Full Report – Statistical Review of World Energy 2021
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U.S. Energy in the 21St Century: a Primer
U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46723 SUMMARY R46723 U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer March 16, 2021 Since the start of the 21st century, the U.S. energy system has changed tremendously. Technological advances in energy production have driven changes in energy consumption, and Melissa N. Diaz, the United States has moved from being a net importer of most forms of energy to a declining Coordinator importer—and a net exporter in 2019. The United States remains the second largest producer and Analyst in Energy Policy consumer of energy in the world, behind China. Overall energy consumption in the United States has held relatively steady since 2000, while the mix of energy sources has changed. Between 2000 and 2019, consumption of natural gas and renewable energy increased, while oil and nuclear power were relatively flat and coal decreased. In the same period, production of oil, natural gas, and renewables increased, while nuclear power was relatively flat and coal decreased. Overall energy production increased by 42% over the same period. Increases in the production of oil and natural gas are due in part to technological improvements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling that have facilitated access to resources in unconventional formations (e.g., shale). U.S. oil production (including natural gas liquids and crude oil) and natural gas production hit record highs in 2019. The United States is the largest producer of natural gas, a net exporter, and the largest consumer. Oil, natural gas, and other liquid fuels depend on a network of over three million miles of pipeline infrastructure. -
Oil Shale and Tar Sands
Fundamentals of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Editors David S. Ginley and David Cahen Oil shale and tar sands James W. Bunger 11 JWBA, Inc., Energy Technology and Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 11.1 Focus 11.2 Synopsis Tar sands and oil shale are “uncon- Oil shale and tar sands occur in dozens of countries around the world. With in-place ventional” oil resources. Unconven- resources totaling at least 4 trillion barrels (bbl), they exceed the world's remaining tional oil resources are characterized petroleum reserves, which are probably less than 2 trillion bbl. As petroleum becomes by their solid, or near-solid, state harder to produce, oil shale and tar sands are finding economic and thermodynamic under reservoir conditions, which parity with petroleum. Thermodynamic parity, e.g., similarity in the energy cost requires new, and sometimes of producing energy, is a key indicator of economic competitiveness. unproven, technology for their Oil is being produced on a large commercial scale by Canada from tar sands, recovery. For tar sands the hydrocar- and to a lesser extent by Venezuela. The USA now imports well over 2 million barrels bon is a highly viscous bitumen; for of oil per day from Canada, the majority of which is produced from tar sands. oil shale, it is a solid hydrocarbon Production of oil from oil shale is occurring in Estonia, China, and Brazil albeit on called “kerogen.” Unconventional smaller scales. Importantly, the USA is the largest holder of oil-shale resources. oil resources are found in greater For that reason alone, and because of the growing need for imports in the USA, quantities than conventional petrol- oil shale will receive greater development attention as petroleum supplies dwindle. -
Primary Energy Use and Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles
Article Primary Energy Use and Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles Efstathios E. Michaelides Department of Engineering, TCU, Fort Worth, TX 76132, USA; [email protected] Abstract: The global market of electric vehicles has become one of the prime growth industries of the 21st century fueled by marketing efforts, which frequently assert that electric vehicles are “very efficient” and “produce no pollution.” This article uses thermodynamic analysis to determine the primary energy needs for the propulsion of electric vehicles and applies the energy/exergy trade-offs between hydrocarbons and electricity propulsion of road vehicles. The well-to-wheels efficiency of electric vehicles is comparable to that of vehicles with internal combustion engines. Heat transfer to or from the cabin of the vehicle is calculated to determine the additional energy for heating and air-conditioning needs, which must be supplied by the battery, and the reduction of the range of the vehicle. The article also determines the advantages of using fleets of electric vehicles to offset the problems of the “duck curve” that are caused by the higher utilization of wind and solar energy sources. The effects of the substitution of internal combustion road vehicles with electric vehicles on carbon dioxide emission avoidance are also examined for several national electricity grids. It is determined that grids, which use a high fraction of coal as their primary energy source, will actually increase the carbon dioxide emissions; while grids that use a high fraction of renewables and nuclear energy will significantly decrease their carbon dioxide emissions. Globally, the carbon dioxide emissions will decrease by approximately 16% with the introduction of electric vehicles. -
Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2019 (Quadrillion Btu)
U.S. energy consumption by source and sector, 2019 (Quadrillion Btu) Sourcea End-use sectorc Percent of sources Percent of sectors 70 91 Transportation Petroleum 24 3 28.2 36.7 3 5 2 <1 (37%) (37%) 1 34 40 9 Industrial 4 3 26.3 Natural gas 12 33 (35%) 32.1 16 11 (32%) 36 8 44 7 Residential 41 11.9 (16%) 12 9 22 39 Renewable energy 7 3 Commercial 11.5 (11%) 2 <1 9.4 (12%) 56 49 10 Total = 75.9 Coal <1 11.3 (11%) 90 Electric power sectorb Nuclear 100 8.5 (8%) Electricity retail sales 12.8 (35%) Total = 100.2 Electrical system energy losses 24.3 (65%) Total = 37.1 a Primary energy consumption. Each energy source is measured in different physical content of electricity retail sales. See Note 1, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at the end of units and converted to common British thermal units (Btu). See U.S. Energy Information EIA’s Monthly Energy Review, Section 2. Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, Appendix A. Noncombustible renewable c End-use sector consumption of primary energy and electricity retail sales, excluding electrical energy sources are converted to Btu using the “Fossil Fuel Equivalency Approach”, see system energy losses from electricity retail sales. Industrial and commercial sectors EIA’s Monthly Energy Review, Appendix E. consumption includes primary energy consumption by combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and b The electric power sector includes electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) electricity-only plants contained within the sector. plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. -
ARIZONA ENERGY FACT SHEET Energy Efficiency & Energy Consumption April 2016
ARIZONA ENERGY FACT SHEET Energy Efficiency & Energy Consumption April 2016 An Overview of Energy Efficiency Quick Facts: Energy efficiency means reducing the amount of energy Population, 2014: 6,731,484 that you need to perform a particular task. When you Population growth rate, 2006-2014: 0.79% per year practice energy efficiency, you increase or maintain your Number of households, 2014: 2,387,246 level of service, but you decrease the energy used to Source: United States Census Bureau. provide that service through efficient technologies. Examples include ENERGY STAR appliances, compact fluorescent and LED light bulbs, better insulation for Primary Energy Consumption (2013) buildings, more efficient windows, high efficiency air Primary energy consumption: 1,415 trillion Btu conditioning equipment, and vehicles with higher miles Growth rate, 2006-2013: -0.57% per year per gallon (mpg). Another distinct strategy is energy con- servation, which means that you change your behavior or Primary energy consumption per capita: 213 million Btu lifestyle to reduce energy use. Examples include carpool- Ranking, energy consumption per capita: 43 ing, using mass transit, turning thermostats down in the Ranking, total energy consumption: 27 winter and up in summer, and other behavioral changes. Ratio of consumption to production: 2.38 Improving energy efficiency is a “win-win” strategy — Energy Expenditures (2013) it saves money for consumers and businesses, reduces the need for costly and controversial new power plants, Total energy expenditures: $ 22.8 billion increases the reliability of energy supply, cuts pollution Ranking, energy expenditures: 23 and greenhouse gas emissions, and lowers energy Energy expenditures per capita: $ 3,434 imports. -
Statoil ASA Statoil Petroleum AS
Offering Circular A9.4.1.1 Statoil ASA (incorporated with limited liability in the Kingdom of Norway) Notes issued under the programme may be unconditionally and irrevocably guaranteed by Statoil Petroleum AS (incorporated with limited liability in the Kingdom of Norway) €20,000,000,000 Euro Medium Term Note Programme On 21 March 1997, Statoil ASA (the Issuer) entered into a Euro Medium Term Note Programme (the Programme) and issued an Offering Circular on that date describing the Programme. The Programme has been subsequently amended and updated. This Offering Circular supersedes any previous dated offering circulars. Any Notes (as defined below) issued under the Programme on or after the date of this Offering Circular are issued subject to the provisions described herein. This does not affect any Notes issued prior to the date hereof. Under this Programme, Statoil ASA may from time to time issue notes (the Notes) denominated in any currency agreed between the Issuer and the relevant Dealer (as defined below). The Notes may be issued in bearer form or in uncertificated book entry form (VPS Notes) settled through the Norwegian Central Securities Depositary, Verdipapirsentralen ASA (the VPS). The maximum aggregate nominal amount of all Notes from time to time outstanding will not exceed €20,000,000,000 (or its equivalent in other currencies calculated as described herein). The payments of all amounts due in respect of the Notes issued by the Issuer may be unconditionally and irrevocably guaranteed by Statoil A6.1 Petroleum AS (the Guarantor). The Notes may be issued on a continuing basis to one or more of the Dealers specified on page 6 and any additional Dealer appointed under the Programme from time to time, which appointment may be for a specific issue or on an ongoing basis (each a Dealer and together the Dealers). -
Monthly Report on Petroleum Developments in the World Markets February 2020
Monthly Report on Petroleum Developments in The World Markets February 2020 First: World Oil Markets 1. Oil Prices In December 2019, OPEC Reference Basket increased by 5.7% or $3.6/bbl from the previous month level to stand at $66.5/bbl. Improved oil fundamental balances and continued market stabilization efforts conducted under OPEC+ Declaration of Cooperation, as well as easing trade tensions between the US and China were major stimulus for the increase in oil prices during the month of December 2019 to reach its highest monthly level since April 2019. Weekly Average Spot Prices of OPEC Basket of Crudes, 2018-2019 ($/bbl) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 2018 2019 Source: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, Monthly Oil Market Report. 2. Supply and Demand World oil demand in December 2019, decreased by 1.6 million b/d or 1.6% from the previous month level to reach 100.3 million b/d. Demand in OECD countries decreased by 2.3% comparing with the previous month to reach 47.3 million b/d. And demand in Non-OECD countries decreased by 0.9% comparing with their previous month level to reach 53 million b/d. World oil supplies in December 2019, decreased by 100 thousand b/d or 0.1% comparing with the previous month to reach 101.8 million b/d. 1 Non-OPEC supplies remained stable at the same previous month level of 67.2 million b/d. Whereas preliminary estimates show that OPEC crude oil and NGLs/condensates total supplies decreased by 0.6% comparing with the previous month to reach 34.5 million b/d. -
Four Propositions About Property Rights and Environmental Protection*
COLE_FINAL_PAGEPROOF2 09/13/00 8:56 AM View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Duke Law Scholarship Repository CLEARING THE AIR: FOUR PROPOSITIONS ABOUT PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION* DANIEL H. COLE** INTRODUCTION Privatization is sweeping the globe.1 Since the Reagan-Thatcher revolution of the 1980s, governments around the world have been selling off public assets to private owners in order to improve effi- ciency and increase production. Between 1985 and 1994, $468 billion worth of state enterprises were sold off to private investors.2 But pri- vatization so far has been limited to state enterprises. Governments have not, with a few notable and highly controversial exceptions,3 be- * This article combines and elaborates on ideas developed in two previous works: Daniel H. Cole, Property Rights on Environmental Goods, in 1 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW AND ECONOMICS (Boudewijn Bouckaert & Gerrit de Geest eds., forthcoming Sept. 2000); and DANIEL H. COLE, INSTITUTING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: FROM RED TO GREEN IN POLAND (1998). ** M. Dale Palmer Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis. J.S.D., Stanford Law School; J.D., Northwestern School of Law, Lewis & Clark College; A.M., University of Chicago; A.B., Occidental College. Please direct questions or comments to [email protected]. This article is also available at <http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/10DELPFCole>. 1. The term “privatization,” as used throughout the law and economics literature, encom- passes a wide variety of activities by which some public entity conveys property rights to some private entity or entities—everything from outright giveaways or sales of public lands to the granting of licenses or concessions under which private firms finance, construct, or manage ho- tels, airports, wastewater treatment plants, highways, prisons, and schools. -
BP Code of Conduct – English
Our Code Our responsibility Code of Conduct Guiding you to make the right decisions Our values and behaviours are the foundation of our Code What we value Safety Safety is good business. Everything we do relies upon the safety of our workforce and the communities around us. We care about the safe management of the environment. We are committed to safely delivering energy to the world. Respect We respect the world in which we operate. It begins with compliance with laws and regulations. We hold ourselves to the highest ethical standards and behave in ways that earn the trust of others. We depend on the relationships we have and respect each other and those we work with. We value diversity of people and thought. We care about the consequences of our decisions, large and small, on those around us. Excellence We are in a hazardous business and are committed to excellence through the systematic and disciplined management of our operations. We follow and uphold the rules and standards we set for our company. We commit to quality outcomes, have a thirst to learn and to improve. If something is not right, we correct it. Courage What we do is rarely easy. Achieving the best outcomes often requires the courage to face difficulty, to speak up and stand by what we believe. We always strive to do the right thing. We explore new ways of thinking and are unafraid to ask for help. We are honest with ourselves and actively seek feedback from others. We aim for an enduring legacy, despite the short-term priorities of our world. -
"New Energy Economy": an Exercise in Magical Thinking
REPORT | March 2019 THE “NEW ENERGY ECONOMY”: AN EXERCISE IN MAGICAL THINKING Mark P. Mills Senior Fellow The “New Energy Economy”: An Exercise in Magical Thinking About the Author Mark P. Mills is a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute and a faculty fellow at Northwestern University’s McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, where he co-directs an Institute on Manufacturing Science and Innovation. He is also a strategic partner with Cottonwood Venture Partners (an energy-tech venture fund). Previously, Mills cofounded Digital Power Capital, a boutique venture fund, and was chairman and CTO of ICx Technologies, helping take it public in 2007. Mills is a regular contributor to Forbes.com and is author of Work in the Age of Robots (2018). He is also coauthor of The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste, and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy (2005). His articles have been published in the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and Real Clear. Mills has appeared as a guest on CNN, Fox, NBC, PBS, and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. In 2016, Mills was named “Energy Writer of the Year” by the American Energy Society. Earlier, Mills was a technology advisor for Bank of America Securities and coauthor of the Huber-Mills Digital Power Report, a tech investment newsletter. He has testified before Congress and briefed numerous state public-service commissions and legislators. Mills served in the White House Science Office under President Reagan and subsequently provided science and technology policy counsel to numerous private-sector firms, the Department of Energy, and U.S. -
19-1189 BP PLC V. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
(Slip Opinion) OCTOBER TERM, 2020 1 Syllabus NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued. The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Syllabus BP P. L. C. ET AL. v. MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 19–1189. Argued January 19, 2021—Decided May 17, 2021 Baltimore’s Mayor and City Council (collectively City) sued various en- ergy companies in Maryland state court alleging that the companies concealed the environmental impacts of the fossil fuels they promoted. The defendant companies removed the case to federal court invoking a number of grounds for federal jurisdiction, including the federal officer removal statute, 28 U. S. C. §1442. The City argued that none of the defendants’ various grounds for removal justified retaining federal ju- risdiction, and the district court agreed, issuing an order remanding the case back to state court. Although an order remanding a case to state court is ordinarily unreviewable on appeal, Congress has deter- mined that appellate review is available for those orders “remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed pursuant to section 1442 or 1443 of [Title 28].” §1447(d). The Fourth Circuit read this provision to authorize appellate review only for the part of a remand order deciding the §1442 or §1443 removal ground. -
2017 2030 a Forward Looking Primary Energy Factor for A
A forward looking Primary Energy Factor for a greener European Future What is the Primary Energy Factor and why does it exist? The Primary Energy Factor (PEF) connects primary and final energy. It indicates how much primary energy is used to generate a unit of electricity or a unit of useable thermal energy. It allows for comparison between the primary energy consumption of products with the same functionality (e.g. heating) using different energy carriers (particularly electricity vs. fossil fuels). Electricity is a final energy carrier, produced from different primary energy sources like fossil fuels (gas, coal), nuclear and renewables (hydro, wind, solar). Currently a PEF of 2.5 is used as a “conversion factor" to express electricity consumption/savings in primary energy consumption/savings, regardless of the type of energy source used to produce it (also when the electricity comes from renewables). The current conversion factor implies that 1 unit of electricity requires an input of 2.5 units of primary energy. This assumes all power generation in the EU to have a 40% efficiency (100 / 2.5 = 40) – even non-dispatchable renewables from which energy is harnessed without the combustion of fuel. A PEF of 2.5 is too high and does not reflect the reality of power generation. The need to update the PEF to 2.0 The Commission has decided to review the PEF value and methodology in the Energy Efficiency Directive to better reflect the EU energy mix, in particular today’s share of renewable energy in electricity generation and its strong increase in the near future .