A Commentary on Demosthenes’ Philippic I AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION TEXTS AND COMMENTARIES SERIES Series Editor Justina Gregory Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae, Second Edition J. T. Ramsey A Commentary on Demosthenes’ Philippic I: With Rhetorical Analyses of Philippics II and III Cecil Wooten A Commentary on Demosthenes’ Philippic I With Rhetorical Analyses of Philippics II and III Cecil Wooten 1 2008 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wooten, Cecil W., 1945– A commentary on Demosthenes’ Philippic I: with rhetorical analyses of Philippics II and III / Cecil Wooten. p. cm. ISBN 978–0–19–533326–8; 978–0–19–533327–5 (pbk.) 1. Demosthenes. Philippicae. I. Title. PA3950.P6.W66 2008 885’.01—dc22 2007011352 135798642 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper George Alexander Kennedy magistro atque amico optimo This page intentionally left blank Preface The most recent commentary in English on Demosthenes’ Philippics appeared in 1907; it has been out of print since the 1960s. In part because of the lack of a modern commentary, what are arguably the finest deliberative speeches from antiquity are not often read these days in American colleges and universities. I hope that the present volume will correct that lack and will encourage more study of Demosthenes. The commentary is aimed at advanced undergraduates and first-year graduate students, and it addresses rhetorical and stylistic matters, historical background, and grammatical issues. In the rhetorical analysis I rely primarily on the theories of ancient rhetoricians, especially Hermogenes, who was particularly interested in Demosthenes. I have prepared a commentary for the First Philippic only; for each of the other two speeches I have provided a brief historical introduction, an outline, and an essay emphasizing its differences from Philippic I. I have organized the book in this way because it seemed to me that in some courses only one of the speeches, most likely the first, would be read. If students, having already been introduced to Demosthenic language and rhet- orical technique and the historical background, then wanted to read the second and third Philippics, they could, I felt, manage on their own if provided with some general guidance about structure, argument, and style. I have chosen not to treat Philippic IV. There has always been some contro- versy about its authenticity, and, in any case, a very thorough commentary appeared in 2002: Istva´n Hajdu, Kommentar zur 4. Philippischen Rede des Demosthenes (Berlin). I would like to thank many friends who have unfailingly given me support, encouragement, and sustenance of various sorts during the last few years as I worked on this project: Francis and Helen Barlow, Niko Endres, Allan Gurganus, Jane Holding, Sharon James, Sara Mack, Harriet Horwitz and Rick Meyer, and Daisy Thorp. I would also like to thank Galen Rowe, now deceased, who read my first analysis of Philippic I, and in particular Bill Race, who encouraged me from beginning to end, meticulously read many versions of the manuscript, and gave me many invaluable suggestions. Everyone should be so lucky to have such a good colleague and friend. Finally, I want to express my gratitude to Victor Bers and Harvey Yunis, who, like the mythical heroes who made two trips to the underworld, read the manuscript not once but twice and gave me many useful suggestions, to the members of the Publications Committee of the American Philological Association, in particular to the chairman of that committee, Justina viii Preface Gregory, who has been encouraging, helpful, and extremely professional through- out the process of submission, to the staff at Oxford University Press, who have been wonderful to work with, and to Mary Bellino, who did a superb job of copyediting the manuscript. I also want to thank the University Research Council at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for their financial assistance in the publication of this book. George Kennedy has been kind and generous to me since the beginning of my career almost forty years ago. He has been a good mentor and a good friend, and it is to him that I gratefully dedicate this book. Contents Abbreviations and Bibliography xi Introduction 3 Structure of the Speech 17 Philippic I19 Commentary 37 Appendix 1. Philippic II 123 Appendix 2. Philippic III 137 Appendix 3. The Longer and Shorter Versions of Philippic III 167 Historical Index 175 Rhetorical Index 177 This page intentionally left blank Abbreviations and Bibliography A complete annotated bibliography of work on Demosthenes, arranged topic- ally and by speech, can be found in Donald Jackson and Galen Rowe, ‘‘De- mosthenes 1915–1965,’’ Lustrum 14 (1969): 7–109, and for the period after 1965 in Felipe G. Herna´ndez Mun˜ oz, ‘‘Demostenes 1965–1997: Repertorio Bibliogra´fico,’’ Tempus 21 (1999): 37–71. The line numbers in the analysis refer to the Oxford Classical Text by M. R. Dilts (Oxford, 2002). Aristides Aristidis Qui Feruntur Libri Rhetorici II, ed. W. Schmid (Leipzig, 1926). Aristotle Ars Rhetorica. ed. W. D. Ross (Oxford, 1959). All translations from this work come from George Kennedy, Aristotle: On Rhetoric (Oxford, 1991). Bers Victor Bers, Speech in Speech: Studies in Incorporated ‘‘Oratio Recta’’ in Attic Drama and Oratory (London, 1997). Black E. Black, ‘‘The Second Persona,’’ Quarterly Journal of Speech 56 (1970): 109–19. Blass Friedrich Blass, Die Attische Beredsamkeit, 2nd ed., vol. 3.1 (Leipzig, 1893). Borza Eugene N. Borza, In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon (Princeton, 1990). Carlier Pierre Carlier, De´mosthe`ne (Paris, 1990). Cawkwell G. L. Cawkwell, ‘‘Eubulus,’’ Journal of Hellenic Studies 83 (1963): 47–67. CIA Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum (Berlin, 1873–95) [Cicero] Rhetoric to Herennius. All quotations from this work come from the translation by H. Caplan in the Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, Mass., 1954). Davies Gilbert A. Davies, ed., Demosthenes: Philippics I, II, and III (Cambridge, 1907). Denniston GP J. D. Denniston, The Greek Particles (Oxford, 1954). Denniston GPS J. D. Denniston, Greek Prose Style (Oxford, 1952). Demetrius On Style. All quotations from this work come from the translation by Doreen Innes, based on that of W. Rhys Roberts, in the Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, Mass., 1995). Devine and Stephens A. M. Devine and Laurence Stephens, Discontinuous Syntax: Hyperbaton in Greek (Oxford, 2000). xii Abbreviations Dik Helma Dik, Word Order in Ancient Greek: A Pragmatic Account of Word Order Variation in Herodotus (Amsterdam, 1995). Dilts M. R. Dilts, ed., Scholia Demosthenica, vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1983). Dionysius Critical Essays. All quotations from these works come from the translation by S. Usher in the Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, Mass., 1974). Donnet D. Donnet, ‘‘Aspects du rhythme dans la premie`re Philippique de De´mosthe`ne,’’ Les E´ tudes Classiques 43 (1975): 407–17. Dover K. J. Dover, The Evolution of Greek Prose Style (Oxford, 1997). Gotoff Harold C. Gotoff, Cicero’s Caesarian Speeches: A Stylistic Commentary (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1993). Griffith G. W. Griffith, ‘‘The Reign of Philip the Second,’’ in A History of Macedonia, ed. N. G. L. Hammond and G. W. Griffith, vol. 2 (Oxford, 1979): 203–315. Hammond N. G. L. Hammond, A History of Greece to 322 B.C. (Oxford, 1967). Hansen Mogens Hansen, The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes: Structure, Principles, and Ideology, trans. J. A. Crook (Oxford, 1991). Hermogenes Opera, ed. Hugo Rabe (Leipzig, 1913). All references to Hermogenes are to page numbers in this edition. All transla- tions from Hermogenes, unless otherwise noted, come from Cecil Wooten, Hermogenes’ On Types of Style (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). Jaeger Werner Jaeger, Demosthenes: The Origin and Growth of his Policy, trans. Edward Robinson (Berkeley, 1938). Kennedy George Kennedy, ‘‘The Focusing of Arguments in Greek Deli- berative Oratory,’’ Transactions of the American Philological Association 90 (1959): 131–38. Lausberg H. Lausberg, Handbook of Literary Rhetoric, trans. M. Bliss, A. Jansen, and D. Orton (Leiden, 1998). Longinus On the Sublime. All quotations from this work come from the translation by W. H. Fyfe, revised by Donald Russell, in the Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, Mass., 1995). LSJ H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. Stuart Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th edn. (Oxford, 1940), with revised supplement (1996). McCabe D. F. McCabe, The Prose-Rhythm of Demosthenes (New York, 1981). Ober Josiah Ober, Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology, and the Power of the People (Princeton, 1989). Pearson AD Lionel Pearson, The Art of Demosthenes (Chico, Calif., 1981). Pearson DD Lionel Pearson, ‘‘The Development of Demosthenes as a Political Orator,’’ Phoenix 18 (1964): 95–109. Abbreviations xiii Pearson H Lionel Pearson, ‘‘Hiatus and Its Purposes in Attic Oratory,’’ American Journal of Philology 96 (1975): 138–59. Pearson HA Lionel Pearson, ‘‘Historical Allusions in the Attic Orators,’’ Classical Philology 36 (1941): 209–29. Pearson VP Lionel Pearson, ‘‘The Virtuoso Passages in Demosthenes’ Speeches,’’ Phoenix 29 (1975): 214–30.