materials and are subject to change without notice. The Materials are not intended to amount to advice on which any reliance should be placed and Avolon disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the Materials. Dick Forsberg has over 45 years’ aviation industry experience, working in a variety of roles with airlines, operating lessors, arrangers and capital providers in the disciplines of business strategy, industry analysis and forecasting, asset valuation, portfolio risk management and airline credit assessment. As a founding executive and Head of Strategy at Avolon, his responsibilities include defining the trading cycle of the business, primary interface with the aircraft appraisal and valuation community, industry analysis and forecasting, driving thought leadership initiatives, setting portfolio risk management criteria and determining capital allocation targets. Prior to Avolon, Dick was a founding executive at RBS (now SMBC) Aviation Capital and previously worked with IAMG, GECAS and GPA following a 20-year career in the UK airline industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Ge Aviation India Fact Sheet
    GE AVIATION INDIA FACT SHEET GE Aviation is a world-leading provider of jet and turboprop engines, components and integrated systems for commercial, military, business and general aviation aircraft. GE Aviation has a global service network to support these offerings. GE Aviation also supplies engines for marine applications. Meeting the needs of a growing nation India’s passenger traffic today is 160 million passengers, but that number is estimated to grow to 452 million1 by the end of the decade as a burgeoning middle class takes to the air, according to the aviation intelligence service CAPA - Centre for Aviation. Those numbers are another sign of India’s rapid growth, and just like GE’s energy, health, transportation and finance businesses, GE Aviation is proud to be a partner in the country’s development. GE’s industry leading GEnx and GE90 engines are based on proven architecture and superior technology, developed in the United States and refined based on inputs received from research centers across the globe. At GE, we work to innovate and develop technology solutions that improve quality of life in India. GE Aviation: Moving India Aviation in India is growing at a rapid pace as a growing middle class takes to the skies. With thousands of GE engines installed on the global fleet of commercial, business and general aviation aircrafts, GE is helping power aircrafts that are moving India. GE engines set the industry standard for fuel efficiency, reliability and outstanding service. India’s commercial airline fleet is expected to triple in the next two decades and GE Aviation is poised to meet the challenge of that rapid growth.
    [Show full text]
  • A Decade of Economic Change and Population Shifts in U.S. Regions
    Regional Economic Changes A decade of economic change and population shifts in U.S. regions Regional ‘fortunes,’ as measured by employment and population growth, shifted during the 1983–95 period, as the economy restructured, workers migrated, and persons immigrated to the United States etween 1983 and 1990, the United States The national share component shows the pro- William G. Deming experienced one of its longest periods of portion of total employment change that is Beconomic expansion since the Second due simply to overall employment growth in World War. After a brief recession during 1990– the U.S. economy. That is, it answers the ques- 91, the economy resumed its expansion, and has tion: “What would employment growth in continued to improve. The entire 1983–95 pe- State ‘X’ have been if it had grown at the same riod also has been a time of fundamental eco- rate as the Nation as a whole?” The industry nomic change in the Nation. Factory jobs have mix component indicates the amount of em- declined in number, while service-based employ- ployment change attributable to a State’s ment has continued to increase. As we move from unique mix of industries. For example, a State an industrial to a service economy, States and re- with a relatively high proportion of employ- gions are affected in different ways. ment in a fast-growing industry, such as ser- While commonalties exist among the States, vices, would be expected to have faster em- the economic events that affect Mississippi, for ployment growth than a State with a relatively example, are often very different from the factors high proportion of employment in a slow- which influence California.
    [Show full text]
  • British Imperial Policy and the Indian Air Route, 1918-1932
    British Imperial Policy and the Indian Air Route, 1918-1932 CROMPTON, Teresa Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/24737/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version CROMPTON, Teresa (2014). British Imperial Policy and the Indian Air Route, 1918- 1932. Doctoral, Sheffield Hallam Universiy. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk British Imperial Policy and the Indian Air Route, 1918-1932 Teresa Crompton A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2014 Abstract The thesis examines the development of the civil air route between Britain and India from 1918 to 1932. Although an Indian route had been pioneered before the First World War, after it ended, fourteen years would pass before the route was established on a permanent basis. The research provides an explanation for the late start and subsequent slow development of the India route. The overall finding is that progress was held back by a combination of interconnected factors operating in both Britain and the Persian Gulf region. These included economic, political, administrative, diplomatic, technological, and cultural factors. The arguments are developed through a methodology that focuses upon two key theoretical concepts which relate, firstly, to interwar civil aviation as part of a dimension of empire, and secondly, to the history of aviation as a new technology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Return of the 1950S Nuclear Family in Films of the 1980S
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2011 The Return of the 1950s Nuclear Family in Films of the 1980s Chris Steve Maltezos University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, and the Film and Media Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Maltezos, Chris Steve, "The Return of the 1950s Nuclear Family in Films of the 1980s" (2011). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3230 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Return of the 1950s Nuclear Family in Films of the 1980s by Chris Maltezos A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Liberal Arts Department of Humanities College Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Daniel Belgrad, Ph.D. Elizabeth Bell, Ph.D. Margit Grieb, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 4, 2011 Keywords: Intergenerational Relationships, Father Figure, insular sphere, mother, single-parent household Copyright © 2011, Chris Maltezos Dedication Much thanks to all my family and friends who supported me through the creative process. I appreciate your good wishes and continued love. I couldn’t have done this without any of you! Acknowledgements I’d like to first and foremost would like to thank my thesis advisor Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Indian Military Aviation Reorienting? Kishore Kumar Khera
    IDSA Issue Brief Is Indian Military Aviation Reorienting? Kishore Kumar Khera May 07, 2019 Summary The unabated growth of the helicopter fleet in the Indian Armed Forces in the last two decades is a result of coherence between demand and supply. All three wings of the Indian Armed Forces clearly annunciated their operational requirements and moved forward aggressively for helicopter fleet expansion. This demand was ably supported by the supply of Russian Mi-17s and Indigenous ALHs. The addition of the heavy lift Chinook CH47 and the attack helicopter Apache AH64E will augment the capabilities further. If this trend were to persist, soon the IAF, the prime aviation force, will have more helicopters than fighter aircraft. With a lack of supply of fighter aircraft and its continuous draw down, are the Indian Armed Forces reorienting for helicopter dominated air operations for guarding the national interests? IS INDIAN MILITARY AVIATION REORIENTING? Aviation has been a part of military kinetic capability for over a century now. Exactly 100 years ago, for the first time, an independent military aviation wing was established that later was rechristened as the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom.1 Based on the basic configuration of the lifting surface, aviation assets are broadly classified as fixed wing (aircraft) and rotary wing (helicopters). A further sub- classification in each category is based on their primary role. Fixed wing aviation assets include fighter aircraft of small size, with one or two crew members and primarily employed for weapon firing. The other subcategory of fixed-wing aircraft is the wide-bodied large aircraft capable of carrying passengers or cargo or special equipment like sensors or fuel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008
    The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985- 2008 | 1 New Perspectives in Policing S E P T E M B E R 2 0 1 0 National Institute of Justice The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008 David H. Bayley and Christine Nixon Introduction Executive Session on Policing In 1967, the President’s Commission on Law and Public Safety Enforcement and the Administration of Justice pub­ This is one in a series of papers that are being pub­ lished The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society. This lished as a result of the Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety. publication is generally regarded as inaugurating the scientific study of the police in America in particu­ Harvard’s Executive Sessions are a convening of lar but also in other countries. Almost 20 years later, individuals of independent standing who take joint responsibility for rethinking and improving society’s the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard responses to an issue. Members are selected based University, convened an Executive Session on the on their experiences, their reputation for thoughtful­ police (1985-1991) to examine the state of policing ness and their potential for helping to disseminate the and to make recommendations for its improvement. work of the Session. Its approximately 30 participants were police execu­ In the early 1980s, an Executive Session on Policing tives and academic experts. Now, 20 years further on, helped resolve many law enforcement issues of the Kennedy School has again organized an Executive the day. It produced a number of papers and concepts that revolutionized policing.
    [Show full text]
  • Pohnpei International Airport Master Plan
    FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE POHNPEI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT FINAL MASTER PLAN JUNE 2012 POHNPEI FINAL POHNPEI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT MASTER PLAN Table of Contents Page 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of the Master Plan ......................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Scope of the Master Plan ............................................................................ 1-1 1.3 Scope of Project Work ................................................................................. 1-2 1.3.1 Existing Conditions/Inventory ......................................................... 1-2 1.3.2 Aviation Forecasts .......................................................................... 1-2 1.3.3 Airport Operations .......................................................................... 1-2 1.3.4 Demand/Capacity Analysis ............................................................ 1-3 1.3.5 Land Use Planning ......................................................................... 1-3 1.3.6 Utilities ............................................................................................ 1-3 1.3.7 Environmental Impact ..................................................................... 1-4 1.3.8 Capital Improvement Program/Facilities Requirement Plan .......... 1-4 1.3.9 Airport Layout Plan Drawing Set .................................................... 1-4 1.4 Federal and Local Approval........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Tourism Infrastructure
    INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE InvestmentINDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTUREOppor -tunities Investment Opportunities & & Challenges Challenges 1 2 INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE - Investment Opportunities & Challenges Acknowledgement We extend our sincere gratitude to Shri Vinod Zutshi, Secretary (Former), Ministry of Tourism, Government of India for his contribution and support for preparing the report. INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE - Investment Opportunities & Challenges 3 4 INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE - Investment Opportunities & Challenges FOREWORD Travel and tourism, the largest service industry in India was worth US$234bn in 2018 – a 19% year- on-year increase – the third largest foreign exchange earner for India with a 17.9% growth in Foreign Exchange Earnings (in Rupee Terms) in March 2018 over March 2017. According to The World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism generated ₹16.91 lakh crore (US$240 billion) or 9.2% of India’s GDP in 2018 and supported 42.673 million jobs, 8.1% of its total employment. The sector is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 6.9% to ₹32.05 lakh crore (US$460 billion) by 2028 (9.9% of GDP). The Ministry has been actively working towards the development of quality tourism infrastructure at various tourist destinations and circuits in the States / Union Territories by sanctioning expenditure budgets across schemes like SWADESH DARSHAN and PRASHAD. The Ministry of Tourism has been actively promoting India as a 365 days tourist destination with the introduction of niche tourism products in the country like Cruise, Adventure, Medical, Wellness, Golf, Polo, MICE Tourism, Eco-tourism, Film Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, etc. to overcome ‘seasonality’ challenge in tourism. I am pleased to present the FICCI Knowledge Report “Indian Tourism Infrastructure : Investment Opportunities & Challenges” which highlights the current scenario, key facts and figures pertaining to the tourism sector in India.
    [Show full text]
  • Getting to Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands
    Getting to Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands Airport • Majuro is served by the Amata Kabua International Airport with the call letters MAJ . • Airport Tax: A departure fee of $20.00 U.S. is required except for children less than 12 years old and adults over 60 years old. Airlines The two main airlines servicing the Marshall Islands from abroad are: • United Airlines. United operates between Asia and Honolulu and provides a connection to the Marshall Islands in both directions on what is affectionately named the “Island Hopper”. The route is Honolulu direct to Majuro (4.5 hours), or Guam to Majuro with four quick “hops” (8 hours). • Nauru Airlines. Nauru Airlines operates between Australia and the Marshall Islands and also connects with Nauru and Kiribati. Immigration • U.S., Palau, and FSM Citizens are exempt from Visas with a valid Passport. • A 30-day visa-on-arrival will be granted for citizens of Australia and New Zealand, Canada, European Union (includes United Kingdom), South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines with the proper paperwork. • All others should use the following procedure: 1. Generally, an application for a visa should consist of the following: i. Completed application form (with two recent passport size photos) ii. Passport (valid for at least 6 months) iii. Supporting documents: (i) Letter from applicant – stating the purpose and duration of visit (ii) Police record – must be dated within last 3 months (iii) Health clearance – must show person is free from HIV/AIDS and TB; dated within last 3 months (iv) Receipt – to show payment of application fee 2.
    [Show full text]
  • “Thriller”--Michael Jackson (1982) Added to the National Registry: 2007 Essay by Joe Vogel (Guest Post)*
    “Thriller”--Michael Jackson (1982) Added to the National Registry: 2007 Essay by Joe Vogel (guest post)* Original album Original label Michael Jackson Michael Jackson’s “Thriller” changed the trajectory of music—the way it sounded, the way it felt, the way it looked, the way it was consumed. Only a handful of albums come anywhere close to its seismic cultural impact: the Beatles’ “Sgt. Pepper,” Pink Floyd’s “Dark Side of the Moon,” Nirvana’s “Nevermind.” Yet “Thriller” remains, by far, the best-selling album of all time. Current estimates put U.S. sales at close to 35 million, and global sales at over 110 million. Its success is all the more remarkable given the context. In 1982, the United States was still in the midst of a deep recession as unemployment reached a four-decade high (10.8 percent). Record companies were laying people off in droves. Top 40 radio had all but died, as stale classic rock (AOR) dominated the airwaves. Disco had faded. MTV was still in its infancy. As “The New York Times” puts it: “There had never been a bleaker year for pop than 1982.” And then came “Thriller.” The album hit record stores in the fall of ‘82. It’s difficult to get beyond the layers of accolades and imagine the sense of excitement and discovery for listeners hearing it for the first time--before the music videos, before the stratospheric sales numbers and awards, before it became ingrained in our cultural DNA. The compact disc (CD) was made commercially available that same year, but the vast majority of listeners purchased the album as an LP or cassette tape (the latter of which outsold records by 1983).
    [Show full text]