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Geopolitical Traditions: a Century of Geopolotical Thought

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Geopolitical Traditions: a Century of Geopolotical Thought GEOPOLITICAL TRADITIONS Condemned as an intellectual poison by the late American geographer Richard Hartshorne, geopolitics has confounded its critics. Today it remains a popular and important intellectual field despite the persistent allegations that geopolitics helped to legitimate Hitler’s policies of spatial expansionism and the domination of place. Using insights from critical geopolitics and cultural history, the contributors focus on how geopolitics has been created, negotiated and contested within a variety of intellectual and popular contexts. Geopolitical Traditions argues that geopolitics has to take responsibility for the past while at the same time reconceptualizing geopolitics in a manner which accounts for the dramatic changes in the late twentieth century. The book is divided into three sections: first ‘Rethinking Geopolitical Histories’ concentrates on how geopolitical conversations between European scholars and the wider world unfolded; second ‘Geopolitics, Nation and Spirituality’ considers how geopolitical writings have been strongly influenced by religious iconography and doctrine, with examples drawn from Catholicism, Judaism and Hinduism; and third ‘Reclaiming and Refocusing Geopolitics’ contemplates how geopolitics has been reformulated in the post-war period with illustrations from France and the United States. Geopolitical Traditions brings together scholars working in a variety of disciplines and locations in order to explore a hundred years of geopolitical thought. Klaus Dodds is Lecturer in Human Geography at Royal Holloway, University of London, and David Atkinson is Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Hull. CRITICAL GEOGRAPHIES Edited by Tracey Skelton, Lecturer in International Studies, Nottingham Trent University, and Gill Valentine, Professor of Geography, The University of Sheffield. This series offers cutting-edge research organized into four themes of concepts, scale, transformations and work. It is aimed at upper-level undergraduates, research students and academics, and will facilitate inter-disciplinary engagement between geography and other social sciences. It provides a forum for the innovative and vibrant debates which span the broad spectrum of this discipline. 1. MIND AND BODY SPACES Geographies of illness, impairment and disability Edited by Ruth Butler and Hester Parr 2. EMBODIED GEOGRAPHIES Spaces, bodies and rites of passage Edited by Elizabeth Kenworthy leather 3. LEISURE/TOURISM GEOGRAPHIES Practices and geographical knowledge Edited by David Crouch 4. CLUBBING Dancing, ecstasy, vitality Ben Malbon 5. ENTANGLEMENTS OF POWER Geographies of domination/resistance Edited by Joanne Sharp, Paul Routledge, Chris Philo and Ronan Paddison 6. DE-CENTRING SEXUALITIES Politics and representations beyond the metropolis Edited by Richard Phillips, Diane Watt and David Shuttleton 7. GEOPOLITICAL TRADITIONS A century of geopolitical thought Edited by Klaus Dodds and David Atkinson 8. CHILDREN’S GEOGRAPHIES Playing, living, learning Edited by Sarah L.Holloway and Gill Valentine 9. THINKING SPACE Edited by Mike Crang and Nigel Thrift 10. ANIMAL SPACES, BEASTLY PLACES New geographies of human—animal relations Edited by Chris Philo and Chris Wilbert GEOPOLITICAL TRADITIONS A century of geopolitical thought Edited by Klaus Dodds and David Atkinson London and New York First published 2000 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 2000 Edited by Klaus Dodds and David Atkinson All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Geopolitical traditions: a century of geopolitical thought Klaus Dodds and David Atkinson 408 pp. 15.6×23.4 cm Includes bibliographical references and index 1. Geopolitics. I. Dodds, Klaus. II. Atkinson, David, 1969– JC319.G483 2000 327.1’09’04 21–dc21 99–044347 ISBN 0-203-44911-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-75735-1 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-17248-9 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-17249-7 (pbk) CONTENTS List of figures ix List of tables x List of contributors xi Preface xiv 1 Introduction to geopolitical traditions: a century of geopolitical thought 1 DAVID ATKINSON AND KLAUS DODDS PART 1 Rethinking geopolitical histories 25 2 Fin de siècle, fin du monde? On the origins of European geopolitics, 1890–1920 27 MICHAEL HEFFERNAN 3 The construction of geopolitical images: the world according to Biggles (and other fictional characters) 52 ANDREW KIRBY 4 Japanese geopolitics in the 1930s and 1940s 72 KEIICHITAKEUCHI 5 Geopolitical imaginations in modern Italy 93 DAVID ATKINSON 6 Iberian geopolitics 118 JAMES DERRICK SIDAWAY 7 Geopolitics and the geographical imagination of Argentina 150 KLAUS DODDS vii CONTENTS PART 2 Geopolitics, nation and spirituality 185 8 Spiritual geopolitics: Fr. Edmund Walsh and Jesuit anti-communism 187 GEARÓID Ó TUATHAIL (GERARD TOAL) 9 Representing post-colonial India: inclusive/exclusive geopolitical imaginations 211 SANJAY CHATURVEDI PART 3 Reclaiming and refocusing geopolitics 237 10 Hérodote and the French Left 239 PAUL CLAVAL 11 Géopolitiques de Gauche: Yves Lacoste, Hérodote and French radical geopolitics 268 LESLIE W.HEPPLE 12 Citizenship, identity and location: the changing discourse of Israeli geopolitics 302 DAVID NEWMAN 13 Refiguring geopolitics: the Reader’s Digest and popular geographies of danger at the end of the Cold War 332 JOANNE SHARP 14 Toward a green geopolitics: politicizing ecology at the Worldwatch Institute 353 TIMOTHY W.LUKE EPILOGUE Futures and possibilities 373 15 Geopolitics, political geography and social science 375 PETER J.TAYLOR 16 It’s the little things 380 NIGEL THRIFT Index 388 viii FIGURES 2.1 Mackinder’s Heartlands, 1904–1919 35 2.2 Mackinder’s Divide 37 2.3 Mackinder’s Buffers 38 2.4 Partsch’s Mitteleuropa 43 4.1 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 85 4.2 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere with Japan in the centre 86 5.1 Pan-American isolationism 105 5.2 Limes—an Italian geopolitical review, ‘for understanding the world as it is’ 109 6.1 ‘Portugal is not a small country’ 123 6.2 ‘Portugal and the Atlantic circulation’ 129 6.3 ‘Portugal and the defence of Africa’ 130 6.4 ‘Portugese strategic triangle’ 138 6.5 ‘Lines of navigation’ 138 7.1 Boundaries of the Viceroyalty of the River Plate 153 7.2 Geopolitical projections of Argentine air traffic and flows of communism 162 7.3 Cartographic image of tri-continental Argentina 165 9.1 ‘Not one of us’ 231 11.1 The Wiaz cartoon of Herodotus used on the title page of Hérodote since the 1970s 275 11.2 Lacoste’s diagram showing how ‘geographical reasoning’ relates different scales and levels of spatial analysis 280 ix TABLES 13.1 Reader’s Digest articles concerned with themes of danger and American identity, 1986–1994 339 x CONTRIBUTORS David Atkinson teaches Geography at the University of Hull. His research interests revolve around the histories of geographical knowledge, and the historical, cultural and political geographies of modern Italy and Italian Africa. Sanjay Chaturvedi is Reader in Political Science at the Centre for the Study of Geopolitics at the Panjab University, Chandigarh. He is author of The Dawning of Antarctica (Segment Books 1990) and The Polar Regions: A Political Geography (John Wiley 1996) and was a Leverhulme Research Fellow at the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge between 1992 and 1995. Paul Claval was Professor of Geography at the Sorbonne. He taught there for the last twenty five years and specialized in the history of geographical thought which led him to explore the various components of human geography: social, economic, urban, regional, cultural and political. His latest book La Géographie française depuis 1870 (French Geography Since 1870) was published by Nathan in 1998. Klaus Dodds is Lecturer in Geography at Royal Holloway, University of London. He is author of Geopolitics in Antarctica: Views from the Southern Oceanic Rim (John Wiley 1997) and Geopolitics in a Changing World (Longman 2000). His research interests include critical geopolitics and the international politics of Antarctica and the Falklands/Malvinas. At present, he is involved in a Leverhulme Trust funded project on the ‘Falklands/Malvinas in a Changing World’. Michael Heffernan is Professor of Geography at the University of Nottingham. He has taught at the Universities of Cambridge, Loughborough and at UCLA. In 1999–2000 he was Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow at the Geographisches Institut in the Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg. His research examines the politics of geographical knowledge, the role of geography in the construction of political identities and the relationship between geography and memory. His most recent book is The Meaning of xi CONTRIBUTORS Europe: Geography andGeopolitics (Arnold 1998) and is currently working on a volume entitled The Politics of Geography. Leslie W.Hepple is Senior Lecturer (and Director of the M.Sc. programme ‘Society and Space’) in Geography
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