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Weißdorne Aus Wikipedia, Der Freien Enzyklopädie Weißdorne aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Die Weißdorne (Crataegus) sind eine Gattung von Sträuchern oder kleinen Bäumen der Kernobstgewächse Weißdorne (Pyrinae) innerhalb der Familie der Rosengewächse (Rosaceae). Es gibt 200 bis 300 Arten in den gemäßigten Klimazonen der Nordhalbkugel. Der Verbreitungsschwerpunkt liegt in Nordamerika, insbesondere im östlichen Nordamerika. In Europa werden etwa 22 Arten unterschieden, in Deutschland drei, deren Unterschiede zumeist nur von Fachleuten wahrgenommen werden. Da die Arten innerhalb der einzelnen Regionen leicht miteinander bastardieren, ist eine sichere Bestimmung schwierig. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Namensgebung 2 Beschreibung 3 Systematik 3.1 Das Crataegus-Problem 3.2 Taxonomie nach morphologischen Merkmalen 3.3 Kladistische Taxonomie 4 Der Weißdorn in Mitteleuropa 4.1 Mitteleuropäische Arten 4.2 Beschreibung Zweigriffeliger Weißdorn (Crataegus laevigata) 5 Ökologie 6 Verwendung Systematik 6.1 Verwendung von Früchten, Blüten, Blättern Ordnung: Rosenartige (Rosales) und Holz Familie: Rosengewächse (Rosaceae) 6.2 Verwendung als Gehölz 6.3 Verwendung in der Medizin Unterfamilie: Maloideae (Phytotherapie) Tribus: Pyreae 7 Mythologie Untertribus: Kernobstgewächse (Pyrinae) 8 Artenliste Gattung: Weißdorne 9 Siehe auch 10 Weblinks Wissenschaftlicher Name 11 Quellen und weiterführende Literatur Crataegus 11.1 Literatur L. 11.2 Weblinks 11.3 Einzelnachweise Namensgebung Der deutsche Name Weißdorn weist entweder auf die weißen Blüten des besonders im Freistand üppig blühenden Strauchs und die vorhandenen Sprossdornen[1] oder auf die helle Rinde im Gegensatz zur Schwarzdorn genannten Schlehe hin.[2] Der botanische Name Crataegus ist vermutlich auf die alte Bezeichnung für die mittelmeerländische Weißdornart Azaroldorn (Crataegus azarolus) zurückzuführen, die früher von den Griechen krataigos genannt wurde. Das altgriechische krataiós bedeutet „stark“ oder „fest“ und bezieht sich auf das harte Holz dieser Pflanze. Neben der zum wissenschaftlichen Standard gewordenen Bezeichnung Weißdorn gibt es landläufig eine Vielzahl von anderen deutschen Namen wie Hagedorn, Heckendorn, Weißheckdorn; regional auch Christdorn, Hagapfel, Hagäpfli, Heinzelmännerchen, Mehlbeerbaum, Mehlbeere (nicht zu verwechseln mit den eigentlichen Mehlbeeren (Sorbus spec.)), Mehldorn, Mehlkübeli, Mehlfässel, Mehlfässl, Mehlfässchen, Mehlwieken, Wibelken, Wubbelken, Wyßdorn, Zaundorn. Alle diese Namen beziehen sich auf die einheimischen Arten. Hag leitet sich dabei etymologisch von Hag (von einem von Hecken umstandenen Gelände) ab. Rotblühende Exemplare werden landläufig – besonders im Gartenbau – auch Rotdorn genannt. Man begegnet ihnen in letzter Zeit seltener, auch Weißdorn im Winter weil sie gelegentlich von Feuerbrand befallen wurden. Beschreibung Als Gattung sind Weißdorne vergleichsweise einheitlich und einfach zu bestimmen. Weißdorne finden sich in den gemäßigten Klimazonen der Nordhalbkugel in Wäldern und Gebüschen, kultiviert auch in Parks und Gärten. Sie sind sommergrüne Sträucher oder kleine, rundkronige Bäume, die dicht verzweigt und normalerweise dornig sind. Ihre Rinde ist glatt, grün-braun bis dunkelbraun und im Alter schuppig-rissig. Die Stämme alter Bäume sind oft spannrückig (mit Längswülsten und Blühender Weißdorn im Frühling Furchen versehen – „muskelbepackt“). Ihr Holz ist hart und schwer. Die wechselständigen Blätter sind häufig auffällig gesägt, tief eingeschnitten oder gebuchtet. Die auffälligen weißen, seltener rosa oder roten Blüten stehen in Doldenrispen; die Einzelblüten sind 0,7 bis 2,5 Zentimeter breit. Die meist „Beeren“ genannten, kleinen Apfelfrüchte sind 0,7 bis 2,0 Zentimeter groß und normalerweise rot oder orange, bei einigen Arten blau, schwarz oder gelb. Sie enthalten einen bis fünf aneinandergeballte Steinkerne. Ihr Fruchtfleisch ist meist trocken und mehlig, nur bei wenigen Arten auch saftig. Die einzelnen Arten sind dagegen sehr schwer zu unterscheiden, da sie sich zum einen in viele Unterarten und Varietäten aufspalten (Sippenbildung), zwischen denen es wiederum Übergangsformen gibt, und zum anderen sämtliche Arten – zumindest innerhalb der einzelnen Regionen – leicht und oft miteinander bastardieren. Je nach Zählung kann sich so die in Beschreibungen der Gattung angegebene Zahl der Arten bis auf ein Mehrfaches des oben angegebenen Zahlenbereichs von 200 bis 300 steigern. Weißdornblüten Systematik Die externe systematische Einordnung der Gattung Weißdorn ist vergleichsweise unumstritten; für Details siehe in der Taxobox am Anfang des Artikels. Als sehr schwierig hat sich dagegen die innere systematische Aufteilung der Gattung erwiesen, was in den 1940er Jahren W. H. Camp zur Schöpfung des Begriffs „Crataegus-Problem“ veranlasste. Das Crataegus-Problem Die verschiedenen Pflanzengattungen haben unterschiedliche Neigungen, sich zu kreuzen. Ausgeprägt ist diese Neigung bei vielen Gattungen der Rosenartigen und bei diesen wiederum besonders beim Weißdorn. Unterschiedliche Weißdornarten, die miteinander in Kontakt kommen, kreuzen sich auch ohne menschliche Nachhilfe leicht; das trifft auch für Arten aus weit voneinander entfernten Regionen zu. Aus einer Kreuzung hervorgegangene Weißdornexemplare sind häufig Früchte des Weißdorns polyploid statt diploid. So finden sich beispielsweise in Mitteleuropa von allen sechs im entsprechenden Abschnitt beschriebenen Arten diploide Exemplare; Funde von polyploiden Exemplaren sind für Crataegus macrocarpa HEGETSCHW., C. monogyna JACQ., C. rhipidophylla GAND. und C. subsphaericea GAND. beschrieben. Polyploide Weißdorne wiederum pflanzen sich häufig apomiktisch durch Agamospermie fort, so dass alle Nachkommen genetisch identische Klone der Mutterpflanze sind. Bei der Benennung von Arten führt das zu einer Vielzahl von Problemen. So können sich als eigenständig angesehene Arten zum Beispiel als einzelne Kreuzungsexemplare erweisen oder als Klon-Populationen oder als Varianten einer anderen Art, die durch Einkreuzung und anschließende Selektierung erworbene artfremde Merkmale besitzt. Eine Überprüfung ist häufig schwierig. Einzelne Kreuzungsexemplare lassen sich durch Vermehrung und damit verbunden für gefestigte Arten nicht zu erwartende Merkmalsaufspaltung entlarven; seriöse Botaniker beschreiben mittlerweile auch keine neuen Arten nur anhand von Einzelnachweisen. Für Klon-Populationen und für gefestigte, durch Merkmals-Einkreuzung entstandene Unterarten, sind diese Methoden nicht geeignet. Beide Varianten pflanzen sich merkmalsrein fort und beide bilden oft größere Populationen. Ein Hinweis kann die begrenzte Verbreitung einer Population sein (so genannte Mikroarten), das ist jedoch weder als Ausschluss- noch als Einschlusskriterium eindeutig: Zum einen kann auch eine eigenständige Art nur begrenzt verbreitet sein, zum anderen werden beispielsweise in Nordamerika Klon- Stämme des Crataegus crus-galli L. mit großem Verbreitungsgebiet beschrieben. Diese Umstände führen zu großen Unsicherheiten sowohl bei der Unterteilung der Gattung in Sektionen, als auch bei der Bestimmung von Arten. Bis etwa 1920 neigten die Botaniker dazu, Zweifelsfälle als eigenständige Arten zu beschreiben. Mit dem Auftauchen von Hinweisen auf Hybridisierung und Polyploidie setzte dann ein Umdenken ein, das zu einer Überprüfung und starken Reduzierung der akzeptierten Arten führte. Die Ergebnisse sind nach wie vor stark umstritten. Am häufigsten finden sich nun Artenzahlen von um die 200; die Bandbreite der angegebenen Artenzahl reicht jedoch von 100 bis 1000. Verbesserte Ergebnisse dürften nun hauptsächlich noch durch genetische Vergleiche erreicht werden. Taxonomie nach morphologisch en Merkmalen In der traditionellen Taxonomie wird die Gattung Weißdorn in ungefähr 15 Sektionen und diese wiederum in eine Vielzahl von Serien unterteilt. Die folgende Systematik des Weißdorns folgt N. Talent[3], der sich bei der Erstellung seiner Systematik wiederum an James Bird Phipps et al. und Knud Ib Christensen orientierte. Traditionelle Taxonomie Gattung Sektion oder Nothosektion Serie oder Nothoserie Art (Auswahl) Crataegus Mexicanae Mexicanae mexicana D. C. Henryanae scabrifolia (FRANCH.) REHDER Parvifoliae uniflora MÜNCHH. Crataegus Crataegus caucasica K. KOCH laevigata (POIR.) D. C. macrocarpa HEGETSCHW. media BECHST. monogyna JACQ. rhipidophylla GAND. songarica K. KOCH subsphaericea GAND. Apiifoliae marshallii EGGL. Pentagynae pentagyna WALDST. & KIT. EX WILLD. Azaroli (Orientales + Tanacetifoliae) azarolus L. heldreichii BOISS. orientalis PALL. EX M. BIEB. Pinnatifidae pinnatifida BUNGE Tanacetifoliae (Azaroli — Orientales) Crataegynae (Crataegus × Pentagynae) zangezura Orientaegus (Crataegus × Azaroli) Crataegifoliae (Crataegus × Tanacetifoliae) Orientagynae (Azaroli × Pentagynae) pseudoazarolus POJARK. Tanacetitales (Tanacetifoliae × Azaroli) Sanguineae Nigrae chlorosarca MAXIM. kansuensis E. H. WILSON nigra WALDST. & KIT. Sanguineae sanguinea PALL. Hupehensis Hupehenses hupehensis SARG. shensiensis POJARK. Cuneatae Cuneatae cuneata SIEBOLD & ZUCC. Cordatae Cordatae phaenopyrum (L. F.) MEDIK. Virides Virides nitida (ENGELM.) SARG. Microcarpae Microcarpae spathulata MICHX. Lacrimatae Lacrimatae lacrimata SMALL Aestivales Aestivales aestivalis (WALTER) TORR. & A. GRAY Brevispinae Brevispinae Douglasianae Douglasii douglasii LINDL. suksdorfii (SARG.) KRUSCHKE Crus-galli Crus-galli crus-galli L. persimilis SARG. Punctatae collina CHAPM. punctata JACQ. Coccineae Triflorae triflora CHAPM. Bracteatae Molles mollis SCHEELE submollis SARG. Coccineae holmesiana ASHE pedicellata SARG.
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