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Microbiological and Physicochemical Water Quality Assessments of River Water in an Industrial Region of the Northwest Coast of Borneo

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Microbiological and Physicochemical Water Quality Assessments of River Water in an Industrial Region of the Northwest Coast of Borneo water Article Microbiological and Physicochemical Water Quality Assessments of River Water in an Industrial Region of the Northwest Coast of Borneo Sui S. Leong 1,* , Johan Ismail 1, Nurdiyana A. Denil 1, Shahrul R. Sarbini 2, Wafri Wasli 1 and Arlene Debbie 1 1 Department of Animal Sciences and Fishery, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia; [email protected] (J.I.); [email protected] (N.A.D.); [email protected] (W.W.); [email protected] (A.D.) 2 Department of Crop Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +608-685-5822 Received: 23 July 2018; Accepted: 6 October 2018; Published: 14 November 2018 Abstract: Urbanization and ever increasing socioeconomic activities have degraded natural resources globally. This study monitored water quality (WQI) based on physicochemical and microbial qualities of river water in an industrial region northwest coast of Borneo. Microbiological parameters tested included total viable count (TVC), coliform count (TC), faecal coliform count (FC), and Escherichia coli confirmation. Physicochemical constituents evaluated included water temperatures (T), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS). The mean microbial counts of samples were: TVC (3.9 × 102–3.0 × 104 cfu mL−1), TC and FC (23–>1600 MPN 100 mL−1) (MPN: the most probable number) and Escherichia coli growth was confirmed. The mean values of pH, TDS, salinity, EC and BOD are significantly different (p < 0.05) between the rivers ranged: pH (5.05 ± 0.03–6.10 ± 0.10), TDS (0.0 ± 0.0–38,600 ± 50 mg L−1), salinity (0.01 ± 0.0–3.07 ± 0.07%), −1 −1 EC (650 ± 25–19,566.67 ± 251.66 µS cm ), and BOD (0.23 ± 0.10–3.12 ± 0.02 mgO2 L ). The tested parameters of samples exceeded international limits with the exception of COD and TSS. The WQI of river water tested ranged from 65–73 under class III. Most of the river water was slightly polluted and a potential threat to public health. Keywords: river; physiochemical; microbial; water quality; Borneo 1. Introduction Water is the most crucial natural resource for life and is used virtually for all the human needs on Earth. Human population growth, pollution, expanding industrializing economies, the need for increased agricultural production, water-related disasters, and climate change are some of the key reasons for the shortage of clean water resources across Asia. Many rivers in Asia are highly polluted with domestic waste. Many of the region’s rivers contain up to three times the world average of human waste derived bacteria (measured in faecal coliform, or FC) [1]. Agricultural pollution has resulted in high nutrient levels that cause eutrophication, algal blooms that severely damage freshwater ecosystems and hinder their provision of vital environmental services to humans. Industrial pollution levels as indicated by BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) emissions are highest in some Central and Northeast Asian countries, followed by Southeast Asian countries. Major sources of pollution are industries producing metals, paper and pulp, textiles, and food and beverages. More than 60% of Water 2018, 10, 1648; doi:10.3390/w10111648 www.mdpi.com/journal/water Water 2018, 10, 1648 2 of 12 humans in Asia do not have a secure water supply piped to their houses. The Asia-Pacific region is facingWater acute 2018, 10 water, x FOR shortages PEER REVIEW and many countries, particularly developing countries, lack reliably2 of clean 12 water. Malaysia, South Korea, Japan, and Singapore, which still have the building capacities to secure waterregion for is human facing use,acute are water listed shortages under level and 3many of the countries, National particularly Water Security developing Index. countries, The region lack faces reliably clean water. Malaysia, South Korea, Japan, and Singapore, which still have the building ongoing serious water quality problems that contribute to freshwater scarcity, ill-health, and even capacities to secure water for human use, are listed under level 3 of the National Water Security Index. deaths. Water quality is continuing to decline and insufficient efforts are being made to monitor and The region faces ongoing serious water quality problems that contribute to freshwater scarcity, ill‐ remedy pollution. health, and even deaths. Water quality is continuing to decline and insufficient efforts are being made Prakash [2] estimated that about 71% of the Earth is covered by oceans with 1386 million to monitor and remedy pollution. cubic kilometresPrakash [2] volume estimated of that water about where 71% onlyof the about Earth 2%is covered of the earthby oceans water with supply 1386 million to human cubic and otherkilometres activities. volume The of majority water where of the only potable about water 2% of is the obtained earth water from rain-fedsupply to rivers human [3 ].and Rivers other are vulnerableactivities. freshwater The majority systems of the potable that support water life. is obtained They are from conduits rain‐fed of rivers vital significance [3]. Rivers are over vulnerable the world, givingfreshwater principle systems water that resources support to life. local, They industrial, are conduits and agriculturalof vital significance purposes over [4]. the They world, also giving function toprinciple maintain water soil fertility, resources wildlife to local, conservation, industrial, and and agricultural development purposes of forest [4]. They resources also function [5]. They to are importantmaintain transportation soil fertility, wildlife routes in conservation, some rural parts and ofdevelopment Borneo. of forest resources [5]. They are importantIndustrialization, transportation urbanization, routes in some and ever-increasing rural parts of Borneo. economic activity have continued to degrade and polluteIndustrialization, natural resources urbanization, worldwide and [6]. ever The‐ Malaysianincreasing Environmentaleconomic activity Quality have Act continued (EQA) defines to pollutiondegrade as and indirect pollute or directnatural changes resources to physical,worldwide chemical, [6]. The or Malaysian biological Environmental components of Quality environments Act due(EQA) to release defines or pollution production as indirect of waste or direct harmful changes to health to physical, and safety chemical, of citizens, or biological to any components living things inof water, environments or against due the to rules release of or the production act. River of pollution waste harmful seems to to health be the and largest safety threat of citizens, to the to various any livingliving organism. things in River water, pollution or against indirectly the rules influencesof the act. River the tourism, pollution but seems not as to severely be the largest as contaminated threat to waterthe various being consumed living organism. by humans, River pollution especially indirectly in rural influences Borneo. Thus,the tourism, declining but not river as waterseverely quality as threatenscontaminated the sustainability water being of consumed human activities by humans, and the especially environment, in rural and Borneo. is a major Thus, factor declining contributing river towater human quality concerns threatens about the the sustainability environment. of In human Borneo, activities deforestation, and the lodgings, environment, and plantationsand is a major have factor contributing to human concerns about the environment. In Borneo, deforestation, lodgings, worsened the situation since the early 1970s (See Figure1). Most pollutants originated from the and plantations have worsened the situation since the early 1970s (See Figure 1). Most pollutants wastewater drained from factories, livestock farming, plantations, and dwellings. Rapid population originated from the wastewater drained from factories, livestock farming, plantations, and dwellings. growth, land development, urbanization, industrialization, agricultural production, and numerous Rapid population growth, land development, urbanization, industrialization, agricultural other socioeconomic activities that occur in and around river basins [7] further threaten the health production, and numerous other socioeconomic activities that occur in and around river basins [7] offurther river ecosystems. threaten the Thehealth World of river Wide ecosystems. Fund (WWF) The World Malaysia Wide reported Fund (WWF) urbanization Malaysia as reported the main contributorurbanization to theas the increase main incontributor water pollution to the increase problems in inwater the pollution form of sedimentation, problems in the solid form waste, of rubbish,sedimentation, and organic solid pollution. waste, rubbish, and organic pollution. FigureFigure 1. 1.(A ()A Total) Total deforestation deforestation (18.7 (18.7 Mha) Mha) and and remaining remaining old-growth old‐growth and and selectively-loggedselectively‐logged forest in Decemberin December 2015; 2015; (B) The(B) The expansion expansion of industrialof industrial oil-palm oil‐palm plantations plantations (7.8 (7.8 Mha); Mha); ( C(C)) The The expansionexpansion of industrialof industrial pulpwood pulpwood plantations plantations (1.3 (1.3 Mha) Mha) in Borneoin Borneo [8]. [8]. HealthyHealthy aquatic aquatic ecosystemsecosystems areare supportedsupported by
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