City Employment in 1967
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GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT / GE67 No.2 CITY EMPLOYMENT IN 1967 Municipal governments in the United States During the 5 years from 1962 to 1967, city made salary and wage payments for October 1967 employment (on a full-time equivalent basis) amounting to $987 million. This sum represented rose approximately 19 percent and municipal payrolls for 2,060,000 employees--1,70lJ,000 of payrolls increased 46 percent. Average monthly them engaged on a full-time basis and the other earnings of fUll-time city employees concerned 351,000 paid only for part-time services. The with education rose 15 percent in this 5-year part-time component is accounted for mainly by period. The average for other full- time munic small municipalities, and includes numerous ipal employees went up 27 percent. elected officials and paid volunteer firemen- groups that ordinarily receive only nominal The full- time equivalent number of munici pal employees in October 1967, other than for compensation for their services. education amounted to 1,444,000 persons. This When part-time city employees are counted was equal to an average of 123 employees for each in terms of average pay rates for fUll-time work 10,000 municipal inhabitants, as reported in in corresponding functions, they are found to be table 2. equivalent to only 57,000 full-time employees. Accordingly, the total of municipal employment FUNCTIONS OF CITY GOVERNMENTS in October 1967, on a full-time equivalent basis, ) is calculated at 1,766,000 persons. Individual cities differ Widely in the range of their responsibilities. Certain important These figures indicate increases from services needed in urban areal:i mayor may not October 1966 as follows: Number of employees be provided by the municipal government, depend (full-time equivalent), up some 65 thousand. or ing on where State law or local option has placed 4 percent; October payrolls, up 95 million. or responsibility for their performance. 11 percent. This marks a continuance of the upward trends in city employment and payrolls In terms of City employment and payrolls. that have been underway since 1946, as indicated the most important of such variable functions is by table 1. education. This function accounts for about one fifth of all employment and payrolls of municipal In most parts of the United States. including governments as a whole. However. for those a majority of urban areas, public schools are municipalities which operate schools. this function provided by school districts which operate as commonly represents from one-third up to around separate local governments. However. where one-half of total employment and payrollS. schools are administered by municipalities. this function requires a considerable fraction of all There are dlso certain other functions that city employment and payrolls. Table 1. ac may require a considerable number of city em cordingly, presents historical data not only in ployees where they are municipally undertaken. total but also "excluding education." but that 3re not mainly so assigned. ThesE' functions include 3irports and port or terminal October 1967 earnings averaged 3pproxi facilities (often provided by speciol Jistricts); mately $653 for full-time municipal employees correction. health. hospital. ond public welfarf' concerned with education (mainly teachers). and services) for which counties rather than earnings of other full- time city government municipalities have primary local responsibility employees averaged $540 for this month. in most instances; ;Jnd utilities other th;Jn Welter 133ued ~eptember ~768 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE C. R. Smith, Secretary William H. Chartener, ASSistant Secretary for Economic Affairs BUREAU OF THE CENSUS A. Ross Eckler, Director •• I...... ". r _1~. ..... 11 2 Government Employment: 1967 supply (Le., transit, electric, and gas supply covers central financial agencies and activities, systems), which in many urban areas are privately including tax administration and central pur • rather than governmentally owned and operated. chasing. General control covers personnel, In tables 2 and 3 these functions, together planning, legal staff, courts and other agencies with education, are grouped and treated as concerned with general municipal administration, "variable municipal functions," to distinguish as well as the city council and the office of mayor them from functions which involve extensive city or manager. The highways function comprises government responsibility in practically all all city activities for construction and maintenance sizable incorporated areas. Table 2 shows of streets, sidewalks, bridges, etc., butnot street employment of the cities ofover 50,000 separately cleaning (under sanitation other than sewerage) for the following categories regarded as "common nor traffic control (under policeprotection). municipal functions:" Highways, police pro tection, fire protection, sewerage, sanitationother than sewerag-e, parks and recreation, libraries, DA TA FOR MAJOR CITIES financial administration, general control, and water supply. 1 The 310 cities which had 50,000 inhabitants About three-fifths of all City employment in or more in 1960 account for a major portion of October 1967 was accounted for by the common all municipal employment and payrolls, as shown municipal functions, as defined above. Following by table 2. In October 1967, these major cities are percentage distributions, by function, based had 64 percent of all full- time plus part-time on the data shown for all municipalities in table 2: municipal employees, 70 percent of the full-time equivalent total, and 75 percent of all municipal I Percent of full-time government payrolls. equivalent employment, October 1967 As indicated by table 2, these large cities Function engage a larger number of employees in relation All Corrunon to their population, and have higher average functions municipal functions salary payments per full-time employee, than municipalities as a whole. They alsodiffer in the functional distribution of their employment. c Total•••..•..•••.• 100.0 (x) Following are percentage distributions for the For common municipal cities of 50,000 or more: functions••••.••••••••• 57.2 100.0 Highways •••.•••••••.•• 6.5 11.4 Police protection•.••• 14.9 26.0 Percent of full-time Fire protection••••••• 9.0 15.8 equivalent employment, October 1967 Sewerage•...........•. 2.3 4.0 Function Sanitation other than Common sewerage••....•....•. 6.2 10.9 All functions municipal Parks and recreation•• 4.5 7.8 fu.....lCtions Libraries•••••....•.•. 1.9 3.4 Financial adminis- tration••••.•....•.•• 2.7 4.8 Total•••••••..•.••• 100.0 (X) General control••.•••• 4.1 7.1 For corrunon municipal Water supply..•.•..•.• 5.0 8.7 functions••.••••••.••..• 52.4 100.0 For variable municipal Highways •••.•.••.••...• 4.9 9.3 functions .....•....•..• 42.8 (x) Police protection••..•• 14.0 26.8 Education.•......••••. 18.3 (X) Fire protection.••.•.•• 9.2 17.6 Other...•....••.•..•.• 24.5 (X) Sewerage•••••.••...••.• 1.8 3.5 Sanitation other than ~ote: Because of rounding, detail may not sewerage••..•.••••.•.. 6.0 11.4 add to totals. Parks and recreation••• 4.9 9.3 Libraries•..•.••.••.•.• 2.1 3.9 The police protection and fire protection Financial adminis- categories include not only uniformed forces, but tration•.•..••••••..•• 2.3 4.3 also administrative and clerical personnel con General control••.••••• 3.1 5.9 cerned with these services. Sanitation other than Water supply••..•••••.. 4.2 8.0 sewerage concerns activities for refuse collection For variable municipal and street cleaning. Financial administration functions •••..•••....•.. 47.6 (X) Education•••.••....•... 20.4 (X) lThis classification differs slightly frorn that Other..•......•.•••.... 27.1 (X) used in the 1962 Census of Governments, where the residual "all other" functional category was ~Iote: Because of rounding, detail may not treated as a part of "cornmon municipal functions." add to totals. • City Employment in 1967 3 ln table 3 of this report, statistics are Public Employment in 1967, presents State-by shown individually for the 310 cities that had State data for all types of local governments, as 50,000 inhabitants or more in 1960. Intercity well as for States and the Federal Government. comparisons based on the figures in table 3 should The nationwide aggregates for city governments take account of the presence or absence of other in that report, as well as the more detailed overlying local governments, arrangements that stat.istics here, are based on information solicited apply for operation of utilities, and the varying by mail questionnaire from a sample that includes allocation of governmental responsibilities be about 2,500 municipal governments. tween the State and various types of local government. The sample comprises all m'Jnicipalities Within most cities, the county has a signifi that had 25,000 inhabitants or more in 1960, and, cant share of the responsibility for local govern for smaller municipalities, a random sample ment. However, a number of the cities shown stratified by State and size group in terms of (New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, St. Louis, 1960 population. Usable reports of 1967 data were Boston, Washington, D.C., San Francisco, New received from over 90 percentof the survey panel. Orleans, Honolulu, Denver, Baton Rouge, the "Metropolitan Government" of Nashville Davidson, as well as all of the Connecticut, Rhode In arriving at the statistics shown in tables Island, and Virginia cities shown in table 3) either 1 and 2, data