Canadian Journal of Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL.

Staphylinidae of Eastern Canada and Adjacent United States. Key to Subfamilies; : Tribes and Subtribes, and Species of Staphylinina Adam Brunke*, Alfred Newton**, Jan Klimaszewski***, Christopher Majka**** and Stephen Marshall* *University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, School of Environmental Sciences, 1216/17 Bovey Building, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1. [email protected], [email protected]. **Field Museum of Natural History, Zoology Department/ Division, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago IL, 60605. [email protected]. *** Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055, rue du P.E.P.S., Stn. Sainte-Foy Québec, QC, G1V 4C7. [email protected] **** Nova Scotia Museum, 1747 Summer St., Halifax, NS, B3H 3A6. [email protected].

Abstract. Rove (Staphylinidae) are diverse and dominant in many of North America’s ecosystems but, despite this and even though some subfamilies are nearly completely revised, most species remain difficult for non-specialists to identify. The relatively recent recognition that staphylinid assemblages in North America can provide useful indicators of natural and human impact on has highlighted the need for accessible and effective identification tools for this large family. In the first of what we hope to be a series of publications on the staphylinid fauna of eastern Canada and the adjacent United States (ECAS), we here provide a key to the twenty-two subfamilies known from the region, a tribe/subtribe level key for the subfamily Staphylininae, and a species key to the twenty-five species of the subtribe Staphylinina. Within the Staphylinina, the Platydracus cinnamopterus species complex is defined to include P. praetermissus Newton spec. nov., P. cinnamopterus (Gravenhorst) and P. zonatus (Gravenhorst). Lectotypes are designated for Staphylinus cinnamopterus Gravenhorst, Staphylinus zonatus Gravenhorst and Staphylinus badius Mannerheim. One new Canadian record, one new record from eastern Canada, and thirty-nine new provincial or state records are presented.

Introduction communicates the degree of natural or human Rove beetles (Coleoptera: impact upon these systems (Pohl et al. 2008). In Staphylinidae) constitute the largest family of a recent review of the use of beetles in worldwide, with more than 55,440 conservation, New (2010) highlighted the critical described species (Grebennikov and Newton importance of species-level identifications in 2009) found in a great diversity of terrestrial and surveys aiming to document changes to periaquatic habitats. In Canada, more than 1400 ecosystems via human development or climate species are known and some large subfamilies change. The continued ability of insect surveys (Staphylininae, Tachyporinae) have been nearly to address important ecological and completely revised. An excellent synthesis of conservation-themed questions depends the staphylinid literature is given by Thayer primarily on the correct identification of (2005); however, our understanding of specimens, which in turn depends on the staphylinid ecology and habitat requirements is availability of effective keys. still very limited. Recent work has revealed that Although several recent works such as staphylinids are dominant organisms in Canadian Klimaszewski (2000) and Newton et al. (2000) forest ecosystems (Paquin and Duperre 2001) include keys to the genus or subfamily level, and because many species require continuous, accompanied by line drawings of important mature or old growth stands, the composition of characters, keys to most staphylinid groups are their species assemblages effectively poorly illustrated and cover broad geographic areas (e.g. North America north of Mexico).

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Furthermore, many important staphylinid keys the remaining groups of Staphylininae. are scattered in the primary literature and can be time-consuming or difficult to locate. These Methods obstacles can now be addressed using online, Specimen photographs were taken with a open-access publication to provide richly Visionary Digital imaging system and CombineZ illustrated, digital keys to the species of or Helicon Focus software was used to combine Staphylinidae known to inhabit eastern Canada multiple photographs into high depth-of-field and the adjacent United States (ECAS). ECAS images. Most photographs of living specimens is defined here as Ontario eastward and includes were taken with digital SLR cameras and a the following states that are adjacent to eastern 105mm macro lens, often with the addition of a Canada: Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, 2X teleconverter or extension rings, but live New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and photographs were also contributed by a number Maine. Although broader regions have been of collaborators using a variety of equipment used in previous works (i.e., Northeastern North (see acknowledgments). Online keys were America of Downie and Arnett (1996)), ECAS created with Adobe Creative Suite 3 software, corresponds well to a naturally delimited including Photoshop, Illustrator, Dreamweaver staphylinid fauna and has allowed the and Fireworks. Maps of species distributions simplification of the keys through exclusion of were prepared using ARC MAP, with records southern or western taxa. previous to 1970 mapped separately from those Despite the largest and some of the occurring on or after this year in order to most conspicuous species being in the highlight possible distribution changes over time Staphylinina (Staphylininae: ), the (this was not done for common species). Most of this subtribe is currently far from species in potential decline reviewed herein settled. The largest genus, Platydracus C. G. showed a noticeable change beginning around Thomson, remains under revision by the second 1970, with a few species ‘declining’ in records author and thus no working key exists for the after 1980. Thus, 1970 was chosen as a standard fauna of ECAS. To remedy this, we provide a division point with special cases discussed under regionalized Platydracus key in advance of the those species. Measurements were taken with an upcoming revision and describe a new species eyepiece micrometer using various dissecting that occurs in ECAS. Multiple accidental microscopes. A list of institutions from which introductions (Newton 1987; Majka and material was examined and a list of contributing Klimaszewski 2008), a history of incorrect photographers are given in the names (Newton 1987), inadequate species acknowledgements. Throughout, ‘abdominal descriptions, colour variation, and the presence segments 1-6’ corresponds to the segments of several rare or typically ‘southern’ species has numbered as visible and therefore represent further complicated the recognition of anatomical segments 2-8. Unless otherwise Staphylinina in this region. Despite this, we stated, we follow the higher classification of show here that most Staphylinina can be easily Newton et al. (2000). identified to species using high-resolution photographs of readily visible characters. In this first publication we provide an overview of, and a key to, the twenty-two staphylinid subfamilies occurring in ECAS, and then review the tribes and subtribes of Staphylininae and the twenty-five species of Staphylinina occurring in ECAS. Keys presented here will also work for the fauna of Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Rhode Island and Wisconsin. We envision this first key as a nexus for future keys to link to, thus creating an integrated guide to the Staphylinidae of ECAS. Future publications are planned, with the most immediate ones covering

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Identification Keys

1. Key to the subfamilies in ECAS

1 Body with one of the distinctive shapes and all corresponding important features:

Oxyporinae (Fig. 1.1.1-1.1.2): Mandibles about as long as head, protruding forward and crossing; last segment of labial palpi crescent shaped (examine ventral surface of head) (Fig. 1.2.1-1.2.3): Head partly concealed from above; less than half the abdomen extending past the elytra; antennae originate between the eyes Micropeplinae (Fig.1.3.1): Antennae with 9 antennomeres, the last enlarged to form a club; entire dorsal surface with sculpturing of ridges and pits; body elongate oval in shape Pselaphinae (Fig. 1.4.1): Characteristic body shape: elytra and abdomen appear as an ‘apical section’, always distinctly wider than head and pronotum; elytra far from reaching the apex of the abdomen; antennae often clubbed; often with deep pits on the dorsal surface (Fig. 1.5.1): Body characteristically ant-like; posterior of head without ocelli, elytra reaching or nearly reaching apex of abdomen; always smaller than 2.5mm - Body unlike the shapes shown above...... 2 2 Dorsal surface of elytra with ridges (Fig. 1.6.1, 1.7.1); pronotum approximately equal in width at base and apex ...... 3 - If elytra with ridges (rarely), then pronotum distinctly narrower at apex OR at base ...... 4 3 With ridges on both pronotum and elytra (Fig. 1.6.1); two known species in ECAS, identical in appearance...... Pseudopsinae: Pseudopsis - With ridges on elytra only; two species, both red and black (Fig. 1.7.1) ...... Olisthaerinae: Olisthaerus 4 With a unique habitus as in Fig. 1.8.1; antennae with a two-segmented club and inserted in front of the eyes (Fig. 1.8.1); eyes protruding from lateral head outline and highly convex (Fig. 1.8.1); two species in ECAS, differing mostly in color...... Megalopsidiinae: Megalopinus - Unlike Megalopinus ...... 5 5 With a distinctive habitus (Fig. 1.9.1), rarely with eyes slightly less prominent (Dianous) (Fig. 1.9.2); antennae originate between the eyes (Fig. 1.9.3); second last segment of maxillary palpus swollen, wider apically than preceding segment ...... - Unlike Fig. 1.9.1 or Dianous; if antennae originate between eyes, then eyes not distinctly protruding from lateral head outline...... 6 6 Habitus similar to Fig. 1.10.1; eyes located at the hind margin of the head, globular; second last segment of maxillary palpus swollen, wider apically than preceding segment (Fig. 1.10.2); mandibles long and thin, without teeth (Fig. 1.10.2); antennae with a two-segmented club (Fig. 1.10.2); always smaller than 2.5 mm ...... Euaesthetinae - Unlike Fig. 1.10.1; if similar to 1.10.1 and smaller than 2.5mm, then antennae without a two- segmented club...... 7 7 Abdomen with 7 visible abdominal sternites (Fig. 1.11.1) OR with a unique habitus as in Fig. 1.11.2 or Fig. 1.11.3 ...... (most) - Abdomen with 6 visible abdominal sternites (Fig. 1.12.1)...... 8 8 Antenna inserted behind the anterior margin of the eye (Fig. 1.13.1) ...... (most) - Antenna inserted in front of the anterior margin of the eye (Fig. 1.12.2)...... 9

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9 Metasternum with small, rounded lobes near the apex (Fig. 1.13.2); appearance distinct (Fig. 1.13.3); found with termites of the genus Reticulotermes (Fig. 1.13.4)...... Aleocharinae:Trichopseniini: Trichopsenius - Metasternum without lobes (Fig. 1.14.1); not exactly like Trichopsenius ...... 10 10 Ocelli present behind compound eyes (Fig. 1.15.1), often obscured in Eusphalerum and Pycnoglypta; see Fig. 1.15.2-3 to check if your specimen belongs to these two genera ...... Omaliinae - Ocelli absent (Fig. 1.12.3); not similar to Eusphalerum or Pycnoglypta ...... 11 11 Body oval with elytra ≥ 2 times as long as the pronotum and covering one or more tergites (Fig. 1.16.1); pronotum strongly transverse, about 2 times as wide as long or wider (Fig. 1.16.1); antennomeres I and II expanded (Fig. 1.16.1); small beetles, 1-3mm in length...... Proteininae - Not with the above combination of characters ...... 12 12 Antennae with 10 antennomeres (Fig. 1.13.5); size always < 2mm ...... Aleocharinae: Hypocyphtini - Antennae with 11 antennomeres (Fig. 1.12.4); always >2mm ...... 13 13 Abdominal tergites unmargined (dorsally, without a longitudinal suture at each side) (Fig. 1.17.1); abdomen always parallel-sided...... 14 - Abdominal tergites margined: most segments with a longitudinal suture at each side (Fig. 1.12.5); if unmargined then abdomen tapered posteriorly (Fig. 1.14.2); abdomen parallel sided or not ...... 15 14 Abdominal surface with fish scale-like sculpturing (Fig. 1.18.1); last maxillary palpomere much larger than the preceding and slipper-shaped (Fig. 1.18.2)...... Paederinae: Palaminus - Abdominal surface unlike fish scales but often with other textures (Fig. 1.17.2); last maxillary palpomere smaller than the preceding and not slipper-shaped (Fig. 1.17.3) ...... 15 Procoxa much smaller and differently shaped than femur (Fig. 1.19.1)...... 16 - Procoxa large and elongate, similar to femur (Fig. 1.12.6) ...... 19 16 Elytra with at least one distinct row of fused punctures (Fig. 1.20.1); protibia with thick spines along outside edge (Fig. 1.20.2)...... : Siagonium - Punctures of elytra not arranged in distinct rows (Fig. 1.19.2); protibia smooth, with only setae on outside edge (Fig. 1.19.3)...... 17 17 Pronotum, measured at midline, about as long as elytra or longer (Fig. 1.11.4); elytra convex...... Oxytelinae: Euphaniini - Pronotum, measured at midline, about half as long as elytra (Fig. 1.19.4); elytra flattened ...... 18 18 Sides of pronotum serrate; pronotum evenly covered with setae-bearing punctures (Fig. 1.19.5)...... Phloeocharinae: Charhyphus picipennis - Sides of pronotum smooth; pronotum with only a few setae-bearing punctures (Fig. 1.21.1) ...... : Habrocerus magnus 19 Antennomeres 3-11 extremely elongate, with prominent long black setae much longer than the width of their corresponding segment (Fig. 1.21.2); body distinctly widest at elytra; antennomeres 1 and 2 much wider than 3-11...... 20 - Antennomeres 5-11 with antennal setae almost always shorter than the width of their corresponding segment (Fig. 1.14.3); if with antennae similar to Fig. 1.21.2 (one genus), then body linear in form, with all body sections subequal in width...... 21 20 Dorsal surface smooth, with only a few large bristles; without a ‘neck’ (Fig. 1.21.3)...... Habrocerinae: Habrocerus - Dorsal surface covered in punctures with hairs; with a constriction behind the eyes to form a ‘neck’ (Fig. 1.22.1)...... Trichophyinae: Trichophya pilicornis 21 Head constricted behind eyes to form a 'neck' clearly visible from above (Fig. 1.12.7) or sometimes forming a broad, weakly defined neck (Fig. 1.12.8) ...... 22

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- Without a 'neck': head either straight behind the eyes or gradually meeting pronotum such that an extra section is not present (Fig. 1.11.5) ...... 23 22 Pronotum without a postcoxal process (Fig. 1.12.9) or with a small, translucent one (Fig. 1.12.10)...... Staphylininae (most) - Pronotum with a sclerotized, opaque postcoxal process (Fig. 1.18.3)...... Paederinae (most) 23 Elytral epipleuron with a carina (Fig. 1.14.4)...... Tachyporinae - Elytral epipleuron without a carina (Fig. 1.12.11)...... 24 24 Habitus as in Fig. 1.12.12; pronotum mostly glabrous...... Staphylininae: Atanygnathus bicolor - Habitus as in Fig. 1.19.6; pronotum heavily pubescent...... Phloeocharinae: Phloeocharis subtilissima

2. Key to the tribes and subtribes of Staphylininae in ECAS

1 Elytra overlapping at midline; inside margin of elytra arcuate (Fig. 2.1.1)...... Xantholinini - Elytra meeting evenly at midline; inside margin of elytra straight (Fig. 2.2.1)...... 2 2 Neck narrow: about 1/4 the width of the head (Fig. 2.3.1)...... Diochini: Diochus schaumi - Neck, if present, broader: at least one half the width of the head (Fig. 2.2.2)...... 3 3 Antennal base separated by a distance less than that between the eye and antennal base (Fig. 2.4.1); mandibles (when closed) directed forward and blade-like; with a pair of plates anterior to the prosternum (Fig. 2.1.2)...... Othiini: Atrecus - Antennal base separated by a distance greater than that between eye and antennal base (Fig. 2.2.3); mandibles (when closed) not directed forward; without a pair of plates anterior to the prosternum (Fig.2.2.4)...... (Staphylinini) 4 4 With a unique appearance (Fig. 1.12.12); without a visible neck; maxillary and labial palpi extremely elongate (Fig. 2.2.5); tarsal formula 5-4-4...... Tanygnathinina: Atanygnathus bicolor - Unlike A. bicolor; always with at least a weakly formed neck; maxillary and labial palpi not extremely elongate (Fig. 1.12.8); tarsal formula 5-5-5...... 5 5 Dorsal surface of neck completely without setose punctures, often with non-setose micropunctures (Fig. 1.12.8)...... 6 - Dorsal surface of neck with setose punctures on at least lateral portions (Fig. 1.12.7)...... 8 6 Pronotum with dorsal rows of ≥4 punctures (Fig 2.2.6) OR with many punctures not arranged in pairs; without empodial setae between tarsal claws (Fig. 2.2.8) ...... Philonthina - Pronotum with dorsal rows of 1-3 punctures (Fig. 2.2.7) OR impunctate; with empodial setae between tarsal claws (Fig. 2.2.9), sometimes very long (Fig. 2.2.10) ...... 7 7 Last segment of maxillary palpus reduced, much narrower than the previous segment (Fig. 2.2.11) ...... Amblyopinina: Heterothops - Last segment of maxillary palpus normally developed, not markedly narrower than previous segment (Fig. 1.12.8)...... Quediina 8 Head narrow, about half the width of the pronotum (Fig. 2.2.12); last segment of labial palpus characteristically hoof-shaped, with a broad apical face (Fig. 2.2.14) ...... Anisolinina: Tympanophorus puncticollis - Head much wider than half the width of the pronotum (Fig. 2.2.13); last segment of labial palpus not exactly like that of T. puncticollis, apical face narrow (Fig. 2.2.15) ...... Staphylinina

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3. Key to the genera of Staphylinina in ECAS

1 Pronotum smooth and glossy, except for margins (Fig. 3.1.1)...... Creophilus (C. maxillosus) - Most of pronotum punctate, often with an impunctate midline (Fig. 2.2.13)...... 2 2 Anterior angles of pronotum sharp, approximately 90 degrees or less (Fig. 3.2.1)...... - Anterior angles of pronotum rounded, greater than 90 degrees (Fig. 3.3.1)...... 3 3 Large lateral setae of head not restricted to the anterior half of the temple (Fig. 3.3.2) ...... Platydracus - Large lateral setae of head restricted to the anterior half of the temple (Fig. 3.4.1)...... 4 4 Body and femora completely black AND with elytra (measured at middle) longer than pronotum (Fig. 3.5.1); last segment of labial palpus stout with its apical margin at a distinct angle (Fig. 2.2.15) ...... - Not completely black OR with elytra, at middle, distinctly shorter than pronotum (Fig. 3.6.1); last segment of labial palpus more elongate with its apical margin either truncate or pointed (Fig. 3.6.2) ...5 5 Elytra red; head with eyebrow-like patches of golden setae (Fig. 3.7.1)..... Staphylinus (S. ornaticauda) - Elytra not red; head without eyebrow-like patches of golden setae (Fig. 3.4.2) ...... 6 6 Base of some abdominal segments with gold or silver setae (best seen ventrally) (Fig. 3.4.3); last maxillary palpomere spindle-shaped (Fig. 3.4.4) ...... Dinothenarus - Abdominal segments never with silver or gold setae (Fig. 3.6.3); last maxillary palpomere elongate and rectangular (Fig. 3.6.2)...... Ocypus

4. Key to the Dinothenarus species in ECAS:

1 Head yellowish-red (Fig. 3.4.2), colour sometimes heavily muted in discoloured specimens (Fig. 4.1.1); pronotum grey and orange; abdomen with gold and silver setae ...... Dinothenarus capitatus - Head and pronotum black (Fig. 4.2.1); abdominal segments with gold setae only ...... D. badipes

5. Key to the Ocypus species in ECAS

1 Legs black, concolourous with rest of body (Fig. 3.6.1) ...... Ocypus nitens - Legs brownish red, contrasting with the rest of body (Fig. 5.1.1)...... O. brunnipes

6. Key to the Ontholestes species in ECAS

1 Legs bicoloured, black and yellow (Fig. 6.1.1); apical half of antennae black; base of fifth abdominal tergite with golden setae...... - Legs completely dark; antennae entirely orange; base of fifth abdominal tergite with silver setae (Fig. 6.2.1) ...... O. murinus

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7. Key to the Platydracus species in ECAS

1 Eye about twice as long as the temple (Fig. 7.1.1) ...... Platydracus femoratus - Eye smaller, no more than marginally longer than the temple (Fig. 2.2.13) ...... 2 2 Punctures of pronotum spaced unevenly, creating smooth, glossy areas in addition to a median impunctate line (Fig. 7.2.1) ...... 3 - Punctures of pronotum spaced evenly, with the exception of a median impunctate line in some species (Fig.7.3.1)...... 4 3 Pronotum about as long as wide; at middle, impunctate line of pronotum obsolete (Fig. 7.2.2)...... P. exulans - Pronotum longer than wide; impunctate line of pronotum at least as wide as 5 punctures for most of its length (Fig. 7.4.1); found along or near ocean coastline ...... P. praelongus 4 Elytra reddish, with distinct, elongate patches of dark setae (Fig. 7.5.1); scutellum with a median gold line bordered by a pair of dark patches (Fig. 7.5.1)...... 5 - Elytra at most, with broad, faint darker areas (Fig. 7.6.1); scutellum without a median gold line (Fig. 7.6.1) ...... 6 5 Large species (22-35mm); impunctate area of pronotum interrupted over much of its length (Fig. 7.7.1) ...... P. maculosus - Smaller species (13-19mm); impunctate area complete along the entire length of pronotum (Fig. 7.5.2) ...... P. comes 6 Each elytron with an orange or gold spot (Fig. 7.8.1) ...... maculate form of P. fossator - Elytra without such a spot (Fig. 7.9.1) ...... 7 7 Abdominal tergites with areas of dense yellow or blonde setae (Fig. 7.10.1); impunctate median line of pronotum always absent or interrupted as in Fig. 7.7.1...... 8 - Abdominal tergites with either sparse areas of yellow setae or none at all (Fig. 7.9.2); impunctate median line of pronotum variable...... 10 8 Body surface dull and without color (i.e., no part metallic) (Fig. 7.11.1); elytra red ...... P. immaculatus - At least pronotum metallic greenish-bronze to purple (Fig. 7.10.2); elytra not red ...... 9 9 Abdominal tergites 1-5 each with distinct tripartite yellow pubescence (Fig. 7.10.2); pronotum metallic bronze-green; ventral margin of elytral epipleuron pale (Fig. 7.10.3)...... P. viridanus - At least one of abdominal tergites 1-5 with a different pattern of yellow setae (Fig. 7.12.1); pronotum with a purple reflection (bronze in discoloured specimens); ventral margin of elytral epipleuron black (Fig. 7.12.2)...... P. violaceus 10 Pronotum without a complete smooth median line (Fig. 7.6.2); if smooth area present, then interrupted along its length ...... 11 - Pronotum with a complete impunctate median line, its narrowest point at least one puncture wide (Fig. 7.9.3) ...... (P. cinnamopterus Complex) 13 11 Body dark brown, with reddish-brown elytra and paler abdominal apex (Fig. 7.6.3); antennomere I dark dorsally and pale ventrally (Fig. 7.6.4); eyes small, distinctly smaller than the temple (Fig. 7.6.3) ...... P. mysticus - Body entirely black (Fig. 7.13.1), rarely with sparse yellow setae at the base of the abdominal segments; antennomere I completely black (Fig. 7.13.2); eyes larger, subequal to distinctly longer than the temple (Fig. 7.13.2) ...... 12

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12 At least basal abdominal tergites with a pair of dark velvet spots (Fig. 7.13.1); eye subequal in length to temple...... P. tomentosus - Abdominal tergites without dark velvet spots (Fig. 7.8.2); eye distinctly longer than temple ...... melanistic form of P. fossator 13 Head, pronotum and elytra completely bright red (Fig. 7.9.4) ...... rufous form of P. cinnamopterus - Some of these areas darker (Fig. 7.9.1) ...... 14 14 Impunctate median line of pronotum wide: 3 or more punctures could fit across its narrowest point (Fig. 7.14.1); antennomere 9 subquadrate: its apical width nearly equal or equal to its length (Note: rotate antennae so that their segments are widest in profile) (Fig. 7.14.2); apex of median lobe of aedeagus widely truncate in parameral view (Fig. 7.14.3) ...... P. praetermissus Newton spec. nov. - Impunctate median line of pronotum narrow: 2 or fewer punctures could fit across its narrowest point (Fig. 7.9.5); antennomere 9 at least slightly transverse: its apical width greater than its length (Note: rotate antennae so that their segments are widest in profile) (Fig. 7.3.2); apex of median lobe of aedeagus obtusely to acutely projected in parameral view (Fig. 7.9.6)...... 15 15 Antennomere 9 distinctly transverse (Note: rotate antennae so that their segments are widest in profile) (Fig. 7.9.7); pronotum usually evenly coloured, light to dark red (Fig. 7.9.8); apex of median lobe of aedeagus acutely projected in parameral view (Fig. 7.9.6) ...... P. cinnamopterus - Antennomere 9 slightly transverse (Note: rotate antennae so that their segments are widest in profile) (Fig. 7.3.2); pronotum light to dark red with dark brown to black anterior angles, almost never evenly coloured (Fig. 7.3.3); apex of median lobe of aedeagus obtusely projected in parameral view (Fig. 7.3.4) ...... P. zonatus

8. Key to the Tasgius species in ECAS

1 Pronotum with punctures of two different sizes, most punctures well-separated (Fig. 8.1.1)...... - Pronotum with punctures subequal in size, most punctures almost touching (Fig. 8.2.1)...... 2 2 Pronotum with sides widest just before anterior angle, sides strongly converging (Fig. 8.3.1); basal half of antennomere 2 bicoloured (Fig. 8.3.2) ...... T. melanarius - Pronotum widest at the anterior one third, sides weakly converging (Fig. 8.2.2); basal half of antennomere 2 solid red (Fig. 8.2.3)...... T. winkleri

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9. The subfamilies of Staphylinidae in ECAS 9.2 Euaesthetinae Thomson 1859 Euaesthetines can be recognized by the globular eyes that are located at the hind margin 9.1 Aleocharinae Fleming 1821 of the head (Fig.1.10.1), antennae that end in a two-segmented club, thin toothless mandibles, Most aleocharines can be recognized by and a swollen second last maxillary palpomere antennae that are inserted posterior to a line (Fig. 1.10.2). Euaesthetines are also distinctive drawn along the anterior margins of the eyes for their relatively small size: the largest in (Fig. 1.13.1), non-bulging eyes (unlike Steninae), ECAS are 2.3mm long (Fig. 9.2.1). male genitalia with complex parameres and their This subfamily is widespread in North overall appearance which is unlike that of the America, with two western endemic genera; Scaphidiinae (Fig. 1.1.1). The following two three genera are known from ECAS. The most aleocharine groups of ECAS are exceptions, diverse is Euaesthetus Gravenhorst (Fig. 9.2.2), because their antennae are inserted either which can be found in leaf litter, moist fields, anterior to the level of the anterior eye margin or and wet meadows dominated by sedges, where ambiguously close to it: they often co-exist with the related Steninae.  Trichopsenius Horn, with characteristic Stictocranius puncticeps LeConte is the only metasternal plates (Fig. 1.13.2) and a eastern species of the genus and can be found in distinct habitus (Fig. 1.13.3) leaf litter. Several species of Edaphus  The tribe Hypocyphtini, minute beetles Motschulsky are known from the northeastern (<2mm) with only 10 antennomeres US but are not yet recorded from Canada (Fig. 1.13.5) although they likely occur in the Carolinian Aleocharinae is the most diverse subfamily forests of southern Ontario and Appalachian of Staphylinidae in ECAS and also the least forests of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. known. This subfamily is widely distributed in Edaphus occur in leaf and wood debris, North America and occurs in almost all treeholes, and stumps in moist forests (Puthz terrestrial habitats, but most species are forest 1974). All members of this subfamily are best dwelling. There they occur in leaf litter, under collected by sifting litter and then processing it bark, in fungi, in moss and within the nests of in a Berlese funnel, but can also be captured by ants, termites, mammals and birds. Elsewhere in pan and pitfall trapping. Euaesthetines are ECAS they inhabit seashores, edges of water predators of small invertebrates but their exact bodies, wetlands and prairies. diet is unknown. canaliculata Fabricius is a common species often found in disturbed areas under leaves and stones, 9.3 Habrocerinae Mulsant and Rey 1877: usually near ants but often near water Habrocerus Erichson 1839 (Fig.9.1.1). Species of Gymnusa Gravenhorst are uncommonly collected aleocharines that are Species of Habrocerus can be associated with Sphagnum in wetlands and along recognized by antennomeres 3-11 that are streams. In undisturbed fens and bogs, lightly extremely slender, with long black macrosetae pressing on water-logged vegetation will (Fig. 1.21.2), and by their dorsal pronotum with sometimes reveal specimens of this genus (Fig. few setae (Fig. 1.21.3). Trichophya Mannerheim 9.1.2). Tachyusa Erichson are characteristically (Trichophyinae) has similar antennae; however shaped beetles found along the margins of lakes, its dorsal surface is covered with many setae ponds, wetlands, and streams; they are (Fig. 1.22.1). Habrocerus magnus LeConte has sometimes collected from beaver lodges (Fig. broader antennomeres and lacks other important 9.1.3). Xenodusa Wasmann species live with morphological features of the genus (Fig. 9.3.1) colonies of Formica ants during the warmer (Assing and Wunderle 1995), and probably months and overwinter with colonies of the ant belongs in a lineage of Tachyporinae (Assing genus Camponotus (Wheeler 1911) (Fig. 9.1.4). and Wunderle 1995) or Olisthaerinae (Newton et In ECAS, Aleocharinae are primarily predaceous al. 2000). We treat this species here as on a wide variety of invertebrates, however some Habrocerus pending its formal transfer groups are strictly mycophagous (Ashe 1981) or elsewhere. parasitoids of cyclorraphous Diptera In North America, this subfamily occurs (Klimaszewski 1984). in the northeast and southwest. There are currently three species found in ECAS: the relatively common, introduced Habrocerus

doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 9 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL. capillaricornis Gravenhorst, the native H. 9.5 Micropeplinae Leach 1815: schwarzi Horn, and the native but unplaced Micropeplus Latreille 1809 ‘Habrocerus’ magnus (see above). Virtually nothing is known about the rarely collected H. Micropeplus is easily recognized due to magnus, although it shares features with known its nine segmented antennae with an enlarged subcortical staphylinids (relatively flattened terminal segment, forming a club (Fig. body, small globular coxae). H. capillaricornis is 1.3.1). The body is elongate oval in shape and most often collected from forested areas in litter the entire dorsal surface is covered with a variety (Fig. 9.3.2), under bark, in fungi (Assing and of ridges (Fig. 1.3.1). The genus is widely Wunderle 1995) and in compost. Habrocerus distributed in North America. schwarzi is also collected from forested areas, In ECAS, species of Micropeplus can most often from decaying fungi in the later be sifted from leaf litter on the forest floor, in stages of decomposition but also from moose boggy areas (Campbell 1968), or along streams and grouse dung and leaf litter (Assing and (Campbell 1973). They sometimes occur on Wunderle 1995). It has also been captured in carrion and in beaver lodges (Campbell, 1968). great numbers in pitfall traps placed in parts of Sweeping field vegetation in the evening often the ‘southern’ boreal forest of Québec yields specimens (Campbell 1968) that are undergoing the deciduous stage of succession probably dispersing. The species of Micropeplus (Paquin and Duperre 2001). Most records of H. are mycophagous, feeding on the spores and schwarzi are from Canada and this species was conidia of moulds and other fungi (Hinton and found to be dependent on old growth forests Stephens 1942; Thayer 2005). (Spence et al. 1997). The diet of habrocerines is unknown. 9.6 Olisthaerinae C.G. Thomson 1858: Olisthaerus Dejean 1833 9.4 Megalopsidiinae Leng 1920: Megalopinus Eichelbaum 1915 The genus Olisthaerus can be recognized by an elongate and parallel body, a Megalopinus is immediately dark head, red pronotum and abdomen, a recognizable by its distinct habitus, bulging eyes parallel-sided pronotum, and the longitudinal occupying most of the lateral head margin, striae of the elytron (Fig. 1.7.1). The genus orange elytral markings, and clubbed antennae Siagonium Kirby and Spence is loosely similar (Fig.1.8.1). They are somewhat similar to in appearance but is easily separated by the rows Steninae but with antennae inserted in front of a of coarse punctures on the elytra and the line drawn at the anterior margin of the eyes presence of cephalic horns in males. (Fig.1.8.1). Two rare Holarctic species occur in These beetles appear to be microhabitat ECAS: O. megacephalus (Zetterstedt) and specialists, living under dead logs with fungal O. substriatus (Gyllenhal). Olisthaerus growth (Leschen and Newton 2003). As they megacephalus differs from O. substriatus by the feign death and drop to the ground after wider head and smaller, flat eyes (Fig. 9.6.1). disturbance (Leschen and Newton 2003), they They are found under the bark of dead conifers are probably best collected by sifting fungusy (Newton et al. 2000) within the boreal forest debris under logs. Specimens have also been ecozone (both species) or in relict boreal forests collected from pan traps near forest and hand- found on mountains in New York and New collected from fungus. Two species of this Hampshire (O. substriatus only) (Fig. 9.6.2). In mostly tropical genus occur in the southeastern boreal forest surveys, O. substriatus (Paquin and and south-central United States and reach their Duperre 2001) and O. megacephalus (Hammond known northern limit in Indiana. However, they et al. 2004) were captured exclusively within are very rarely encountered and they may ‘old’ (>100 years old) or old growth forests. The eventually be found elsewhere in ECAS. feeding habits of Olisthaerus are unknown. Individuals of Megalopinus caelatus Olisthaerus megacephalus and the subfamily Gravenhorst have been observed feeding on Olisthaerinae are newly recorded for the larval Diptera in the laboratory, slowly locating province of Newfoundland and Labrador. and capturing their prey during the day (Leschen and Newton 2003). They likely hunt CANADA: NL: Labrador, Nain, 56.50 -61.75, invertebrates associated with fungus growing on 2-VII-1983, R. Sexton, 1 (DEBU). the undersides of logs.

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9.7 Omaliinae MacLeay 1825 (up to 160 individuals) of pallida LeConte adults and larvae in human graves in Omaliinae can be recognized easily by sandy soil, although this species too is normally the presence of a pair of ocelli behind the found under bark. This strange report may compound eyes (Fig. 1.15.1). However, indicate subterranean larval and/or pupal stages. individuals of Pycnoglypta Thomson and Osoriines are saprophagous or mycophagous as Eusphalerum Kraatz sometimes lack far as known. ocelli. Eusphalerum species in ECAS are always yellowish-brown with a habitus as in Fig. 9.9 Oxyporinae Fleming 1821: 1.15.2. The two Pycnoglypta species in ECAS Oxyporus Fabricius 1775 are similar in habitus to Fig. 1.15.3. Omaliines are widely distributed in Species of Oxyporus are easily North America and can be collected year-round recognized by their characteristic labial palpi although the greatest diversity occurs in fall to (Fig. 1.1.2) and prognathous mandibles, which early spring. They can be collected by sifting normally cross (Fig. 1.1.1). Their unique habitus litter in forests and along wet areas (Fig. 9.7.1), makes them difficult to confuse with any other in fungi, on flowers, in sweeps and pan traps subfamily. placed in grassy areas, under stones near water Widely distributed in North America, (Fig. 9.7.2), and on the snow surface in late species of Oxyporus are associated with fleshy winter (Fig. 9.7.3). Some species aggregate on fungi and are almost exclusively collected from surfaces in fall and can be relatively conspicuous them. Both adults and larvae tear pieces of the (Fig. 9.7.4). Many Omaliinae are predators (Fig. stem and cap with their mandibles, digesting the 9.7.5) or omnivores, but others seem to be fungus pre-orally (Hanley and Goodrich 1994). strictly saprophagous or pollen-feeding. Females construct egg chambers within the host fungus and remain there after oviposition 9.8 Osoriinae Erichson 1839 (Hanley and Goodrich 1995). Both females and males have been observed to guard the egg Osoriines are characterized by a chamber (Hanley and Goodrich 1995). To parallel-sided abdomen that lacks sutures on the pupate, mature larvae drop off their host and dorsal surface (Fig. 1.17.1). The abdomen can bury themselves in the soil below (Hanley and either be flattened and with a single lateral suture Goodrich 1994). The common O. vittatus (Fig. 1.17.1), or cylindrical and formed of fused Gravenhorst (Fig. 9.9.1) utilizes a broad range of tergites and sternites (Fig. 1.17.2). The only fungal host genera while O. quinquemaculatus staphylinids with a similar abdomen are species LeConte (Fig. 9.9.2) exhibits a strong preference of Palaminus Erichson (Paederinae), which do for fungi in the genus Pluteus Fries (Hanley and not have the last maxillary palpomere smaller Goodrich 1995). Other species, such as O. major than the previous one (as in Fig. 1.17.3) and Gravenhorst (Fig. 9.9.3), are intermediate in the some Stenus Latreille (Steninae), which have breadth of their host range (Hanley and Goodrich large convex eyes that occupy most of the lateral 1995). However, the larvae of all species seem to head outline. be found only from one or two host fungi The Osoriinae is a widespread (Hanley and Goodrich 1995). The males of some subfamily in North America but it remains Oxyporus are dimorphic for mandible size, with taxonomically and biologically poorly known. the difference more pronounced in species with The species inhabiting ECAS are generally narrower host preferences (Hanley 2001). found under bark, in leaf litter and in ant nests in Hanley (2001) hypothesized that the two male decaying wood. Osoriinae are very poorly types corresponded to differences in mate represented in collections of ECAS insects, acquisition strategies. possibly because they are really rare, or possibly because they are merely secretive; adults of some 9.10 Oxytelinae Fleming 1821 Renardia Motschulsky are winter-active under bark. The most common species in ECAS, Most oxytelines can be recognized by costalis Erichson (Fig. 9.8.1), is their abdomens, which have seven fully often found under bark (especially of large beech developed sternites rather than the usual six (Fig. logs), but sometimes occurs in leaf litter and on 1.11.1). The small tribes Euphaniini and conk fungi. Motter (1898) found a large number Coprophilini do not have seven sternites

doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 11 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL. but, fortunately, the genera of these two tribes palpomere (Fig. 1.18.2) and the fish scale-like are distinctive in habitus (Figs 1.11.2, 1.11.3, sculpturing of the abdomen (Fig. 1.18.1) will 9.10.1). Mitosynum vockerothi Campbell is not distinguish it from all others. illustrated in this paper but has only been Paederinae are widely distributed in collected once at the margin of a sphagnum bog North America in a variety of habitats, with a in New Brunswick (Campbell 1982) and will key large number of species living at the margins of out with Euphaniini: Syntomium Curtis. or near water. Two of the most conspicuous The Oxytelinae is widely distributed in riparian genera are Homaeotarsus Hotchhuth North America. Species of Leach, the (Fig. 9.11.1) and Paederus Fabricius (Fig. largest genus of Oxytelinae and the only 9.11.2). Endosymbionts in the haemolymph of members of tribe Blediini in ECAS (Makranczy the latter genus produce the toxin pederin 2006) burrow in sun-exposed, non-vegetated (Kellner 2001), with females of some species freshwater and marine shorelines where they normally possessing up to ten times that of males graze upon algae scraped from particles of (Kellner and Dettner 1995). Pederin can cause substrate (Herman 1986) (Fig. 9.10.3). Females severe dermatitis if the is crushed against of some Bledius species provision for their larvae the skin (Gelmetti and Grimalt 1993). Astenus in these burrows (Wyatt 1986). Bledius are Dejean is a distinctive genus normally found in easily found by locating their small burrows and wetlands and along shoreline habitat although scooping the surrounding substrate into a pail of some species prefer drier, open areas (Fig. water; the beetle will then float to the surface. 9.11.3). Occurring in a variety of litter and The tribe contains most decaying organic matter, Achenomorphus ECAS oxytelines (tribe Thinobiini is treated here corticinus Gravenhorst is a common species in as part of Oxytelini sensu Makranczy 2006) southern Canada and eastern United States (Fig. which are generally associated with decaying 9.11.4); it is also attracted to lights. One of the organic matter, leaf litter and moss. The genus most common staphylinids under bark in ECAS Thinodromus Kraatz can be sifted from the litter is Sunius confluentus (Say), a species sometimes around streams, rivers, and ponds (Fig. 9.10.2). brought indoors with recently cut firewood (Fig. Anotylus Thomson is a diverse genus in ECAS, 9.11.5). As far as known, all paederines are with at least five species introduced from Europe predaceous. and Asia (Fig. 9.10.4). Apocellus Erichson has a distinctive habitus and can be found in open 9.12 Phloeocharinae Erichson 1839 grassy areas and along streams near moss (Fig. 9.10.5). Oxytelinae, in general, are best collected The subfamily Phloeocharinae is poorly by bait trapping with dung, carrion, and compost, defined and is therefore best recognized by a UV lighting, and sifting wet litter along riparian combination of characters shared by many other areas. This subfamily contains species of groups. The two species found in ECAS key out predators, algivores, and coprophages; some are separately but each can be recognized by habitus probably saprophages or highly opportunistic alone (Fig. 1.19.6, 9.12.1). Additionally, omnivores. Charhyphus picipennis LeConte is distinctive for its small, globular procoxae (Fig. 1.19.1), 9.11 Paederinae Fleming 1821 extremely flattened body and serrate lateral pronotal margins (Fig. 1.19.5). Phloeocharis The species of Paederinae in ECAS can subtilissima Mannerheim can be distinguished be recognized by the following combination of from similar groups by its loosely clubbed characters: a well-sclerotized postcoxal process antennae lacking long black macrosetae (as (Fig. 1.18.3), an apical maxillary palpomere that present in Trichophyia), lack of ocelli, and is 1/3 the length of the previous segment or elytral epipleuron without a carina (Fig. 1.12.11). shorter (Fig. 1.18.4), or distinctively flattened Phloeocharines occur in western and and broadened (Fig. 1.18.2), a well-defined neck eastern North America, but do not occur in most (Fig. 2.2.2), and the pronotal base distant from of the central United States. For most of ECAS, the humeral angles of the elytra (Fig. 1.18.5). Phloeocharinae is represented only by C. One paederine genus, Palaminus, does not key picipennis, a species frequently found under the out with the rest because it lacks sutures on the bark of hardwood trees (oak, beech, and others), abdominal tergites. However, the especially in the earlier stages of decay when the characteristically shaped apical maxillary sap is fermenting. Recently, the widespread

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Palearctic species P. subtilissima has been 1.16.1): size small (1-3mm long), body oval with reported as established in a small park in Halifax, elytra at least twice as long as the pronotum and Nova Scotia (Majka and Klimaszewski 2004). In covering at least one tergite, pronotum strongly Nova Scotia it was collected from under and on transverse (at least twice as wide as long at the the bark of dead trees and sometimes within the base), and antennomeres 1 and 2 much wider burrows of scolytine beetles (Majka and than 3 and 4. Proteinines somewhat resemble Klimaszewski 2004). Future collecting is some omaliines but always lack ocelli necessary to confirm its long-term establishment (proteinines do not resemble those few in Nova Scotia and its possible establishment Omaliinae that sometimes lack ocelli). elsewhere. The diet of C. picipennis is unknown Two genera are widely distributed in but P. subtilissima has been reported (in its North America: Proteinus Latreille and native range) to feed on scolytine beetles within Megarthrus Stephens. The former has the hind their galleries (Mazur 1995). angles of the pronotum rounded and in the latter they are pointed (Fig. 9.14.1). Both genera can 9.13 Piestinae Erichson 1839: be found on decaying fungi and in leaf litter; Siagonium Kirby and Spence 1815 however Megarthrus can also be collected from carrion and dung (Cuccodoro and Löbl Siagonium can be recognized by the 1996). Megarthrus has been collected small, globular procoxae (Fig. 1.19.1), protibia successfully with window, flight intercept, and with thick spines (Fig. 1.20.2) and the hornlike pan traps, especially when baited with fungi, projections in front of the eyes in males (Fig. carrion, or dung. Several species of Proteinus 9.13.1, major male; 9.13.2, minor male). The were captured in pitfall traps in New Brunswick genus Olisthaerus DeJean is loosely similar in red spruce forests; two of these were recently appearance but lacks the rows of coarse described as new (P. pseudothomasi punctures on the elytra and does not possess Klimaszewski and P. acadiensis Klimaszewski) cephalic horns in either sex. (Klimaszewski et al. 2005). The proteinine The subfamily Piestinae is widely species of ECAS are probably mainly distributed in North America and represented in mycophagous and/or saprophagous (Thayer ECAS by three species of Siagonium. Very little 2005) but some species are at least partly is known about the biology of this group. All predaceous on nematodes (Cuccodoro 1995). species occur under the bark of dead trees, especially conifers, and are sometimes collected 9.15 Pselaphinae Latreille 1802 at lights. Siagonium stacesmithi Hatch appears to be trans-boreal in distribution and one individual Pselaphinae are distinctive for their was captured in a 'northern' boreal forest body shape (9.15.1), where the elytra and consisting of mature black spruce trees (Paquin abdomen appear as an ‘apical section’, which is and Duperre 2001). Siagonium americanum always distinctly wider than the head and (Melsheimer) and the more common S. pronotum (Fig. 1.4.1). Deep pits are usually punctatum (LeConte) are found in a greater present on the pronotum and elytra; they are also variety of forest types, with the latter species occasionally found on the head (Fig.1.4.1). All extending into Mexico. Although the exact diet tarsi possess three segments. Pselaphinae loosely of Siagonium has never been experimentally resemble the Scydmaeninae in body outline but determined, its mandibles and maxillae bear the elytra of pselaphines are shorter and do not striking similarity to those of the mycophagous cover most of the abdomen. Pselaphinae are silvanid Dendrophagus crenatus (Paykull) and widely distributed in North America. gut contents were found to contain fungal A great diversity of pselaphines can be fragments(Crowson and Ellis 1969). The collected in damp, forested microhabitats, and mandibles of Siagonium and other Piestinae also wetlands, especially if the debris is removed, possess invaginations, similar to the fungal sifted, and processed in a Berlese funnel. They spore-transmitting mycangia of scotyline and are sometimes collected at lights. Various cucujoid beetles (Crowson and Ellis 1969). favoured microhabitats include leaf litter, flood debris, under bark (Fig. 9.15.2), grass clumps, in 9.14 Proteininae Erichson 1839 rotten logs or stumps (9.15.3), treeholes, in Sphagnum, and under stones (Fig. 9.15.4). Many Proteininae can be recognized by the species live occasionally or exclusively in the following combination of characters (Fig. nests of ants and termites, feeding on the host

doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 13 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL. larvae or engaging in trophallaxis with the host collected by gathering leaf litter and fungi beside ants themselves (Akre and Hill 1973). All and under old rotting logs or stumps, sifting the pselaphines are predators; mostly of small coarse material, and finally processing the siftate such as springtails and mites but the in a Berlese funnel. Larger species can be myrmecophilous and termitophilous species collected easily by hand as they are slow to derive nutrients from their host colonies (see escape. Some species can be collected by lightly above). tapping on the fruiting bodies of polypore fungi and mushrooms (Fig. 9.17.1). All scaphidiines 9. 16 Pseudopsinae Ganglbauer 1895: feed on fungi and/or slime moulds (Newton Pseudopsis Newman 1834 1984) (Fig. 9.17.2).

Pseudopsis Newman can be recognized 9.18 Scydmaeninae Leach 1815 by its distinctive habitus (Fig. 9.16.2), longitudinal ridges on the pronotum and elytra Scydmaeninae are best recognized by (Fig. 1.6.1), and a last (sixth visible) abdominal their habitus (Fig. 1.5.1) and small size (2.5mm tergite that is notched apically with an apical or less) (Fig. 9.18.1), but some are similar to comb of setae (Fig. 9.16.1). Pselaphinae and even some Omaliinae in which This genus is widely distributed in the elytra nearly cover the abdomen. However, North America, with two northern pselaphines always have short elytra and those transcontinental species (Herman 1975). Two Omaliinae with elytra nearly reaching the species of Pseudopsis (P. subulata Herman and abdominal apex are always much larger than P. sagitta Herman) are known from ECAS and 2.5mm and possess ocelli. can only be separated by differences in male Scydmaeninae are widely distributed in genitalia. However, individuals south of Canada North America and can be found in leaf litter, are most likely to be P. subulata. Two rotting logs and stumps, in treehole debris, moss, undescribed species were reported from boreal and under stones (Fig. 9.18.2). Some species are forest in Québec but no diagnosis was given to associated with ant colonies, but are probably distinguish them from described species (Paquin preying upon other arthropods rather than the and Duperre 2001). In ECAS, Pseudopsis has ants themselves (O’Keefe 2000). They are been collected from sifted leaf litter and from common locally (Campbell and Davies 1991) underneath dung. Elsewhere the genus has been but, due to their small size, they are most often found in mammal burrows, fungi, mouldy pine collected when deep pockets of damp litter or cones, and in streamside litter (Herman 1975). moss are processed in a Berlese funnel. Until One species, P. sagitta, was found to be recently, the Scydmaeninae were considered dependent on old growth forests (Spence et al. their own family within but are 1997) and both species are collected in numbers now placed within the staphylinine group of in mature forests (A. Brunke personal subfamilies in Staphylinidae (Grebennikov and observations). The feeding habits of Pseudopsis Newton 2009). Scydmaenines are predators of are unknown. orbatid mites (O’Keefe 2000), and some use their modified mandibles like a can-opener on 9.17 Scaphidiinae Latreille 1807 the genital and anal plates of their prey (Schmid 1988). The Scaphidiinae have a distinctive body shape, oval in outline and highly convex 9.19 Steninae McLeay 1825 (Fig. 1.2.1), with long elytra that conceal half of the abdomen or more (dead specimens often Steninae are easily recognized by their have very little abdomen visible dorsally) (Fig. habitus, particularly their globular eyes and 1.2.2). Other distinguishing features include the cylindrical pronotum (Fig. 1.9.1). They loosely head, which is partially concealed dorsally (Fig. resemble Megalopinus (Megalopsidiinae) but in 1.2.1) and the antennae that arise between the Steninae the antennae insert between the eyes eyes (Fig. 1.2.3). and are not strongly clubbed (Fig. 1.9.3). Scaphidiines are widely distributed in Two genera are widespread in North North America and inhabit decaying wood and America, the very diverse Stenus Latreille and fungi, especially fungus-covered logs. They also the rarely seen Dianous Leach (two similar occur generally in leaf litter, under bark, and in species). Dianous differ from Stenus in having compost. This subfamily may be profitably smaller but still globular eyes (Fig. 1.9.2). Stenus

14 doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL. species can be collected from a variety of moist waterfall areas will sometimes yield habitats but Dianous seems to prefer the edges of Nitidotachinus scrutator (Gemminger & smaller, headwater streams. Stenus can be swept Harold), (Fig. 9.20.4). Many genera of or beaten from various periaquatic plants (Fig. Tachyporinae, including the common Lordithon 9.19.1), hand-collected from the shores of lakes kelleyi (Mälkin) (Fig. 9.20.5), can be collected and ponds, sifted from debris beside streams and from various types of fungal fruiting bodies. rivers (Fig. 9.19.2), and found under bark (Fig. Some species of Tachyporus Gravenhorst inhabit 9.19.3). Some species are highly generalist in prairies, old fields, and agricultural crops where their habitat choice but others appear to prefer they can by swept from the vegetation in the certain substrates or wetlands such as fens or evening (Fig. 9.20.6). Tachyporines can also be seeps. Individuals of some species escape by found in dung, in carrion, and along the margins propelling themselves across the water surface of lakes and ponds. They are readily sampled using secretions from their pygidial glands from litter and fungi using a sifter. Some (Stevens and DeKimpe 1993). Other species can tachyporines are exclusively predaceous or also slowly swim at the surface using lateral mycophagous but many appear to be largely undulations of the abdomen. Stenines are opportunistic on both arthropods and fungi. predators of small arthropods including springtails and most use a protrusable, adhesive 9.21 Trichophyinae C.G Thomson 1858: labium to capture prey; some species simply use Trichophya pilicornis (Gyllenhal 1810) their mandibles (Betz 1998). Use of the modified labium is most prevalent in species which hunt Trichophya pilicornis can be recognized for prey in complex vegetation (Betz 1998). by a combination of the characteristic antennae (Fig. 1.21.2), the heavily setose dorsal surface, 9.20 Tachyporinae McLeay 1825 body widest at elytra and the distinct neck (Fig. 1.22.1). This species resembles some Tachyporines can be usually recognized Tachyporinae but possesses specialized antennae by their tapering abdomen, but identification and strongly enlarged first and second should be confirmed by the following antennomeres (Fig. 1.21.2). combination of characters: abdomen with six This species also occurs in the sternites (Fig. 1.12.1), elytral epipleuron with a Palearctic region and is suspected of being carina (Fig. 1.14.5), neck absent (Fig. 1.11.3), introduced into northeastern North America via procoxae similar in shape to profemora (Fig. human activity (Ashe and Newton 1993). It was 1.12.6), antennomeres not extremely elongate first recorded in 1895 from New York and was (i.e., unlike Habrocerus), antennae inserted in known from Canada (Ontario) by 1905 (Ashe front of the eyes (Fig. 1.12.2), pronotal margins and Newton 1993). Unlike most other non-native smooth, and dorsal abdomen margined (Fig. Staphylinidae, it is very common in the boreal 1.12.5) (except in one genus with a strongly forest (Paquin and Duperre 2001) and apparently tapered abdomen [Fig.1.14.2]). less common south of this ecozone. Trichophya Tachyporines are widespread in North pilicornis can be collected by sifting leaf litter America and these small to medium-sized (Fig. 9.21.1) or by pitfall trapping. Species of Staphylinidae are most often noticed as they Trichophya are mycophagous and facultatively disperse to their preferred microhabitat. predaceous (Ashe and Newton 1993). Common species that are relatively general in their habitat requirements include Tachinus corticinus Gravenhorst, found in leaf litter, 10. The tribes and subtribes of Staphylininae fields, decomposing organic matter, and under in ECAS stones (Fig. 9.20.1), and Sepedophilus littoreus (L)., found in rotting wood, compost, flood 10.1 Diochini Casey 1906: debris, under loose bark, and in rotting fungi Diochus schaumi Kraatz 1860 (Fig. 9.20.2); both species are native to Europe. Coproporus ventriculus (Say), is a very Diochus schaumi is distinctive among common native species found under the bark of Staphylininae for its combination of a thin neck both deciduous and coniferous trees, especially (about ¼ the width of the posterior head) (Fig. when slime moulds are present (Fig. 2.3.1), broad and flattened pronotum, and elytra 9.20.3). Sifting or flooding patches of leaves or that do not overlap (Fig. 10.1.1). This species is very wet sphagnum moss near creeks, bogs, or variable in colour (Fig. 10.1.2).

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Map 1. Distribution of Diochus schaumi Kraatz in eastern Canada and adjacent United States. Records include data from Smetana (1982).

This species is widely distributed in individuals collected in April and May.However, eastern and southern North America, but is not copulation occurs in fall, as late as November found west of the Rocky Mountains (Smetana (Fig. 10.1.3). 1982). Its distribution is distinctly south of the This species is frequently collected by boreal forest region and is most typically found sifting litter and other debris in wet areas in forests with southern characteristics (Map 1). including slough forests, swamps, marshes, and Data from Map 1 includes localities found in bogs. Smetana (1982) also reported it from the Smetana (1982). nests of Microtus pennsylvanicus (meadow vole) and from ‘debris at the base of grass tufts’. Eastern Canada: ON, QC Adjacent U.S: WI, MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, NH, 10.2 Othiini C.G. Thomson: ME Atrecus Jacquelin du Val 1856

Diochus schaumi has been collected in Atrecus is distinguished from other ECAS from March to December, with most Staphylininae by the following combination of

16 doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL. characters: a pair of plates anterior to the consequently very little has been published about prosternum (Fig. 2.1.2), thick neck (Fig. 2.4.1), its natural history. The scant habitat data suggest antennal bases closer to each other than to the that it occurs in moist (with ferns) or boggy areas nearest eye (Fig. 2.4.1), mandibles projecting within forested habitat but it has also been forward (Fig. 2.4.1), and elytra not overlapping collected at the mouth of a fox burrow, along a (Fig. 10.2.1). cobblestone shoreline of a lake, in a 'lumber Two species occur in ECAS (A. yard', and in rotting sawdust in an abandoned americanus (Casey) and A. macrocephalus sawmill (Fig. 10.3.2). Specimens have been (Nordmann)) mainly under the bark of caught by pitfall, window pane, and raised coniferous trees (Fig. 10.2.2). They can malaise (six feet high) traps, suggesting that it is sometimes be collected in debris around the highly mobile. One individual was extracted bases of old trees (Smetana 1982). Atrecus is from moss on a dead balsam fir using a Berlese transcontinental in Canada and occurs in eastern funnel (Paquin and Duperre 2001) and T. and western United States. This genus will be puncticollis was newly reported from Maine by covered in greater detail in a future publication Majka et al. (2011) from a black spruce on Othiini and Xantholinini. plantation. Paquin and Duperre (2001) suggested a possible association with the forest canopy as 10.3 Anisolinina Hayashi 1993: several individuals were captured in their canopy Tympanophorus puncticollis (Erichson 1840) funnel traps.

Tympanophorus puncticollis can be 10.4 Philonthina Kirby 1837 distinguished from other Staphylininae by the combination of a neck with coarse lateral Members of the subtribe Philonthina punctures (Fig. 2.2.12), lack of plates anterior to can be recognized among the Staphylininae by the prosternum, elytra that do not overlap (Fig. the following combination of characters: elytra 10.3.1), small head (Fig 2.2.12), and hoof-like not overlapping, without plates anterior to the apical labial palpomere (Fig. 2.2.14). The prosternum, neck present and impunctate (Fig. distinctive labial palpi will quickly distinguish 2.2.2), antennae closer to the nearest eye than to this species from all other Staphylininae. each other (Fig. 2.2.3), punctures of pronotum This species is transcontinental in either not arranged in dorsal rows or these rows Canada in the boreal ecozone; it inhabits more consisting of at least 4 punctures (Fig. 2.2.6), and southern forests in eastern North America, without empodial setae between the tarsal claws occurring west to Minnesota and as south as (Fig. 2.2.8). Alabama. Its range in ECAS is given by Map 2. Tympanophorus puncticollis is newly recorded Philonthina is a widespread and diverse from Indiana, Pennsylvania and New York: subtribe of Staphylininae in North America and contains many abundant species that are UNITED STATES: IN: Tippcanoe Co., 40.42 - associated with human activity. One large 86.89, 25-VII-1971, N.M. Downie, 2 (FMNH); species, Philonthus politus (L.), is often found in 31-VII-1971, N.M. Downie, 1 (FMNH). compost, around livestock, and on carrion (Fig. PA: Allegheny Co., Pittsburgh, 40.43 -80.00, 10.4.1). Philonthus caeruleipennis Mannerheim VII, 1 (CMNH). Monroe Co., Delaware Water is a common species found in rotting organic Gap, 40.9667 -75.1167, A. T. Slosson, 1 (especially fungi) matter in or near forests; this (AMNH). NY: Madison Co., Darts Corners, 42.8 one (Fig. 10.4.2) was found in a compost heap in -75.5, VIII, K.W. Cooper, 1 (AMNH). Queens a wooded backyard. Bisnius blandus Co., Far Rockaway, 40.60 -73.75, 22-VI-1904, (Gravenhorst), a forest specialist, occurs mainly L.B. Woodruff, 1 (AMNH). in rotting fungi but also at carrion (Fig. 10.4.3). These and many other Philonthina can be Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NB, NS, NL captured in abundance using pitfall or pan traps Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, PA, ME, NY, NH baited with dung, mushrooms, or carrion. Some species are associated with older trees: adults and Tympanophorus puncticollis has been larvae of Hesperus apicialis (Say) can be collected in ECAS from May to September with collected from debris in old tree holes and an increase in abundance occurring in June-July. stumps (Fig. 10.4.4), and Laetulonthus laetulus This species is rarely collected and

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Map 2. Distribution of Tympanophorus puncticollis (Erichson) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

(Say) is attracted to large, freshly killed trees where it hunts invertebrates attracted to sap 10.5 Quediina Kraatz 1857 (Fig.10.4.5). The majority of Philonthina species in ECAS inhabit moist debris near or at the edge Members of the subtribe Quediina can of lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. Sifting this be recognized among the Staphylininae by the debris often yields many Erichsonius Fauvel following combination of characters: elytra not species, the largest in ECAS being E. rosellus overlapping, without plates anterior to the Frank (Fig. 10.4.6). This subtribe will be covered prosternum, neck present, impunctate and completely in a future publication. usually very broad (Fig. 1.12.8), antennae closer to the nearest eye than to each other (Fig. 2.2.3), pronotum impunctate or with dorsal rows of three or fewer punctures (Fig. 2.2.7), with empodial setae between the tarsal claws (Fig

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2.2.9) and last maxillary palpomere not distinctly CANADA: ON: Nipissing Distr., Algonquin narrower than the preceding (Fig. 1.12.8). Prov. Pk., Broadwing Lake, 45.5977 -78.5275, The Quediina in the classic sense have 22-VIII-2008, island with sphagnum bog, pitfall, been shown to be an artificial grouping of genera B. Wells, 1 (DEBU). (Solodovnikov and Schomann 2009, UNITED STATES: MI: Berrien Co., Mud Lake Chatzimanolis et al. 2010) but all included Bog, 28-IV-1984, sphagnum, L. E. Watrous, 10 genera occurring in ECAS, except Heterothops, (FMNH). belong in this subtribe sensu Chatzimanolis et al. (2010); Heterothops has been placed in the Eastern Canada: ON subtribe Amblyopinina. Species of this group Adjacent U.S.: NH, MI inhabit a diversity of habitats similar to those frequented by Philonthina but most are quite Based on the small number of infrequently collected relative to the latter. One specimens from ECAS, this species appears to commonly encountered species is Quedius have both a spring and late summer/fall peak in plagiatus (Mannerheim), which occurs under the adult activity. bark of conifers, beech, and larger birch trees This species is strongly associated with (Fig 10.5.1). Quedius mesomelinus (Marsham) is very wet moss and debris in wetlands and lakes a European species often found in compost, (Smetana 1971). Specimens have been sifted gardens, and rotting fungi (Fig. 10.5.2). Some from grass, sphagnum and litter in bogs, 'swept Quediina are strongly associated with the edges from grass by a pond' (Smetana 1990), and of lakes, wetlands, and streams. Sifting or collected in a pan trap placed in a sphagnum mat treading old rotting leaves, moss, and other on a lake. The specimens from Ontario and debris at these edges will often yield many Michigan likely represent true populations for an individuals of Acylophorus Nordmann, otherwise southeastern species, as they were distinctive in Staphylinini for its elbowed collected in the typical specialized habitat and antennae (Fig. 10.5.3). Several species of further collecting may reveal that A. bicolor Quediina are obligate or frequent inhabitants of occurs broadly across ECAS. beaver and muskrat lodges; Hemiquedius ferox (LeConte) is commonly encountered this way 10.7 Amblyopinina Seevers 1944: but also occurs in debris along lakeshores and in Heterothops Stephens 1829 bogs (Fig. 10.5.4). The species of Quediina will be covered in greater detail in a future The genus Heterothops can be publication. recognized by the combination of: elytra not overlapping, without plates anterior to the 10.6 Tanygnathinina Reitter 1909: prosternum, neck present, impunctate and Atanygnathus bicolor (Casey 1915) usually very broad (Fig. 1.12.8), antennae closer to the nearest eye than to each other (Fig. 2.2.3), Atanygnathus bicolor can be easily pronotum impunctate or with dorsal rows of recognized among the Staphylininae by the lack three or fewer punctures (Fig. 2.2.7), with of a visible neck, elongate maxillary palpi (Fig. empodial setae between the tarsal claws (Fig 2.2.5), and its unique habitus (Fig. 1.12.12). It is 2.2.9) and last maxillary palpomere distinctly also unique for its 5-4-4 tarsal formula. In overall narrower than the preceding (Fig. 2.2.11) – appearance, it loosely resembles some compared with that of Quediina (Fig. 1.12.8). Tachyporinae but lacks an epipleural ridge on the Heterothops is the only representative lateral portion of the elytron (Fig. 1.12.11). in ECAS of the otherwise south-temperate This species is distributed mainly in the Amblyopinina. This genus is broadly distributed south-central and southeastern United States, in North America and has the highest diversity in extending along the east coast to New Hampshire the West. Heterothops are generally rarely and westward to Michigan. It is newly recorded collected and sifting moist litter is the most from Canada (Ontario) from a single specimen productive method to obtain specimens. collected in Algonquin Provincial Park, and from Heterothops fusculus (LeConte) is an easily the state of Michigan, both considerable recognized, large Heterothops (Fig. 10.7.1) that distances from the northernmost record can be found in yard compost in addition to more previously known in New Hampshire (Smetana natural habitats, while the other four species in 1990) (Map 3). ECAS are darker and more obscure. One of these species, Heterothops marmotae Smetana, has

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Map 3. Distribution of Atanygnathus bicolor (Casey) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States. Records include data from Smetana (1990).

only been collected in groundhog (Marmota overlapping elytra (Fig.2.1.1), elbowed antennae monax) burrows in the vicinity of Ottawa, (Fig.10.8.2), and a pair of plates anterior to the Ontario, Canada (Smetana 1971b). It is surely prosternum (also in Othiini) (Fig.2.1.2). more widespread but its apparently restricted habits have probably prevented its collection This is a poorly collected group that is elsewhere. The species of Heterothops will be broadly distributed in North America. Species of covered in greater detail in a future publication. Xantholinini generally live within litter or in decaying organic matter and are therefore best 10.8 Xantholinini Erichson 1839 collected by sifting different types of litter or debris. Passive methods of collection such as Xantholinini may be easily recognized Winkler extractors or Berlese funnels are even among the Staphylininae by their slender, linear more effective as many species adopt a coiled habitus (Fig.10.8.2), thin neck (Fig.2.1.2), position upon disturbance and remain motionless

20 doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL. for a long time (for a detailed account of this carrion. C. maxillosus inhabits grassy and open behaviour see Yamazaki 2007). Stictolinus forested habitats and is often encountered on lake flavipes (LeConte) (Fig. 10.8.1) and and ocean shorelines (Majka et al. 2008). Lithocharodes longicollis (LeConte) (Fig. Adults and larvae are predators, mainly 10.8.2) are both commonly collected in various of maggots and adult flies, but also of other types of litter using these passive techniques. In arthropods attracted to carrion. Adults will form contrast, species associated with livestock or their bodies into a tight ball and roll off carrion compost are more active and are easily collected into leaf litter when disturbed (Fig. 11.1.2). For in great numbers using an aspirator or soft defense against other arthropods, C. maxillosus forceps. Two such species include the introduced has an eversible Y-shaped gland at the apex of Gyrohypnus fracticornis (O.F. Müller) (Fig. the abdomen that produces iridodiols and other 10.8.3) and fulgidus (Fab.) (Fig. repellant compounds (Huth and Dettner 1990). 10.8.4). Peeling the bark of conifer or beech trees Other species of Staphylinina also have this will usually yield individuals of the native gland and produce similar secretions dominated Nudobius cephalus (Say) (Fig. 10.8.5). Some by iridodial (Huth and Dettner 1990). species including Oxybleptes kiteleyi Smetana Two subspecies occur in ECAS: the have only be captured in small numbers by using native and widespread villosus Gravenhorst and flight intercept or pan traps in open areas with the Palearctic maxillosus L., which is known large trees (Fig. 10.8.6). The biology of these from scattered records from Ontario, Québec, and most Xantholinini remains very poorly and Massachusetts as early as 1929 (Québec). known. The species will be covered in greater Creophilus m. maxillosus can be most reliably detail in an upcoming publication. differentiated from C. m. villosus by the dark pubescence on the hind angles of the head (Fig. 11. The species of Staphylinina in ECAS 11.1.3), which is pale yellow in the native subspecies (Fig. 11.1.4). 11.1 Creophilus maxillosus (Linnaeus 1758) 11.2 Dinothenarus badipes (LeConte 1863) Creophilus maxillosus is easily distinguished from other Staphylinina by its Dinothenarus badipes is distinguished largely impunctate pronotum (Fig. 3.1.1) and from other species of Staphylinina in ECAS by thick covering of black and yellow setae (Fig. its entirely black body (Fig. 4.2.1), entirely 11.1.1). It cannot be confused with any other orange legs (Fig. 11.2.1), golden setae at the species of the subtribe. bases of each abdominal segment (Fig. 3.4.3) This is a very widespread species, and a spindle-shaped apical maxillary palpomere which occurs across North America, northern (Fig. 3.4.4). Ocypus brunnipes Fab. is similar in Central America, the West Indies, the entire colouration but lacks the golden abdominal setae Palearctic region (Newton et al. 2000), Chile, and its apical maxillary palpomere is rectangular. Argentina (Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002), and This species is broadly distributed over Peru (Asenjo and Clarke 2007). Its range in eastern North America. Its range in ECAS is ECAS is given by Map 4. given in Map 5. It is newly recorded from the province of Prince Edward Island: Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NB, NL, NS, PE (All ECAS Provinces) CANADA: PE: Queens Co., Harrington, barley Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, field, pitfall trap, 14-VI-2004, C. Noronha, 6 ME (All ECAS States) (ACPE); Johnstons River, rutabaga field, 14-XI- 1983, M.E.M. Smith, 1 (ACPE); Kinlock, 2-VI- In ECAS, Creophilus maxillosus has 1962, B. Wonnacott, 1 (UPEI). been collected from February to December, with no apparent seasonality. This species overwinters Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NB, NS, PE as an adult. Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, PA, NY, VT, NH, ME Adults and larvae of this species are found primarily on carrion of all kinds and rarely Dinothenarus badipes has been on dung, compost, or at UV lights. Larvae are collected in ECAS from January to December, typically found on larger, more persistent with a single peak in abundance in April-June depending on latitude.

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Map 4. Distribution of Creophilus maxillosus (L.) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

This is a common species that has been collected from under logs and stones, leaf litter, 11.3 Dinothenarus capitatus (Bland 1864) moss, and loose bark in a wide variety of habitats including forests, the shores of wetlands and Dinothenarus capitatus is easily lakes, along streams and rivers, orchards, oak distinguished from other Staphylinina by its savannah, and tallgrass prairies. However, D. reddish-orange head and darker body (Fig. badipes does not occur in the boreal forest, 3.4.2). Specimens with heads secondarily though it may occasionally occur in transition darkened due to chemical killing agents or areas. This species is rarely found at carrion drying (Fig. 4.1.1) can be identified to traps. Snider (1984) successfully cultured D. Dinothenarus using the characters in the key, badipes on a diet consisting solely of millipedes, and distinguished from D. badipes (LeConte) by but this species is likely a generalist predator of the variegated pattern of light and dark setae on ground-dwelling arthropods and it is also known the dorsal pronotum, and the dark tibiae (Fig. to consume adult click beetles (Hawkins 1936). 3.4.2).

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Map 5. Distribution of Dinothenarus badipes (LeConte) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

This species is transcontinental in and, although it has occasionally been collected Canada and occurs as far south as West Virginia in disturbed areas as it disperses between forest in the eastern United States. Its range in ECAS is patches, it is a strong indicator of undisturbed given in Map 6. forest conditions (Klimaszewski et al. 2008) and many specimen labels bear the words "mature" Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NB, NL, NS or "old growth forest". The current range of Adjacent U.S.: MI, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, ME Dinothenarus capitatus in ECAS appears to be shrinking relative to its historical distribution, Dinothenarus capitatus is collected in especially near developed areas. ECAS from April to November, with peaks in abundance in May and August-September. 11.4 Ocypus brunnipes (Fabricius 1781) This forest-inhabiting species has been collected primarily on the dung of various Ocypus brunnipes can be easily mammals or on carrion, but sometimes occurs on recognized by its all black body and dull orange decaying fungi. It can be sifted from forest litter legs (Fig. 5.1.1). The only similar species is

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Map 6. Distribution of Dinothenarus capitatus (Bland) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

Dinothenarus badipes (LeConte), from which it Both North American collections of O. can be distinguished by the lack of golden setae brunnipes have been in late summer. at the bases of the abdominal segments (Fig. This non-native species was first 3.6.3), and by its rectangular apical maxillary recorded from North America by Newton (1987), palpomere (Fig. 3.6.2). based on a single collection of one male and one This species is native to Europe, Russia, female from New Hampshire in 1966. In 1973 the Caucasus, and Turkey (Herman 2001) and this species was collected again (1 male) but this has been accidentally introduced into North time from Massachusetts. Ocypus brunnipes may America, where it is so far recorded only from be established in New England at very low New Hampshire and Massachusetts (newly densities. This species is flightless and inhabits reported) (Map 7). both forested and open, disturbed areas in its native Palearctic range (Deichsel 2006). UNITED STATES: MA: Essex Co., Ipswitch, 42.68 -70.85, 26-VII-1973, L.L. Pechuman, 1 (CUIC).

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Map 7. Distribution of Ocypus brunnipes (Fab.) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

11.5 Ocypus nitens (Schrank 1781) UNITED STATES: ME: York Co., Kittery, 43.0833 -70.7333, 5-IV-1989, G. Clark, 1 Ocypus nitens is unique among the (DENH). NY: Saratoga Co., Ballston Lake, at Staphylinina in ECAS for its combination of porch light, 21-IV-2010, K. Hillig, 1, based on black body, black legs, and distinctively short photographic record from elytra (distinctly shorter than the pronotum when bugguide.net/node/view/387557. measured at the middle) (Fig. 3.6.1). This species is native to Europe, Russia, Adjacent U.S.: NY, NH, ME the Caucasus, Turkey, and Iran (Herman 2001). Its range in North America is mostly limited to This species has been collected in North the coastal northeastern United States and we America year-round, with a large peak in record it here for the first time from Maine and abundance in April-May and a smaller peak in New York. Its range in ECAS is given in Map 8. September. Ocypus nitens is a non-native species that was first reported in North America from

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Map 8. Distribution of Ocypus nitens (Schrank) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

Massachusetts and southeastern New Hampshire continue to spread westwards into eastern (Newton 1987). It was first collected in Canada in the near future. Massachusetts in 1944 from sifted debris and has since become common in forested and open 11.6 Ontholestes cingulatus habitat in Massachusetts and New Hampshire (Gravenhorst 1802) (Fig. 11.5.1). This species is also found at carrion-baited pitfall traps and often wanders Ontholestes cingulatus can be distinguished from into dwellings. It has similar habits in its native other Staphylinina by its distinctive golden range (Balog et al. 2003) and is pronouncedly abdominal apex (Fig. 6.1.1). Older, contracted, synanthropic. All examined specimens with or dirty specimens may be identified to exposed hind wings were brachypterous. Ocypus Ontholestes by the sharp anterior angles of the nitens has since expanded its range to Maine by pronotum (Fig. 3.2.1) and distinguished from O. 1989, Rhode Island by 1995 (Sikes 1995) and murinus (L.) by the bicoloured legs and antennae New York by 2010. This species will likely (Fig. 11.6.1). This species is transcontinental in

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Map 9. Distribution of Ontholestes cingulatus (Gravenhorst) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

Canada and occurs in the central and eastern UNITED STATES: MI: 207 specimens. United States. Although this species is OH: 95 specimens. VT: Addison Co., Bristol widespread, it had not been officially recorded and Middlebury townline, route 116, pitfall traps, from Michigan, Ohio, Vermont, or Prince 4 to12-XI-1976, R. Davidson, 6 (CMNH). Edward Island. Its range in ECAS is given by Bennington Co., Dorset, Polyporus sulfureus, 14- Map 9. The occurrence of Ontholestes cingulatus VII-1970, J.F. Lawrence, 3 (MCZ); Manchester, in these states and province is confirmed based beech-maple forest, ex. ‘several clusters of on numerous historical and recent collections. Conopholis americana’, 17-VIII-1969, C.T. Parsons, 1, 12-VIII-1971, 3 (MCZ). Lamoille CANADA: PE: Queens Co., Harrington, barley Co., Stowe, 1 (AMNH). Orleans Co., East field, pitfall trap, 16-IX-2004, C. Noronha, 3 Charleston, 21-VI-1967, M.A. Deyrup, 1, old (ACPE); St. Patricks, compost, 20-VIII-2002, grass heap, 27-VI-1967, 1 (AMNH). Windsor C.G. Majka, 1 (CGMC); St. Patricks, old field, Co., Woodstock, 20-VIII, 2 (MCZ). compost, 25-VI-2003, C.G. Majka, 1 (CGMC).

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Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NB, NL, NS, PE (All The Platydracus cinnamopterus Complex ECAS provinces) Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, Diagnosis: ME (All ECAS states) Small (12-19 mm), slender, parallel- sided Platydracus; body and appendages Ontholestes cingulatus has been generally light to dark reddish brown, uniformly collected in ECAS from February to September, colored or not on head and pronotum to always with a peak in abundance in May-June. variegated on abdomen, with darker venter This species is common and most often (except abdominal apex, more or less reddish) collected on dung and smaller carrion but also and black scutellum; pubescence light to dark, on regularly occurs in decaying fungi and in abdomen forming more or less distinct, paired compost piles. This species is a strong flier and black pubescent lines near middle and diffuse is captured frequently in flight-intercept and lighter pubescence laterally; head and pronotum malaise traps, and infrequently at UV lights. with dense umbilicate punctures except for a Males guard recently mated females as complete mid-longitudinal impunctate line on the they oviposit, chasing and 'grappling' with any pronotum at least one puncture diameter wide; males that approach her (Alcock 1991). Mating antenna pubescent from 4th antennomere; occurs with males on top of females and both mandibles stout, apically acute, each bearing sexes facing the same direction (Alcock 1991); three stout median teeth (two dorsal, one ventral quite different from smaller staphylinids that on left, one dorsal and two ventral on right typically mate end-to-end. Both larvae and adults mandible, in both cases with only two teeth can be reared on a diet of muscoid flies (Schmidt visible in dorsal view); mentum brown, 1999). Ontholestes cingulatus was considered a sclerotized, anterior edge emarginate; pronotum moderate indicator of undisturbed forest by about as wide as long; sutural length of elytra Klimaszewski et al. (2008) and was observed to about 0.6 times as long as pronotum; protibia prefer shaded carrion by Hobischack et al. usually with two stout setae in row on external (2006); however, collection data suggest it also edge and one posteriorly; apex of 6th visible occurs in open forests and backyards. abdominal sternite in male with broadly rounded emargination, in female with broadly rounded, 11.7 Ontholestes murinus (Linnaeus 1758) non-emarginate apex, sexual dimorphism otherwise absent externally and limited to venter Among the species of Staphylinina, of genital segment and genitalia; aedeagus not or Ontholestes murinus can be identified to genus very inconspicuously asymmetrical. by its acute anterior pronotal angles (Fig. 3.2.1) A species known as Staphylinus or and distinguished from O. cingulatus Platydracus cinnamopterus (Gravenhorst) (Gravenhorst) by the dark legs, completely pale meeting the above diagnosis was for nearly two antennae and apex of the abdomen with silver centuries considered the most common and setae (Fig. 6.2.1). widespread Platydracus species in eastern North This species is native to Europe, Russia, America. In the early stages of a revision of this Georgia, Armenia, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, genus for the New World, it became apparent to Kyrgyzstan, and China (Herman 2001). In North the second author (Newton 1973) that three America, it is only known from the Avalon species with quite different male genitalia were Peninsula of Newfoundland (Map 10) where it being confused under this name. After further has been collected in May to September. study of type material of all relevant names, North American specimens of including several that were long considered Ontholestes murinus were first collected in 1949 synonyms of P. cinnamopterus, it was in a meadow, on cow dung and in a barn established that two of the species had available (Smetana 1981). One additional specimen was names and the third was undescribed. The three collected in 1986 and the continued species are broadly sympatric in eastern North establishment of this exotic species needs America and all occur within at least the reaffirmation. southern part of ECAS. They are closely similar externally and difficult to distinguish (especially older or darker specimens in poor condition) without use of male genitalia (but see external characters in key). In order to clarify the status of the available names and allow recognition of

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Map 10. Distribution of Ontholestes murinus (L.) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

these species, the new species (P. praetermissus 2001, etc. (see Herman 2001: 3447 for Newton, spec. nov.) is formally described here additional literature citations) and the other two species (P. cinnamopterus and Type material: Lectotype, male, in ZMHB, P. zonatus, both Gravenhorst 1802) are here designated by Newton, with labels: redescribed and their identities fixed by review "5959" [white printed label]; of type material, including designation of "cinnamopterus Gr. Am. Spt." [green, lectotypes where necessary. bordered, handwritten label]; and red lectotype designation label by Newton dated 11.8 Platydracus cinnamopterus 1978. Paralectotypes: 1 male and 2 females, (Gravenhorst 1802) in ZMHB, with no original labels, each with yellow paralectotype designation labels by Staphylinus cinnamopterus Gravenhorst, 1802: Newton dated 1978. 164; Platydracus cinnamopterus: Newton 1973, Smetana and Davies 2000, Herman

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Map 11. Distribution of Platydracus cinnamopterus (Gravenhorst).

Other material examined: 1386 specimens view slightly convex and forming an acute angle, throughout the range of the species, all but a few the apex broadly rounded; sides of median lobe being males with examined aedeagus. Full data in lateral view even, not toothed. will be presented in the pending revision of Platydracus cinnamopterus may be Platydracus by Newton, but all records that distinguished from all other species of the genus could be georeferenced are shown in Map 11. in ECAS by the combination of generally reddish color (light to very dark) with uniformly colored Description: head and pronotum (Fig. 7.9.1, 7.9.4), black With the characters of the P. scutellum, and variegated abdomen with sparse cinnamopterus Complex (see above), plus: gold setae only, and paired, patches of black average pronotal length 2.53 mm (n = 10); head, velvet setae on the first five visible segments pronotum and elytra usually light to medium (Fig. 7.9.2); antennae with distinctly transverse reddish, less often dark red, pronotum evenly antennomere 9 (Fig. 7.9.7); and the narrow but colored; antenna not reaching middle of complete impunctate medial line of pronotum pronotum when extended posteriorly, about 2 puncture diameters wide at narrowest antennomere 9 distinctly transverse; impunctate (Fig. 7.9.5). However, it is definitively median line of pronotum at least one puncture distinguished from the other members of the P. diameter wide at narrowest point, usually about cinnamopterus Complex, P. praetermissus and two puncture diameters wide; emargination of P. zonatus, by the structure of the aedeagus (Fig. sixth visible male sternite in ventral view 7.9.6 and 11.8.2). moderately deep, about 1/4 as deep as wide; apex The species is widely distributed in the of median lobe of aedeagus projected, the forested areas of eastern North America: from converging sides of the projection in parameral Nova Scotia, west to southern Manitoba, south to

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Map 12. Distribution of Platydracus cinnamopterus (Gravenhorst) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

Texas and east to the Florida panhandle (Map This common species is most 11). Its range in ECAS is shown in greater detail frequently found under the loose bark of in Map 12. Note that historical records of P. hardwood trees but is also collected in leaf litter, cinnamopterus in the literature up to the present under stones and logs and in rotten wood. It also time are unreliable since they may refer to any of frequents decaying plant matter such as flood the three species of the P. cinnamopterus debris (Fig. 11.8.1) and grass clumps. Other Complex. specimens have been collected on beaches of the Great Lakes under drift, from fungi, at a UV Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NB, NS light, and from a beaver lodge. Unlike the other Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, NH, ME two species of the complex, P. cinnamopterus is often found in disturbed areas under patio stones, In ECAS, P. cinnamopterus has been in gardens and in compost. The relatively short collected from January through November, with antennae compared to the other members of the a majority (55%) found in May or June. cinnamopterus complex may be correlated with

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Map 13. Distribution of Platydracus comes (LeConte) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

greater maneuverability within subcortical 11.9 Platydracus comes (LeConte 1863) microhabitats and under objects. The presence of a rufous morph (Fig. 7.9.4) is unique to P. Platydracus comes may be cinnamopterus within the cinnamopterus distinguished from other species of the genus in Complex. The description of larvae and pupae ECAS by the combination of elongate, dark of this species by LeSage (1977) may be spots on the elytra (Fig. 7.5.1), the median line of correctly assigned to P. cinnamopterus since golden setae on the scutellum (Fig. 7.5.1), and over 85% of the specimen records of the P. the complete impunctate median line of the cinnamopterus Complex from Ontario and pronotum (Fig. 7.5.2). This species is easily Québec are P. cinnamopterus, and P. confused with the similarly coloured P. praetermissus n. sp. is not known from Canada. maculosus (Gravenhorst) (Fig. 11.9.1) but it is much smaller (13-19 mm) and has a complete impunctate median line of the pronotum. This species is eastern in distribution, with most specimens collected in the

32 doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL. southeastern United States. It reaches the UNITED STATES: MI: Ingham Co., East northern limit of its distribution in ECAS (Map Lansing, 42.7333 -84.4833, Date Unknown, 13), with most of the northeastern records pre- C.F.B, 1 (FMNH). OH: Hamilton Co., 1940. Platydracus comes is newly recorded from Cincinnati, 39.1 -84.52, V-1934, 1 (UMMZ). Ohio based on these records. Hocking Co., Ash Cave Area, 39.4003 -82.5384, 1-V-1986, bark, R.L. Aalbu, 1 (FMNH). UNITED STATES: OH: Athens Co., Waterloo PA: Delaware Co., Manoa, 40 -75.3, IV-1946, Twp., 39.3166 -82.2166, 24-VII-1935, 1 (CNC). E.J. Ford, 1 (BPBM). Westmoreland Co., Hamilton Co., Cincinnati, 39.1 -84.5, 22-VII- Jeannette, 40.3333 -79.6166, 14-IV-1931, 1 1900, C. Drury, 2 (CNMH); 31-VII-1900, T. (FMNH); 16-IV-1931, 2 (AMNH), 1 (FMNH). Drury, 1 (MCZ); 7-VIII-1900, C. Drury, 1 (CNMH). Eastern Canada: ON Adjacent U.S.: IN, MI, NY, OH, PA The tentative record of Platydracus comes from the province of Québec listed in Platydracus exulans has been collected Campbell and Davies (1991) as '?' represents a from late March to late June, with the majority of misidentification of P. viridanus. Platydracus records in April and May. comes probably does not occur regularly in Most available specimens with Canada, but occasional migrant individuals collection data are from dung or dung-baited might be found in southernmost Ontario. pitfall traps in mixed oak-pine forest. However, Newton (1973) reported it from carrion, Adjacent U.S.: IN, OH, PA, NY including opossum, chicken, and rabbit. Watson (2004) found this species in Louisiana on In ECAS, Platydracus comes has been carcasses of alligator, bear, deer, and pig during collected in July to September, with nearly all the winter and spring. Platydracus exulans was specimens taken in July. found most frequently on pig carcasses in the This species lives in pine or mixed-pine advanced to dry stage of decay (Watson forests, usually occurring with dung and carrion 2004). Newton (1973) suggested that the communities and infrequently collected at relatively early season occurrence and scant compost-baited traps or UV lights. appearance at baits may indicate that P. exulans dwells primarily within vertebrate nests or a 11.10 Platydracus exulans (Erichson 1839) similar microhabitat. This species has been collected twice in Platydracus exulans is distinguished Ontario, both times in the same location near from congeners by its bronze-green metallic Ottawa but forty-four years apart. Further head and pronotum (Fig. 11.10.1), and the collecting is needed to determine whether the unevenly spaced pronotal punctures (Fig. Canadian specimens of P. exulans represent 7.2.1). The only other Platydracus with uneven sporadic migrants or part of a stable Canadian pronotal punctures is P. praelongus, however, P. population. exulans differs by the narrower median impunctate area of the pronotum (Fig. 7.5.2) and 11.11 Platydracus femoratus (Fabricius 1801) by general habitus. The metallic colour gives it some similarity to P. viridanus but the latter has Platydracus femoratus is easily evenly spaced pronotal punctures and a different recognized by the large eyes, which are about abdominal pubescence pattern. twice as long as the temple (Fig. 7.1.1). Platydracus exulans is an eastern Although the specimen figured in Fig. 11.11.1 species, occurring as far north as Ontario and has its abdominal apex paler, most North extending southwest to Louisiana. Its range in American individuals of this species have a ECAS is given by Map 14. This species is newly uniformly coloured abdomen. recorded from Michigan, Ohio, and Platydracus femoratus is distributed Pennsylvania. It was reported from Québec by broadly from Pennsylvania to Brazil, but occurs Downie and Arnett (1996) without data, but we only sporadically in ECAS (Map 15); it is have seen no specimens from that province and unlikely that it will be encountered in Canada. this record is probably based on a misidentified Individuals collected in ECAS are probably specimen. migrants from the southern United States where

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Map 14. Distribution of Platydracus exulans (Erichson) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States. they regularly occur. This species is newly Specimens in ECAS have been taken in recorded from Pennsylvania: May to October with no apparent pattern in seasonality. UNTED STATES: PA: Allegheny Co., This species is most frequent at dung Pittsburgh, 40.43 -80.00, 15-V-1961, Legerman, but also often occurs on carrion. Several 1 (CMNH); Tarentum (4km N), 40.6 -79.77, 7- specimens have been collected in rotting fruit VII-1991, W. Zanol, 1 (CMNH). Franklin Co., and at lights. Mount Alto, 39.85 -77.55, Schaeffer, 1 (CUIC). Philadelphia Co., Chestnut Hill, 40.07 -75.2, 24- 11.12 Platydracus fossator (Gravenhorst 1802) VIII, 1 (MCZ); Mount Airy, 40.07 -75.18, VII- 1935, 1 (FMNH). Individuals with the typical apical orange spot on the elytron are distinguished from Adjacent U.S.: IN, OH, PA other Staphylinina (Gravenhorst) by that character alone (Fig. 7.8.1). Specimens lacking the spot (with a completely black body) are

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Map 15. Distribution of Platydracus femoratus (Fab.) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States. identified as Platydracus using the characters in (Map 16). This species is newly recorded from the key, and to fossator using the following Nova Scotia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania: combination of characters: elytra completely black (Fig. 7.8.2), abdomen lacking dense CANADA: NS: Annapolis Co., Middleton, 20- patches of golden or black velvet setae (Fig. VII-1928, W.J. Brown, 1 (CNC). Antigonish Co., 7.8.2), pronotum lacking complete impunctate Brierly Brook, 20-VIII-1954, Douglas C. median line (Fig. 7.6.2), and eyes distinctly Ferguson, 1 (NMSC). Colchester Co., longer than the temple. Glenholme (Roger's Field), 45.42 -63.51, wild This species is widespread, occurring blueberry field, pitfall trap, 25-VIII-2009, C. from central North America east to the coast and Cutler, 2 (NSAC); Glenholme (Webb Field), south to Arizona, Texas and Florida. Specimens 45.41 -63.51, wild blueberry field, pitfall trap, from west of the Great Plains were all collected 25-VIII-2009, C. Cutler, 3 (NSAC); Kemptown, at high elevations. Platydracus fossator is quite 4-VIII-1999, J. Ogden, 1 (NSNR); Portapique, in common south of the Canadian border and cow dung, 31-VII-1929, Frost, 1 (MCZ). Digby occurs regularly at some sites in southern Canada Co., Digby, 14-XI-1960, C.J.S. Fox, 1 (ACNS);

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Map 16. Distribution of Platydracus fossator (Gravenhorst) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

South Range/Porter’s Lake, ‘Crawling in mowed Platydracus fossator has been collected lawn during midday’, 3-VIII-2003, G.D. Selig, in ECAS from March to October, with a marked (GSC); Weymouth, 14-VIII-1990, 1(MCZ). increase in abundance during July and Hants Co., Monte Vista Farm, 14-VIII-1966, August.While this species inhabits a variety of Kenneth A. Neil, 1 (NSMC). forest types (except boreal), a large proportion of UNITED STATES: OH: Adams Co., 20-VIII- specimens were collected from open forests with 1967, 1 (Hamilton). Franklin Co., Columbus, 1 conifers and/or oak trees, including oak (OSU). Stark Co., 1-VII-1937, 1 (INHS). savannah. Platydracus fossator occurs at carrion, PA: 69 specimens. dung, and at decaying soft fungi including Pleurotus ostreatus Fries (Cline and Leschen 2005), and is often encountered flying or Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NB, NS walking as it disperses between these Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, microhabitats (Fig. 11.12.1). Both adults and ME (All ECAS states) larvae have been reared on a diet of muscoid flies (Schmidt 1999).

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Map 17. Distribution of Platydracus immaculatus (Mannerheim) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

11.13 Platydracus immaculatus This species is eastern in distribution: (Mannerheim 1830) Ontario to North Carolina and west to Utah. Historically, it was quite commonly collected in Platydracus immaculatus is a ECAS but Platydracus immaculatus is now distinctive species that can be differentiated from infrequently collected over much of its range. other Staphylinina by a combination of a reddish Although this is only subtly apparent in Map 17, head, red elytra without distinct and elongate the change is quite apparent after the early dark spots, abdominal tergites with dense, paired 1980’s. patches of golden setae, and a non-metallic body (Fig. 7.11.1). Species of the P. cinnamopterus Eastern Canada: ON, QC complex are similar in colouration but lack the Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, distinct, paired patches of golden setae on the ME (All ECAS states) abdominal tergites.

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Map 18. Distribution of Platydracus maculosus (Gravenhorst) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

In ECAS, P. immaculatus has been Canada after 1980 (Fig. 11.13.1). Further collected from February to November, with a collecting in sandy, grassy habitat with stones is relatively early peak in abundance during April- necessary to verify this species' apparent decline May. in Canada. Unlike many other species of Platydracus immaculatus is an open Platydracus, P. immaculatus does not visit habitat species, occurring especially in stony baited traps and is primarily captured by lifting areas with sandy soil. It can be collected from debris or in pitfall traps. Platydracus under stones, leaves, and other debris in old immaculatus was generally known by the fields, savannah, edges of open wetlands, and the younger name P. vulpinus (Nordmann, 1837) grassy areas along the shores of lakes and rivers. until Smetana and Davies (2000) noted that the This species' range in Canada has always been name immaculatus was older, and Herman restricted to the southern half of Ontario and (2001) adopted immaculatus as the valid name. Québec; however, P. immaculatus now seems to be rare in this area, with only 5 records from

38 doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL.

11.14 Platydracus maculosus and first antennomere distinctly bicoloured (Fig. (Gravenhorst 1802) 7.6.4). The darkest individuals resemble P. tomentosus, but that species has eyes that are Platydracus maculosus can be easily subequal in length to the temple. distinguished from all other species of This species ranges over most of Staphylinina in ECAS (LeConte) by its large size northeastern North America: southern Ontario (22-35 mm) and the distinct, dark and elongate and Quebec, southwest to central Texas. Its spots on its elytra (Fig. 11.14.1). It can also be range in ECAS is given by Map 19. Specimens differentiated from the similar P. comes by the reported by Klimaszewski et al. (2005) as P. incomplete impunctate median line of the mysticus were later found to be misidentified P. pronotum (Fig. 7.7.1) and from P. femoratus by viridanus (A. Smetana pers. comm.). Thus P. its smaller eyes (Fig. 11.14.1). mysticus does not occur in the Maritime This species is widespread in eastern Provinces of Canada as far as known. North America, ranging south to the Florida Platydracus mysticus is newly recorded from panhandle. Its range in ECAS is given in Map Michigan and Maine. 18. UNITED STATES: MI: 57 specimens. ME: Penobscot Co., Orono, 44.8833 -68.6667, 24-V- Eastern Canada: ON, QC 1948, 1 (UAIC). Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, ME (All ECAS states) Eastern Canada: ON, QC Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, ME (All ECAS states) Platydracus maculosus has been collected in ECAS from January to November, Platydracus mysticus has been collected with a large peak in abundance in May and a in ECAS in March to December, with a second, smaller increase in September. relatively early peak in abundance in April-May. Platydracus maculosus is the largest This species is typically found under and one of the most commonly encountered rocks and logs in forested or field habitat, Platydracus species in ECAS. It primarily although the vast majority of specimens lack inhabits deciduous forests and open areas, where label data. It may also be found on beaches and it occurs on carrion (Fig. 11.14.2), on dung, in shoreline in 'washup' and under drift. Newton leaf litter and sometimes in rotting fungi. A few (1973) suggested that Platydracus mysticus may individuals have been collected under bark and at generally be cursorial and surface active; the fact lights. They are often observed in flight and their that most collections are made singly and many dark blue hindwings give them a wasp-like labels state 'on ground' or 'on path' (or similar) appearance. Adults overwinter under logs and supports this. This species is a competent flier as rocks and can be found there in the late fall and it has been collected by a flight intercept trap early spring (Voris 1939). Smetana and Davies (Watrous 2008). Platydracus mysticus is (2000) noted that P. maculosus had an older common in collections until about 1960 and later synonym, P. viduatus (Fabricius, 1801), and records are increasingly less numerous, used that as the valid name for this species, but suggesting that this species is in decline over P. maculosus was conserved as the valid name much of its range in ECAS, especially in densely by Opinion 2039 of the International populated areas; focused collecting is needed to Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN verify this. Possible factors contributing to this 2003). apparent decline include urbanization and competition with introduced species of nearly identical adult habits (i.e. Tasgius spp.). 11.15 Platydracus mysticus (Erichson 1840) 11.6 Platydracus praelongus Platydracus mysticus can be recognized (Mannerheim 1830) by the combination of small eyes (much smaller than the temple) (Fig. 7.6.3), elytra without Platydracus praelongus is distinctive elongate dark spots, pronotum without an among Platydracus species for its pronotum with impunctate median line (Fig. 7.6.2), abdominal an uneven punctation and wide (at least as wide tergites lacking distinct patches of golden setae, as five punctures) impunctate line (Fig. 7.4.1);

doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 39 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL. both the head and pronotum are dull-metallic VI-1974, Heiss, Howard and Chenowith, 1 (Fig. 11.16.1). (UAAM); Bradley Co., 16-V-1946, 1 (UAAM); This species occurs along the eastern 19-VI-1963, 1 (UAAM); 5-VI-1965, 1 (UAAM); coast of the United States and Mexico, north to 24-VII-1965, 1 (UAAM); 30-VII-1965, 2 Maine, but it may be eventually found in the (UAAM); Franklin Co., Shores Lake, Ozark extreme southern portions of Atlantic Canada. Its National Forest, 35.63 -93.95, 20-V-1983, J.M. range in ECAS is given by Map 20. It is recorded Campbell, 1 (CNC); Grant Co., junction of from the state of New York for the first time highway 167 and 35 (2.7 mi SE on 35), 34.23 - based on study of 77 specimens collected until 92.37, pine, berlese, 77-06, 19-II-1977, 1975. Chenowith, 1 (UAAM); Hempstead Co., 12-III- 1959, 1 (FMNH); 12-III-1959, leaf trash, Adjacent U.S.: NY, NH, ME GO.848, 1 (FMNH); 12-III-1959, leaf trash, GO.942, 1 (FMNH); Johnson Co., 25.3 mi W of Platydracus praelongus has been junction of highways 21 and 1003, 35.68 -93.67, collected in ECAS from February to December, pitfall trap, 73-534 Line 14, 31-V-1973, R.T. with a large increase in abundance in May and Allen, 1 (UAAM); Newton Co., hardwood forest, smaller peak in August. pitfall trapline, 75-0149, 16-VII-1975, 1 Platydracus praelongus is a seashore (UAAM); pitfall, 75-0159, 22-VII-1975, 1 specialist of and is the only North American (UAAM); 2.7 mi W of Buffalo River at highway Platydracus associated with marine coastal 74, 36.00 -93.38, pitfall trap, Line 2, 12-VII- environments. In ECAS it has been collected on 1973, D. Carlyle, 1 (UAAM); Pope Co., Pope beaches under debris and logs (Fig. 11.16.2), and Van Buren Co. Lines, 12.4 mi W on swept from dune grass, and found along the highway 16, 35.70 -92.92, pitfall trap, Line 10, edges of salt marshes under stones and in litter. 21-VI-1973, 1 (UAAM); 17.3 mi W of intersection of Pope and Van Buren Co. Lines, 11.17 Platydracus praetermissus 35.70 -92.92, pitfall trap, Line 11, 21-VII-1973, Newton, spec. nov. 2 (UAAM); 17.3 mi W of intersection of Pope and Van Buren Co. Lines, 35.70 -92.92, pitfall Type material: Holotype, male, in FMNH, with trap, 73-651 Line 11, 28-VI-1973, R.T. Allen, 1 labels: "ARK: Wash. Co., 3 mi S Devils Den St. (UAAM); Pulaski Co., Little Rock (Marsh Rd.), Park, 28-31.V.79 litter, S&J Peck, oak-hickory" 34.72 -92.48, berlese leaf litter, 14-II-2000, B. [white printed label]; "A. Newton collection" Baldwin, 1 (Baldwin); Little Rock (Marsh Rd.), [green printed label]; "♂ GENITALIA 51, to J. 34.72 -92.48, hanging sugar traps, 16-IV-2003, Klimaszewski for drawing, 1993" [red printed Baldwin, 1 (Baldwin); Union Co., pitfall trap, label]; and red handwritten holotype label by A. 75-0222 Line 3, 28-VII-1975, 1 (UAAM); 0.5 mi Newton dated 2010 [note: genital segment and SE of Lapile, 33.07 -92.27, pitfall trap, 74-0136 aedeagus removed and stored in glycerin in a Line 3, 10-VI-1974, Heiss, Howard and microvial pinned with the specimen]. Chenowith, 1 (UAAM); 4 mi S of Mount Holly, Paratypes, 198, all males, all but a few with 33.23 -92.97, pitfall trap, 74-0106 Line 15, 4-VI- aedeagus examined: 1974, Heiss, Howard and Chenowith, 1 (UAAM); Washington Co., leaf trash, GO.96, 5- UNITED STATES: AL: Dale Co., Ft. Rucker XII-1958, 1 (UAAM); Devils Den State Park, Mil. Res., 31.33 -85.71, barrier pitfall trap, 4-I to 35.78 -94.23, in crevice, 8-VI-1946, M.W. 16-IV-1999, R. Turnbow, 1 (Turnbow); Ft. Sanderson, 1 (INHS); Farmington, 36.05 -94.25, Rucker Mil. Res., 31.33 -85.71, berlese leaf black light trap, 73-46, 22-VI-1973, W.D. Wylie, litter, 3-VII-2005, R. Turnbow, 1 (Turnbow); 1 (UAAM); Fayetteville, N slope of Markham Lee Co., Auburn, 32.62 -85.48, sifting forest Hill, 36.07 -94.15, under boulder, 76-97, 4-XII- litter, 20-III-1972, E. J. Kiteley, 1 (CNC); 1976, R. Chenowith, 1 (UAAM). Auburn, 32.62 -85.48, sifting forest litter, 25-III- DC: Washington, Rock Creek Park, 38.97 - 1972, E. J. Kiteley, 1 (CNC). AR: Arkansas Co., 77.05, oak hillsides, gulley floor/log, 67-2a, 24-I- White River N.W.R., 34.33 -91.12, woodland 1967, W. Suter, 1 (FMNH). DE: Sussex Co., pitfall trap, 9-VII-1969, Underwood and Brown, Angola, 38.68 -75.18, 20-VI-1970, 1 (AMNH). 1 (UAAM); Ashley Co., pine forest, pitfall trap, FL: Alachua Co., 4 mi SW Gainesville, Line 15 (A-15), 5-VIII-1974, Heiss, Howard and Hogtown Creek, 29.65 -82.38, pitfall, 27-V- Chenowith, 1 (UAAM); 13.5 mi S of Crossett, 1983, R.M. Reeves, 3 (DENH); Gadsden Co., 1 33.00 -91.83, pitfall trap, 74-2459 Line 13, 24- mi E of Havana, 30.62 -84.41, pine-hardwood

40 doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL. litter, 6-I-1977, C.W. O’Brien and G.B. 1957, O. Park, 1 (FMNH); Edgar Co., 4 mi SSE Marshall, 2 (FMNH); Hamilton Co., 8 mi S of of Kansas, 39.50 -87.92, ‘from part of forest Jasper, Hwy 129, 30.40 -82.93, mixed hardwood NOT burned in fall 1999’, pitfall trap, 25-VIII to litter, 24-III-1977, C.W. O’Brien et al., 1 1-IX-2000, M.A. Goodrich, 1 (EIU); 4 mi SSE (FMNH); Leon Co., Tallahassee, 30.43 -84.28, of Kansas, 39.50 -87.92, ‘from part of forest mixed hardwood litter, 8-IV-1976, C.W. O’Brien burned in 1999’, pitfall trap, 13 to 20-X-2000, and G.B. Marshall, 1 (FMNH); Tallahassee, M.A. Goodrich, 1 (EIU); 4 mi SSE of Kansas, 30.43 -84.28, mixed hardwood litter, 76-115, 39.50 -87.92, ‘from part of forest NOT burned in 28-VI-1976, Marshall and Justice, 1 (UAAM); 1999’, pitfall, 31-V to 7-VI-2000, M.A. Tallahassee, 30.43 -84.28, hardwood litter, 4-III- Goodrich, 1 (EIU); Jackson Co., Carbondale, 1976, G.B. Marshall, 1 (FMNH); Tallahassee, 37.73 -89.22, 5-V-1959, M. Stibitz, 1 (SIUC); 30.43 -84.28, hardwood litter, blacklight trap, 6- Carbondale, 37.73 -89.22, 28-V-1963, C.S. XII-1976, G.B. Marshall, 1 (FMNH); Adams, 1 (SIUC); Piatt Co., White Health, 40.08 Tallahassee, 30.43 84.28, mixed hardwood litter, -88.52, ground no. 24, 1-I-1983, J.C. Dirks, 1 20-IV-1976, C.W. O’Brien and Justice, 1 (INHS); Pope Co., Dixon Springs Park, Ghost (FMNH); Tallahassee, 30.43 -84.28, mixed Dance Canyon Trail, 37.38 -88.67, 125m, mixed hardwood litter, 2-IV-1976, C.W. O’Brien and hardwood forest in ravine near stream, under G.B. Marshall, 1 (FMNH); Tallahassee, 30.43 - rock, 1043, 22-VI-2002, A. Newton, 1 (FMNH); 84.28, hardwoods, berlesate hardwoods, 77-204, St. Clair Co., 4-VII-1901, G.W. Block, 1 14-X-1977, L. Justice and E. Healy, 1 (UAAM); (UMRM); 5-VI-1902, G.W. Block, 1 (UMRM); Tallahassee, 30.43 -84.28, mixed hardwood Vermillion Co., Catlin, Camp Drake, 40.10 - litter, 11-III-1977, G.B. Marshall, 1 (FMNH); 87.75, ground, 12-VI-1940, J.E. Porter, 1 Tallahassee, 30.43 -84.28, mixed hardwood (INHS). IN: Jasper Co., Jasper-Pulaski State litter, 6-X-1977, C.W. O’Brien, 1 (FMNH); Game Area, 41.15 -86.93, sweeping vegetation, Okaloosa Co., Destin, 30.40 -86.50, 13-II-1976, grassy area, 19-V-1996, R.M. Brattain, 1 E.J. Kiteley, 1 (CNC); Destin, 30.40 -86.50, 10- (Brattain); Tippecanoe Co., 17-V-1959, N.M. III-1980, E.J. Kiteley, 1 (CNC); Destin, 30.40 - Downie, 1 (FMNH); Vigo Co., 8-VI-1893, W.S. 86.50, 23-III-1982, E.J. Kiteley, 1 (CNC); Blatchley, 1 (PURC). KS: Douglas Co., Orange Co., Winter Park, 28.60 -81.33, 4-III- Lecompton, 39.05 -95.40, 10-X-1933, 1 1939, F.E. Lutz, 1 (AMNH); Polk Co., in steiner (FMNH); Jefferson Co., University of Kansas trap, 14-III-1961, R.E. Vild, 1 (FSCA); Natural History Reserve, 39.05 -95.18, forest, Suwannee Co., 15 mi SW of Live Oak, Hwy 51, litter, 6-V-1986, J. Pakaluk, 1 (KSEM); pine and hardwood litter, 24-III-1977, C.W. Leavenworth Co., 18-V-1956, G.W. Byers, 1 O’Brien et al., 1 (FMNH); Taylor Co., 5 mi E of (KSEM). KY: Meade Co., 0.5 mi S of Route Gainesville, Hatchet Creek, 29.65 -82.25, UV 1158 on Route 333, 7-VI-1986, R. A. Mattingly, light, 27-V-1983, R.M. Reeves, 2 (DENH). 1 (ULKY). LA: West Feliciana Co., Feliciana GA: Fulton Co., Atlanta, 33.75 -84.38, 1-VI- Preserve near Freeland, 30.78 -91.25, pitfall 1929, P.W. Fattig, 1 (INHS); Liberty Co., traps, 17-V-1995, D. Pashley, 4 (LSAM); Riceboro, 31.73 -81.43, 27-IV-1937, 1 (CAS). Feliciana Preserve near Freeland, 30.78 -91.25, IL: Champaign Co., Mahomet, Hart Memorial pitfall traps, 5-X-1995, D. Pashley, 4 (LSAM); Woods, 40.20 -88.40, trap 4, 4-VI-1960, 1 Feliciana Preserve near Freeland, 30.78 -91.25, (INHS); Mahomet, Hart Memorial Woods, 40.20 pitfall traps, 5-IX-1995, D. Pashley, 3 (LSAM); -88.40, trap 13, 1-VII-1966, 1 (INHS); Mahomet, Feliciana Preserve near Freeland, 30.78 -91.25, Hart Memorial Woods, 40.20 -88.40, trap 3, 7- 16-V-1995, D. Pashley, 1 (LSAM); Feliciana VI-1967, R.T. Allen and J.D. Unzicker, 1 Preserve near Freeland, 30.78 -91.25, pitfall (INHS); Clark Co., Rocky Branch, 39.47 -87.77, traps, 23-V-1995, D. Pashley, 1 (LSAM); pitfall trap, 1 to 13-V-1996, M.A. Goodrich, 1 Feliciana Preserve near Freeland, 30.78 -91.25, (EIU); Rocky Branch, 39.47 -87.77, pitfall trap, pitfall traps, 24-V-1995, D. Pashley, 3 (LSAM); 12 to 26-VII-1998, M.A. Goodrich, 1 (EIU); Feliciana Preserve near Freeland, 30.78 -91.25, Rocky Branch, 39.47 -87.77, pitfall trap, 14 to pitfall traps, 6-I-1995, D. Pashley, 1 (LSAM); 28-VI-1998, M.A. Goodrich, 3 (EIU); Rocky Feliciana Preserve near Freeland, 30.78 -91.25, Branch, 39.47 -87.77, pitfall trap, 24 to 31-V- pitfall traps, 5-II-1995, D. Pashley, 1 (LSAM); 1998, M.A. Goodrich, 1 (EIU); Coles Co., Feliciana Preserve near Freeland, 30.78 -91.25, Charleston vicinity, 39.50 -88.18, 6-VI-2001, 6-II-1995, D. Pashley, 7 (LSAM); Kakowi 2 N.L. Owens, 1 (EIU); Cook Co., Des Plaines, (T35.R1W, S72), pitfall trap, 9-VIII-1995, D. Carlé Woods, 42.03 -87.88, rotten oak log, 12-X- Pashley, 1 (LSAM); Tunica Hills WMA1, 30.92

doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 41 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL.

-91.49, pitfall trap, 23-V-1995, D. Pashley, 1 NE: Otoe Co., Nebraska City, 29-IV-1916, R.W. (LSAM); Tunica Hills WMA1, 30.92 -91.49, Dawson, 1 (UNSM). NJ: Atlantic Co., Atlantic pitfall trap, 6-II-1995, D. Pashley, 3 (LSAM); City, 39.37 -74.42, 15-VI, 1 (MCZ); Burlington Tunica Hills WMA1, 30.92 -91.49, pitfall trap, Co., Centerton, E along Rancocas Creek, 40.00 - 18-V-1995, D. Pashley, 6 (LSAM); Tunica Hills 74.87, mixed hardwood forest, dung trap WMA1, 30.92 -91.49, pitfall trap, 17-V-1995, D. (human), 2 to 16-VI-1969, A. Newton, 1 Pashley, 4 (LSAM); Tunica Hills WMA1, 30.92 (FMNH); Rancocas State Park, 40.00 -74.85, -91.49, pitfall trap, 5-XI-1995, D. Pashley, 1 mixed hardwood forest, litter, berlese, 28-VIII- (LSAM); Tunica Hills WMA1, 30.92 -91.49, 1976, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1 (FMNH); pitfall trap, 25-VIII-1995, D. Pashley, 1 Cape May Co., Anglesea, 39.02 -74.80, 30-V- (LSAM); Tunica Hills WMA1, 30.92 -91.49, 1930, 1 (MCZ). NY: Suffolk Co., Long Island, pitfall trap, 15-VII-1995, D. Pashley, 2 (LSAM); Bellport, 40.75 -72.93, 8-VI-1913, A. Nicolay, 1 Tunica Hills WMA 2, 30.92 -91.49, 5-XI-1995, (AMNH); Long Island, Sag Harbor, 41.00 - D. Pashley, 1 (LSAM). MI: Barry Co., Barry 72.30, 2-V-1929, R.L., 1 (CUIC); Long Island, Game Area (T3N, R10Q, Sec. 26), 42.62 -85.47, Wildwood State Park, 40.97 -72.80, 7-VI-1951, barrier pitfall, 8-V-1980, 1 (DENH); Berrien H. Dietrich, 1 (CUIC); Long Island, Wyandanch, Co., Lakeside, Warren Woods, 41.83 -86.63, 6- 40.75 -73.37, 10-X-1915, F. M. Schott, 1 X-1973, W. Suter, 1 (FMNH); Warren Woods (AMNH). OH: Preble Co., Hueston Woods State Park, 41.83 -86.63, virgin beech-maple State Park, 39.58 -82.77, litter, beech-maple forest, berlese, leaf and log litter, 892, 30-V- forest, 19-V-1990, P. Kovarik, 1 (FMNH). OK: 1992, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1 (FMNH). Latimer Co., V-1987, K. H. Stephan, 1 MO: Boone Co., Ashland, 38.77 -92.25, pitfall (Stephan); V-1995, K. H. Stephan, 1 (Stephan); traps, 16 to 26-VIII-1984, N. Stebbins, 1 S of Red Oak, 34.95 -95.08, IV-1997, K.H. (CMNH); Columbia, 38.95 -92.33, 9-1999, Stephan, 1 (TAMU). PA: Bucks Co., NE of students of general entomology, (LSAM); Iron Jamison, Neshaminy Creek, Horseshoe Bend, Co., Annapolis, 37.37 -90.70, forest debris, 1-IV- 40.27 -75.08, 1-IV-1955, W. Ivie, 1 (AMNH); 1956, G. Ulrich, 1 (INHS); Reynolds Co., 10 mi Delaware Co., Chester, 39.85 -75.35, IV-1904, 1 SW of Graniteville, Johnson Shut-ins State Park, (CUIC); Philadelphia Co., Chestnut Hill, 40.07 - 37.53 -90.85, in dead leaves, 22-IV-1956, J. 75.20, 6-VII, 1 (MCZ); Chestnut Hill, 40.07 - Kingsolver, 1 (INHS); St. Louis Co., Ranken, 75.20, 24-VI, 1 (MCZ). SC: Florence Co., 38.53 -90.52, 1-V-1983, E. P. Meiners, 1 (CAS); Florence, 34.2 -79.77, 10-I-1938, 1 (CAS); Ranken, 38.53 -90.52, 6-VII-1941, E. P. Florence, 34.2 -79.77, 46m, 25-II-1938, 1 Meiners, 1 (UMRM); St. Louis, 38.63 -90.20, (MCZ); Florence, 34.2 -79.77, 31m, 14-II-1938, 29-IV-1906, G.W. Bock, 1 (UMRM); Wayne C.W.P., 1 (MCZ); Florence, 34.2 -79.77, woods Co., Sam A Baker State Park, 37.25 -90.50, 11 to trash, 16-V-1963, V.M. Kirk, 1 (FMNH); Horry 12-V-1951, 1 (EIU). MS: Benton Co., Ashland, Co., 3.5 mi NW of Longs, Nelson Property, 34.83 -89.18, 8-IV-1977, S.C. Elliot, 1 (UMIC); 33.97 -78.77, wet mixed conifer-hardwood Covington Co., ground trash, 18-XII-1973, J.R. forest, ex. leaf litter, 1-4pm, 19-III-2000, A.S. McCoy, 1 (MEM); George Co., Lucedale, 30.93 Ramsdale, 1 (IRCW). TX: Angelina Co., 8 mi W -88.58, 26-V-1930, H. Deitrich, 1 (CUIC); of Lufkin, 31.33 -94.83, 21 to 25-IV-1976, A. Leakesville, 31.15 -88.58, 30-IX-1931, H. Smetana, 1 (CNC); 8 mi W of Lufkin, 31.33 - Deitrich, 1 (CUIC); Grenada Co., Grenada, 94.83, 21-IV-1976, A. Smetana, 1 (CNC); Jasper 33.77 -89.82, trash samples peripheral to Co., 3 mi N of Buna, US 96, 30.43 -93.97, 6-XII- cultivated cotton, 17-IV-1981, R. Seward, 1 1968, G.E. Ball, 1 (UASM); San Jacinto Co., (MEM); Lafayette Co., 6 mi E of Oxford, 34.37 - Big Creek Scenic Area, 30.52 -95.10, rotting log, 89.42, 25-II-1977, M.T. McCraine, 1 (UMIC); 18-II-1955, D.K. Rudd, 1 (TAMU); Trinity Co., Marion Co., ground trash, 30-XI-1973, J.R. 2.5 mi NW of Apple Springs, 31.22 -94.97, 23- McCoy, 2 (MEM); Oktibbeha Co., 5 mi W of IV-1976, A. Smetana, 2 (CNC); Tyler Co., 2.8 Starkville, Adaton, 33.48 -88.92, oak buttress mi W of Spurger, Big Thicket Nat. Pres., Beech basal tree hole, 4-I-1982, W. Suter, 1 (FMNH); Woods Trail, 30.70 -94.18, beech-magnolia Perry Co., Richton, 31.35 -88.93, 23-IV-1930, forest, berlese leaf litter, 8-III-1989, R. H. Deitrich, 1 (CUIC); Pontotoc Co., 1 mi SE of Anderson, 2 (FMNH). VA: Henrico Co., 1 mi W Ecru, 34.33 -89.00, deciduous woods, pitfall of Elko, Elko Nat. Area, 37.47 -77.23, 15-VI- trap, 18-VI-1980, W.H.Cross, 1 (MEM); Wayne 1990, C.A. Pague, 1 (VMNH); Mecklenburg Co., Co., 2.5 mi SSE of Buckatunna, 31.5 -88.52, pit Elm Hill S.G.M.A., DF site near Kerr Dam, trap, 21-V-1983, P.K. Lago, 1 (UMIC). 36.60 -78.30, 5 to 19-VI-1991, VMNH survey, 2

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(VMNH); Prince William Co., Occoquan, 38.68 include Canada. However, it may occur in the -77.27, 2-V-1943, E.S. Ross, 1 (CNC); Virginia few, relatively mature hardwood forest patches Beach Co., Little Creek Amphibious Base, 36.92 left in southern Ontario. Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, -76.17, 12-V-1989, K.A. Buhlmann, VDNH OH, PA, NY survey, 1 (VNMH); Virginia Beach, Seashore In ECAS, P. praetermissus specimens State Park, 36.90 -76.02, scrub pitfall site, 21- have been collected from April through October, VI-1989, K.A. Buhlmann VDNH survey, 5 with most (10 of 15 records) found in May or (VNMH). June. The four specimens of P. praetermissus Description: With the characters of the P. from ECAS with collection data were obtained cinnamopterus Complex (see above), plus: from forest leaf litter (2), in a barrier pitfall trap average pronotal length 2.51 mm (n = 13); head, (1), and sweeping vegetation in a grassy area (1). pronotum and elytra usually dark reddish, In its entire range, this species has been collected pronotum not bicolored; antenna reaching or most often in ground pitfall traps or in forest leaf exceeding middle of pronotum when extended litter, and rarely associated with decaying logs or posteriorly, antennomere 9 subquadrate; in UV light traps at night (twice each). Unlike P. impunctate median line of pronotum at least cinnamopterus, this species is not known to three puncture diameters wide at narrowest point, occur under bark. Note that some historical usually about four puncture diameters wide; records of P. cinnamopterus in the literature may emargination of sixth visible male sternite in refer to this species. ventral view shallow, about 1/6 as deep as wide; apex of median lobe of aedeagus in parameral view broadly and slightly convexly truncate; 11.18 Platydracus tomentosus sides of median lobe in lateral view distinctly (Gravenhorst 1802) toothed near apex. This species is distinguished from other Etymology: From the Latin adjective Platydracus by the combination of a completely praetermissus, meaning "neglected" or black body and setae, eyes subequal to the "overlooked", in reference to the late discovery temple (Fig. 7.13.2) and paired patches of black of this widespread species which had been velvet setae on the abdominal tergites (Fig. generally misidentified as P. cinnamopterus. 7.13.1). The immaculate form of P. fossator could be confused with P. tomentosus, but the Platydracus praetermissus may be former lacks patches of black velvet setae on the distinguished from all other species of the genus abdominal tergites and has eyes that are in ECAS by the combination of generally dark distinctly longer than the temple. The darkest reddish color (Fig. 11.17.1); black scutellum; individuals of P. mysticus are also similar, but variegated abdomen with only sparse gold setae have eyes that are distinctly shorter than the and paired areas of black velvet setae on the first temple. five visible segments (Fig. 7.9.2); antennae with This species occurs in eastern North subquadrate antennomere 9 (Fig. 7.14.2); and the America, from Ontario to Florida, and west to complete impunctate medial line of pronotum Nebraska; it also occurs in Cuba. Its range in about 3-4 puncture diameters wide at narrowest ECAS is given by Map 23. Platydracus (Fig. 7.14.1). It is definitively distinguished from tomentosus is newly recorded from New York the other members of the P. cinnamopterus and Ohio. Complex, P. cinnamopterus and P. zonatus, by the structure of the aedeagus (Fig. 7.14.3, UNITED STATES: NY: 37 specimens. OH: 11.17.2). Logan Co., 40.39 -83.85, 8-VIII-1932, 1 Platydracus praetermissus is widely (UMSP). Mercer Co., Celina Spring, 40.55 - distributed in the forested areas of eastern United 84.57, IV-1951, E. Klee, 2 (CAS). States: from Long Island, New York, west to Nebraska, south to Texas and east to peninsular Eastern Canada: ON Florida (Map 21). Its distribution in ECAS is Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, NY shown in greater detail in Map 22. The distribution of this species is generally more Platydracus tomentosus has been southern than the other species of the collected in ECAS from January to November, cinnamopterus Complex and is not yet known to with a peak in abundance in May.

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Map 19. Distribution of Platydracus mysticus (Erichson) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

Platydracus tomentosus (Gravenhorst) 1994), unlike the adults, and could be primarily primarily inhabits the edges of lakes and ponds, fossorial. There are very few recent records of and slow-moving waterways, where it can be this species from the northeastern portion of its found under stones, wood, and flood debris. It range (Map 20) and further collecting in favored sometimes occurs in forests or in prairies but habitat is necessary to determine whether P. these individuals may only be dispersing through tomentosus is in decline. to the nearest water body. Schmidt (1994) found many adults within 3 meters of a large creek in a pasture, where they were found singly or in pairs 11. 19 Platydracus violaceus in small 'discus-shaped' excavations under (Gravenhorst 1802) objects. This species is probably a generalist predator of riparian arthropods, and Schmidt This species is easily recognized by the (1994) fed them lampyrid larvae, isopods, adult combination of a purple-blue metallic dorsal flies, and elaterid larvae collected from the same body and characteristic pattern of pale abdominal location. Larvae burrow readily in soil (Schmidt setae (Fig. 7.12.1). It may be confused with

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Map 20. Distribution of Platydracus praelongus (Mannerheim) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

P. viridanus (Horn), which normally has a given by Map 24. It is newly recorded from the bronze metallic reflection but can appear purple state of Vermont based on a historical record; it in specimens from traps with killing agents. very likely still occurs there: Platydracus viridanus also has a more transverse pronotum that is distinctly wider than the head, UNITED STATES: VT: Addison Co., while in P. violaceus, the pronotum is subequal Salisbury, 43.9 -73.1, 5-VII-1895, 1 (MCZ) in width to the head. Platydracus violaceus also has a dark elytral epipleuron (Fig. 7.12.2) and Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NB, NS, PEI completely dark legs, while in P. viridanus the Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, ventral margin of the epipleuron is paler than the ME (All ECAS states) rest of the elytron and the legs are usually at least partially pale. Platydracus violaceus has been This species is distributed broadly in collected in ECAS from April to December, with eastern North America. Its range in ECAS is an increase in abundance occurring in May.

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Map 21. Distribution of Platydracus praetermissus sp. nov.

Platydracus violaceus is a common species in a relatively undisturbed secondary species found in mesic to swampy forests, forest but not in an isolated woodlot of similar primarily under the loose bark of dead hardwood tree species composition. Similarly, Majka trees including oaks, maples, basswood, horse (2010) found this species in an old growth forest chestnut, hackberry, beech, and hickory. It remnant in Prince Edward Island, a province occurs less frequently under the bark of white where it was not known previously. It was pine, in rotting wood, and under logs. The few hypothesized that forestry practices were records in rotting fungi, on carrion, or on dung responsible for this species’ absence in previous probably do not reflect habitat preferences. collections made elsewhere in the province. Larvae were found to readily consume various Based on our collection data, this species does insect larvae occurring under bark (Newton not require old growth but is usually found in 1973) and it is likely that adults have similar forests with at least some mature trees. Smetana dietary habits. Mature larvae are collected in the and Davies (2000) noted that P. violaceus was a early spring (Hoebeke 1978; A. Brunke personal preoccupied name and replaced it with a younger observations) indicating that this species synonym, P. cupripennis (Melsheimer, 1844), overwinters in this stage. Larvae form pupal but P. violaceus was conserved as the valid name cells out of frass and wood debris and are for this species by Opinion 2039 of the sometimes parasitized by the proctotrupid International Commission on Zoological Codrus carolinensis (Ashmead) (Hoebeke 1978). Nomenclature (ICZN 2003). Adults appear to emerge later in spring (April- May). Jennings and Tallamy (2006) found this

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Map 22. Distribution of Platydracus praetermissus sp. nov. in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

11.20 Platydracus viridanus (Horn 1879) abdominal setae, a dark elytral epipleuron, and other differences noted under that species. The combination of the small eyes (no longer Platydracus viridanus occurs across than the temple), bronze metallic dorsal northeastern North America, from Minnesota to reflection, evenly punctate pronotum, elytra Nova Scotia, extending south in the Appalachian without spots (Fig. 7.10.2), an elytral epipleuron mountains to northern Georgia. with a pale ventral margin (Fig. 7.10.3), and the distinctive pattern of abdominal setae (Fig. UNITED STATES: OH: Franklin Co., 7.10.1) distinguish Platydracus viridanus from Columbus, 39.97 -83.00, 1940, Rings, 1 all congeners. For characters differentiating this (BMNH). Hocking Co., Rock House State Park, species from P. exulans, see comments under 39.5 -82.62, 26-VII-1979, L.E. Watrous, 2 that species. Specimens of P. violaceus (FMNH). Ross Co., Tar Hollow State Forest, sometimes appear bronze if discoloured by 39.3577 -82.7746, 5-VIII-1989, riparian woods, killing agents but have a different pattern of malaise trap, R.S. Miller family, 1 (MTEC).

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Map 23. Distribution of Platydracus tomentosus (Gravenhorst) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

PA: 90 specimens. VT: Addison Co., Salisbury, Platydracus viridanus is a mesic forest- 43.93 -73.1, 5-VII-1895, 3 (MCZ). Bennington dwelling species that is typically localized in Co., 43.03 -73.1, 2 (FMNH). Essex Co., distribution and occurs in decaying fungi, on Ferdinand, Route 105, 44.7333 -71.7667, 8-VII- carrion, and dung. Individuals have also been 1976, L.L. Pechuman, 1 (CUIC). collected in decaying plant matter (with larvae), under logs, in a buzzard nest (with larvae), in Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NB, NS forest floor pitfall traps, along a grassy river Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, margin (Fig. 11.20.1), and in a dry field. ME (All ECAS states) Jennings and Tallamy (2006) found this species in a relatively undisturbed secondary forest but This species has been collected in not in an isolated woodlot of similar tree species ECAS from May to September, with nearly all composition. This species was also commonly records occurring in July-August. collected in pitfall traps in an old-growth white pine forest in Ontario.

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Map 24. Distribution of Platydracus violaceus (Gravenhorst) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

11.21 Platydracus zonatus (Gravenhorst 1802) and both metathoracic legs missing, genital segment and aedeagus removed Staphylinus zonatus Gravenhorst, 1802: 162; and glued on card with abdomen]. A synonym of S. cinnamopterus, Erichson second specimen, female, in ZMHB 1839; as valid species of Platydracus: associated with the lectotype, with Newton in Smetana and Davies 2000, green handwritten label "var. zonatus Herman 2001, etc. (see Herman 2001: Gr. A. spt.", in poor condition with parts 3473 for additional literature citations) of abdomen glued to card below Type material: Lectotype, male, in specimen, was not designated a ZMHB, here designated by Newton, paralectotype although assumed to be with labels "7087" [white printed label]; conspecific. "America s. Topp" [green handwritten Staphylinus badius Mannerheim, 1830: 23 label]; and red lectotype designation (attributed to Dejean, 1821: 21 [nomen label by Newton dated 1978 [note: right nudum]); synonym of S. cinnamopterus: antennomeres 4+, most of right elytron Erichson 1839; synonym of Platydracus

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Map 25. Distribution of Platydracus viridanus (Horn) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States. zonatus: Newton in Smetana and Davies 2000, quadraticeps Ménétries 1832]; synonym Herman 2001, etc. of S. caseyi: Scheerpeltz 1933; synonym Type material: Lectotype, female, in of Platydracus zonatus: Newton in MZHF, here designated by Newton, Smetana and Davies 2000, Herman with labels: "♀"; "Dejean."; "Amer. 2001, etc. bor."; "Mus. Zool. Helsinki, Loan No. Type material: Holotype, female, in C11426"; and red lectotype designation USNM, with labels "Fla."; "Casey label by Newton dated 1978 [note: bequest 1925"; "TYPE USNM 48271", associated with label "Staphylinus "quadraticeps Csy"; and red holotype badius Mannh." in Mannerheim label dated Newton 1978 [note: collection in MZHF, teste H. considered holotype because Casey Silfverberg 1978]. indicated only one female was seen]. Staphylinus caseyi Scheerpeltz 1933: 1392 Staphylinus quadraticeps Casey, 1924: 149 [replacement name for Staphylinus [preoccupied name, not Staphylinus quadraticeps Casey 1924]; synonym

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Map 26. Distribution of Platydracus zonatus (Gravenhorst).

of Platydracus zonatus: Newton in Description: With the characters of the P. Smetana and Davies 2000, Herman cinnamopterus Complex (see above), plus: 2001, etc. average pronotal length 2.31 mm (n = 9); head, pronotum and elytra usually medium to dark Note on synonymy: The only located type reddish, less often light red, pronotum more or material of P. badius (Mannerheim) and P. less distinctly bicolored (darkest at anterior quadraticeps (Casey) consists of single females. angles and sides and sometimes along median, These specimens are identified as P. zonatus rest of disc lighter); antenna reaching middle of based on general agreement with the external pronotum when extended posteriorly, characters cited in the Platydracus species key antennomere 9 slightly transverse; impunctate and the diagnostic description of P. zonatus, and median line of pronotum at least one puncture because their pronotal punctation does not agree diameter wide at narrowest point, usually about with that of P. praetermissus. two puncture diameters wide; emargination of sixth visible male sternite in ventral view Other material examined: 445 specimens deep,about 1/3 as deep as wide; apex of median throughout the range of the species, all being lobe of aedeagus projected in parameral view, males with an examined aedeagus. Full data will the converging sides of the projection in ventral be presented in the pending revision of view usually slightly concave and forming an Platydracus by Newton, but all records that obtuse angle, the apex narrowly rounded; sides could be georeferenced are shown in Map 26. of median lobe in lateral view distinctly toothed near base of projection.

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Platydracus zonatus may be This species is spottily distributed in distinguished from all other species of the genus North America and records exist for Minnesota in ECAS by the combination of generally reddish (historical), Iowa (no date), Michigan, Manitoba, color (medium to very dark) (Fig. 11.21.1) with a Ontario, Québec and Nova Scotia. Its more or less distinctly bicolored pronotum (Fig. distribution in ECAS is given by (Map 28). 7.3.3), black scutellum, and variegated abdomen with only sparse gold setae and paired areas of Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NS black velvet setae on the first five visible Adjacent U.S.: MI segments; antennae with slightly transverse antennomere 9 (Fig. 7.3.2) ; and the narrow but Staphylinus ornaticauda has been complete impunctate medial line of pronotum collected in ECAS from May to September, with about 2 puncture diameters wide at narrowest a majority of the specimens being collected in (Fig. 7.9.5). It is definitively distinguished from June to mid-July. the other members of the P. cinnamopterus Staphylinus ornaticauda is the only Complex, P. cinnamopterus and P. species of the genus in the New World. It is praetermissus, by the structure of the aedeagus restricted to wetlands (bogs and fens) with an (Fig. 7.3.4, 11.21.3). abundance of sphagnum moss, that occur south Platydracus zonatus is widely of the boreal forest zone; therefore its entire distributed in the forested areas of eastern North known range is relatively small (Map 24) and America: from southern Québec, west to Kansas, most of the known habitat exists in Canada. south to Texas and east to peninsular Florida. Specimens with label data indicate it can be Unlike P. cinnamopterus, its northern range is captured by pitfalls at the edges of bogs/fens and apparently constrained by the distribution of the by sifting sphagnum moss. It was last collected Carolinian forest and is therefore regularly in the United States in 1922 (Michigan) and most known in Canada only from a few sites in recently from Canada in 1981 (Nova Scotia). southern Ontario. Ten individuals (the most collected at one time) were collected by pitfall trapping, south of the Eastern Canada: ON, QC Richmond area, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, NH 1978. This species is flightless and probably has limited dispersal capabilities. Its restricted In ECAS, P. zonatus specimens have distribution, narrow habitat requirements and been collected from March through November, apparent rarity suggest that this species warrants with a majority (56%) found in May or June. further study as a possible species at risk of A majority of specimens of P. zonatus extinction. from ECAS with microhabitat data have been collected in forests in various kinds of ground 11.23 Tasgius ater (Gravenhorst 1802) debris including forest leaf litter (Fig. 11.21.2) and under stones and logs; one specimen was Tasgius ater is easily recognized among found in Sphagnum moss, one at blacklight at the species of Tasgius and other all-black night, several in prairie and old field areas, and Staphylinina by the presence of smaller several were collected in flight intercept traps. punctures between the normal, larger punctures Unlike P. cinnamopterus, this species is not of the head and pronotum (Fig. 8.1.1), and the known to occur under bark. Note that some wide spacing of these punctures; this produces an historical records of P. cinnamopterus in the overall glossy appearance (Fig. 11.23.1). literature may refer to this species. The partially This species is native to the Palearctic illustrated larva of P. zonatus in Newton (1990) region but was first described by Gravenhorst is based on a series of larvae collected with four (1802) from North America. Thus, it has been on confirmed adults of this species. the continent for a very long time and has since become widely distributed and established in 11.22 Staphylinus ornaticauda LeConte 1863 ECAS (Map 29). Tasgius ater is newly recorded from Michigan, Ohio, and Vermont based on the This species is unique among the study of 68 specimens. species of Staphylinina with red elytra for its head with patches of golden setae (Fig. 3.7.1). It Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NB, NS, PE, NL (All cannot be confused with any other species of the ECAS provinces) subtribe in ECAS.

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Map 27. Distribution of Platydracus zonatus (Gravenhorst) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

Adjacent U.S.: MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, ME (All ECAS states) 11.24 Tasgius melanarius (Heer 1839) Tasgius ater has been collected in ECAS from January to November, with an Tasgius melanarius may be increase in abundance in July-August. distinguished from other Tasgius occurring in Tasgius ater is found under rocks and ECAS by the combination of the pronotal logs in a variety of environments including punctures of subequal size (Fig. 8.3.1), the woodlands, near water, and in open fields. pronotum widest near the apex (Fig. 8.3.1) and Specimens have also been collected under loose the second antennomere darkened at its base bark, in rotting grass piles, and on beaches. This (Fig. 8.3.2). The dense and subequal punctation species often occurs in human-disturbed areas in of the pronotum causes an overall dull gardens and occasionally in dwellings (Fig. appearance (Fig. 3.5.1). 11.23.2) but is less synanthropic than the other North American specimens of this Tasgius occurring in ECAS. species were misidentified as T. globulifer until

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Map 28. Distribution of Staphylinus ornaticauda (LeConte) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

Newton (1987) clarified the matter, and reported J.K. Liebherr, 1 (CUIC). NY: Columbia Co., that all previous North American records of T. Kinderhook, 42.4 -73.7, 9-VI-1978, N.M. globulifer were actually T. melanarius or T. Downie, 1 (FMNH). Essex Co., St. Armand, winkleri (Bernhauer). Tasgius melanarius has 44.3969 -74.0594, 6-VII-1999, R. Turnbow, 1 been collected on both east and west coasts and (Turnbow Coll.). Ontario Co., Geneva, 42.8667 - was taken as early as 1935 in Québec. The 76.9833, 3 to 9 -VII-2002, J. Huether, 1 Québec record is still the oldest known and T. (Brattain). Suffolk Co., Hauppauge, betw. melanarius has since expanded its range in Wheeler Rd. and N.Y.S. Office Bldg., 40.8 - eastern North America. Consequently, T. 73.2, 25-III-1975, under bark of dead fallen tree, melanarius is here newly recorded from New F.C. Schlauch, 1 (CUIC); Long Island, Caumsett York, Vermont, and Maine. Its distribution in State Park, 40.9333 -73.4667, 21-VIII-1987, ECAS is given by Map 30. under board on beach, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1 (FMNH); Long Island, East Hampton, UNITED STATES: ME: Waldo Co., Camden 40.9667 -72.1833, 27-VII-1965, A.J. Kistler, 1 4mi N, 44.2833 -69.0667, 16 to 17-VII-1987, (DENH). Tompkins Co., Ithaca Vicinity, 42.4

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Map 29. Distribution of Tasgius ater (Gravenhorst) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

-76.5, 16-IX-1988, inlet, G.C. Eickwort, 1 This species is native to Europe and is (CUIC). Westchester Co., Armonk, 41.1333 - found in disturbed woodlands, coastal areas, 73.7167, 15-VIII-1985, 2 (AMNH). VT: urban areas and old fields under rocks, boards, Addison Co., Ferrisburg, Lewis Creek, 44.22 - litter, loose bark, and logs. It often occurs in 73.25, 10-IX-1980, J. Leonard, 1 (CUIC). yards (Fig. 11.24.1), sometimes falling into Chittenden Co., Shelburne, Laplatte R. mouth, swimming pools. In autumn this species, 44.3833 -73.2333, 20-X-1984, S. Tschupp, 1 together with T. winkleri, is regularly observed (CUIC). on sidewalks and lawns, likely looking for favorable overwintering sites. Eastern Canada: ON, QC, NB, NS Adjacent U.S.: OH, NY, VT, NH, ME 11.25 Tasgius winkleri (Bernhauer 1906)

Tasgius melanarius has been collected Tasgius winkleri is distinguished from in ECAS from March to December, with peaks other Tasgius occurring in ECAS by the in abundance occurring in May and September. combination of the pronotal punctures of

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Map 30. Distribution of Tasgius melanarius (Heer) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States. subequal size (Fig. 8.2.2), the pronotum widest records from eastern Canada (Ontario), near the middle (Fig. 8.2.2) and the second Michigan, and Pennsylvania suggest that it is antennomere not darkened at its base (Fig. 8.2.3). expanding its range in North America. Its range As in T. melanarius, the dense and subequal in ECAS is given by Map 31. punctation of the pronotum causes an overall dull appearance (Fig. 11.25.1). CANADA: ON: 176 specimens. This species was first correctly UNITED STATS: MI: Calhoun Co., near recognized in eastern and western North Marshall, I-69 rest stop, litter, 42.3278 -84.9901, America by Newton (1987), who indicated that it 10-X-2008, A. Brunke and S.A Marshall, 1 had been collected as early as 1938 in New (DEBU). Gratiot Co., Sumner Twp. Sec. 24, York. Prior to 1987, both this species and T. 43.3333 -84.7833, 8-IX-1977, R. D. Ward, 1 melanarius had been misidentified as T. (CUIC). PA: Montgomery Co., Cold Point, globulifer. Additional specimens from Syosset, 40.1167 -75.2667, 23-IX-1956, 1 (AMNH). NY indicate that Tasgius winkleri has been in North America at least since 1931 and new

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Map 31. Distribution of Tasgius winkleri (Bernhauer) in eastern Canada and adjacent United States.

Eastern Canada: ON Adjacent U.S.: MI, PA, NY, NH

Tasgius winkleri has been collected in ECAS in April to November, with an increase in abundance during September. Tasgius winkleri inhabits open woodlots, old fields, shorelines, wetland edges, and backyards, where it is found under rocks and in leaf litter. It has also been collected from a pile of rotting grass and in a compost heap. It is pronouncedly synanthropic and generally only occupies habitats that have been degraded by human activity.

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Acknowledgements We thank the following photographers for the use of their work, which contributed greatly to the aesthetic and scientific value of this publication: A. M. Bradford Alexandria, VA, USA. http://www.plantbonz.com C. Eisemann Pelham, MA, USA. http://www.charleyeiseman.com D.K.B. Cheung Guelph, ON, Canada. http://www.dkbdigitaldesigns.com J. McClarin Nashua, NH. http://bugguide.net/user/view/1611 T. Murray Groton, MA. http://www.pbase.com/tmurray74 S. Justis Virginia Beach, VA, USA. http://mysite.verizon.net/psjustis/index.htm S. Perraut Hammond, ON, Canada. http://bugguide.net/user/view/9196 ______We are grateful to the following institutions and individuals for making specimens, including some types, available for study:

ACNS Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Nova Scotia, Canada (Susan Westby) ACPE Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Christine Noronha) AFC Atlantic Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, New Brunswick, Canada (Jonathan Sweeny) AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA (Lee H. Herman) ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (W. Wayne Moss) ANIC Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia (John F. Lawrence, Tom Weir) Baldwin Brian Baldwin Collection, Mena, Arkansas, USA (Brian Baldwin) BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (Martin Brendell, Peter Hammond) Brattain R. Michael Brattain Collection, Lafayette, Indiana, USA (R. Michael Brattain) BU Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (James F. A. Traniello) CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA (David H. Kavanaugh) CASM Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA (Douglas J. Taron) CBU Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia, Canada (David. B. McCorquodale) CGMC Christopher G. Majka Collection, Nova Scotia, Canada (Christopher G. Majka) Chantal Claude Chantal Collection, Varennes, Québec, Canada (Claude Chantal) Cicero Joseph Cicero Collection, Gainesville, Florida, USA (Joseph Cicero) CMNC Canadian Museum of Nature, Québec, Canada (Robert S. Anderson, François Génier) CMNH Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (George Wallace, John Rawlins) CNC Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (J. Milton Campbell, Anthony Davies, Patrice Bouchard) CNHM Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (Kevina Vulinec) CSCA California State Collection of Arthropods, Sacramento, California (Fred G. Andrews) CUIC Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA (L.L. Pechuman, James K. Liebherr) Curtis R. Curtis Collection, Chicago, Illinois, USA (R. Curtis) DAL Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada (Tatiana Rossolimo) DEBU University of Guelph Insect Collection, Guelph, Ontario, Canada DEI Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany (Lothar Zerche) DENH University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA (Donald S. Chandler) DEPAUW Depauw University, Greencastle, Indiana, USA DHWC David H. Webster Collection, Nova Scotia, Canada (David. H. Webster) EIU Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois, USA (Michael Goodrich)

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EMEC Essig Museum of Entomology, Berkeley, California, USA (Cheryl B. Barr, John T. Doyen) FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA (Henry Dybas, Rupert Wenzel) FSCA Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida, USA (Michael C. Thomas) GSC Gary Selig Collection, Nova Scotia, Canada (Gary Selig) Gusarov Vladimir I. Gusarov Collection, Oslo, Norway (Vladimir I. Gusarov) Hamilton Robert Hamilton Collection, Chicago, Illinois, USA (Robert Hamilton) HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary (Zoltan Kaszab, Ottó Merkl) Huben Michael Huben [formerly Huybensz] Collection, Massachusetts, USA (Michael Huben) INHS Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinios, USA (Milton W. Sanderson, Kathryn C. McGiffen) IRCW University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (Steven Krauth) IRSNB Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium (Leon Baert, Didier Drugmand) ISMC Indiana State Museum, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA (Robert Waltz) ISUI Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA (Ray Miller) Ivie Michael A. Ivie Collection, Bozeman, Montana, USA (Michael A. Ivie) JOC Jeffrey Ogden Collection, Nova Scotia, Canada (Jeffrey Ogden) JohnsonPJ Paul J. Johnson Collection, Brookings, South Dakota, USA (Paul J. Johnson) Kistner David H. Kistner Collection, Chico, California, USA (gradually to FMNH) (David H. Kistner) KSEM Snow Entomological Museum, Lawrence, Kansas, USA (James S. Ashe, Robert G. Brooks) KSUC Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA (H. Derrick Blocker) LACM Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA (Charles L. Hogue, Roy R. Snelling) LEMQ Lyman Entomological Museum, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada (Terry A. Wheeler) LFC Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada (Jan Klimaszewski) LSAM Louisiana State Arthropod Museum, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Victoria Moseley Bayless) MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (John F. Lawrence, Philip D. Perkins) MEM Mississippi Entomological Museum, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA (Richard L. Brown, Patricia R. Miller) MHNG Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland (Ivan Löbl) Miliotis Paul S. Miliotis Collection, Dunstable, Massachusetts, USA (Paul S. Miliotis) MPM Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA (Gerald R. Noonan) MSUC Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA (Roland L. Fischer) MUNC Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada MZHF Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland (Hans Silfverberg) MZLU Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Roy Danielsson) MZPW Museum of the Institute of Zoology, Warsaw, Poland (S. Adam Ślipiński) MZSP Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Hans Reichardt) NBM New Brunswick Museum, New Brunswick, Canada (Donald McAlpine) NelsonG Gayle H. Nelson Collection, Blue Springs, Missouri, USA (Gayle H. Nelson) NMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Wien, Austria (Harald Schillhammer, Heinrich Schönmann) NSAC Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Nova Scotia, Canada (Christopher Cutler)

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NSMC Nova Scotia Museum, Nova Scotia, Canada OSAC Oregon State Arthropod Collection, Corvallis, Oregon, USA (Michael D. Schwartz) OSEC Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA (W. A. Drew) Patrick L. Brian Patrick Collection, Mitchell, South Dakota, USA (L. Brian Patrick) PURC Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA (Arvin Provonsha) RGC Rebecca Gorham Collection, Nova Scotia, Canada (Rebecca Gorham) ROM Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Glenn B. Wiggins) RWC Reginald Webster Collection, New Brunswick, Canada (Reginald Webster) SBMN Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, USA (Scott E. Miller) Schulke Michael Schülke Collection, Berlin, Germany (Michael Schülke) SDMC San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California, USA (David Faulkner) SDSU South Dakota University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA (Edward U. Balsbaugh Jr.) Sikes Derek S. Sikes Collection, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA (Derek S. Sikes) SIUC Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA (Jay McPherson) SMNS Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany (Wolfgang Schawaller) SMU Saint Mary’s University, Nova Scotia, Canada (Doug Stongman) Stephan Karl H. Stephan Collection, Red Oak, Oklahoma, USA (to TAMU) (Karl H. Stephan) Suter Walter R. Suter Collection, Kenosha, Wisconsin, USA (to FMNH) (Walter R. Suter) TAMU Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA (Edward G. Riley) Thomas Paul N. Thomas Collection, Lombard, Illinois, USA (Paul N. Thomas) Turnbow Robert H. Turnbow Collection, Fort Rucker, Alabama, USA (Robert H. Turnbow) UAAM Arthropod Museum, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas (Robert T. Allen) UAIC University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (Carl A. Olson) UASM University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Danny Shpeley) UBCZ Spencer Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Robert A. Cannings) UCDC University of California at Davis, California, USA (Robert Schuster, Lynn Kimsey) UCR University of California at Riverside, California, USA (Saul I. Frommer, Ian Moore) UGCA University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA (Warren T. Atyeo) ULKY University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (Charles V. Covell Jr.) UMIC University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA (Paul K. Lago) UMMZ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA (Richard D. Alexander, Barry M. O'Connor) UMRM University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA (Wilbur R. Enns) UMSP University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA (Philip J. Clausen) UNSM University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA (Brett C. Ratcliffe) UMNB Université de Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada (Pauline Duerr) USNM Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA (Terry L. Erwin, Gloria M. House) Valentine Barry D. Valentine Collection, Columbus, Ohio, USA (Barry D. Valentine) VMNH Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, Virginia, USA (Richard L. Hoffman) Wappes James E. Wappes Collection, Bulverde, Texas, USA (James E. Wappes) WFBM W. F. Barr Entomological Collection, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA (William F. Barr) ZIN Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia (Vladimir Gusarov, Alexey Solodovnikov) ZMHB Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, Germany (Fritz Hieke, Manfred Uhlig) ZSMC Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen, München, Germany (Martin Baehr)

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A. Brunke would like to thank D. K. B. Cheung (DEBU) for technical assistance and essential training used to construct the interactive keys. A. Brunke also thanks D. K. B. Cheung and M. Jackson (DEBU) for assistance with mapping software and creation of custom maps. Thanks to J. Renkema (NSAC) and D. McAlpine (NBM) for bringing the presence of P. cinnamopterus in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to our attention, respectively. We thank R. Webster (AFC) and A. Smetana (CNC) for recognizing the misidentification present in Klimaszewski et al. (2005). M. Thayer (FMNH) read an earlier version of the manuscript and provided many helpful comments. Funding for this project was provided in part by an NSERC PSG-M awarded to A. Brunke. A. Newton acknowledges U.S. National Science Foundation grant BSR-8906825 for support of databasing, dissection, and other activities in support of his ongoing revision of Platydracus, and thanks J. Klimaszewski for producing the aedeagal drawings of the P. cinnamopterus complex species used here (a more complete set of acknowledgments related to this revision will accompany its publication). C. Majka thanks the Board of Governors of the Nova Scotia Museum for ongoing support.

doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.12 61 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.12 (January 2011) BRUNKE ET AL.

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Watson, E.J.G. 2004. Faunal succession of necrophilous insects associated with high-profile wildlife carcasses in Louisiana Ph.D. Thesis. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.

Wheeler, W.M. 1911. Notes on the Myrmecophilous Beetles of the Genus Xenodusa, with a Description of the Larva of X. cava Leconte. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 19(3): 163-169.

Wyatt, T.D. 1986. How a Subsocial Intertidal Beetle, Bledius spectabilis, Prevents Flooding and Anoxia in Its Burrow. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 19(5): 323-331.

Yamazaki, K. 2007. Coiling-up Defensive Behavior in the Rove Beetle Hypnogyra tubula (Sharp) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 61: 453-454.

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Figures 1.1.1-1.3.1: 1.1.1 Oxyporus rufipennis LeConte, dorsal habitus and mandibles; 1.1.2 O. rufipennis, labial palpi; 1.2.1 Scaphidium quadriguttatum Say, dorsal habitus; 1.2.2 S. quadriguttatum, lateral habitus. 1.2.3 S. quadriguttatum, head, showing antennal insertion; 1.3.1 Micropeplus browni Campbell, dorsal habitus.

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Figures 1.4.1-1.8.1. 1.4.1 Rybaxis mystica (Casey), below, Brendel, above; 1.5.1 Euconnus Thomson sp., dorsal habitus; 1.6.1 Pseudopsis sulcata Herman complex, dorsal habitus; 1.7.1 Olisthaerus substriatus Gyllenhal, dorsal habitus; 1.8.1 Megalopinus caelatus Gravenhorst, dorsal habitus.

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Figures 1.9.1-1.11.1. 1.9.1 Stenus laccophilus Casey, dorsal habitus; 1.9.2 Dianous chalybaeus LeConte, from moss beside a headwater stream; 1.9.3 S. laccophilus, close-up of dorsal head; 1.10.1 Euaesthetus Gravenhorst sp., dorsal habitus; 1.10.2 Euaesthetus sp., ventral head; 1.11.1 Bledius semiferrugeneus LeConte, ventrolateral view of abdomen.

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Figures 1.11.2-1.12.2. 1.11.2 striatulus Fabricius, dorsal habitus; 1.11.3 dichrous Gravenhorst, dorsal habitus; 1.11.4 Syntomium grahami Hatch, dorsal view of forebody; 1.11.5. C. striatulus, head; 1.12.1 Philonthus cognatus Stephens, ventrolateral view of abdomen; 1.12.2 P. cognatus, dorsolateral view of head.

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Figures 1.12.3-1.12.8. 1.12.3 Philonthus cognatus Stephens, dorsal head, showing lack of ocelli; 1.12.4 P. cognatus, right antenna; 1.12.5 Diochus schaumi Kraatz, dorsal abdomen with paratergites; 1.12.6 Dinothenarus badipes (LeConte), anteroventral view of prolegs; 1.12.7 Platydracus viridanus (Horn), dorsal view of head showing neck; 1.12.8. Quedius peregrinus Gravenhorst, dorsal view of head showing neck.

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Figures 1.12.9-1.13.2. 1.12.9 Philonthus cognatus Stephens, lateral view of pronotum and proleg; 1.12.10 Erichsonius nanus (Horn), ventrolateral view of pronotum; 1.12.11 Atanygnathus bicolor (Casey), right elytron; 1.12.12 A. bicolor, habitus; 1.13.1 Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal, head; 1.13.2 Trichopsenius xenoflavipes Seevers, ventral.

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Figures 1.13.3-1.14.3. 1.13.3 Trichopsenius xenoflavipes Seevers, dorsal habitus; 1.13.4 Reticulotermes virginicus (Banks); 1.13.5 Oligota Mannerheim sp., left antenna; 1.14.1 Tachyporus maculicollis LeConte, ventral view of thorax; 1.14.2 Sepedophilus littoreus (L.), dorsal abdomen; 1.14.3 Tachinus fimbriatus Gravenhorst, right antenna.

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Figures 1.14.4-1.17.1. 1.14.4 Tachinus fimbriatus Gravenhorst, lateral view of elytron; 1.15.1 Acidota subcarinata, dorsal head with ocelli; 1.15.2 Eusphalerum pothos Mannerheim, habitus; 1.15.3 Pycnoglypta campbelli Gusarov, habitus; 1.16.1 Proteinus Latreille sp., dorsal habitus; 1.17.1 Renardia nigrella LeConte, dorsal abdomen.

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Figures 1.17.2-1.17.3. 1.17.2 Thoracophorus costalis Erichson, dorsal abdomen; 1.17.3 Eleusis pallida LeConte, head and pronotum; 1.18.1 Palaminus Erichson sp., abdomen; 1.18.2 Palaminus sp., anterovental view of forebody showing maxillary palpus; 1.18.3 Homaeotarsus bicolor (Gravenhorst), lateral view of thorax; 1.18.4 Lobrathium grande (LeConte), dorsal head with maxillary palpus.

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Figures 1.18.5-1.19.5. 1.18.5 Lathrobium Gravenhorst sp., dorsal view of thorax; 1.19.1 Charhyphus picipennis LeConte, anteroventral view of procoxae; 1.19.2 C. picipennis, dorsal pronotum and elytra, showing punctation; 1.19.3 C. picipennis, left proleg; 1.19.4 C. picipennis, dorsal pronotum and elytra; 1.19.5 C. picipennis, dorsal pronotum with serrate margins.

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Figures 1.19.6-1.21.3. 1.19.6 Phloeocharis subtilissima Mannerheim, habitus; 1.20.1 Siagonium punctatum (LeConte), dorsal elytra showing punctures; 1.20.2, S. punctatum, left protibia; 1.21.1 Habrocerus magnus LeConte, dorsal pronotum; 1.21.2 H. capillaricornis Gravenhorst, right antenna; 1.21.3. H. capillaricornis, dorsal habitus.

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Figures 1.22.1-2.2.3. 1.22.1 Trichophya pilicornis (Gyllenhal), dorsal habitus. 2.1.1 Gyrohypnus campbelli Smetana, elytra; 2.1.2 linearis (Olivier), prosternum; 2.2.1 Platydracus maculosus (Gravenhorst), elytra; 2.2.2 Philonthus cognatus Stephens, head showing impunctate neck; 2.2.3 P. cognatus, head showing antennae insertions.

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Figures 2.2.4-2.2.9. 2.2.4 Philonthus cognatus Stephens, prosternum without plates; 2.2.5 Atanygnathus bicolor (Casey), forebody; 2.2.4 P. caeruleipennis Mannerheim, dorsal view of pronotum; 2.2.7 Quedius canadensis Casey, dorsal view of pronotum; 2.2.8 P. cognatus, hind tarsus without empodial setae; 2.2.9 Q. peregrinus Gravenhorst, mesotarsus.

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Figures 2.2.10-2.2.15. 2.2.10 Anaquedius vernix (LeConte), hind tarsus; 2.2.11 Heterothops fusculus (LeConte), head with maxillary palpus; 2.2.12 Tympanophorus puncticollis (Erichson), forebody; 2.2.13 Platydracus viridanus Horn, forebody; 2.2.14 T. puncticollis, head with labial palpi; 2.2.15 Tasgius melanarius (Heer), head with labial palpi.

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Figures 2.3.1-3.3.2. 2.3.1 Diochus schaumi (Kraatz), dorsal forbody; 2.4.1 Atrecus americanus (Casey), head; 3.1.1 Creophilus maxillosus villosus Gravenhorst, pronotum; 3.2.1 Ontholestes cingulatus (Gravenhorst), pronotum; 3.3.1 Platydracus comes (LeConte), pronotum; 3.3.2 P. cinnamopterus (Gravenhorst), dorsal view of head showing lateral setae

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Figures 3.4.1-3.6.1. 3.4.1. Dinothenarus capitatus (Bland), dorsal view of head showing lateral setae; 3.4.2 D. capitatus, habitus.3.4.3 D. badipes (LeConte), ventral abdomen; 3.4.4 D. badipes, maxillary palpus; 3.5.1 Tasgius melanarius (Heer), dorsal habitus; 3.6.1 Ocypus nitens (Schrank), habitus.

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Figures 3.6.2-5.1.1. 3.6.2 Ocypus nitens (Schrank), palpi; 3.6.3 O. nitens, ventral view of abdomen; 3.7.1 Staphylinus ornaticauda LeConte, dorsal habitus; 4.1.1 Dinothenarus capitatus (Bland), darkened specimen habitus; 4.2.1 D. badipes (LeConte), habitus; 5.1.1 O. brunnipes (Fabricius), dorsal habitus.

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Figures 6.1.1-7.3.1. 6.1.1 Ontholestes cingulatus (Gravenhorst), habitus; 6.2.1 O. murinus (L.), dorsal habitus;7.1.1 Platydracus femoratus (Fabricius), forebody; 7.2.1 P. exulans (Erichson), pronotum, showing uneven punctation; 7.2.2 P. exulans, prontum, showing impuncte line; 7.3.1 P. zonatus (Gravenhorst), lateral portion of pronotum, showing even punctation.

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Figures 7.3.2-7.5.2. 7.3.2 Platydracus zonatus (Gravenhorst), apical antennomeres; 7.3.3 P. zonatus, lateral portion of pronotum, showing coloration;7.3.4 Platydracus zonatus, aedeagus, parameral view; 7.4.1 P. praelongus (Mannerheim), pronotum. 7.5.1 P. comes (LeConte), showing scutellum and elytral spots. 7.5.2 P. comes, showing complete impunctate line of pronotum.

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Figures 7.6.1-7.8.1. 7.6.1 Platydracus mysticus (Erichson), dorsal view of forebody, showing dark scutellum and spotless elytra; 7.6.2 P. mysticus, dorsal view of forebody, showing incomplete impunctate line of pronotum;7.6.3 P. mysticus, dorsal habitus; 7.6.4 P. mysticus, right antenna; 7.7.1 P. maculosus (Gravenhorst), pronotum; 7.8.1 P. fossator (Gravenhorst), dorsal habitus of maculate form.

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Figures 7.8.2-7.9.5. 7.8.2 Platydracus fossator (Gravenhorst), dorsal habitus of immaculate form; 7.9.1 P. cinnamopterus (Gravenhorst), dorsal habitus of regular colour morph;7.9.2 P. cinnamopterus, dorsal abdomen; 7.9.3 P. cinnamopterus, pronotum with impunctate median line complete; 7.9.4 P. cinnamopterus, dorsal habitus of rufous color morph; 7.9.5 P. cinnamopterus, pronotum with narrow impunctate median line.

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Figure 7.9.6-7.10.3. 7.9.6 Platydracus cinnamopterus (Gravenhorst), aedeagus, parameral view; 7.9.7 P. cinnamopterus, apical antennomeres;7.9.8 P. cinnamopterus, pronotum, showing coloration; 7.10.1 P. viridanus (Horn), dorsal abdomen; 7.10.2 P. viridanus, dorsal habitus; 7.10.3 P. viridanus, apex of lateral elytron.

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Figures 7.11.1-7.14.1. 7.11.1 Platydracus immaculatus (Mannerheim), dorsal habitus; 7.12.1 P. violaceus (Gravenhorst), dorsal habitus;7.12.2 P. violaceus, lateral view of left elytron; 7.13.1 P. tomentosus (Gravenhorst), dorsal habitus; 7.13.2 P. tomentosus, head and right antenna; 7.14.1 P. praetermissus Newton, spec. nov., pronotum.

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Figures 7.14.2-8.2.3. 7.14.2 Platydracus praetermissus Newton spec nov., apical antennomeres; 7.14.3 P. praetermissus, aedeagus, parameral view; 8.1.1 Tasgius ater (Gravenhorst), pronotum; 8.2.1 T. winkleri (Bernhauer), pronotum showing close punctation; 8.2.2 T. winkleri (Bernhauer), pronotal shape; 8.2.3 T. winkleri, base of right antenna.

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Figures 8.3.1-9.1.4. 8.3.1 Tasgius melanarius (Heer), pronotum; 8.3.2 T. melanarius, base of right antenna; 9.1.1 Drusilla canaliculata Fabricius; 9.1.2 Gymnusa atra Casey; 9.1.3 Tachyusa Erichson sp., from beaver lodge; 9.1.4 Xenodusa cava LeConte, from Formica sp. colony in dry log.

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Figures 9.2.1-9.6.2. 9.2.1 Euaesthetus Gravenhorst sp., from sifting deep piles of damp leaf litter; 9.2.2 Euaesthetus sp; 9.3.1 Habrocerus magnus LeConte, dorsal habitus; 9.3.2. H. capillaricornis, from leaf litter; 9.6.1 Olisthaerus megacephalus Zetterstedt, dorsal habitus; 9.6.2 O. substriatus Gyllenhal, from under bark in a relict boreal forest (Jefferson's Notch, NH).

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Figures 9.6.3-9.7.4. 9.6.3 Olisthaerus substriatus Gyllenhal, from under pine bark; 9.7.1 Lesteva pallipes LeConte, found in flood debris; 9.7.2. Brathinus varicornis LeConte, from under a rock near a small stream; 9.7.3 Boreaphilus henningianus Sahlberg; 9.7.4. Acidota subcarinata Erichson aggregating in fall.

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Figures 9.7.5-9.9.3. 9.7.5 Coryphium nigrum Campbell with springtail prey; 9.8.1 Thoracophorus costalis Erichson, found under wood in leaf litter; 9.9.1 Oxyporus vittatus Gravenhorst, extremes of colour variability from the same locality; 9.9.2 O. quinquemaculatus LeConte, from fungus in floodplain forest; 9.9.3 O. major Gravenhorst, from a white gilled mushroom in a moist hardwood forest.

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Figures 9.10.1-9.10.5. 9.10.1 Syntomium grahami Hatch, dorsal habitus; 9.10.2 Thinodromus Kraatz sp., sifted from deep pockets of litter between boulders near a river; 9.10.3 Bledius Leach sp., at porch light; 9.10.4 Anotylus Thomson sp.; 9.10.5 Apocellus Erichson sp.

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Figures 9.11.1-9.11.5. 9.11.1 Homaeotarsus bicolor, from under stones in a dry streambed; 9.11.2 Paederus Fabricius sp.; 9.11.3 Astenus discopunctatus (Say); 9.11.4 Achenomorphus corticinus (Gravenhorst), sifted from leaf litter; 9.11.5 Sunius confluentus (Say), from under bark.

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Figures 9.12.1-9.15.3. 9.12.1 Charhyphus picipennis LeConte; 9.13.1 Siagonium punctatum (LeConte), major male, dorsal habitus; 9.13.2 S. punctatum, minor male from under beech bark; 1.14.1 Megarthrus Stephens sp., pronotum; 9.15.1 Batrisodes lineaticollis (Aube), male; 9.15.2 Tyrus semiruber Casey, male, found under pine bark; 9.15.3 Ceophyllus monilis LeConte, male, found on a freshly cut pine stump.

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Figures 9.15.4-9.18.1. 9.15.4 Ctenisodes piceus (LeConte), male, found under a rock; 9.16.1 Pseudopsis sulcata Herman complex, dorsal apex of abdomen; 9.16.2 P. sulcata complex; 9.17.1 Scaphisoma rubens Casey, from fungus on a tree; 9.17.2 Baeocera Erichson sp., feeding on the fruiting body of a slime mould; 9.18.1 Stenichnus Thomson sp. (~1.2mm long).

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Figures 9.18.2-9.20.3. 9.18.2 Euconnus Thomson sp., found under a stone; 9.19.1 Stenus Latreille sp., swept from sedges in a lakeside marsh; 9.19.2 St. insperatus Puthz, from debris next to a creek; 9.19.3 St. morio Gravenhorst, from under bark of a tree overhanging water; 9.20.1 Tachinus corticinus Gravenhorst; 9.20.2 Sepedophilus littoreus, from flood debris; 9.20.3 Coproporus ventriculus (Say), from under bark.

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Figures 9.20.4-10.1.2. 9.20.4 Nitidotachinus scrutator (Gemminger & Harold), from wet sphagnum in a boggy area; 9.20.5 Lordithon kelleyi (Malkin); 9.20.6 Tachyporus pulchrus Blatchley, from a tallgrass prairie; 9.21.1 Trichophya pilicornis (Gyllenhal), from sifting leaf litter; 10.1.1 Diochus schaumi Kraatz, dorsal habitus; 10.1.2 D. schaumi, showing dark abdomen.

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Figures 10.1.3-10.4.1. 10.1.3 Diochus schaumi (Kraatz), in copula; 10.2.1 Atrecus macrocephalus (Nordmann), habitus; 10.2.2 A. macrocephalus; 10.3.1 Tympanophorus puncticollis (Erichson), dorsal habitus; 10.3.2. T. puncticollis, from rotting sawdust in an abandoned sawmill; 10.4.1 Philonthus politus (L.), from compost.

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Figures 10.4.2-10.5.1. 10.4.2 Philonthus caeruleipennis, from compost; 10.4.3 Bisnius blandus (Gravenhorst); 10.4.4 Hesperus apicialis (Say), from a beech treehole, collected with larvae; 10.4.5 Laetulonthus laetulus (Say), in wood shavings from a freshly cut pine tree; 10.4.6 Erichsonius rosellus Frank, sifted from leaf litter in a marsh; 10.5.1 Quedius plagiatus Mannerheim.

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Figures 10.5.2-10.8.1. 10.5.2 Quedius mesomelinus Marsham, found in rotting mushrooms; 10.5.3 Acylophorus sp., captured by treading debris from beaver dam; 10.5.4 Hemiquedius ferox LeConte, from a beaver lodge; 10.7.1 Heterothops fusculus (LeConte); 10.8.1 Stictolinus flavipes (LeConte).

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Figures 10.8.2-11.1.2. 10.8.2 Lithocharodes longicollis (LeConte), from leaf litter on sandy substrate; 10.8.3 Gyrohypnus fracticornis (O.F. Müller), from yard compost; 10.8.4 , from garden compost; 10.8.5 Nudobius cephalus (Say), from under pine bark; 10.8.6 Oxybleptes kiteleyi Smetana; 11.1.1 Creophilus maxillosus villosus Gravenhorst, habitus; 11.1.2 C. m. villosus, escape mechanism on dead raccoon.

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Figures 11.1.3-11.6.1. 11.1.3 Creophilus maxillosus maxillosus (L.), forebody with mostly dark setae; 11.1.4 C. m. villosus Gravenhorst, forebody with mostly pale setae; 11.2.1 Dinothenarus badipes (LeConte), from under rocks near a stream; 11.3.1 D. capitatus (Bland), from carrion trap; 11.5.1 Ocypus nitens (Schrank); 11.6.1 Ontholestes cingulatus (Gravenhorst), from compost.

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Figures 11.8.1-11.12.1. 11.8.1 Platydracus cinnamopterus (Gravenhorst), from flood debris; 11.8.2 P. cinnamopterus, aedeagus, lateral view; 11.9.1 P. comes (LeConte), dorsal habitus; 11.10.1 P. exulans (Erichson); 11.11.1 P. femoratus (Fabricius), dorsal habitus; 11.12.1 P. fossator (Gravenhorst), swept from tall grass along a driveway.

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Figure 11.13.1-11.17.1. 11.13.1 Platydracus immaculatus (Mannerheim), found crossing a driveway; 11.14.1 P. maculosus (Gravenhorst), dorsal habitus; 11.14.2 P. maculosus, from early-stage carrion; 11.16.1 P. praelongus (Mannerheim), dorsal habitus; 11.16.2 P. praelongus, from under a board along ocean shoreline; 11.17.1 P. praetermissus Newton spec. nov., dorsal habitus.

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Figures 11.17.2-11.21.3. 11.17.2 Platydracus praetermissus Newton spec nov., aedeagus, lateral view; 11.19.1 P. violaceus (Gravenhorst), from under the bark of a fallen maple; 11.20.1. P. viridanus (Horn), from tall grass near a river; 11.21.1 P. zonatus (Gravenhorst), dorsal habitus; 11.21.2 P. zonatus, from leaf litter; 11.21.3 P. zonatus, aedeagus, lateral view.

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Figures 11.23.1-11.25.2. 11.23.1 Tasgius ater (Gravenhorst), dorsal habitus; 11.23.2 T. ater, from the basement of an old building; 11.24.1 T. melanarius (Heer), from under a composter; 11.25.1 T. winkleri (Bernhauer), dorsal habitus; 11.25.2 T. winkleri, from an urban garden.

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