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L'estado Da Índia Sandrine Bègue La Fin de Goa et de l’Estado da Índia : Décolonisation et Guerre Froide dans le Sous-Continent Indien (1945-1962) Volume II colecção BIBLIOTECA DIPLOMÁTICA 709 Biblioteca Diplomática Série D: Teses Conselho Editorial Presidente: Professor Doutor Armando Marques Guedes Professor Doutor João Amador Embaixador Leonardo Mathias Professor Doutor Nuno Piçarra General José Luís Pinto Ramalho Professor Doutor António de Vasconcelos Saldanha 710 LA FIN DE GOA ET DE L’ESTADO DA ÍNDIA colecção BIBLIOTECA DIPLOMÁTICA Sandrine Bègue La Fin de Goa et de l’Estado da Índia : Décolonisation et Guerre Froide dans le Sous-Continent Indien (1945-1962) Directeur de thèse : Monsieur Jacques Weber Volume II Jury M. Singaravelou M. A. Dias Farinha M. M.-J. Zins Mme D. Couto M. M. Catala colecção BIBLIOTECA DIPLOMÁTICA 711 Ficha técnica Título La Fin de Goa et de l’Estado da Índia : Décolonisation et Guerre Froide dans le Sous-Continent Indien (1945-1962) – Volume II Autor Sandrine Bègue Coordenação Editorial IDI - MNE Edição Colecção Biblioteca Diplomática do MNE – Série D Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros, Portugal Design Gráfico Risco, S.A. Paginação, Impressão e Acabamento Europress, Lda. Tiragem 1000 exemplares Data Maio de 2007 Depósito Legal 257988/07 ISBN 978-972-9245-55-8 712 LA FIN DE GOA ET DE L’ESTADO DA ÍNDIA Table des Matières VOLUME II Chapitre VIII : Une Autogestion Fragile 721 1. L’intégration renforcée de l’Estado da Índia dans la communauté lusotropicale 721 Le «nouveau» statut de Goa selon Salazar 721 Les efforts d’investissements portugais pour le développement de Goa 740 Les mesures de contournement du blocus indien 743 La bataille de l’éducation : empêcher l’exode de la jeunesse goanaise vers l’Inde 756 2. Une dangereuse insularité 761 Le nouveau souffle de l’opposition bourgeoise à Goa 762 Le mécontentement de l’émigration goanaise d’Afrique 770 Le ralliement à l’Inde des Goanais du Kenya 773 L’accentuation des pressions sur l’émigration goanaise de Bombay 785 Les réseaux d’espionnage 797 Un gouverneur de l’Estado da Índia quasi-autonome 803 3. Le satyagraha du 15 août 1955 806 Les ambiguïtés de Nehru 806 Les faiblesses de la défense portugaise 818 L’ébullition médiatique 826 Les pressions internationales sur Nehru : Bandung et la Chine 833 Un bilan sanglant 838 Une crise du Parti du Congrès 846 Chapitre IX : Le Déclin des Positions Portugaises 853 1. Une tribune internationale pour Goa 853 L’embarras anglais et américain 853 Le Portugal à l’ONU : impéralisme contre colonialisme 861 Les prises de position dans la guerre froide 866 Le Cachemire et Goa, même combat ? 875 Ennemis, par nations interposées 881 colecção BIBLIOTECA DIPLOMÁTICA 713 2. Une situation interne chaotique 885 Le mécontentement croissant de la population goanaise 885 Les provinces du Nord après Dadra et Nagar Aveli : une lente décomposition 893 Des forces armées en déroute 901 La question des prisonniers politiques à Goa 907 Le travail d’inspection à Goa du représentant égyptien, Abdul Khader Khalil 912 A Bombay, une communauté goanaise sans protection diplomatique 920 Le déclin de l’Eglise goanaise 922 3. Entre exaspération et impatience 924 Un colonialisme portugais de moins en moins fréquentable 924 Une opposition indienne désorientée 928 Nehru et l’opposition goanaise de Bombay : l’heure des comptes 932 L’intensification de l’action terroriste 936 Le durcissement du blocus 939 La poursuite raisonnable d’une solution pacifique 946 Conclusion : Goa, république des aldeias 951 Troisième Partie : Goa dans la Tourmente de la Décolonisation (1958-1962) Introduction 957 Chapitre X : Une Pression Nationaliste Resserrée (1958-1960) 959 1. Goa sous état d’urgence 959 L’affaire Casimiro Monteiro 959 Vassalo e Silva, chef militaire aux ambitions civiles pour Goa 966 Une colonie divisée 978 L’inquiétante réouverture des frontières goanaises 987 2. Goa et l’Afrique 989 Le Dr Gaitonde, à la tribune des nations afro-asiatiques 989 Le déclin de la politique coloniale portugaise en Afrique 991 Le rapport de force entre le Portugal et les Nations unies 995 3. Le procès de La Haye, arbitre du conflit luso-indien ? 997 Dadra et Nagar Aveli : état des lieux 997 Préliminaires du procès et principaux acteurs 1003 La défense portugaise et la légitimation de l’Histoire 1010 714 LA FIN DE GOA ET DE L’ESTADO DA ÍNDIA La défense indienne et les nouvelles règles d’un Etat indépendant 1016 Un jugement sans vainqueur ni vaincu 1029 Chapitre XI : L’Isolement Progressif du Portugal sur la Scène Internationale 1041 1. 1961, année de crise pour la politique coloniale portugaise 1041 Le régime salazariste ébranlé 1041 La condamnation américaine du colonialisme 1048 2. Les pressions sur Nehru pour une intervention militaire 1058 Nehru, un obstacle à la résolution du cas goanais ? 1058 La conférence de Belgrade (septembre 1961) et le séminaire sur les colonies portugaises (Delhi-Bombay, octobre 1961) 1063 Le conflit sino-indien (1959-1962), un défi au non-alignement 1070 3. L’action diplomatique portugaise de la dernière chance 1073 Le Portugal tente de mobiliser l’ONU 1073 Trouver le soutien américain 1081 Goa, rejetée par le Saint-Siège 1089 Chapitre XII : La Chute de Goa 1093 1. L’offensive militaire indienne 1093 Prévoir ses otages 1093 Une colonie démilitarisée, livrée à la grâce de Dieu 1096 L’appel au sacrifice de Salazar 1112 Opération Vijay contre opération Sentinelle 1123 Une capitulation portugaise inévitable 1136 Une démonstration de force 1143 2. Les réactions internationales 1146 Le veto soviétique et la crise de l’ONU 1146 La condamnation unanime de la presse occidentale 1155 Les applaudissements du monde afro-asiatique 1161 3. «Orgueilleusement seuls» 1168 Une chute réécrite par la censure portugaise 1168 La «trahison» des alliés et de l’ONU 1171 L’honneur préservé du Portugal 1178 Une souveraineté indienne reniée 1180 L’incorrigible constance du salazarisme 1183 colecção BIBLIOTECA DIPLOMÁTICA 715 Chapitre XIII : L’après 18 Décembre 1961 1189 1. L’amertume de l’intégration 1189 Un réveil douloureux pour les Goanais 1189 L’intégration administrative et économique 1195 Mgr Alvernaz, dernier représentant du Portugal à Goa 1198 Lutter contre l’absorption 1207 Le refus de la défaite 1213 2. La répression salazariste 1216 Une attente éprouvante 1216 Un rapatriement presque marchandé 1222 Punir et récompenser 1230 Conclusion 1239 Conclusion Générale 1245 Une résistance portugaise organisée 1245 Une affirmation identitaire goanaise étouffée par les enjeux internationaux 1249 La force du pragmatisme politique 1252 Postface 1257 Chronologie 1259 Biographies Sélectives 1269 Annexes Annexe I : Liste des gouverneurs généraux de l’Estado da Índia sous le régime salazariste 1275 Annexe II : Liste des ministres de l’Estado Novo 1276 Annexe III : Liste des ambassadeurs et consuls portugais 1278 Annexe IV : Liste des principaux partis goanais d’opposition 1281 Annexe V : Publication de l’Acte colonial en 1933 1283 Etat des Sources 1285 Les archives 1285 Les sources publiées 1353 Bibliographie 1367 Instruments de travail 1367 Colonisation et décolonisation 1370 Le Portugal salazariste et son Empire colonial 1372 L’Inde 1376 L’Estado da Índia 1378 Biographies 1386 Glossaire 1389 716 LA FIN DE GOA ET DE L’ESTADO DA ÍNDIA VOLUME I Table des Cartes et Illustrations 13 Table des Sigles 15 Prefácio 17 Remerciements 21 Introduction Générale 25 Principales problématiques 25 Articulation du sujet 30 Traits principaux de l’historiographie portugaise et des archives 34 Première Partie : L’Emergence de la Question Goanaise (1945-1953) Introduction 41 Chapitre I : L’Estado da Índia à la Veille de l’Indépendance Indienne (1945-1947) 45 1. Le milieu 45 Cadre historique, géographique et administratif 45 L’économie goanaise 51 2. Les hommes 55 Démographie et peuplement 55 Sociétés et identités goanaises : le respect des castes 57 Les réalités de l’héritage portugais à Goa 66 La diaspora goanaise 76 Religion : la restauration du Padroado d’Orient 80 3. L’administration de l’Estado da Índia en 1945 100 L’Acte colonial et la centralisation métropolitaine 100 L’inadaptation du ministère des Colonies 104 Le gouverneur général 111 Les différents organes 116 La réforme administrative de José Bossa 122 L’armée et la police 125 Chapitre II : Les Faiblesses de L’Estado da Índia 129 1. Les revendications des élites goanaises 129 Une opposition aux racines libérales 129 Peut-on parler d’une opposition goanaise ? 136 colecção BIBLIOTECA DIPLOMÁTICA 717 Les opposants de Bombay 150 Pour la décentralisation 153 Une demande de statut 158 Entre méfiance et prudence 162 2. La timidité des réformes 171 Une politique coloniale impériale 171 L’éviction de José Bossa 175 L’impossible décentralisation 184 Une économie souterraine 192 3. La défense de Goa 198 La militarisation de la colonie 198 Ses insuffisances 206 Chapitre III : Les Origines du Conflit Luso-Indien (1947-1950) 219 1. L’indépendance indienne et ses conséquences 219 Rester coûte que coûte : position et arguments du Portugal 219 L’avertissement de Krishna Menon 228 Les manœuvres portugaises : Hyderabad 234 Le calme relatif de l’Estado da Índia 242 2. Les premiers litiges 246 Mendonça Dias, un gouverneur général contesté 246 L’exposition Goa à Bombay 255 Les coups d’épingle des Indiens : Mrs Pandit à Goa 264 La question du plébiscite 267 La revendication indienne du 27 février 1950 278 3. La position des puissances 285 Le Portugal, un pion essentiel pour l’Alliance atlantique 285 L’alliance anglaise 287 Le Pakistan au secours du Portugal ? 294 Chapitre IV : La Lutte contre le Padroado (1950-1953) 301 1. La chute du Padroado 301 Le spectre de l’anti-catholicisme en Inde 301 Rome et le Padroado : une vieille rivalité 306 Un Padroado contesté 314 Réalité de l’influence politique et religieuse du Padroado dans ses diocèses indiens 341 L’accord de redélimitation du Padroado et de l’archidiocèse de Goa 351 718 LA FIN DE GOA ET DE L’ESTADO DA ÍNDIA 2.
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