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DILSON GABRIEL CARDOSO BUSANELLO.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ DILSON GABRIEL CARDOSO BUSANELLO FILOGENIA DE SIAGONIUM KIRBY & SPENCE E NOTAS TAXONÔMICAS DE ALGUMAS ESPÉCIES DO GÊNERO CURITIBA 2019 DILSON GABRIEL CARDOSO BUSANELLO FILOGENIA DE SIAGONIUM KIRBY & SPENCE E NOTAS TAXONÔMICAS DE ALGUMAS ESPÉCIES DO GÊNERO Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas, no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Área de Concentração em Entomologia, do Setor de Ciências Biológicas, da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Edilson Caron CURITIBA 2019 ! "#$%$&'( ) * +, - . / 0 .1 # * ! ) 23'$ 44 .5 6 5 7 8: ( % ) %* 8: 7 ' 7 < = 2 < & ? / 4 < 8: @ ?= @@ ) 7 @@@ %* 8: 7 23 ( A$ABC AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a minha mãe e ao meu irmão, por todo esforço e apoio dedicados a mim durante esta jornada. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Edilson Caron, por todo o conhecimento passado a mim e pela paciência e motivação nas minhas faltas. Aos colegas de trabalho do Laboratório de Pesquisa em Coleoptera (LAPCOL), em especial ao Sidnei Bortoluzzi da Silva, por toda a ajuda nesse processo. Ao Field Museum of Natural History pelo do empréstimo do material e ao pesquisador Shun-Ichiro Naomi pela doação do material do Japão. Ao Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica da UFPR Palotina pelas imagens de MEV presentes na dissertação. Ao CNPQ pela concessão da bolsa de mestrado. Aos meus grandes amigos. Meus sinceros agradecimentos a todos que estiveram envolvidos de alguma forma neste trabalho. RESUMO O gênero Siagonium Kirby & Spence, 1815 é um dos sete gêneros existentes e um dos mais antigos de Piestinae. São encontrados sob cascas de árvores e sua distribuição ocorre na região Holártica e extremo norte da região Neotropical. Piestinae historicamente tem sido mal definida, caracterizando-se apenas por plesiomorfias e não tendo a sua monofilia recuperada. Estudos filogenéticos recentes têm organizado os gêneros da subfamília, sugerindo relações entre alguns gêneros e também a não monofilia de Siagonium. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi, através de análises de máxima parcimônia de caracteres morfológicos de adultos, testar a monofilia do gênero e investigar o relacionamento deste com os demais gêneros de Piestinae. Nas análises foram utilizados 24 táxons terminais e 51 caracteres, na qual as espécies de Siagonium formaram um grupo parafilético, no qual a monofilia pode ser recuperada ao incluir o gênero Piestoneus Sharp, 1889. O clado Siagonium+Piestoneus foi suportado por oito transformações, sendo duas sinapomorfias e seis homoplasias. Aqui sinonimizamos o gênero Piestoneus, incluindo suas quatro espécies dentro de Siagonium e mostramos as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies. Além disso, o gênero é redescrito e ilustrado e uma chave de identificação para as espécies estudadas é fornecida. Palavras-chave: Estafilinídeo, morfologia, região Holártica, sistemática, taxonomia. ABSTRACT The genus Siagonium Kirby & Spence, 1815 is one of the seven existing genus and one of the oldest of Piestinae. It is found under the bark of trees and their distribution occurs in the Holarctic and extreme north of the Neotropical region. Piestinae historically has been poorly defined, being characterized only by plesiomorphies and not having its monophyly recovered. Recent phylogenetic studies have organized the genera of the subfamily, suggesting relationship between some genera and also the non-monophyly of Siagonium. The main objective of this study was, by analyzing the maximum parsimony of adult morphological characters, to test the monophyly of the genus and to investigate its relationship with the other genera of Piestinae. Twenty-four terminals taxa and 51 characters were used in the analyzes, where the species of Siagonium formed a paraphyletic group, in which the monophyly can be recovered by including the genus Piestoneus Sharp, 1889. The Siagonium+Piestoneus clade was supported by eight transformations, being two synapomorphies and six homoplasies. Here we synonimize the genus Piestoneus, including its four species within Siagonium and show the phylogenetic relationships among the species. In addition, the genus is redescribed and illustrated, and an identification key for the species studied is provided. Key words: Holarctic region, morphology, rove beetle, systematic, taxonomy. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................ 7 OBJETIVOS ..................................................................................................................... 9 Objetivo geral ................................................................................................................... 9 Objetivos específicos ........................................................................................................ 9 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS .............................................................................................. 9 Amostragem de táxon ....................................................................................................... 9 Construção dos caracteres .............................................................................................. 10 Análises .......................................................................................................................... 11 Estudo morfológico ........................................................................................................ 11 RESULTADOS .............................................................................................................. 12 DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO ..................................................................................... 20 NOTAS TAXONÔMICAS ............................................................................................ 26 Gênero Siagonium Kirby & Spence, 1815 ..................................................................... 26 Chave de identificação para algumas espécies de Siagonium ........................................ 29 CHECKLIST .................................................................................................................. 30 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................................................. 32 APÊNDICE 1 ................................................................................................................. 37 APÊNDICE 2 ................................................................................................................. 42 7 INTRODUÇÃO Staphylinidae é a família mais diversa do reino animal, com 63.650 espécies descritas, alocadas em 3.870 gêneros e 32 subfamílias (Grebennikov & Newton 2009; Ahn et al. 2017; Chani-Posse et al. 2018). Os estafilinídeos estão distribuídos em todos os continentes, com exceção da Antártida (Chani-Posse & Thayer 2008), e podem ser facilmente reconhecidos pelos élitros curtos e truncados, expondo quase todos os segmentos abdominais. Staphylinidae é dividida em quatro grandes grupos: Omaliine, Oxyteline, Tachyporine e Staphylinine (Lawrence & Newton 1982). Oxyteline atualmente é composto por quatro subfamílias, sendo elas Piestinae Erichson, 1839, Osoriinae Erichson, 1839, Oxytelinae Fleming, 1821, e Scaphidiinae Latreille, 1807 (Grebennikov & Newton 2012). Piestinae é uma das mais antigas subfamílias de Staphylinidae atualmente reconhecidas e é composta por apenas 117 espécies em dez gêneros, sendo três extintos (Yamamoto et al. 2018). A subfamília é atualmente definida por plesiomorfias, diferindo de Oxytelinae pela falta de glândulas defensivas e de Osoriinae por possuir um ou dois pares de paratergitos abdominais (Grebennikov & Newton 2012). Apesar da biologia da subfamília não ser muito bem conhecida sabe-se que esses podem ser encontrados sob casca de árvores e em madeira podre ou ocasionalmente em serapilheira (Caron et al. 2012) e possuem comportamento alimentar variado, sendo saprófagos e algumas espécies micófagas (Thayer 2016). Piestinae tem sido mal definida e sendo usada para alocar vários estafilinídeos que não se encaixam bem em outras subfamílias (Caron et al. 2012). Em estudos filogenéticos, tanto morfológicos quanto moleculares, a subfamília tem sido recuperada como parafilética ou polifilética, com relacionamento mais próximo à outras duas subfamílias, Oxytelinae e Osoriinae (Grebennikov & Newton 2012; McKenna et al. 2015). No entanto, um estudo filogenético amplo, incluindo morfologia do adulto, da larva e dados moleculares, está sendo executado com o intuitode testar a monofilia de Piestinae (Bortoluzzi, estudo em andamento). Mesmo assim, independente da monofilia de Piestinae, estudos filogenéticos recentes têm ajudado a compreender o relacionamento entre as espécies e os gêneros da subfamília, como Piestus Gravenhorst, 1806 e Hypotelus Erichson, 1839 (ambos monofiléticos) (Caron et al. 2012; Bortoluzzi 8 et al. 2017), sugerindo relações entre os gêneros de Piestinae (Caron et al. 2012; Bortoluzzi et al. 2017; Yamamoto et al. 2018; Bortoluzzi, estudo em andamento) ou ainda questionando a monofilia de Siagonium Kirby & Spence, 1815 (Bortoluzzi, estudo em andamento), gênero alvo deste trabalho. Siagonium é um dos gêneros mais antigos de Piestinae, atualmente constituído por 24 espécies viventes e uma fóssil, distribuídas principalmente na região Holártica, com apenas uma espécie ocorrendo no México (Moore
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