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Deliverable D 5.2.2 TIP4-CT-2005-516420 Page 1 of 28 QCITY issued: 30-01-09 DELIVERABLE D 5.2.2 CONTRACT N° TIP4-CT-2005-516420 PROJECT N° FP6-516420 ACRONYM QCITY TITLE Quiet City Transport Subproject 5 Noise propagation & receiver perception Work 5.2 Performance report of a low squeal track solution Package in Athens Tram Network Written by Prof. Konstantinos VOGIATZIS TT&E, UTH, CDM, TRAM & APT Date of issue of this 30-01-09 report PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR Acoustic Control ACL SE PARTNERS Accon ACC DE Akron AKR BE Amec Spie Rail AMEC FR Alfa Products & Technologies APT BE Banverket BAN SE Composite Damping Material CDM BE Havenbedrijf Oostende HOOS BE Frateur de Pourcq FDP BE Goodyear GOOD LU Head Acoustics HAC SE Heijmans Infra HEIJ BE Royal Institute of Technology KTH SE Vlaamse Vervoersmaatschappij DE LIJN LIJN BE Lucchini Sidermeccanica LUC IT NCC Roads NCC SE Stockholm Environmental & Health Administration SEA SE Société des Transports Intercommunaux de STIB BE Bruxelles Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific TNO NL Research Trafikkontoret Göteborg TRAF SE Tram SA TRAM GR TT&E Consultants TTE GR University of Cambridge UCAM UK University of Thessaly UTH GR Voestalpine Schienen VAS AU Zbloc Norden ZBN SE Union of European Railway Industries UNIFE BE PROJECT START February 1, 2005 DATE DURATION 48 months Project funded by the European Community under the SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME PRIORITY 6 Sustainable development, global change & ecosystems Performance report of a low squeal track solution Athens Tram Network TIP4-CT-2005-516420 Page 2 of 28 QCITY issued: 30-01-09 TABLE OF CONTENTS page 1 Introduction 3 2 “BEFORE” Test site, Instrumentation & Reference field measurements results 5 3 Tram squeal noise model including a suitable model for the roll- 10 slip excitation of the wheel and rail 3.1 Squeal generation 10 3.2 Lumped parameter model with non-linear friction element 11 3.2.1 Justification of the model 11 3.2.2 Short description of the model 12 3.2.3 Implementation of the model 12 4 Squeal calculations with Voula curve parameters 13 5 The Voula curve location : Low squeal track solution Elastomer’s characteristics - Stiffness data of CDM Comfort Plus 15 6 Preparation & Installation of prefab low squeal elements in the Athens Tram’s Voula extension 17 7 “AFTER” VOULA test site, Instrumentation & Field measurements results 20 8 Discussion and concluding remarks 24 9 References 27 Annexes ANNEX 1 Reference Acoustic Field measurements results : «BEFORE» ANNEX 2 FORTRAN code for specific non linear "squeal" element ANNEX 3 Input file for FE model. ANNEX 4 Acoustic Field measurements results : «AFTER» Performance report of a low squeal track solution Athens Tram Network TIP4-CT-2005-516420 Page 3 of 28 QCITY issued: 30-01-09 1. INTRODUCTION The Quiet City Transport project (QCity) within the SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME: SUSTAINABLE SURFACE TRANSPORT [1] aims to develop an integrated technology infrastructure for the efficient control of road and rail ambient noise by considering the attenuation of noise creation at source at both vehicle/infrastructure levels. Qcity’s specialized Sub Package 5 aims to a detailed design of selected mitigation measures for hot spots to be studied – among other European cities – also in a designated Athens validation site d under the topic: “Quiet tram tracks” in order to minimize wheel squeal emissions. Athens Tram has performed during last years an extended Noise &Vibration Study including both airborne & ground borne noise & vibration levels calculations. could decrease dramatically the equivalent sound levels (depending also to tram type & relevant noise emissions) for the majority of nearby residents even though the relevant noise criterion in Greece was set to 67 dB(A) for the index Leq (18hours) based on the total daily operation of the system. One of the major problems raised during operation is the squeak noise parameter and the present report describes the setup of the relevant measurement campaign & research in the matter and also a complete evaluation, relevant concluding remarks aiming to practical & effective recommendations. The relevant Work Package (WP5.2) introduces among other tasks the development & implementation of a prototype "Quiet tram track” elastically encapsulated in a prefabricated concrete slab, at Voula extension of the Athens Tramway line to Glyfada area. The present Deliverable describes the relevant prototype research, realization & evaluation with emphasis to the following internal phases : ¤ Reference campaign of squeal noise measurements & 1/3 octave band analysis at an existed curved track in Athens Tramway network i.e. Diadochou Pavlou street Tram section (measurement phase : “Before”) ¤ Model analysis of a prototype "Fastener less embedded resilient tram track for squeal noise reduction including the ROLL - SLIP excitation of the wheel & rail and a time domain analysis considering constant crabbing velocity yields wheel and rail vibrations” ¤ Laboratory analysis & development of an adequate new "elastomer encapsulation material” with specified vertical & horizontal stiffness ¤ Selection of a curve location with similar geometrical characteristics with the existed curve track measured as described above i.e. Voula curved section – Glyfada Athens and precisely at Alkyonidon Avenue crossing section Performance report of a low squeal track solution Athens Tram Network TIP4-CT-2005-516420 Page 4 of 28 QCITY issued: 30-01-09 ¤ construction of a specialized prefab slab including the new "elastomer encapsulation material” at the worksite prior to installation on site ¤ Installation in situ at the selected tram line section at Voula-Athens ¤ campaign of squeal noise measurements & 1/3 octave band analysis at the new prefab curved track in Athens tramway network i.e. Voula (measurement phase : “After”) ¤ evaluation of noise attenuation results towards a future development and use of such "prefab quite track" solutions at the forthcoming Piraeus extension of Athens Tram Following relevant meetings in Athens (TRAM SA offices) and in Budapest and Bruxelles with the participation of all participants for the WP 5.2, and the analysis of the internal phases above, the following important internal coordination & construction actions were planned & executed : 1. Selection of the Demo site at Athens TRAM network i.e. the extension to Voula, for the implementation of the «squeal noise track solution». The chosen implementation location for the new prototype «Quiet tram track» in Athens Tram Voula extension - already under operation – is the intersection of the new extension tramway axis and Leoforos Alkionidon. 2. Realisation and testing of a prototype by CDM including also manufacturing and transportation of a complete enhanced prefab curve module by CDM to the site including also installation in collaboration with TRAM SA, and the local track work contractor. The squeal solution was installed during track work construction. For this specific construction CDM’s plant in Soignies has provided a “Modulix” prefab element in which a “comfort low squeal track” was incorporated equipped with special elastomer “jacquettes” with a low lateral stiffness. The installation was taken place together with the other regular crossing parts of the tram’s alignment. Performance report of a low squeal track solution Athens Tram Network TIP4-CT-2005-516420 Page 5 of 28 QCITY issued: 30-01-09 2. “BEFORE” TEST SITE, INSTRUMENTATION & REFERENCE FIELD MEASUREMENTS RESULTS In this chapter a “Before” test site was selected for the reference measurement campaign and described in detail hereafter. This site in Diadochou Pavlou street Athens Tram’s network area, was selected to present similar geometrical characteristic with the test site in the “After” measurements campaign, presented hereafter as well. In order to maintain the highest degree of compatibility between the “before” & “after” study as well as the extraction of valuable conclusions to be used in the following model analysis of a prototype "Fastener less embedded resilient tram track for squeal noise reduction including the ROLL - SLIP excitation of the wheel & rail and a time domain analysis considering constant crabbing velocity yields wheel and rail vibrations”, the same vehicle was used in the same range of speeds (i.e. 10, 20 & 25+ to 30 Km/h) during all measurements. The location of the “Before” Reference acoustic measurements campaign is presented in the fig.1 hereafter : Fig.1 : Reference test site Performance report of a low squeal track solution Athens Tram Network TIP4-CT-2005-516420 Page 6 of 28 QCITY issued: 30-01-09 The Standard EN ISO 3095:2005 that has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 43 "Acoustics" was enforced in this measurements campaign. This standard is applicable for type testing & periodic monitoring testing and the results may be used,: D to characterize the noise emitted by these trains; D to compare the noise emission of various vehicles on a particular track section; D to collect basic source data for trains. According to the standard and in view of the particularities of the present Athens Tram Reference Test site (Diadochou Pavlou street area) the noise quantities measured at all microphone positions presented hereafter are : D For whole trams moving at constant speed the Transit Exposure Level, TEL, or the A-Weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level on the pass by time, LpAeq. D The measurement quantity for accelerating or braking tests the maximum AF-weighted sound pressure LpAFmax. D For the present campaign a frequency analysis was also required, made at least in one third octave bands according to EN ISO 266: at least from 31,5 Hz to 8 kHz. ensuring that the lower frequency limit is chosen to ensure that the product of the lowest bandwidth and signal duration exceeds unity. For this campaign a frequency range from 20 Hz to 20 KHz was introduced. D Add. to the above a complete 1/3 octave band freq analysis was also executed for the “nosiest bogie” of the vehicle for each passage at all speed intervals.
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