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The Offshore Environmental Studies Program (1973 - 1989)

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OCS Report MMS 91-0028 The Offshore Environmental Studies Program (1973 - 1989) A Summary of Minerals Management SeMce Research Conducted on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Servioe Environmental Policy and Programs Division OCS Report MMS 91-0028 The Offshore Environmental Studies Program (1973 - 1989) A Summary of Minerals Management Service Research Conducted on the U.S. Outer Continental ShetF U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Setvice Environmental Polioy and Programs Dwision I Copies of this report available from: Environmental Studies Program Headquarters (703) 787-1723 (FTS) 393-1723 Technical Publication Unit Headquarters (703) 787-1080 I (FTS) 393-7080 ii List of Contributors November 1988 MMS Draft Project Coordinator: Barry Drucker Production Editor: Norman Hurwitz Contributing Staff: Headquarters Gulf of Mexico Region Robert Miller Thomas Ahlfeld Judith Wilson Robert Avent Don Aurand* Murray Brown James Cimato Alaska Reaion Rick Defenbaugh* Rosalind Cohen Kevin Banks Norman Froomer Barry Drucker William Benjey Robert Rogers Norman Hurwitz Don Callaway Mark Rouse William Lang Cleveland Cowles Pacific Region Nancy Prolman Karen Gibson Frederick Sieber Joy Geiselman Gary Brewer Hawley Thomas Joel Hubbard Thomas Chico Neville Chow Atlantic Region Jerry Imm’ Toni Johnson Rey Farve Colleen Benner Dale Kenney Marty Golden Keith Good Fred King Dirk Herkof Fred Gray* Harry Luton Sigurd Larson James Lane* Robert Meyer Fred Piltz* John Martin Jerome Montague Gordon Reetz Robert Middleton Stephen Treaty December 1990 Revised Report Technical Editor: William Lang Production Editor: Norman Hutwitz Assisting Staff: Thomas Ahlfeld Paulene Cross Harry Luton Don Aurand* Spencer Dean Robert Middleton Arlene Bajusz Barry Drucker Robett Rogers Colleen Benner Carol Fairfield Catherine Sevila James Bennett David Johnson Melanie Stright Natalie Barrington Robert Labelle* Hawley Thomas James Cimato Jackson Lewis Michele Tetley * Branch or Saotion Chief . 111 ) Chapter 1 Introduction . ...1-1 Chapter 2 Geology and Hazards . ...2-1 Chapter 3 Physical Oceanography and Pollutant Transport . .3-1 Chapter 4 Remote Sensing . ...4-1 Chapter 5 Air Quality . ...5-1 Chapter 6 Water Quality . ...6-1 Chapter 7 Coastal Impacts . ...7-1 Chapter 8 Ecological Monitoring . ...8-1 Chapter 9 Fishand Fisheries Resources . ...9-1 Chapter 10 Coastal and Marine Birds . ...10-1 Chapter 11 Protected Species . ...11-1 Chapter 12 Archaeological Resources . 12-1 Chapter 13 Sociology and Community Planning . 13-1 Chapter 14 Economics . ...14-1 Chapter 15 Visual and Recreational Resources . 15-1 Chapter 16 Information Synthesis, Management, and Dissemination . 16-1 Appendix A Headquarters and Regional Organization of the . A-1 Environmental Studies Program Appendix B Outer Continental Shelf Advisory Board - Scientific Committee . B-1 v : . Figures Figure 1-1 The 26 Planning Areas of the OCS Leasing Program . 1-4 Figure 1-2 Environmental Studies Program, Funding by Fiscal Year and Region . 1-6 Figure 3-1 Georges Bank, Major Submarine Canyons, and Currents . 3-2 Figure 3-2 Location of MASAR Current Meter Moorings and Relationship to Other . 3-4 Mooring Sites in the Mid-Atlantic Figure 3-3 Study Area for the South Atlantic Physical Oceanographic Study . 3-6 Figure 3-4 Location of FACTS Current Meter Mooring Sites . 3-7 Figure 3-5 Location of Current Meter Mooring Sites for the Frontal Eddy . 3-9 Dynamics Experiment off North Carolina Figure 3-6 Location of Current Meter Mooring Sites in the Eastern . 3-10 Gulf of Mexico Figure 3-7 Location of Current Meter Mooring Sites in the Central and . 3-11 Western Gulf of Mexico Figure 3-8 NDBO Meteorological Buoy Locations off the California Coast . 3-14 Figure 3-9 Basic Hydrographic Sampling Grid and Current Meter Mooring . 3-16 Station-Locations for the Main Program Figure 3-10 Location Mapofthe CCCCSStudy Area. 3-17 Figure 3-11 Pilot Mooring Locations for the Northern California . 3-18 Circulation Study Figure 3-12 Location of Current/Water Level Moorings and a Meteorological . 3-21 Station Deployed During the 1985 MMS Field Program in the Yukon Delta Figure 3-13 Location of October 1986 Hydrographic Sections and Moorings . 3-22 Recovered in 1987 for the Beaufort Sea Circulation Study Figure 4-1 Major Gulf Stream Features Outlined from a AVHRR Satellite Image . 4-2 Figure 4-2 Examples of Surface Drifters . 4-3 Figure 4-3 Drifter Trajectories of the Gulf of Mexico Anticyclones . 4-3 vii Figure 44 Satellite Linked Whale Tagging. Representation of a NOAA . 4-5 TIROS-N Satellite Receiving Signals from Two Tagged Whales and Relaying Information to Wallops, Island, VA and Gilmore Creek, AK Ground Stations. Satellite Determined Locations of Tagged Pilot Whale Figure 7-1 Location of /xtoc / Blowout and Initial Path of Slick Movements. 7-4 Figure 7-2 Leading Front of Spilled Oil from Exxon Va/cfez . 7-7 Figure 8-1 Site Specific Sampling Array Established in Georges Bank Monitoring . 8-3 Program Around Oil and Gas Exploration Drill Sites Figure 8-2 Deep-Water Monitoring Program Station Locations on the Mid-Atlantic . 8-5 Continental Slope and Rise Figure 8-3 Site Specific and Regional Sampling Stations Established for . 8-9 Phase II of the Long Term California Monitoring Program Figure 10-1 Populations of Breeding Seabirds and Percents of Total Number . 10-6 Figure 10-2 Coastal California with Significant Place Names and Undersea . 10-8 Topography Figure 10-3 Location of Established and Potential Study Sites for Seabird . .10-10 Monitoring in the Bering and Chukchi Seas Figure 10-4 Geographic Locations for the Central Gulf of Alaska . .10-11 Figure 10-5 Megacolonies of Nesting Seabirds in the Bering Sea . .10-14 Figure 10-6 Unimak Passand Adjacent Areas . .10-15 Figure 10-7 Key Names and Locations for Bird Studies in the Chukchi . .10-17 Beaufort Sea Region Figure 11-1 Aerial Survey Subunits for CETAP. 11-6 Figure 11-2 The Great South Channel, Study Area for SCOPEX . 11-6 Figure 11-3 Distribution of Right Whales and Humpback Whales in the North . 11-6 and Mid-Atlantic Planning Areas Figure 11-4 Aerial Survey Areas for MMS-Sponsored Studies in the Gulf of Mexico . 11-9 Figure 11-5 Aerial Survey Area for Winter Studies of Right Whales . 11-9 Figure 11-6 Marine Mammal and Seabird Survey Areas Covered by MMS . 11-14 Sponsored Studies Figure 11-7 West Coast Sea Otter Sites. San Nicolas Translocation Site. Distribution . .11-15 of Sea Otters in Washington State Figure 11-8 Gulf of Alaska Study Area Showing Distribution of Sea Otters . .11-20 . Vlll Figure 11-9 Bering Sea Study Area and Locations of Important Haulout Sites Used . .11-21 by Northern Sea Lions Figure 11-10 Study Areas for NOSC Aerial Survey and Other MMS Sponsored Major . .11-22 Sutvey Efforts in Alaska Figure 11-11 Chukchi Sea Study Area . ...11-24 Figure 11-12 Revisions of Hypothetical Grey Whale Migration Routes . .11-25 Figure 11-13 The Annual Migration Routes of the Bowhead Whale in the Western Arctic .11-26 Figure 11-14 Annual Median Water Depth Contours Depicting Bowhead Migration . .11-26 Routes in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, September-October, 1975-85 Figure 14-15 Beaufort Sea Study Area . ...11-27 Figure 11-16 Potential Hazards and Effects from OCS Operations . .11-30 Figure 16-1 Components of the Environmental Studies Database System . 16-2 ix Table 9-1 Abundant Fisheries Species on Georges Bank . 9-3,4 Table 10-1 Federal Endangered Species Act Listed Species of Birds of . 10-5 Potential Concern to OCS Operations Table 10-2 Waterfowl Species with Major Segments of Their Population Dependent . .10-16 on Areas Wmhin and Adjacent to the North Aleutian Basin Table 10-3 Species Regularly Encountered in the Pacific and Nearshore Alaskan . .10-18 Beaufort Sea Table 11-1 Summary of Expenditures for Marine Mammal Studies . 11-2 Table 11-2 Cetacean Sightings in the Georges Bank Region, November . 11-7 1978January 1982 Table 11-3 Species of Whales and Dolphins Sighted during Aerial Surveys in . .11-12 the Gulf of Mexico from July 1989-June 1990 Table 11-4 Checklist of Marine Mammals by Season in the Gulf of Alaska . 11-19 xi 1. Introduction Report Contents Th/s report provides an overview of the first 15 years of the Environmental Studies Program (ESP), conducted initia//y by the Bureau of Land Management and now as part of the Minerals Management Service. From 1973 to 1988, the ESP spent nearly $500 million on studies directd to better understand the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) and coastal environment and to use this information to document or predict effects of offshore oil and gas activities. This report organizes the hundreds of comp/eted studies and thousands of resu/ting documents into 15 study topic chapters. Each chapter (e.g., physical oceanography) cites se/ected studies and provides a general discussion of program objectives and results. Where appropriate, each topic is discussed by OCS Region (A/aska, Atlantic, Gu/f of Mexico, and Pacific). A more comprehensive listing of ESP reports and associated publications can be found in OCSEAP (1988) and Johnson et al. (1989). The goal of this report is to provide readers with a genera/ account of the ESP’S technics/ accomplishments and sources of detailed information. To understand the ES~ howeve~ it is necessaty to p/ace this program in perspective with the entire OCS oil and gas program. The rest of his chapter provides background on the history of the ES~ the OCS leasing process, and the planning processes and ongoing objectives of the ES/? Origins of the Minerals Management Service The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act development with protection of the human, (OCSIA) of 1953 (67 Stat.
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