E4617 V6 REV

GHPZ

YZ No.3248

Public Disclosure Authorized

Pilot Project of Poverty Reduction through Industrial Development in ’s Contiguous Impoverished Areas in Province

Environmental Impact Assessment Report Public Disclosure Authorized

(Copy for Approval)

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized Administrative Foreign-funded Project Management Center, Poverty Organization Alleviation and Development office of Sichuan Province Institute of Environmental Protection Research of Sichuan Report Prepared by University

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CONTENT CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW ...... 4

1.1 Backgrounds ...... 4 1.2 Conformity Analysis of Project Construction and Related Industrial Policies and Planning ... 7 1.3 Assessment Basis and Standard ...... 21 1.4 Category, Rating, Scope and Period of Assessment...... 40

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT OVERVIEW ...... 47

2.1 Objectives and Investment of Project ...... 47 2.2 Composition and Schedule of Project ...... 47 2.3 Construction Content and Scale of Construction ...... 48 2.4 Construction Standard of Project ...... 53 2.5 Relevant projects and due diligence ...... 55

CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENT AND CURRENT SOCIAL SITUATION ...... 60

3.1 Environmental conditions of the villages covered by the project ...... 60 3.2 Economic conditions of counties covered by the project ...... 71 3.3 Natural protection reserves, cultural relics and historic sites in the project area ...... 72 3.4 Present environmental quality condition ...... 75

CHAPTER 4 PREDICATION AND VALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ...... 84

4.1 Analysis of Construction Period’s Influence on Environment ...... 84 4.2 Analysis of influence on environment during operation period ...... 92

CHAPTER 5 IMPACT ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ...... 101

5.1 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment of Planting Project ...... 101 5.2 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment of Breeding Project ...... 114 5.3 Impact Analysis of Agricultural Product Processing ...... 123 5.4 Resource Carrying Capacity Analysis ...... 129 5.5 Environment Capacity Analysis ...... 135

CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE PLANS ...... 138

6.1 “With and Without Project” Analysis ...... 138 6.2 Comparison and Selection of Irrigation Methods ...... 141 6.3 Comparison of Environmental Impact of Different Planting Patterns ...... 142 6.4 Comparison of Different Approaches to Dispose Animal Feces from Breeding ...... 145

CHAPTER 7 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ...... 149

7.1 Purpose of Public Participation...... 149 7.2 Information Disclosure ...... 149 7.3 Methods and Contents of Public Participation...... 151 7.4 Results of Public Consultation ...... 154 7.5 Summary ...... 159

CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 160 2

8.1 Environmental management institutions and their responsibilities ...... 160 8.2 Mitigation Measures ...... 164 8.3 Training Projects on Environmental Protection ...... 201 8.4 Environmental monitoring plan ...... 204

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 207

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Chapter 1 Overview

1.1 Backgrounds

1.1.1 Project’s Implementation Area and its General Situations 1. Project’s Implementation Area The Project involves 199 administrative villages of 49 townships of 6 counties of 2 cities (prefectures) in Sichuan Province. The specific implementation areas are shown in Table 1.1-1. Table 1.1-1 Project Areas (Cities) and Counties Proje Covered Project Covered Project ct Populati Notes (Names of the Project Areas Townshi Househol Count Villag on Towns and Townships) p ds y e (Person) Telimu Town, Tuojue Town, Lada Liangsh Butuo 6 29 7741 29385 Township, Luogu Township, an Meisa Township Xiangling Township, Mayizu Township, Taoping Township, Mufu Township, Pailai Town, Honglian Township, Lugao Town, Liangsh Jinyan Xiaoyinmu Township, Dexi an 16 36 8830 35300 g Township, Yida Township, Bingdi

Township, Nanwa Township, Siwo Township, Tugou Township, Yimohe Township, Rekejue Township Yiguojue Townshipship, Waxi Township, Longmen Township, Jueluo Township, Jingyetexi Liangsh Meigu 10 52 11779 45818 Township, Nongzuo Township, an Jiukou Township, Luo’eyigan Township, Lamu’ajue Township, Bapu Town Jiefang Township, Sangang Township, Nidi Township, Liangsh Zhaoju 8 42 9864 47900 Wanchang Township, Saladipo an e Township, Sikai Township, Dimo Township, Liuqie Township

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Shuangsha Town, Mati Township, Masi Miao Ethnic Township, Gulin 6 20 12498 57458 Jiaoyuan Township, Baini Township, Shibao Town Chishui Town, Shuiliao Yi Ethnic Xuyon Luzhou 3 20 10613 45600 Township, Shiba Yi Ethnic g Township Total 49 199 61325 261461

2. Project Area’s Characteristics 1) In the project area, there are a large number of poor residents with a high poverty incidence. There are absolute poverty and relative poverty, region-specific poverty and poor population, economy-led poverty and knowledge-led poverty, returning to poverty and new poverty at the same time. 2) The rural human capital is uncompetitive. The residents are of poor physical conditions, of less vocational education and training, of low capacity and quality, and of less participation in social activities. 3) The two project counties under Luzhou City are located in the ranges of Daloushan Mountain and Xueshan Mountain at an altitude of about 700m, while the 4 project counties under Liangshan Prefecture are located in Daliangshan Mountain at an altitude of more than 2000m. Therefore, the natural environment is harsh with frequent natural disasters. 4) Since the project villages lack public services, many residents fell into poverty or relapsed into poverty due to illness and schooling and other issues. 5) With poor infrastructure, the project villages are vulnerable to natural disasters. 6) The large scale industrial development is suffocated because the farm produce are within several varieties, with low technology content and extensive management. 7) The narrow-minded farmers lack self-development ability and awareness to make innovation. 8) The income source is not diversified, the market information acquisition is not smooth, the sale channel for agriculture is narrow, and product brands are not well established. 1.1.2 Project Implementation and Administrative Units In accordance with the innovation in administrative requirements and farmer organization in the Project, the project administrative organization is divided into the project leading system, the project implementation system and the technical support system. Sichuan Province sets up a Project Leading Group (whose responsibility could be taken by the Provincial Leading Group of Poverty Alleviation and Development), while the Foreign Capital Project Management Center of the Province is responsible for the organization and implementation of the Project. The cities (prefectures) and counties involved in the Project set up a Leading Group (which could be taken by the Leading Groups of Poverty Alleviation and Development at city, prefecture and county levels), 5 while the Foreign Capital Project Management Centers at city, prefecture and county levels are responsible for the organization and implementation of the Project. All project townships and towns set up project work stations. Villages set up Project Implementation Teams or Farmer Professional Cooperatives which organize farmers to implement and manage the projects for industry-based poverty alleviation. In sum, a top-down organization and administration network is formed to guarantee the smooth implementation of the Project.

1.2 Conformity Analysis of Project Construction to Related Industrial Policies and Planning

1.2.1 Conformity of the Project to Industrial Policies According to the Catalogue for Guiding Industry Restructuring (2011 Version) (Amendment) (issued by Order No. 9 of the National Development and Reform Commission, amended on February 16, 2013), the Component “Livestock and Poultry Breeding” under the Project belongs to Article 5 Development and application of technologies for the standardized breeding of livestock and poultry on a large scale, Item 1 Agriculture and Forestry, Category 1 Encouragement; the Component “Agriculture Development” belongs to Article 2 Construction of agricultural product bases and Article 8 Selection, breeding, breed conservation, and development of the fine varieties of animals and plants (including wild animals and plants); biological seed breeding; and production, processing, storage, and appraisal of seeds, Item 1 Agriculture and Forestry, Category 1 Encouragement; the Component “Food Processing” belongs to Article 32 Storage and transport, preservation, processing and comprehensive utilization of products from agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, Item 1 Agriculture and Forestry, Category 1 Encouragement; the Component “Water Conservancy Engineering” belongs to Article 23 Farmland water conservancy facilities construction (irrigation and drainage channels, sluice gates, pump stations and so on), Item 2 Water Conservancy, Category 1 Encouragement; the Component “Road Construction” belongs to Article 12 Rural roads construction, Item 24 Highway and Road Transport (including Urban Passenger Traffic), Category 1 Encouragement; no technologies, equipment or raw materials which are restricted and to be eliminated are involved during the construction and operation of all Components. The Project is not stipulated by the Catalogue of Restricted Uses of Land (2012 Version) and the Catalogue of Prohibited Uses of Land (2012 Version) issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources and the National Development and Reform Commission. Therefore, the construction of the Project conforms to the industrial policies and land policies of China.

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1.2.2 Conformity of the Project to Related Planning Table 1.2-1 Conformity with the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China Conform Plan Planning Contents Contents under the Project or Not the development of facility agriculture will be sped up, the the standardized production of garden crops, such as The project area is equipped with favorable Twel vegetables, fruits, teas, flowers and plants, will be environment and prominent resource advantages. To accelerate fth promoted. The livestock husbandry will be promoted The Project focuses on plants including forage the Five with a higher proportion of output value. Agricultural grass, potato, sweet orange and other fruits, and development Yes -Yea industrialization will be impelled, and the processing livestock including cattle and sheep. At the same of modern r industry and distribution industry for agricultural time, counterpart infrastructure is developed to agriculture Plan products will be supported to make the agricultural facilitate the agricultural industrialization in this for production and operation professional, standardized and area. Nati intensified at a large scale. onal To accelerate Integrated innovation and wide application of science Green control measures are adopted in the Project Eco the and technologies will be promoted in efficient to prevent insect diseases. Mechanical operation nom innovation in cultivation, disease prevention and control, agricultural and scientific training are adopted in animal Yes ic agricultural water-saving and other fields. Agricultural husbandry and crop farming to develop the and science and mechanization is accelerated to integrate agricultural agricultural science and technology in this area. Soci technology machinery with agriculture. al To perfect the The capacity building of agricultural public services will During the implementation, public services are Dev socialized be enhanced, and the public service agencies of all promoted through planning to set up cultivation Yes elop agriculture townships or the area will be improved and perfected, cooperatives, creating information distributing men service including popularization of agricultural techniques, platforms for products, registering green goods,

7 t of system disease prevention and control for animals and plants, establishing products storage and trading markets. the and quality supervision of agricultural products. Peo Farmers will be encouraged to optimize the planting and ple’s To breeding structure, to improve their production, Farmers’ economic income is increased through Rep consolidate operation and economic benefits. Through agricultural various strategies, such as cultivation under forest, ubli and increase industrialization and new rural cooperatives, farmers combination of retail cultivation and cultivation Yes c of household will reasonably share the incremental benefits during villages, cultivating sweet oranges, walnuts and Chi business product processing and circulating. Particular measures potatoes in accordance with local conditions , and na income will be adopted for the local conditions to develop agricultural cooperatives. high-efficiency agriculture with characteristics. The Project involves the construction of rural To strengthen Water conservancy works for farming, rural roads, rural roads, production shortcuts and water conservancy the rural electrification for new villages, and the small infrastructure. The Project improves the rural Yes infrastructure hydropower for fuel project will be fully constructed. investment environment for better rural development. During the implementation, green prevention and control are promoted, farmers receive trainings to To Diffused pollution caused by pesticides, chemical reasonably utilize pesticides and chemical comprehensi fertilizers, agricultural films will be governed, and fertilizers. In allusion to livestock and poultry vely promote Yes pollution prevention will be fully promoted in livestock pollution and ecological damage, forage grass the rural and poultry breeding. planting and effective pollution prevention environment measures are raised to alleviate the diffused pollution.

Table 1.2-2 Conformity with the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of Sichuan Province Plan Planning Contents Contents under the Project Conform

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s or Not To improve In the Project, new rural roads and production Farmland infrastructure, the rural drinking water safety the the shortcuts, water conservancy infrastructure, project, rural roads, rural information infrastructure will Twel development trading places for agricultural products and be reinforced. A new round of construction will be fth conditions for livestock, storerooms for agricultural products will Yes implemented for the rural electric network Five agricultural be constructed. It is significant to improve the transformation project, rural traditional markets, and -Yea and rural rural investment environment and the rural cold-chain logistics. r areas industrial development. Plan Cultivated land and basic farmland will be strictly for protected to stabilize food production. Relying on the The basic construction under the Project does not Nati advantages of agricultural resources, the featured occupy any basic farmland. The forage grass and onal profitable agriculture, such as potato, fruits and tea, will fruit forests will be mainly planted in the wild Eco be developed with great efforts. The animal husbandry grass ground this area, no fertile farmland nom will be stably developed, and the standardized involved. Since the Project is located in the To develop ic large-scale cultivation of livestock, poultry and aquatic Wumeng Mountain Region, the industrial modern and products will be promoted. To develop ecological large-scale development could be driven by the agriculture Yes Soci agriculture, pollution-free agricultural products, green existed development foundation for the with great al food, organic food, and agricultural products with agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry this efforts Dev geographical indications will be developed. Farmer region. At the same time, the Project aims to elop cooperatives and the leading enterprises in agricultural develop green products, featured brands and men industrialization will be supported to improve the specialty industries, and goes beyond the regional t of industrialized operation. At the same time, the market through industrial training and agricultural Sich agricultural science and technology and the cooperatives. uan comprehensive services will be improved. Prov To accelerate The planning and construction of new villages will In order to produce green products, in the Project, ince the be enhanced. The comprehensive improvement of the green prevention and control measures and Yes construction rural environment will be intensified with proposals of technical training are intensified, the pollution

9 of modern scientifically utilizing chemical fertilizers, pesticides prevention and control plan on plant diseases and new villages and agricultural films. More efforts will be made to insect pests is put forward, reasonable utilization prevent the pollution caused by large-scale cultivation of of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is advocated. livestock and poultry. Meanwhile, practical pollution prevention and control measures are raised for the large-scale cultivation of livestock and poultry. The policies to strengthen agriculture and benefit To help farmers will be put into practice in an all-around way. Through the rural infrastructure construction, the farmers With intensified vocational skills and trainings, farmers Project promotes the regional industrialization and Yes increase their will have higher income, wider income channels in a the regional economy, helping farmers increase income sustainable and rapid way. income and become better off.

To accelerate the In accordance with the overall goal that an all-round Located in the Wumeng Mountain Region which development well-being will be achieved within the province by is an old revolutionary area, minority area and of minority 2020, the leapfrog development in minority areas and poverty-stricken area, the Project invests more areas, old the accelerated development in old revolutionary areas economic inputs on the poverty-stricken area to Yes revolutionary and poverty-stricken areas will be carried forward with facilitate the social development in the base areas great efforts, with the infrastructure construction, poverty-stricken area through the infrastructure and people’s livelihood improvement and featured industry construction and the large-scale development of poverty-stric development as the priorities. featured industries. ken areas

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Table 1.2-3 Conformity with the Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for China’s Rural Areas (2011-2020) Conform Plan Planning Contents Contents under the Project or Not The following are the overall goals of the Project: Farmers’ specialized cooperatives covering poor households will be set up in the contiguous poor areas with special difficulties.

By 2020, the targeted people of poverty With supports, the market-oriented cooperatives will, on the Outlin alleviation shall have abundant food and basis of the local natural conditions and resources, develop e for clothing, and enjoy compulsory education, featured advantageous industries which are efficient, Devel basic medical care and housing. To narrow ecological, and high-value. Great efforts will be made to opme the expanding development gap, the extend and perfect the industrial chains, and to increase the nt-ori increase of per capita net income in the poor share-cropping proportion for the average profit in the ented areas shall exceed the national average, and industrial chain. A stable foundation will be built for poor Pover Targets and the indicators of the major fields in the household to increase their income, and “two Yes ty Tasks public service shall be approaching to the transformations” will be achieved as poverty-stricken Reduc national average. The basic farmland and villages transform into well-off villages in the new rural tion water conservancy for farmland, the areas, and poor households transform into well-off for featured advantageous industries, drinking households. At the same time, the pattern for the China water safety, and transport are the top industry-based poverty alleviation and the innovative ’s priorities among the tasks of poverty mechanism for the industry-based poverty alleviation will be Rural alleviation. explored in the contiguous poor areas with special Areas difficulties. (2011-

2020)

Targeted The major targets in the poverty alleviation The 6 counties covered by the Project are all determined by Yes Scope are the rural population having labor the state as regional counties in the Wumeng Mountain

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capacities under the standards of the poverty contiguous poor areas with special difficulties. In these alleviation, and the priorities are given to the counties, poor residents are of a large number, the poverty contiguous poor areas with special incidence is high, the infrastructure is outdated, and so the difficulties (including the Wumeng counties are vulnerable to natural disasters. In addition, the Mountain Region), key counties and poor industrial products are of single variety, low technology and villages. extensive management. Through conditional grants, the Project pays the farmers’ Featured industries, poverty alleviation specialized cooperatives in the project areas to intensively supported by science and technology, develop 7 local leading industries at a standardized large educational and cultural causes will be scale, including sweet orange, walnut, konjac, potato and Industry-base developed. Infrastructure, public health, sheep. The Project assists the specialized cooperatives in d poverty Yes population service management, and social registering green trademarks, guiding the logistics market, alleviation security will be improved. Furthermore, processing market and trading market, extending the energy and ecological environment industrial chain and achieving the environmental pollution construction will be emphasized. improvement in the project implementation.

The project fund consists of two parts, the loan from the Fix-point poverty alleviation will be World Bank and the fiscal fund for poverty alleviation from strengthened, cooperation between the east the government. The cooperation with the World Bank not Social and the west will be promoted in the poverty only introduces the fund for the poverty alleviation, but also Poverty alleviation, and enterprises and all sectors of has a demonstration effect. The cooperation could guide Alleviation society will be mobilized to participate in more international financial institutions to focus on the Yes and the poverty alleviation and learn from the poverty issue in China and make investments on the poor International theories and practices of the international areas. Then the current under-investment could be resolved. Cooperation community. Projects on poverty reduction At the same time, benefited from the cooperation, China will be carried out to share experiences and could learn from the international experiences and practices facilitate the poverty reduction. on agricultural industrial development and farmer

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organizations, and explore the new system, new mechanism and new pattern with Chinese characteristics for the industry-based poverty alleviation on the basis of the local conditions in the poor areas.

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Table 1.2-4 Conformity with the Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for Sichuan Province’s Rural Areas (2011-2020) Confo Plan Planning Contents Contents under the Project rm or Not By 2015, the problem of food and clothing will be O stably resolved for the targeted people of the The following are the overall goals of the Project: Farmers’ utlin poverty alleviation, and the number of poor specialized cooperatives covering poor households will be set up in e for residents will be largely reduced. By 2020, the the contiguous poor areas with special difficulties. With supports, Dev targeted people of poverty alleviation shall have the market-oriented cooperatives will, on the basis of the local elop abundant food and clothing, and enjoy compulsory natural conditions and resources, develop featured advantageous men education, basic medical care and housing. To industries which are efficient, ecological, and high-value. Great t-ori narrow the expanding development gap, the efforts will be made to extend and perfect the industrial chains, and ente Targ increase of per capita net income in the poor areas to increase the share-cropping proportion for the average profit in d ets shall exceed the provincial average, and the the industrial chain. A stable foundation will be built for poor Pov and indicators of the major fields in the public fields Yes household to increase their income, and “two transformations” will erty Task shall be approaching to the provincial average. be achieved as poverty-stricken villages transform into well-off Red s The goal of building a well-off society will be villages in the new rural areas, and poor households transform into ucti achieved at the same time as the whole province well-off households. At the same time, the pattern for the on as poverty-stricken villages transform into industry-based poverty alleviation and the innovative mechanism for well-off villages in the new rural areas, and poor for the industry-based poverty alleviation will be explored in the Chi households transform into well-off households. contiguous poor areas with special difficulties. na’s The construction of new villages, featured

Rur industries, public services, capacity promotion and

al infrastructure are the top priorities among the Area tasks of poverty alleviation. s Targ the Four Regions (including the Qinbashan The 6 counties covered by the Project are all determined by the state Yes

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(201 eted Mountain Region, the Wumengshan Mountain as regional counties in the Wumeng Mountain contiguous poor 1-20 Scop Region,the Daliangshan Mountain Yi Ethnic areas with special difficulties. In these counties, poor residents are 20) e Region, the Xiaoliangshan Mountain Yi Ethnic of a large number, the poverty incidence is high, the infrastructure is Region, the Tibetan Region ) determined by the outdated, and so the counties are vulnerable to natural disasters. In State and the Province is the main battlefield for addition, the industrial products are of single variety, low the provincial poverty alleviation. Poverty technology and extensive management. alleviation and development shall be well carried out in key counties and places where poor villages are concentrated. Through conditional grants, the Project pays the farmers’ Indu specialized cooperatives in the project areas to intensively develop 7 stry- Featured industries, poverty alleviation supported local leading industries at a standardized, intensive and large scale, base by science and technology, educational and including sweet orange, walnut, konjac, potato and sheep. The d cultural causes will be developed. Infrastructure, Project assists the specialized cooperatives in registering green pove public health, population service management, and Yes trademarks, guiding the logistics market, processing market and rty social security will be improved. Furthermore, trading market, extending the industrial chain and achieving the allev energy and ecological environment construction environmental pollution improvement in the project iatio will be emphasized. implementation. n

Soci Fix-point poverty alleviation will be strengthened, The project fund consists of two parts, the loan from the World al cooperation between the east and the west will be Bank and the fiscal fund for poverty alleviation from the Pove promoted in the poverty alleviation, and government. The cooperation with the World Bank not only rty enterprises and all sectors of society will be introduces the fund for the poverty alleviation, but also has a Yes Alle mobilized to participate in the poverty alleviation demonstration effect. The cooperation could guide more viati and learn from the theories and practices of the international financial institutions to focus on the poverty issue in on international community. Projects on poverty China and make investments on the poor areas. Then the current and reduction will be carried out to share experiences under-investment could be resolved. At the same time, benefited

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Inter and facilitate the poverty reduction. from the cooperation, China could learn from the international natio experiences and practices on agricultural industrial development nal and farmer organizations, and explore the new system, new Coo mechanism and new pattern with Chinese characteristics for the perat industry-based poverty alleviation on the basis of the local ion conditions in the poor areas.

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Table 1.2-5 Conformity with the Regional Development and Poverty Alleviation Plan for the Wumeng Mountain Region (2011-2020) Confo Plan Planning Contents Contents under the Project rm or Not The 38 counties (cities, prefectures) in the (2011 adjacent areas of Sichuan Province, -2020 Province and Province, including 13 The 6 counties covered by the Project are all determined by the ) counties in Sichuan Province, 10 counties (cities, state as regional counties in the Wumeng Mountain contiguous R prefectures) in Guizhou Province and 15 poor areas with special difficulties, including , egion counties (cities and prefectures) in Yunnan , , , , Planning al Province. And the 13 counties in Sichuan . In these counties, poor residents are of a large Yes Scope Devel Province are Xuyong County, Gulin County, number, the poverty incidence is high, the infrastructure is opme Muchuan Counties, Mabian Yi Autonomous outdated, so the counties are vulnerable to natural disasters. In nt County, , Butuo County, Jinyang addition, the industrial products are of single variety, low and County, Meigu County, Zhaojue County, Xide technology and extensive management. Pover County, Yuexi County, and ty Pingshan County. Allevi By 2015, the poor people shall be halved, and The following are the overall goals of the Project: Farmers’ ation the mechanism and system in favor of poverty specialized cooperatives covering poor households will be set P alleviation, coordinated development between up in the contiguous poor areas with special difficulties. With Develop lan environment and population shall be initially supports, the market-oriented cooperatives will, on the basis of ment Yes for formed. By 2020, the targeted people of poverty the local natural conditions and resources, develop featured Goals the alleviation shall have abundant food and advantageous industries which are efficient, ecological, and Wume clothing, and enjoy compulsory education, basic high-value. Great efforts will be made to extend and perfect the ng medical care and housing. industrial chains, and to increase the share-cropping proportion

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Moun for the average profit in the industrial chain. A stable tain foundation will be built for poor household to increase their Regio income, and “two transformations” will be achieved as n poverty-stricken villages transform into well-off villages in the (2011 new rural areas, and poor households transform into well-off -2020 households. At the same time, the pattern for the industry-based ) poverty alleviation and the innovative mechanism for the industry-based poverty alleviation will be explored in the contiguous poor areas with special difficulties. Based on the combination of long-term and short-term goals, On the basis of market orientation and resource reasonable industry selection is made. The long-term industrial advantages, pillar industries with characteristics development of the project area is fully taken into account, will be developed. Industry transfer will be while the project households will increase their income and get Industria carried out by adjustable measures, industrial rid of poverty in a short term. In the selection and development l parks will be promoted towards intensive of industries, both farmer income and ecological conservation Yes Develop development, industrial structure will be are taken into account. Effective measures are taken to prevent ment optimized, and circular economy will be water and soil loss and desertification, and real effects are developed. An industrial system featured with achieved in geological disaster prevention. After integrated regional characteristics will be shaped to comparison, 7 varieties, namely, sweet orange, walnut, white accelerate the regional economy. konjak, potato, Liangshan medium wool, Meigu goat and beef cattle, are selected as pillar industries. Improve To raise rural residents’ living standard, In the Project, rural roads will be constructed and hardened, ment in substantial efforts will be made to improve the water conservancy facilities will be built, and modern green the rural production and living conditions in rural areas, agriculture, such as drop irrigation, green prevention and Yes condition and develop small-size towns and villages. control, will be developed. Besides, counterpart cattle s for Priorities are given to “improving the rural insemination centers, counterpart farmer markets and trading basic production and living conditions”, “improving markets will be established to improve the rural conditions for

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producti the living environment” and “developing production and living. on and small-size towns and villages”. living Employ The employment structure will be adjusted to During the project construction, local labor will play a leading ment and broaden employment channels and improve role, so the Project will promote the local employment. During the rural employment services. Training resources of all the project implementation, through capital investment, human types will be integrated, and vocational skill Yes trainings, seminars and other methods, the local people will be resource training will be enhanced to improve the quality mobilized, the local employment will be promote, and farmers’ develop of rural workers and fully develop rural human income will be increased. ment resources. The priorities are given to protecting natural forest resources, returning farmland to forest or grassland, treaingt stony desertification, No basic farmland will be occupied in the project construction. conserving aquatic resources, fostering Forage and fruit will be planted on wild grass ground without protection forest and treating water and soil loss. Ecology competing for fertile farmland which could, to some extent, The core areas are the key ecological function Construc relieve the regional water and soil loss and desertification. areas where limitations are imposed on tion and During the project implementation, green prevention and exploration, and nature reserves where Environ control, and farmer training will be promoted; pesticides and Yes exploration is forbidden. These limitations and ment chemical fertilizers will be reasonably utilized; forage planting bans are determined by state and provincial main Protectio and effective pollution prevention measures are put forward to functional areas. Combined with disaster n relive diffused pollution. For nature reserves, practical prevention and reduction and tackling climate management measures are proposed in the project design, change, ecological construction and construction, operation and maintenance. environmental protection are enhanced to build ecological safety barriers for the upper reaches of the River.

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1.3 Assessment Basis and Standard

1.3.1 Laws and Regulations 1) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Protection (effective on December 26, 1989); 2) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Appraising of Environment Impacts (effective on September 1, 2003); 3) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Pollution From Environmental Noise (effective on March 1, 1997); 4) Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution (effective on September 1, 2000); 5) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Water Pollution Prevention and Control (amended and effective on June 1, 2008); 6) Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes (effective on April 1, 2005)； 7) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Water and Soil Conservation (amended and effective on March 1, 2011) 8) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Flood Control (effective on January 1, 1998); 9) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Forestry (amended and effective on April 29, 1998); 10) Law of People’s Republic of China on Land (effective on January 1, 1999) 11) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Water (effective on October 1, 2002); 12) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Cleaner Production Promotion (effective on January 1, 2003); 13) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Land Administration (effective on August 28, 2004); 14) Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife (amended and effective on August 28, 2004); 15) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Cultural Relics Protection (effective on June 29, 2013); 16) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Urban and Rural Planning (effective on January 1, 2008); 17) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Grassland (amended and effective on December 28, 2002); 18) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Animal Husbandry (effective on July 1, 2006); 19) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Agriculture (effective on March 1, 2003); 20) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Animal Epidemic Prevention (effective on January 1, 2008); 21) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Desert Prevention and

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Transformation (effective on January 1, 2002); 22) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Agricultural Product Quality Safety (effective on November 1, 2006); 23) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Food Safety (effective on June 1, 2009); 24) Law of the People's Republic of China on Conserving Energy (effective on April 1, 2008); 25) Law of the People's Republic of China on Circular Economy Promotion (effective on January 1, 2009).

1.3.2 Rules and Regulations on Environmental Protection

1) Regulations on the Administration of Construction Project Environmental Protection (effective on November 29, 1998); 2) Regulations on the Impact Assessment of Planned Environment (effective on October 1, 2009); 3) Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People's Republic of China (effective on March 20, 2000); 4) Regulations on Scenic and Historic Areas (effective on December 1, 2006); 5) Regulations on the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Water and Soil Conservation (effective on August 1, 1993); 6) Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Wild Plants Protection (effective on January 1, 1997); 7) Regulations on the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Land Administration (effective on January 1, 1999); 8) Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland (effective on January 1, 1999); 9) Regulations on the Implementation of the Law of People’s Republic of China on Forestry (effective on January 29, 2000); 10) Regulations on the Implementation of the Law of People’s Republic of China on Cultural Relics Protection (effective on July 1, 2003); 11) The List of Wild Animals of National Priority Protection(Effective on January 14, 1989); 12) Decision of the State Council on Several Issues Concerning Environmental Protection (GUOFA No. 31 [1996]) 13) Decision of the State Council on Implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development and Reinforcing Environmental Protection (GUOFA No. 39 [2005]) 14) Administrative Provisions on the Pollution Prevention of Drinking Water Source Reserves (amended version on December 22, 2010); 15) the Lists of State Protected Wild Plants (the First List) (August 4, 1999); 16) Several Opinions on Enhancing the Project Environmental Protection Administration in the Large-scale Development for the Western Region 21

(GuoHuanFa No. 4 [2001]); 17) Notice for Environmental Impact Assessments on Environmental Noise During the Construction of Highways, Railways (Including Light Rails) and Other Projects (GuoHuanFa No.94 [2003]) 18) The Temporary Act of Environmental Impact Assessment of Public Participating (GuoHuanFa [2006] No.28) 19) Classified Administration Catalogue of Construction Projects Environmental Impact Assessment (October 1, 2008) 20) Catalogue for Guiding Industry Restructuring (2011 Version) (Amendment) (issued by Order No. 9th of the National Development and Reform Commission, amended on February 16, 2013) 21) National Eco-Functional Regionalization (Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Public Announcement No.35 2008) 22) Several Opinions on the Implementation of the Most Rigid Cultivated Land Protection System in Road Construction (JiaoGongLuFa [2004]164) 23) Opinions on Further Implementations of Basic Farmland Protection (GZF [2005]No.196) 24) Circular on Further Standardization of the Environmental Impact Assessment (GuoHuanBan[2002]No.88, effective in 2002) 25) Notice on Further Strengthening of the Protection of Separated Drinking Water Sources (GuoHuanBan [2010] No.132) 26) Technology Guidelines on Contiguous Pollution Control and Treatment in Rural Areas (trail) (March, 2012) 27) Administrative Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Pesticides (No. 326 Order of the State Council of the People's Republic of China) 28) Guidelines on Safety Application of Pesticides (GB/T8321.1～8321.7) 29) Regulations on the Administration of Grass Seeds (No.5 Amendment, Ministry of Agriculture, 2013) 30) Regulations on the Implementation of the Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China (No. 557 Order of the State Council of the People's Republic of China) 31) Regulations on Forest Pest and Disease Control of the People’s Republic of China (December 18, 1989) 32) Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland (January, 1999) 33) Opinions on Strengthening Protection of Ecological Environment in Rural Areas (Ministry of Environmental Protection, November 1999); 34) Provisions on Strengthening Township Enterprises’ Work on Environmental Protection (Ministry of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, National Planning Commission, National Economy and Trade Commission, March 1997); 35) Classified Catalogue for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects (October 1, 2008); 36) Guidance Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring (amended in 2013);

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37) Announcement on “ Requirements on Compiling Abridged Environmental Impact Assessment Reports of Construction Projects” (Ministry of Environmental Protection, No. 51, 2012), August 15, 2012; 38) Circular on Issuing and Implementing “Catalogue for Limiting Land-use Projects (2012)” and “Catalogue for Banning Land-use Projects (2012)”, May 23, 2012; 39) Circular on Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects Funded by International Financial Organizations (Ministry of Environmental Protection, National Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, People’s Bank of China, June 1993); 40) Circular of the State Council on Issuing and Distributing the Comprehensive Program of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction under the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” (GUOFA [2006] No. 26, August 31, 2011); 41) Circular on Further Strengthening the Environmental Impact Assessment Management and Controlling the Environmental Risks (HuanFa [2012] No. 77); 42) Circular on Strengthening the Risk Prevention and Environmental Impact Assessment Management (HuanFa [2012] No. 98) 43) Opinions of the State Council on the Emphases of Environmental Protection (GUOFA [2011] No. 35); 44) Circular on Strengthening River Pollution Prevention and Control (HuanFa [2007] No. 201) 45) Approval of the State Council for the Air Pollution Prevention and Control in Key Areas under the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” (GUOHAN [2012] No. 146) 46) Circular on Issuing and Distributing “Air Pollution Prevention and Control in Key Areas under the ‘Twelfth Five-year Plan’” (HuanFa [2012] No. 130) 47) Announcement on Releasing the Modification of “Standards for Pollutants Discharged by Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002)” (Announcement No. 21 by State Environmental Protection Administration in 2006); 48) Opinions on Strengthening Industrial Water Conservation (GuoJingMaoZiYuan [2000] No. 1015); 49) The National Outline of Ecological Environmental Protection (GUOFA [2000] No. 38); 50) Regulations for the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife (effective on March 1, 1992); 51) Regulations for the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Aquatic Wildlife (effective on March 1, 1992); 52) Regulations for the Planning and Construction of Villages and Towns (Order No. 116 by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China); 53) Regulations for the Conservation of Famous Historic and Cultural Cities, Towns and Villages (Order No. 524 by the State Council of People’s Republic of China); 54) Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Sustainable Development of Animal Husbandry (GUOFA [2007] No. 4);

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55) Circular on Further Promoting the Pilot Environmental Supervision of Construction Projects (HuanBan [2012] No. 5); 56) Instructions on the Pilot Compulsive Liability Insurance for Environmental Pollution (HuanFa [2013] No. 10); 57) Circular of the State Council on Issuing and Distributing the Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan (GUOFA [2013] No. 37); 58) Guidelines for the Government Information Publicity on the Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects (Trial) (HuanBan [2013] No. 103); 59) Circular of the State Council on Issuing and Distributing the National Principal Functional Area Planning (GUOFA [2010] No. 46); 60) Letter of the State Council on the Division of Quarantine of Fruits, Flowers, Chinese Medicinal Materials and Other Plants (GuoBanHan [1997] No. 19); 61) Measures for the Administration of Production Permits on Feedstuff and Feed Additives (Amended Order No. 5 by the Ministry of Agriculture); 62) Regulations for the Administration of Breeding Stock and Poultry of People’s Republic of China (Order No. 153 by the State Council).

1.3.3 Local Regulations and Rules on Environmental Protection of Sichuan Province

1) Regulations on Environmental Protection of Sichuan Province (Amended on September 24, 2004) 2) Implementation Measures of Law of the People's Republic of China on Appraising of Environment Impacts of Sichuan Province (Effective on January 1, 2008) 3) Regulations on the Protection of Drinking Water Source of Sichuan Province (Effective on January 1, 2012) 4) Implementation Measures of Land Administration Law of the People's Republic of China of Sichuan Province (Effective on December 10, 1992) 5) Regulations on the Protection of World Heritage of Sichuan Province (Effective on April 1, 2002) 6) Implementation Measures of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution of Sichuan Province (Effective on September 1, 2002) 7) Regulations on the Administration of Tourism of Sichuan Province (Effective on July 24, 2003) 8) Implementation Measures of Water Law of the People's Republic of China of Sichuan Province (Effective on July 1, 2005) 9) Circular on Strengthening the Protection of Drinking Water Sources by the Sichuan Provincial People’s Government (CHUANFUHAN No.58, 2006) 10) List of Special Protected Wild Animals of Sichuan Province (March 12, 1990) 11) List of Newly Included Special Protected Wild Animal of Sichuan Province (CHUANFUFA No.37, 2000) 12) Detailed rules of the Protection of Basic Farmland of Sichuan Province

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(CHUANFULNG No.77, 1996) 13) Circular of the Delimitation of Urban Centralized Drinking Water Source Protecting Area From Sichuan Provincial People’s Government office Department (CHUANBANHAN No.26, 2010) 14) Regulations on the Protection of Scenic Area of Sichuan Province (Effective on August 1. 2010); 15) Regulations for the Solid Waste Pollution Prevention of Sichuan Province (Effective on January 1, 2014); 16) Regulations for the Administration of Nature Reserves in Sichuan Province (Effective on January 1, 2014); 17) Circular of the People’s Government of Sichuan Province on Issuing and Distributing the Implementation Regulations for the Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan of Sichuan Province (FuFa[2014] No.4); 18) Circular on Further Strengthening the Environmental Supervision of the Source Reserves of Drinking Water Sources (ChuanHuanFa [2014] No. 54); 19) Circular on Implementing the Regulations for the Protection of Drinking Water Sources of Sichuan Province (ChuanHuanBanFa [2012] No. 69); 20) Circular on Issuing and Distributing the “Sichuan Province Implementation Plan under the ‘Twelfth Five-year Plan’ for Air Pollution Prevention in Key Areas” (ChuanHuanFa [2013] No. 99); 21) Circular of the General Office of the People’s Government of Sichuan Province on Strengthening Haze Pollution Prevention (ChuanBanFa [2013] No. 32); 22) Measures for Preventing the Exhaust Pollution by Motor Vehicles in Sichuan Province (Effective on March 1, 2013); 23) Measures for Administrative Responsibility Investigation of Environmental Pollution Accidents in Sichuan Province (Effective on April 1, 2005); 24) Measures for Hazardous Waste Pollution Prevention in Sichuan Province (Effective on January 1, 2014); 25) Measures for the Administration of Radioactive Contamination Prevention in Sichuan Province (Effective on March 4, 1999); 26) Circular on the Pollution Prevention and Emission Reduction of Large-scale Livestock and Poultry Industry (NanFuBanFa [2014] No. 36); 27) Opinions on Implementing the Pollution Prevention Regulations for Large-scale Livestock and Poultry Cultivation (NanShiHuan [2014] No. 102); 28) Opinions on Strengthening Environmental Protection and Enhancing Environmental Comprehensive Treatment in Urban and Rural Areas (ChuanHuanFa [2011] No. 58); 29) Circular of the Sichuan Environmental Protection on Further Strengthening the Construction and Administration of the Contiguous Environmental Improvement Program (ChuanHuanFa [2014] No. 88); 30) Rural Environmental Comprehensive Improvement Demonstration Program of Sichuan Province (2012-2014); 31) Interim Procedures for Rural Contiguous Improvement Demonstration Program of Sichuan Province.

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1.3.4 Technical Standards of Environmental Impact Assessment

1) Technical Guidelines For Environmental Impact Assessment — General Programme(HJ2.1-2011) 2) Guidelines For Environmental Impact Assessment — Atmospheric Environment(HJ2.2-2008)； 3) Technical Guidelines For Environmental Impact Assessment — Surface Water Environment (HJ/T2.3-93)； 4) Technical Guidelines For Noise Impact Assessment(HJ2.4-2009) 5) Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment - Groundwater Environment (HJ610-2011) 6) Technical Guideline For Environmental Impact Assessment — Ecological Impact(HJ19-2011)； 7) Technical Guidelines For Environmental Risk Assessment on Projects(HJ/T169-2004) 8) Quality Standard For Ground Water(GB/T14848-93)； 9) Emission Standard of Environment Noise For Boundary of Construction Site(G B12523-2011)； 10) Technical Specifications To Determinate the Suitable Areas For Environmental Noise of Urban Area (GB/T157.1690-94)； 11) Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996)； 12) Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-1996)； 13) Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996) 14) Environmental Quality Standards For Surface Water(GB3838－2002)； 15) Standards For Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005)； 16) Environmental Quality Standard For Noise (GB3096-2008)； 17) Technical Code on Soil and Water Conservation of Development and Construction Projects (GB50433-2008)； 18) Control Standards For Soil and Water Loss on Development and Construction Projects (GB50434-2008)； 19) Technical Specifications For Pollution Treatment Projects of Livestock and Poultry Farms (HJ497-2009)； 20) Technical Standard of Preventing Pollution For Livestock and Poultry Breeding (HJ/T81-2001)； 21) Management Measures of Preventing Pollution For Livestock and Poultry Breeding (Ministry of Environmental Protection, 2001)； 22) Technical Requirement For Non-Hazardous Treatment of Animal Manure(NY/T 1168-2006)； 23) Technology Code For Land Application Rates of Livestock and Poultry Manure(GB/T25246-2010)； 24) Technology Code For Environment Quality and Sanitary Control In Livestock 26

and Poultry Farms(NY/T1167-2006)； 25) Regulations on Scaled Livestock Cultivation Pollution Control (the State Council Order No.643) 26) Local Agricultural Standards of Liangshan Yi —Meigu Sheep (DB5134/T185-2009) 27) Implementation Rules for the Epidemic Prevention Regulations of Domestic Livestock and Poultry (Order No. 10 of Ministry of Agriculture in 1992); 28) Regulations for Major Animal Epidemic Emergencies (Order No. 450 by the State Council); 29) Regulations for Administration of Veterinary Medicine (Order No. 404 by the State Council); 30) Regulations for Administration of Feedstuff and Feed Additives (Order No. 609 by the State Council); 31) Feeding Standards of Mutton Sheep (NYT 816-2004); 32) Hygienic Standards of Excrement Hazardous-free Treatment (GB7859-87); 33) Code of Epidemic Prevention for Feeding Beef Cattle (NYT 5151-2002); 34) Technical Specifications for Hygienic Operation in Circulating Animal Products (SBT10395-2005); 35) Circular on Issuing and Distributing “Disposal Methods of Animals Dying of Disease or Dysoemia (Trial)” (NongYiFa[2005] No. 25); 36) Circular on Releasing “Technical Policy for Hazardous Waste Pollution Prevention” (HuanFa [2001] No. 199); 37) Directory of National Hazardous Wastes (Order No. 1 of the Ministry of Environmental Protection); 38) Catalogue of Medicines Forbidden in Feedstuff and Drinking Water for Animals (Announcement No. 176 of the Ministry of Agriculture); 39) Specifications for Usage of Feedstuff and Medicine Additives (Announcement No. 168 of the Ministry of Agriculture); 40) Pollution Control Standards for the Storage Sites and Disposal Sites of General Industrial Wastes (GB18599-2001); 41) Environmental and Hygienic Standards for Construction Sites (JGJ146-2004); 42) Technical Specifications for Environmental Pollution Control in Livestock and Poultry Farms (NYT1169-2006); 43) Technical Specifications for Sterilization of Livestock and Poultry Farms (DB31T432-2009); 44) Veterinary Medicine Code of the People’s Republic of China and Guidelines of Veterinary Medicine (2010); 45) Quality Standards of Veterinary Medicine by the Ministry of Agriculture (2006); 46) Quality Standards of Imported Veterinary Medicine by the Ministry of Agriculture (2006); 47) Specifications of Veterinary Medicine (1992); 48) Hygienic Standards of Feeds (GB13078.2-2006); 49) Good Agricultural Practices (GB/T 20014.7-2008); 50) Pollution-free Food Usage Guidelines for Livestock and Poultry Feeds and Feed

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Additives (NY 5032-2006); 51) Pollution-free Food Quality of Drinking Water for Livestock and Poultry (NY 5027-2008); 52) Pollution-free Food Quality of Processing Water for Animal Products (NY5028-2008); 53) Pollution-free Food Management Standards for Mutton Sheep (NY T 5151-2002); 54) Design Specifications for Methane Projects in Large-scale Livestock and Poultry Farms (NYT1222-2006); 55) Biological Safety Disposal Regulations for Diseased Animals and Diseased Animal Products (GB16548-2006); 56) Environmental Quality Standards for Livestock and Poultry Farms (NY/T 388-1999); 57) Technical Guidelines on Environmental Safety Application of Chemical Fertilizer (HJ555－2010); 58) Farmland Environmental Quality Evaluation Standards for Edible Agricultural Products (HJ332－2006)； 59) Environmental Quality Evaluation Standards for Farmland of Greenhouse Vegetable Production (HJ333－2006); 60) Standards for Organic Fertilizers (NY 525－2002); 61) Standards for Organic-Inorganic Compound Fertilizers (NY481－2002); 62) Standards for Organic-Inorganic Compound Fertilizers (GB18877－2002).

1.3.5 Policies and Guidelines of World Bank

1) Operation Policy 4.01 Environmental Assessment(OP 4.01)； 2) Operation Policy 4.04 — Natural Habitat(OP4.04)； 3) Operation Policy 4.09--Pest Management (OP4.09)； 4) General Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines(EHS Guidelines); 5) Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock Production 6) Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines For Annual Corp Production 7) Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines For Food and Beverage Processing 1.3.6 Project Schematization and Technical Documents 1) The Twelfth Five-Year Plan For National Economic and Social Development of The People’s Republic of China 2) The Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan For National Economic and Social Development of Sichuan Province 3) Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for China’s Rural Areas (2011-2020) 4) Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for Sichuan’s Rural Areas (2011-2020)

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5) Regional Development and Poverty Alleviation Plan for the Wumeng Mountain Region (2011-2020) 6) The Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) for National Economic and Social Development of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture 7) The Walnut Industry Development Plan of Gulin County (2013-2020) 8) The Environmental Protection Plan of the “12th Five-Year Plan” of Gulin County (2011-2015) 9) The Prevention and Cure Plan of the Water Pollution of Gulin River (2011-2020) 10) The Livestock Industry “12th Five-Year Plan” of Zhaojue County 11) The General Planning Report of State-Level Natural Reserve of Rare and Special Fish of Upstream Yangtze River 12) Feasibility Study Report on the Sichuan Province Demonstration Pilot Project of China’s Poor Areas Industry-based poverty alleviation and Development. 13) Technical Standards of “Demonstration Pilot Project of China’s Poor Areas Industry-based poverty alleviation and Development” of Sichuan Province (Sichuan Provincial Poverty Alleviation office, Foreign funded Project Administration Center, September, 2013) 14) World Bank Phase Six Poverty Alleviation Project Environmental Impact Assessment Outline 1.3.7 Assessment Standard According to the environmental functional district planning and the specific location of the project area, quality standard and emission standard are selected for all environmental elements. The assessment is implemented in accordance with the environmental standard recognized by the regional environmental protection bureaus (in accordance with the industrial emission standard if any). 1. Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water 1) Quality standard: the water body in the assessment area is evaluated according to the Category III Standard in the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-2002). The specific standard values are shown in Table 1.3-1. Table 1.3-1 Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (Extract) Unit: mg/L (except pH) Potassium Petrol Item pH COD BOD DO NH -N Permanganate 5 eum 3 Index Category III 6～9 20 4 ≥5 0.05 1.0 6 Standard

2) Emission Standard: the Project is located in rural areas. Currently, there is no any sewage treatment facilities except for septic tanks. In the Project, the wastewater in the construction period is utilized in the farm irrigation after the primary treatment. The cultivation wastewater in the operation period is pre-treated and utilized in farmland irrigation. The wastewater from the orange commercialized production line and white

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konjak processing plant, and sanitary wastewater may be treated on the basis of the specific situations and counterpart environmental protection facilities. Where there are treatment facilities provided by wastewater treatment stations, the Primary Standard in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996) is adopted for the assessment, where there is no wastewater treatment station, Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005) is adopted for the assessment. Table 1.3-2 Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (Extract) Unit: mg/L (except pH) Animal Item and Petroleu pH COD BOD NH -N SS 5 Vegetabl m 3 e Oil Primary 6～9 100 20 10 5 15 70 Standard

Table 1.3-3 Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (Extract)

Unit: mg/L (except pH) Water Number of Fecal Crops pH COD BOD Temper SS 5 Coliforms (per 100ml) ature Water 150 60 35 4000 80 Farming Dry 5.5~8. 200 100 35 4000 100 Farming 5 Vegetabl 100a,60b 40a,15b 35 2000 a,1000b 60a,15b e Note: a. processed, cooked and peeled vegetables; b. uncooked vegetables, melons and herbal fruits

2. Ambient Air Quality Assessment Standards 1) Quality Standard The ambient air quality in the project area is evaluated according to the Secondary Standard in the Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB3095-2012) and the maximum allowable concentration of hazardous substance in residence districts set in the Sanitary Standard for Industrial Enterprise Design (TJ36-79). The related standard values are shown in Table 1.3-4.

Table 1.3-4 Assessment Standards for Current Ambient Air Quality

Unit: ug/m3 Maximum Assessment Daily Hourly Allowable Note Factor Average Average Concentration/ once

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GB3095-2012

SO2 150 500 / Secondary Standard in GB3095-2012 GB3095-2012

NO2 80 200 / Secondary Standard in GB3095-2012 GB3095-2012

PM10 150 / / Secondary Standard in GB3095-2012 GB3095-2012 TSP 300 / / Secondary Standard in GB3095-2012

H2S / / 0.01 TJ36-79

2) Emission Standard The project emits exhaust gases according to the Secondary Standard in the Emission Standards for Odor Pollutants (GB14554-1993) and the Secondary Standard in the Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297- 1996). The specific standard values are shown in Table 1.3-5.

Table 1.3-5 Project Emission Standards of Air Pollutants

Unit: mg/m3, the odor concentration is dimensionless Maximum Allowable Emission Concentration Concentration Limits on (Organized, 15m Exhaust Unorganized Emission Pollutant Funnels) Standard (mg/m3) Concentration Monitory Rate (kg/h) Concentrati (mg/m3) Points on (mg/m3) SO 550 2.6 0.40 GB16297-199 2 Maximums NO 240 0.77 0.12 6 2 outside the Secondary TSP 120 3.5 Boundary 1.0 Standard Ammonia / 4.9 1.5 Sulphuret Boundary GB14554-199 ed / 0.33 0.06 Concentrati 3 Hydrogen on Secondary Odor Limits Standard Concentra / 2000 20 tion

The trading market of the project is equipped with a dining zone. The dining hall emits lampblack according to the Emission Standard of Cooking Fume (Trial) (GB18483-2001). The specific standard values are shown in Table 1.3-6 and Tale 1.3-7.

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Table 1.3-6 Emission Standard of Cooking Fume (GB18483-2001)

Scale Division of Catering Businesses Scale Small Scale Middle Scale Large Scale Number of Standard Kitchen ≥1, <3 ≥3,<6 ≥6 Ranges Gross Power of the Kitchen Ranges 1.67 ,<5.00 ≥5.00,<10 ≥10 Gross Projected Area of the ≥1.1,<3.3 ≥3.3,<6.6 ≥6.6 Exhaust Hoods (m2)

Table 1.3-7 Maximum Allowable Concentration of Cooking Fume and Minimum Removal Efficiency of Cooking Fume Cleansing Facilities Scale Small Scale Middle Scale Large Scale Maximum Allowable Concentration of Cooking Fume 2.0 (mg/m3) Minimum Removal Efficiency of Cooking Fume 60 75 85 Cleansing Facilities (%)

3. Environmental Quality Standard for Noise 1) Quality Standard Since the Project is located in rural areas, the acoustic environment is evaluated as the Category II Standard in the Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB3096-2008). The specific standard values are shown in Table 1.3-8.

Table 1.3-8 Assessment Standards for the Current Quality of Acoustic Environment

Unit: dB (A) Period Daytime Nighttime Standard Category II in 60 50 GB3096-2008 Emission Standard: During the construction period, the noise emission is evaluated according to the standard set in Table in the Emission Standard of Environment Noise for Boundary of Construction Site (GB12523-2011). The standard is shown in Table 1.3-9.

Table 1.3-9 Emission Standard of Environment Noise for Boundary of Construction Site

Unit: dB (A) Daytime Nighttime 70 55 During the operation period, the noise is evaluated according to the Emission 32

Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB12348-2008). The specific standard values are shown in Table 1.3-10.

Table 1.3-10 Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary

Unit: dB (A) Period Daytime Nighttime Standard Category II in 60 50 GB12348-2008

4. Quality Standard for Ground Water The ground water in the project area is evaluated according to the Category III Standard in the Quality Standard for Ground Water (GB/T14848-93). The specific standard values are shown in 1.3-11.

Table 1.3-11 Assessment Standards for the Current Quality of Ground Water Standard Category Item Standard Value pH 6.5～8.5 Permanganate Index ≤3.0g/L Gross Hardness ≤450mg/L Ferrum ≤0.3mg/L Manganese ≤0.1mg/L Quality Standard Sulfate ≤250mg/L for Ground Water Category III Chloride ≤250mg/L (GB/T14848-93) Nitrate ≤20mg/L Nitrite ≤0.02mg/L Fluoride ≤1.0mg/L Arsenic ≤0.05mg/L Mercury ≤0.001mg/L

5. Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding 1) Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Currently, the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding (GB18596-2001) is carried out for the pollutants discharged in livestock and poultry breeding. The range of application has been clearly specified in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding (GB18596-2001) that “this Standard is applicable for the pollutant discharge in all intensive livestock and poultry farms and feeding zones across China, as well as the pollutant discharge during environmental impact assessments, environment protection facility design, completion acceptance and after operation”. The scale classification of livestock and poultry farms and feeding zones applied in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding (GB18596-2001) is shown in Table 1.3-12 and Table 1.3-13. Table 1.3-12 Scale of Intensive Livestock and Poultry Farms (Counted as Amount on Hand)

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Chicken Cattle Category Pig Laying Classification (over 25kg) Dorking Adult cow Beef cattle hen Class Ⅰ ≥3000 ≥100000 ≥200000 ≥200 ≥400 15000≤Q 30000≤Q Class Ⅱ 500≤Q＜3000 100≤Q＜200 200≤Q＜400 ＜100000 ＜200000 Table 1.3-13 Scale of Intensive Livestock and Poultry Feeding Zones (Counted as Amount on Hand) Category Pig Chicken Cattle Classification (over 25kg) Laying hen Dorking Adult cow Beef cattle Class Ⅰ ≥6000 ≥200000 ≥400000 ≥400 ≥800 100000≤Q 200000≤Q Class Ⅱ 3000≤Q＜6000 200≤Q＜400 400≤Q＜800 ＜200000 ＜400000 Note: Q represents the quantity. The beef cattle demonstration zones (12 cattle per zone) and the household feeding of sheep (20 sheep per household at most) are the largest scale in this Project. Both are smaller than the minimum feeding scale of farms and feeding zones applied in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding (GB18596-2001). According to site investigation, there are many farm fields in the project areas. Therefore, the wastewater is applied for fertilizer irrigation in fields after collection and fermentation treatment. In line with the disposal directions of wastewater, the wastewater in feeding is emitted according to the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005); while the solid wastes in feeding is decomposed to be organic fertilizers. The EHS Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock Production of World Bank has specified the emission standards for the wastewater in livestock and poultry feeding. For the convenience of wastewater supervision during the project operation, a comparison was carried out between the EHS Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock Production and the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005). The result is shown in Table 1.3-14.

Table 1.3-14 Comparison between World Bank Standard and Domestic Standard - Constituents of Wastewater by Livestock and Poultry Breeding World Standards for Irrigation Bank Water Quality ESH (GB5084-2005) Guidelin Water Dry Vegetabl Pollution Units es for Farmi Farmi es Factors Poultry ng ng Producti on

pH pH 6～9 5.5～8.5 BOD mg/L 50 60 100 40a,15b

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COD mg/L 250 150 200 100 a,60b TN mg/L 10 / / / TP mg/L 2 / / / Oil mg/L 10 / / / SS mg/L 50 80 100 60a,15b Temperature / / / ℃ ＜3b Increment Gross Volume / / / MPNa/100 of Escherichia 400 mL Coli Note: In the World Bank ESH Guidelines for Poultry Production, aMPN= Most Probable Number; bOn the basis of the ambient water quality, the use of the receiving water, the potential receptor and the assimilation capacity, a mixing zone is scientifically identified. The temperature increment is measured along the mixing zone. In the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005), a. processed, cooked and peeled vegetables; b. Uncooked vegetables, melons and herbal fruits. The standard for wastewater emission in the EHS Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock Production of World Bank is targeted for the wastewater emitted in livestock and poultry breeding which has been precipitated, biochemically treated, (anaerobically and aerobiotically ), sterilized and discharged into surface water, so its indicators for pollution factors are stricter than those in the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005). However, such standard wastewater treatment is unfeasible or impractical for small scale animal farm or at household level in poverty-stricken rural area. Therefore, the EHS guidelines’ standard is not applicable in this project. Instead, China’s standard for (waste)water that can be used in irrigation is more relevant, and it can be met by simple treatment that is feasible in rural area such as settlement/septic tank. According to the site survey, there are a lot of farmland and forest land around the livestock and poultry breeding project, so the wastewater emitted by the livestock and poultry breeding could be utilized to irrigate the farmland after simply being precipitated and anaerobically treated. And the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005) is applicable to the farmland irrigation water which comes from surface water, ground water, treated wastewater emitted by breeding industry, and wastewater emitted by industry where agricultural products are raw materials. Since the wastewater emission of the Project, the regional characteristics of the standard, the strictness of the standard and other factors are taken into account, the wastewater of livestock and poultry breeding in the Project is emitted according to the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005). 6. Environmental Standard for Crop Farming Because water and fertilizers are involved in crop farming, improper irrigation and fertilization would cause certain environmental pollution. Since there are different water 35 quota standards for crop farming in different regions in China, the Water Quota of Sichuan Province (Amendment 2010) is the major reference for this Assessment. The specific indicators for water quota are shown in Table 5.4-1 in the Chapter 5. The application amount of fertilizers is mainly calculated according to the Emission Reduction Accounting Rules for the Total Volume of Major Pollutants under the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The Rules has specified the annual absorptive capacity of unit land for waster, urine and excrements. The specific values are show in Section 5.5 Environment Capacity Analysis. In terms of water quota and fertilizer application, the EHS Guidelines for Annual Crop Production of World Bank has specified the nutritional requirements of annual crops and water consumption of certain annual crops. The specific values are shown in Table 1.3-15 and Table 1.3-16. Table 1.3-15 Nutritional Requirements of Annual Crops (EHS Guidelines of World Bank) Nutrition/Yield (kg/100kg) b Annual Crops N P2O5 K2O MgO Cereal 2.30～3.15 0.94～1.37 1.88～3.62 0.30～0.46

Potato and Beetroot 0.31 0.10～0.15 0.42～0.79 0.02～0.11 Fodder Corn Fodder 0.38 0.14 0.70 0.08 Alfalfa and Violet 0.80 0.16 0.70 0.08 Alfalfa Mixture of Green 0.40 0.14 0.60 0.05 Forage Note: a Polish Code of Good Agricultural Practice, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation. 1999; b appropriate amounts of byproducts

Table 1.3-16 Water Consumption of Specific Annual Crops (EHS Guidelines of World Bank) Water Requirement of Annual Crop b (mm, Typical Yield and Efficiency a Crop during the entire growth phase) Under irrigation conditions, the better productivity is 6-9t/hm2 (10%-30% moisture included). The water Corn 500～800 utilization efficiency of economic yield varies according to the types, ranging from 0.8kg/m3 to 1.6kg/m3. High yield could be achieved when 3.5-5t water is 450～650 Sorghum irrigated in each hectare (12%-15% moisture included)

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the water utilization efficiency of economic yield ranges from 0.6kg/m3 to 1.0kg/m3. Under irrigation conditions, for the crop whose growing period is 120 days in temperate zone and subtropical zone, the better yield is 20-35t fresh tubers per hectare, Potato 500～700 and 15-25t per hectare in tropical zone. The water utilization rate of economic yield by the fruit containing 70%-75% water is calculated as 4-7kg/m3. Under irrigation conditions, the better yield of wheat is 450~650(High Wheat 4-6t/hm2 (12%-15% moisture). The water utilization Yield) rate of economic yield is among 0.8-1.0 kg/m3. Note: a FAO (2002a). b FAO AGL (1991). Due to the different measurements, there is no comparability between the EHS Guidelines for Annual Crop Production of World Bank and the Water Quota of Sichuan Province (Amendment 2010). Therefore, the Water Quota of Sichuan Province (Amendment 2010) is adopted to assess the irrigation water standards in this Project. The EHS Guidelines for Annual Crop Production of World Bank specifies the amount of each nutritional element for fertilizers, while the Emission Reduction Accounting Rules for the Total Volume of Major Pollutants under the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection takes the absorptive capacity of unit land as the quota standard rather than the usage quota of fertilizers, therefore, there is no comparability between them. After comprehensive consideration, the Emission Reduction Accounting Rules for the Total Volume of Major Pollutants under the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection is adopted as the usage standards for fertilizers in the Assessment. 7. Environmental Standard for Food Processing Industry Food processing in the Project mainly involves the orange commercialized production (waxing, packaging and storing), and primary processing of white konjac (dry konjac slice processing, finish machining and purified powder powder). According to the EHS Guidelines for Food and Beverage Processing of World Bank, the particulate matters emitted by the food processing industry shall not exceed 50mg/m3 under standard conditions, which is stricter than the emission limits on particulate matters (namely TSP<120 mg/m3) in the Secondary Standard in the Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297- 1996). From the perspective of environmental protection and long-term development, the environment assessment report suggests that the particulate matters in exhaust gas should be ≤50 mg/m3, and other pollution factors are evaluated according to the Secondary Standard in the Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297- 1996). The standards of wastewater emission for food and beverage industries are shown in Table 1.3-19. Since the investment on the primary processing of orange and white konjac is far from adequate, there is no improved wastewater treatment facility in the processing plants in the Project, and the industrial wastewater and the sanitary wastewater are

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utilized to irrigate farmland after collection and pretreatment. Therefore, the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005) is adopted for the wastewater emitted by food and beverage industries.

the ESH Standards for Irrigation Water Quality Integrated Guidelines for (GB5084-2005) Wastewater Food and Discharge Pollution Factor Unit Beverage Water Dry Standard Vegetables Processing of Farming Farming (GB8978-1996) World Bank pH pH 6～9 5.5～8.5 6~9 BOD mg/L 50 60 100 40a,15b 20 COD mg/L 250 150 200 100 a,60b 100 TN mg/L 10 / / / / TP mg/L 2 / / / / Oil mg/L 10 / / / 10 SS mg/L 50 80 100 60a,15b 70 Temperature / / / / ℃ ＜3b Increment Gross Volume of / / / / MPNa/100mL 400 Escherichia Coli

Table 1.3-17 Comparison between World Bank Standard and Domestic Standard - Constituents of Wastewater by Food and Beverage Industries Note: In the World Bank ESH Guidelines for Poultry Production, aMPN= Most Probable Number; bOn the basis of the ambient water quality, the use of the receiving water, the potential receptor and the assimilation capacity, a mixing zone is scientifically identified. The temperature increment is measured along the mixing zone. In the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005), a. processed, cooked and peeled vegetables; b. Uncooked vegetables, melons and herbal fruits.

The standard for wastewater emission in the EHS Guidelines for Food and Beverage Processing of World Bank is targeted for the wastewater emitted in livestock and poultry breeding which has been precipitated, biochemically treated, (anaerobically treated and aerobiotically treated), sterilized and discharged into surface water, so its indicators for pollution factors are higher than those in the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005) (except for COD, the indicator for COD in the World Bank EHS Guidelines is looser than that set in the domestic

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Standards for Irrigation Water Quality). The Class I Standard set in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996) is applicable for “the wastewater which is discharged into the Class III Water Areas (except for the designated reserves and swimming areas) set in the Environmental Quality Standard For Surface Water (GB3838－2002) and the Class II Sea Area set in the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997).” In this Standard, except for the indicator for “total volume of suspended solid”, other indicators are stricter than those in the EHS Guidelines For Food and Beverage Processing of World Bank, and relevant wastewater treatment systems are needed. However, the Project is located in rural areas, unequipped with improved wastewater treatment systems, and the investment is limited. Therefore, the standard set in the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005) is adopted for the processing in the Project.

1.4 Category, Rating, Scope and Period of Assessment

1.4.1 Assessment Category According to the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of the Environment Impact Assessment of Loan Projects of International Finance Corporation (SEPA No. 324 [1993]) released by the former State Environment Protection Administration and other Ministries and the OP4.01: Environmental Assessment under World Bank safeguard policies, the assessment is divided into three categories on the basis of the degree and scope of the possible impact on the environment by the proposed project, and the environmental sensitivity of the project area, shown in Table 1.4-1.

Table 1.4-1 Categories of Environmental impact assessment of Construction Projects Asses sment Environmental Impact Assessment Content Categ ory Comprehensive environmental Categ Construction projects which may impose impact assessment is needed for ory A major negative impacts on the environment this category. Generally, comprehensive

environmental impact assessment Construction projects whose scope and is not needed, but special degree of the negative impacts on the Categ environmental impact assessment environment are limited, whose impacts ory B or environmental impact analysis could be largely reduced and prevented by is needed according to the advanced technologies and mature characteristics of the project and measures. the environmental elements.

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Only reference procedures for environmental protection Categ Construction projects which have no or management are needed for this ory C little negative impacts on the environment. category, instead of environmental impact assessment or environmental impact analysis. Based on the nature, scale, impact degree and the environmental characteristics of the Project, the Project is determined as Category B, for its impact on the surrounding environment is short-term, not significant, and reversible. 1.4.2 Assessment Factor 1. Environmental Impact Recognition In accordance with the characteristics of the Project and the regional environment, the integrated recognition of the environmental impact elements is shown in the following table. Table 1.4-2 Integrated Recognition of the Environmental Impact Elements Period Construction Project Environmental Impact  Make traffic troubles for residents. Arranging the Prepar  construction site, Make air dusty and roads muddy, impact air ation building construction quality and landscape. Period  Waste slags drain by earth rock excavation. roads and so on.  Disturb residents’ work and life.  Impacts imposed by land occupation, waste Co slags, construction roads and sites on the nstr Building plants and ecological environment. ucti offices  Noise, dust, wastewater and solid waste on emitted to the environment. Per Constr  Impacts imposed by land occupation, waste iod uction slags, construction roads and sites on the Period Road construction ecological environment.  Noise, dust, wastewater and solid waste emitted to the environment. Seedling base and  Destroying cultivated land and vegetation. cultivation  Water loss and soil erosion. Seedling base and  Diffused pollution caused by the application cultivation of pesticides and fertilizers. Op Roads  Noise, vehicle exhaust erat Negati  Pollution caused by excrements of livestock ion ve and poultry Breeding Per Impact  Demand of breeding for grassland iod  Odor  the “three wastes” including noise and Processing workshops wastewater

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Period Construction Project Environmental Impact  Transforming the current structure of economic crops, and increasing farmers’ Seedling base and income cultivation  Optimizing the current tillage methods, and reducing environmental pollution and ecological impact  Improving the regional traffic for residents, Positiv and optimizing the village structure Roads e  Improving the regional investment Impact environment for sustainable development  offering quality organic fertilizers for breeding Breeding  Optimizing the breeding houses for efficient treatment of excrements

Processing workshops  Initial processing of economic crops for income increase

Generally speaking, the environmental pollution of the Project is mainly caused by the wastewater, solid waste and waste gas from excrements of livestock and poultry, partially caused by the “three wastes” from road noise and workshops. The Project has negative impact mainly on the natural ecological environment (including land utilization, water loss and soil erosion, animals and plants), partially on the social environment (including residents’ trips, traffic, landscape, and social economy). According to the environmental impact and characteristics of the Project, the qualitative relationships for environmental resources in various periods are shown in Table 1.4-3. Table 1.4-3 Recognition and Screening Matrix for Environmental Impact Assessment of the Project Ecological Physical-Chemical Social and Economic Environment Environment Environment Wate Resi Emp Peri Project Impact r and Surf Soli Loca Publ Land dent Ind loy od Activities Degree Gree Soil No ace d l ic scap s’ Air ustr ment nery Cons ise Wate Wast Econ Tran e Live y Serv ervat r es omy sport s ices ion Impact Degree -Ⅰ -Ⅱ -Ⅱ -Ⅲ -Ⅲ -Ⅱ -Ⅰ -Ⅰ +Ⅰ +Ⅱ +Ⅲ +Ⅲ Initi al Preparatio -Ⅲ -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -2 -3 -1 Peri n od Cons Workshop truct s and -Ⅲ -2 -2 -2 -3 -2 -2 -1 -1 +3 +3 -2 +3 ion offices

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Ecological Physical-Chemical Social and Economic Environment Environment Environment Wate Resi Emp Peri Project Impact r and Surf Soli Loca Publ Land dent Ind loy od Activities Degree Gree Soil No ace d l ic scap s’ Air ustr ment nery Cons ise Wate Wast Econ Tran e Live y Serv ervat r es omy sport s ices ion Peri Subgrades -Ⅲ -2 -3 -2 -3 -2 -1 -1 -1 +3 +3 -2 +3 od Land Consolida -Ⅰ -2 -1 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3 -1 +3 +3 -2 +3 tion Material -Ⅰ -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -1 +3 +3 -3 +3 Transport Transport -Ⅰ -2 -1 +3 +1 -3 -2 -1 -1 +3 +3 +3 +3 Planting +Ⅱ +2 +3 +2 +3 +1 +2 -1 +1 +1 +3 +2 +3 Oper Breeding -Ⅱ -2 -1 +3 -2 -1 -2 -2 -3 +1 +3 +3 ation Peri Processin g od -Ⅰ -1 +2 +1 -2 -1 -2 -1 +3 +3 +3 Workshop s Note: 1) Single Impact Recognition reflects a certain project activity’s impact on a certain environmental factor, and the impact is recognized by the following marks: +: positive; -: negative; 1: marginal; 2: common; 3: major. 2) Integrated (Accumulated) Impact Recognition reflects a certain project activity’s integrated impact on all environmental factors, or a certain environmental factor’s integrated impact on all project activities, and its judgment as an assessment factor. The impact is recognized by the following marks: I: marginal; II: common; III: major.

During the construction period, except for the permanent environmental impacts imposed by roads, workshops and offices and other project activities, other impacts are temporary. The major factors for environmental impact include the ecological environment, water and soil conservation, the social environment, the water environment, the acoustic environment and the air environment. The environmental impact during the operation period is permanent. The major factors for environmental impact include the acoustic environment, the water environment, the air environment, the ecological environment and the social and economic environment. 2. Assessment Factor Screening Based on the recognition of the environmental impact, the environmental sensitivity along the Project and the analysis of the mutual impacts, the assessment factors for all environmental factors in the Project are shown in the following table. Table 1.4-4 Factors for Environmental Impact Assessment

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Environmental Current Assessment Factor Forecast Assessment Factor Factor

Acoustic Equivalent Sound Level (Ld, Ln) Equivalent Sound Level (Ld, Ln) in Environment in Daytime and Nighttime Daytime and Nighttime

Surface Water pH,SS,COD,BOD5,ammonia pH,SS,COD,BOD5,ammonia Environment nitrogen nitrogen Sur Sanitary Wastewater in fac / pH,CODcr,BOD5,SS e Construction Wa Sites ter Production Wastewater in / pH,COD ,SS,Petroleum Mixing cr Stations pH, gross hardness, sulfate, pH, gross hardness, sulfate, nitrite, Ground Water nitrite, Permanganate Index, Permanganate Index, ammonia ammonia nitrogen nitrogen

Atmosphere SO2,NO2 ,PM10,H2S,NH3 CO,NO2,PM10,SO2,H2S,NH3 Construction Period: building debris, household garbage of Household garbage, excrements workers Solid Waste of livestock and poultry, straw Operation Period: household planting garbage, excrements of livestock and poultry, straw planting Animals and Plants, terrestrial animals, aquatic Plants, terrestrial animals, aquatic Plants organism organism Eco Land Land occupation, land utilization the current land utilization logi Utilization pattern, agro-ecology cal Changing the acreage of earth En Water Loss Erosion intensity, erosion surface, reducing the acreage of vir and Soil acreage, reasons of water loss and water facilities, the volume of on Erosion soil erosion water and soil loss, the harm of me water and soil loss nt Pollution to the soil caused by Soil the current soil quality pesticides and fertilizers Landscape Rural and urban landscape Rural and urban landscape Acreage, population, production Social Population size and structure, value, mineral resources, tourism Environment living quality, re-development, resources, industry, agriculture, Impact land occupation transportation 1.4.3 Assessment Rating The rating for the project assessment is shown in Table 1.4-5.

Table 1.4-5 Rating of Special Subjects Special Rating Gist Subject

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According to the Technical Guideline for Environmental Impact Ecologica Assessment Ecological Impact (HJ19-2011), the Project involves l Category a wide scope and diverse ecological types, but because rural Environm III households are the main body, the development intensity is not ent adequate. The land for road building is allocated on the basis of public opinions village by village, no land acquisition involved. According to the Technical Guideline for Environmental Noise Impact Assessment (HJ2.4-2009), the functional zone of acoustic Environm environment in the Project belongs to the standard zone of Category ental Category 1 and Category 2, the noise increment of sensitive III Noise targets within the assessment scope is below 3dB (A) (excluding 3dB(A)), and there is no major change in the affected population. The wastewater discharge sources in the Project are mainly the processing plants of sweet orange and white konjak, and the diffused pollution caused by breeding. According to the Surface Technical Guidelines For Environmental Impact Assessment — Water Category Surface Water Environment (HJ/T2.3-93), the emission of Environm III wastewater <1000m³/d, the pollutants are not permanent, the ent water quality parameters whose concentration shall be predicted <7, the complexity of wastewater is “simplicity”, and the rating is tertiary. In the Project, breeding, irrigation and fertilizer application have impacts on ground water, but no ground water is taken for use. According to the Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment - Groundwater Environment (HJ610-2011), the Project belongs to Category I. The antifouling capacity of the Ground Category aeration zone is “medium and strong”. The water-bearing Water III stratum of the construction site is labelled as “medium”. There are no mass ground waters or water sources for households in the Project area, so the Project is labelled as “insensitive”. And wastewater discharge is of “small volume”. The complexity of water is “simplicity”. According to the Guides, the Project is rated as tertiary. The roads and breeding project in the Project generate exhaust gas and odor. The underclass rural roads are located in remote Ambient Category areas. Family breeding, instead of large-scale farm, is adopted. Air III According to HJ2.2-2008, Pmax<10% or D10%< the minimum distance from the pollution source to the plant boundary. Impact on the atmosphere is rated as Level 3.

1.4.4 Assessment Scope The assessment scope of the Project is shown in Table 1.4-6. Table 1.4-6 Assessment Scope

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Environme Assessment Scope nt Factor Ecological Taking the intact border of climate unit, hydrological unit, ecological unit, Environme geological unit involved in the affected areas of the Project as reference nt border. During the construction period, the area within 200m around the Acoustic construction site; during the operation period, the area within 200m from Environme the road centerline and sensitive points; for the food processing project, the nt area within 200m around the construction site; for the livestock and poultry breeding project, the area within 200m around the breeding house. Water Environme The surface wasters and ground waters involved in the Project. nt The area within 200m from the road centerline and sensitive points; for the Ambient food processing plant, the area centering on the plant whose diameter is Air 5km; for the livestock and poultry breeding project, the square area centering on the breeding houses whose side length is 5km. Social The counties, towns and (municipal and county) regions directly or Environme indirectly affected by the project components. The infrastructure, resources nt and scenes in the area within 200m from the road centerline.

1.4.5 Assessment Period Based on the annual investment arrangements, the project size and the available domestic counterpart funds, the Project will be completed in 5 years. The assessment period includes the construction period and the operation period, 5 years for each. Among the impacts on the surrounding environment in the construction period, the ecological ones are long-term while other “Three Wastes” are temporary. Impact analysis is mainly carried out in this period. The impacts on the surrounding environment in the operation period, which are long-term, varied with the specific process flow, the generation and emission of pollutants, and the treatment and disposal of pollutants. Therefore, the operation period will be emphasized.

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Chapter 2 Project Overview

2.1 Objectives and Investment of Project

2.1.1 Objectives of Project The project aims to develop specialized cooperatives in contiguous poor areas to support poverty-stricken rural families. The project support cooperatives to develop market-oriented, competitive industries with high added-value based on local natural resources. It also plans to extend industrial chain and increase farmers’ share of average profits in the total along the industrial chain, lay the foundation for farmers to increase income, transform poverty-stricken villages into new well-off ones and elevate poor families into wealthy ones, thus developing a new innovative and industrialized poverty alleviation mechanism.

2.1.2 Investment of Project The total estimated investment is 600 million yuan, including 552 million yuan (92%) in basic cost and 48 million yuan (8%) in financial cost and budget reserves. The total investment consists of 386 million yuan (64.59%) for the development project of modern industrial value chains, 145 million yuan (24.21%) for the public infrastructure and service project, 1.8 million yuan (0.30%) for the research and promotion of the industrialized poverty alleviation mechanism, 17.37 million yuan (2.9%) for the management, supervision and assessment project, and 48 million yuan (8.00%) for financial cost and budget reserves.

2.2 Composition and Schedule of Project

Given the situation of the project areas, the project designs, the operation mode, the principles for industry selection and the future industries developed by the project, the project can be divided into 4 sub-projects: the modern industrial value chain development project, the public infrastructure and service support project, the industrialized poverty alleviation research and promotion project and the management supervision and evaluation project. The construction period of the project will be 5 years. The project will begin in November, 2014, and end before December, 2019. The construction of office facilities and office buildings will complete in the first and the second year, and the rest of the project will be finished in 5 years. According to the investment arrangement of the project, 18.31%, 25.45%, 24.30%, 20.62% and 11.32% of the project will be finished in each year respectively.

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2.3 Construction Content and Scale of Construction

The total investment of the project will be 600 million yuan, in three sub-projects: the agricultural pillar industry project, the industrial added-value increment project (the farm product processing project), the infrastructure project and other management projects. 80% of the investment will be spent on agricultural development and infrastructure. The allocation of investment and the construction content is shown in Table 2.3-1. Table 2.3-1 Construction Content and Investment Allocation

Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total investment thousand yuan) (%) 1.Public Infrastructure Project 13042.52 21.74 1.1 Road construction 8993.24 14.99 Place of Scale of Name of project Standard of construction project construction Butuo Renovating village The standard of roads within the 26.14 km County roads village and the standard of roads Building new village between villages are the same. The 15 km roads speed limit of the village roads is Renovating 8 km Jinyang 15km/h, the width of subgrade is boulevards County 4.5 meters, the width of the running Renovating village lane is 3.5 meters, and the 10.4 km roads pavement is composed of Roads for production clay-bound gravel(level is lower 13.74 km Building new village than the concrete pavement). The 5.84 km roads general minimum radius of the Renovating horizontal curves is 15 meters, the 6.6 km Meigu boulevards ultimate minimum radius is 10 County Renovating village meters. The maximum longitudinal 5 km roads gradient is 9%, the minimum length Roads for production of slope is 60 meters. The minimum 25.92 km Building new village radius of the vertical curve is 200 8.85 km roads meters, the minimum length of the Renovating vertical curve is 20 meters. The 12 km Zhaojue boulevards design load of the road is of Class County Renovating village II. 13.08 km roads Roads for production 53.4 km Building new village The pavement width of the roads 18 km Xuyong roads for production is 120cm,. On slopes County Renovating village the roads are equipped with stairs, 30.61 km roads which are 15-20 cm tall and 35-45 47

Roads for production cm wide. The pavement is made of 69 km Building new village cement and used for walk only. 39.38 km roads Renovating 34.45 km Gulin boulevards County Renovating village 10 km roads Roads for production 104.4 km Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total thousand yuan) investment(%) 1.2 Water Conservation 3821.24 6.37 Project Place of Farmland water Scale of Standard of construction project conservation project construction 60 m3.pools 51 PEΦ40 irrigation Jinyang 30km pipelines County PEΦ63irrigation 6km pipelines 3. 60 m Pools 200m3reservior: the radius is 4.5m, 50 3. 200 m Pools the depth is 3.5m, the total volume 2 PEΦ40 irrigation is 222 m3.. The wall is 0.25m thick, 155km Meigu pipelines the base plate is 0.25 m thick, the County PEΦ63 irrigation top plate is 0.18m thick. 10km pipelines PEΦ90 irrigation The irrigation canals are built with 5km pipelines 30×30 cmC15concrete blocks. The 60 m3. Pools canal wall is 0.12 m thick, the 403 Irrigation canals bottom is 0.1m thick. 17km Gulin Irrigation stations The irrigation station is powered by 4 County PEΦ40 irrigation second class load power supply. 50km pipelines The net lift is 300meters. 60 m3.pools 85 200 m3. Pools 6 Xuyong drop irrigation 3 County Irrigation canals 65km Irrigation stations 5 Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total thousand yuan) investment(%) 1.3Market facilities 228.04 0.38 Place of Market facility Standard of construction Scale of

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project construction The market covers an area of 1500m2, including 1000m2 for the Xuyong Farm product market trading hall, 300m2 for the office 1 County building,50m2 for toilets,150 m2 for loading platforms. The market covers an area of 130m2, including 60 m2 for the Jinyang trading hall, 20m2 for toilets,50 m2 Livestock market 1 County for loading platforms. It is also equipped with fair balances and tea rooms. Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total thousand yuan) investment(%) 2.Agricultural Pillar Industry 37625.53 62.72 Project 2.1Food crops 4600.02 7.67 Place of Content and Scale of construction project Butuo County 923.98ha of potato fields Zhaojue 100 ha of virus-free potato breeding base, 990.88ha of potato fields. County Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total thousand yuan) investment(%) 2.2Commercial crops 11390.71 18.98 Place of Content and Scale of construction project Jinyang 100ha of fields to plant fine white konjak County 391.89ha of white konjak fields and 56 rotary cultivators 1000 ha of walnut fields Meigu 398.88 ha of fields to plant high-grafting walnut County Short-term income increment project: 37ha of papaya fields and raising 61338 chickens 1773.24 ha of walnut fields Gulin County 521.58ha of sweet orange gardens 2.5 ha of fine sweet orange breeding base 653.67ha of sweet orange gardens Xuyong 200 ha of high-grafting sweet orange gardens County Short-term income increment project: 600 ha of chili fields and 100 ha of watermelon fields Number/Content Estimated investment(10 Proportion in the

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thousand yuan) total investment(%) 2.3 Forage grass Planting and 1445.43 2.41 Processing Equipment Place of Content and Scale of construction project Butuo County 1110.64 ha of forage grass and 15 sets of processing equipment Jinyang 183.09 ha of forage grass and 22 sets of processing equipment County Meigu County 1470.37 ha of forage grass and 20 sets of processing equipment Zhaojue 331.15 ha of forage grass and 80 sets of processing equipment County Xuyong 1000 ha of forage grass County Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total thousand yuan) investment(%) 2.4 Cattle Breeding 5683.55 9.47 Place of Content and Scale of construction project The project plans to raise 3715 cows and 106 bulls, build 15 improved breeding centers. The cows and bulls will be raised by individual households, 2 for each. Butuo County 3715 breeding houses will be renovated into brick-structure byres. The headroom of the byres is 3-3.5m. Each byre is equipped with troughs, cattle beds, defecation ditches and feeding channels. The cattle are kept in captivity; the space for each cattle is 4.62 m2(4.2×1.1). The project plans to raise 2500 cows and 240 bulls and build 20 improved breeding centers. The bulls are raised in feed lots on a large scale. Every Xuyong feed lot covers 1 mu, each breeding house covers 100 m2 and can County accommodate 20 bulls. The feed lots are equipped with water storage pools, silage pools, disinfecting tanks, duty rooms and biogas digesters. Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total thousand yuan) investment(%) 2.5 Sheep Breeding 9593.24 15.99 Place of Content and Scale of construction project 14720 Liangshan semi-fine wool sheep and 700 rams will be raised by individual families, each individual family can raise at most 20 sheep. Jinyang County 1000 breeding houses will be renovated, the leak of the house is 50cm above the ground. Each breeding house will cover an area of 40m2, and has another 30m2 of space. 50

10500sheep will be raised by individual families, each individual family Meigu can raise at most 20 sheep. 3823 breeding houses will be renovated into County standard breeding houses. The standard of renovation is the same with that of Jinyang County. 24800 Liangshan semi-fine wool sheep and 625 rams will be raised by Zhaojue individual families, each individual family can raise at most 20 sheep. County 5000 breeding houses will be renovated into standard breeding houses. The standard of renovation is the same as that of Jinyang County. Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total thousand yuan) investment(%) 2.6 Green Prevention and 346.12 0.58 Control Project Purchasing pest and disease monitoring devices, moth traps, mobile sprayer, yellow sticky boards, solar insecticidal lamps and biological pesticide. Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total thousand yuan) investment(%) 2.7 Rural Cooperatives 4095.17 6.83 Place of project Standard of construction Scale of construction Butuo County 29 places, 2900m2 Offices, desks and office facilities Jinyang County 17 places,1700 m2 will be installed to facilitate Meigu County 10 places,1000 m2 cooperative management and Zhaojue County 8 places,800 m2 industrial training. Each office will Gulin County 20 places,2000 m2 cover an area of 100m2 Xuyong County 21 places, 2100 m2 Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total thousand yuan) investment(%) 1.6 Product storage and 471.29 0.79 Market Facilities The project plans to build fruit fresh-keeping storehouses, collection spots of major products, nodal points of major products and livestock trading areas. Two fruit fresh-keeping storehouses will be built in Gulin County and Xuyong County respectively. The area of the storehouses will be 500 m2. R23 refrigerants will be used in the storehouse. 23 collection spots of major products will be built, each covering 130 m2. The collection spot will be equipped with a 60 m2 trading hall, 20m2 flushing toilets and loading platforms. 7 nodal points for major products will be built, each covering 300 m2. The points will be designed as single-floor buildings with color-steel structures. The livestock trading areas will cover 130 m2, including a 60 m2 trading hall, 10 m2 flushing toilets and a 50 m2 loading platform. 51

Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total thousand yuan) investment(%) 3.Farm Product Processing 600.2 1 Projec Place Scale of Technological process of construction projec t Xuyo 1 pocessing The factory will cover 2000m2 and adopts mechanical classification ng line of or photoelectric classification production lines with a capacity of 8 Count sweet tons/h. The automatic production line can transport, deliver, wash, y orange stove, polish, examine, classify, process and wrap fruits. Processing of fresh fruit: preliminary selection (selection, washing, 1 processing soaking,classification)-prestore-processing-precooling-wrapping-deliv Gulin line of ery Count sweet Processing of stored fruit: preliminary selection (selection, washing, y orange soaking,classification)-prestore-store-processing-precooling-wrapping -delivery Main devices: white konjak roaster, grinder, purification machine. Processing ofwhite konjak corms into dry white konjak slices: white 1 processing konjak corms-removal of Jinya factory of sprouts-washing-drying-peeling-slicing-roasting(blenching)-inspectio ng white n-wrapping-finished product Count konjak Processing of dry white konjak slices into flavor powder: y sizing-grinding-separation-screening-inspection-wrapping Processing of flavor powder into micro powder: flavor powder-grinding-screening-wrapping. Proportion in the Estimated investment(10 Number/Content total thousand yuan investment(%) 4 Other Management Projects 8731.75 14.55 Research and promotion of the industrialized poverty alleviation mechanism, subsidies for cooperative market development, contract/agricultural insurance pilot projects, cooperative training, information disclosure, industry upgrading, management and assessment of project supervision Total 60000 100

2.4 Construction Standard of Project

For common standard, refer to Table 2.3-1. This chapter focuses on the standards for relevant facilities that have a large impact on environmental pollution, prevention and control. 2.4.1 Standard of the market construction project

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1. Excrement and urine collection facilities Excrement and urine collection pools will be built in livestock trade areas. Livestock urine will be collected in the pools, treated and used for farmland irrigation. Temporary dung storage yard (A hold, with a brick inner wall will be dug in the yard; the inner wall is plastered with cement and lime to prevent leakage) will also be built to store and ferment dung. The excrement and urine collection pools must stay away from ground water.

The volume of the excrement and urine collection pools should comply with the Rules on the Discharge Reduction of Major Pollutants of the 12th Five-year Plan issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. According to the rules, the wastewater and livestock urine used for agricultural production must be collected in rain-proof and impermeable pools. Generally, a collection pool should be able to contain over two months’ output of wastewater and livestock urine (at least 0.3m³ per hog). The livestock excrement used for agricultural production must be stored in a rain-proof and impermeable storage yard and cleaned at intervals. Generally, the volume for every ten hogs is 1 m³; the volume for every bull or every two cows is 1 m³; the volume for every 2000 broilers or every 500 laying hens is 1 m³. 2. Public toilet in the trading markets The toilets are all flushing toilets and equipped with septic tanks. Sewage is collected, fermented and then used as fertilizer. The scale of toilets is based on specific surroundings of the markets.

2.4.6 The standard and requirements of the breeding project 1. The design of sheep breeding houses Sheep houses should be built in dry places with sound drainage. There should be flat and open place for exercises on the south, the houses should be close to grazing land, water and forage reserve and be reasonably arranged according to the distribution of sheep flock. Because the climate in the project area is cold, the breeding houses are low breeding houses with interspaces. The interspaces are 50 cm above the ground; the area of the breeding house is about 40 m2 with open windows. The breeding houses of Meigu sheep are multi-storey buildings, the sheep beds are made of wood battens, the distance between adjacent battens is 20-30mm. The space for each ewe is 2.5-4m2. The breeding houses are 3m tall, the sheep beds are 0.5m above the ground. Outside each breeding house is a 30m2 area for sheep to move around. There are drainage ditches near the breeding houses. Collection pools are established outside of breeding houses for temporarily collecting sheep excrement.

The sheep are raised in breeding houses and open spaces. Different amounts of forage are provided in different growth stages of the sheep. Measures should also be taken to prevent diseases and keep the environment clean. 3. The requirements of cattle breeding houses In villages that breed cattle, the breeding areas should be concentrated. Each breeding area covers 667 m2, its amount of livestock on hand is 20, and its production 53 capacity is 40 cattle a year. For individual households that breed cattle, each household raises 2 cattles and each breeding house covers 20m2. 1) Design principles The breeding houses should be durable, clean, environmentally-friendly cool in summer and warm in winter and easy to manage; the structure should be simple. People and cattle, unpolluted and polluted roads, rain and sewage, excrement and urine are separated. The wastewater and urine is collected in the collection pool, treated and discharged into the farmland; the dry cow dung is collected, fermented outside the breeding houses and applied to the farmland. 2) Site selection The breeding houses should be built in the down-wind place in the residential area; they should be at least 5m away from residential buildings. The site should have access to water, electricity and roads, and it should be high, leeward, dry and flat. It should have adequate supply of clean drinking water and a sound system of pollution discharge. There must be appropriate plants to handle the excrement. 3) The design of concentrated breeding houses Each breeding house contains two rows of cattle beds, the total number of cattle beds is 20, 10 beds in a row. The area of a breeding house is 100m2. Between the two rows is a 1.8m-wide aisle. On both sides of the aisle are feeding troughs, the troughs are 60 cm wide and 25 cm deep, the outer edge is 70 cm high, the inner edge is 45 cm high. The internal surface of the trough is plastered with cement mortar, the bottom is a tile-like groove. There is a 1.1m-high guard bar on top of the troughs to prevent cattle from escaping from the cattle beds. The cattle beds are 1.7m long and 1m wide, high in the front and low in the back, its slope is 2.0%. Behind each bed there is a ditch to discharge excrement. The ditch is 30cm wide and 10-25cm deep. The ditch is tiptilted, covered by a 40cm*40cm clay plates. The leaks on the plates are 2.5 cm wide. There is an 1-meter-wide aisle behind the ditch for cleaning up the excrement. Subsidiary facilities such as pools, biogas digesters, silage pools, disinfection rooms, duty rooms and ferment pools are built. The volume of a pool is 60m3, the volume of a silage pool is 40 m3, the area of a disinfection room is 5 m2 , the area of a duty room is 15 m2. Each breeding house is also equipped with an electronic spray disinfection machine and a chaff cutter with a capacity of 2-5 tons an hour. The silage pools,40 m3each, are built of cement, shale bricks and fine stone powder. The silage pools should be firm, windtight and equipped with an awning. The urine of cattle is collected in the collection pool, treated and then used as irrigation water. The excrement is collected and fermented in the provisional tank (a pit digged on the ground with brick-covered and cement-plastered inner walls) in the breeding area, and then used as fertilizers. 4) The design of cattle breeding houses in individual households The cattle breeding houses in individual households are half-open or closed brick buildings, the height is 3-3.5m, the space for each cattle is 4.62m2(4.2×1.1). The breeding houses are equipped with troughs, cattle beds and ditches. The slope of the cattle beds is 1～1.5% so that urines can separate from dung.

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The dung pool is used to store dung. It is usually built downwind in the north of the residential buildings. It is built of bricks, and its walls are plastered with cement and lime. The urine collection pool is used to collect urine through the ditch. The urine is fermented and used for irrigation. The collection pool is plastered with cement, and its volume is 10～20m3. The ceiling of the cattle breeding house is built of color steel with thermal-protective coating. The wall is built of shale bricks. The walls are plastered with cement mortar. There are windows (1.4m*1.2m) at the height of 1.4 m. The distance between adjacent windows is 4m.

2.5 Relevant projects and due diligence

2.5.1 Similar projects in progress According to research reports about the project, this poverty alleviation project covers several areas including livestock breeding, agricultural production, farm product processing and infrastructure development. If the villages covered by the project have already carried out similar projects, there will be resource competition, redundant construction, a waste of funds and environmental problems. After checking the villages, similar projects that are in progress or planned are shown in Table 2.5-1. There are no such projects in Xuyong, Gulin and Zhaojue.

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Table2.5-1 Similar projects that are in progress/ planned Whether Place Content of Period of there are of Name of project Scale of construction Coverage construction project conflicts or project not All rural families white konjak 2013 Already Subsidizing 0.4million yuan in subsidies for white engaged in plantation Already completed , farmers konjak plantation amorphophallus Jinyang project completed no conflicts albus plantation County Semi-fine wool 2013 Already Renovating 0.6 million yuan in subsidies for the The whole sheep breeding Already completed , breeding houses renovation of 200 sheep breeding houses county project completed no conflicts Clusters of Investing 1 million yuan in the virus-free potato Potato Subsidizing plantation of virus-free potatoes. The 2013 protospecies Already protospecies virus-free potato total planted area of potatoes is 10000 Already production bases completed , subsidy project protospecies mu (100yuan/ mu), the total output of completed featuring no conflicts potatoes is 13000 tons. standardized production Butuo Heifer There are County Investing 0.75 million yuan to support International regional Developing cow 100 households that raise cows. Each Luo’en Village, husbandry 2013-2015 limitations breeding household raises 1 cow. The project will Le’an Town development but forage be rolled out gradually. project grass of the Industrialized Raising cattle and Investing 4.9 million yuan to support Weizhiluo project poverty renovating 527 households that raise cattle. Every 2010-now Village, Wadu county is alleviation breeding houses household raises 1 Simmental cow and Village, Jizhi adequate,

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promotion renovates 30 m2 of the breeding houses. Village and other which leads project 4 villages to no conflicts to this project. The sheep farm for 10000 sheep covers 200 mu, including 7500 m2 of breeding The project The sheep farm houses and 15000 m2 of open space. is at the for 10000sheep, The sheep breeding center: The area of preliminary the breeding houses is 4800m2, the area of planning comprehensive open space is 7000m2. stage, and building, feed The comprehensive building covers 10 has strong mills, mu. Its building area is 2000m2. regional slaughterhouses, The sheep feed mill covers 20 mu, the specialities. July, product building area of its plants is 1500m2, the The forage 2014-December, processing area of storehouses is 2000m2, the area grass is Meigu Meigu sheep 2019. The factories,organic of silos is 10000 m3, and the area of the Bapu Town adequate. If Count breeding base project is at the fertilizer fodder plantation center is 1000mu. we can preliminary production The packinghouse has a capacity of 0.3 strengthen its planning stage. factories, million animals, the area is 150mu, it is infrastructure vermiculture equipped with processing workshops, for better factories, freezers and storehouses. water source production The vermiculture factory covers 70 utilization, exhibition centers mu. then, it has and product The organic fertilizer production no conflicts libraries. factory covers 10 mu, the production to this capacity is 50000 tons/year. project. The product libraries cover 15mu.

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Other relevant anti-pollution facilities.

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As is shown in Table 2.5-1, the sheep breeding base of Meigu County is an industrial chain that integrates sheep breeding, pasture planting and livestock processing. It is crucial to developing large-scale breeding and sheep butchery, building relevant environmental-friendly facilities and facilitating large-scale development of all industries. Forage grass and water are likely to compete with this project for resources. The project is now being planned and it does not overlap with the poverty alleviation project. According to the preliminary plan of the sheep breeding base project, the following measures will be taken to settle forage undersupply: 1. Optimizing the feed crop structure and developing the forage industry. 2. Developing and utilizing new types of forage (mainly crop straw) to ensure adequate and balanced supply. 3. Promoting silage corn to improve forage production. 4. Promoting the silage corn straw feed technology. 5. Utilizing the idle land and the open forest land to plant forage. 6. Provide supportive policies and technological assistance for the forage production industry. The above-mentioned measures can ensure adequate forage supply and avoid conflicts against this project. The Meigu sheep breeding base project will involve livestock slaughtering and processing, so it will require large amounts of water. According to the Balance of Water resources in Meigu County (see Chapter 5.4 Analysis of Water Resource Carrying Capacity) of this project (Phase Six of the Poverty-alleviation Project), there is a balance between water supply and demand in Meigu County, and if the County is to carry out the sheep breeding base project, it must solve the problem of water undersupply.

2.5.2 Analysis on the Upstream and Downstream Firms Related to the Project According to field research, the project is carried out in remote villages where infrastructure is weak, large-scale industry is backward and raw material is still the main product. There are no complete production lines(from planting raw and auxiliary materials to processing and selling products). Therefore, there are no upstream and downstream firms related to the project. After the sheep breeding base in Meigu County is complete, it will form an industrial chain that integrates the processing and cold storage of livestock products; the industrial chain will also become a downstream industry of the project. the sheep breeding base of Meigu County is been planned and not at the feasibility stage, so no appraisal on environment impact has been carried out. Before the sheep breeding base project begins, Meigu County must ensure water supply for livestock processing. Currently, wastewater is treated in the SBR (sequencing batch reactor) wastewater treatment system; livestock excrement and leftover materials of the livestock processing factory are used to produce fertilizer; protective measures, such as sound insulation and shock absorption are taken to reduce noise. If environmental protection measures are in place, secondary pollution can be prevented.

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Chapter 3 Environment and Current Social Situation According to the poverty alleviation plan and the local environmental conditions, the project areas are located in southwest Sichuan province, including Xuyong and Gulin in Luzhou City, Zhaojue, Meigu, Butuo and Jinyang in Liangshan Prefecture.

3.1 Environmental conditions of the villages covered by the project

3.1.1 Environmental conditions of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture 1. Geographical position and traffic Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is located in the southwest of Sichuan province. It is surrounded by the to the south, the Dadu River to the north, Sichuan Basinto the east and the Hengduan Mountainsto the west. It is between 100°15′～103°53′ east longitude and 26°03′～29°27′ north latitude. It borders and in the northeast, Ya’an and Ganzi in the north, in the south and Yunnan province in the east, north and west. The area of the prefecture is 60400 square kilometers. 2. Landform The landform of the prefecture is varied. The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. Mountains, valleys, plains, basins and hills interlace each other. The highest place, the Langiqaduoji Peak, is 5958m above sea level; the lowest place, the Dayandong Jinsha River valley, is only 305m above sea level. The height gap is 5653m. 3. Climate The maximum accumulated temperature is 6979℃, the minimum accumulated temperature is 4086 ℃ , the average temperature is 14-17 ℃ . The climate has three-dimensional climate characteristics. The prefecture is in the subtropical monsoon climate zone where seasons of rain and drought are contrasting. In winter it is dry and warm, sunshine is abundant; in summer it is cool and rainy. The average rainfall is 1000-1100mm, the average annual sunshine duration is 2000-2400 hours, and the frost-free season can last 230-306 days. The capital of the prefecture, , is 1500m above sea level with an average temperature of 16.9℃. In Xichang winter is warm and summer is cool. 4. Water resources There are many rivers in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, all of which belong to the Yangtze River system. There are 145 rivers with a coverage of more than 100 square kilometers, 11 of which covers more than 1000 square kilometers. There are also 23 inland freshwater lakes such as Qionghai, Horse Lake and Lugu Lake. The prefecture is rich in geothermal water, there are 51 springs.

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Picture 3.1-1 Distribution of counties covered by the project

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5. Animal and plant resources There are 5 classes, 40 orders, 100 families and 661 species (subspecies included) of vertebrates in the prefecture, including 9 orders, 25 families and 87 species of beasts(39.5% of the provincial total) and 18 orders, 49 families and 442 species of beasts(63.2% of the provincial total). There are also various precious plants, such as davidia involucrate, davidia involucrata baill var. vilmoriniana(dode)wange, ginkgo biloba, oaks, erythrophloeum ferdii, taxus chinensis, cinnamomum mairei and emmenopterys henryi. 3.1.2 Environmental conditions of Xuyong County 1. Geographical position and traffic Xuyong County is located in the south of the Sichuan Basin, on the ranges of the Wumeng Mountains. The county is between 105°03′-105°40′east longitude and 27°42′-28°31′ north latitude. It borders Huizhou province and Gulin County in the east, Guizhou and Yunnan in the south, of Yibin City in the west and Naxi and Hejiang in the north. 2. Landform Xuyong County is located in the north of the Wumeng Mountains. In the county there are steep mountains and infertile soil. Karst landform is prevalent. The landform types are the low mountain landform and the medium mountain landform. The county is high in the Southeast and low in the Northwest. The highest place, the Luohan Forest, is 1902m above sea level; the lowest place, the Jiangmen valley, is only 247m above sea level. 3. Hydrology Xuyong County is rich in water resources, and has favorable conditions for water conservancy projects and hydropower projects. There are 42 rivers in the county, with a total annual average runoff volume of 2.116 billion m³. The major rivers are the and the Yongning River. The Chishui River is a tributary of the Yangtze River in the upper range, it is located in the contiguous areas of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, then it passes and and merges with the Yangtze River. The length of the river is 523 km, the drainage area is 20400 square kilometers. The annual runoff volume of the Chishui River is 10.1 billion m³. the maximum is 17.38 billion m³, and the minimum is 6.14 billion m³. The hydroelectric potentiality is 1.27 billion Kw. The Yongning River is located in Luzhou City of Sichuan, it originates from the border between Xuyong County and Yunnan province, and then it travels through Naxin District of Luzhou City, and merges with the Yangtze River. The length of the river is 152km. 4. Climate and meteorological conditions Xuyong County is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone where there is abundant rainfall and less sunshine. The project area, which is in the upper region of the Chishui River is located in the dry-hot valley climate zone where the three-dimensional climate is obvious and temperature difference is large between day and night. 5. Soil The project area covers 201.51 square kilometers, including 3221 hectares of farmland, 11664 hectares of forests and 3357 hectares of uncultivated land (2789 hectares of which are exploitable). The total sown area in the project area is 8437 hectares, 3602.9 hectares of which are for cash crops. The multiple crop index is 2.5. 6. Biological resources Xuyong County has been recognized as the home to forests. It is a fast-growing and high-yielding timber base. There are more than 140000 hectares of forests in the county, 33000 hectares of which are bamboo forests. The forest coverage rate is 45.2%, and the total volume of standing timber is over 5.55 million m³ There are also other plants and animals, such as silkworms, beef cattle, flue-cured tobacco, tea, amorphophallus, sweet oranges, ponkans, apples, peaches, plums, pomelos, loquats and cherries. 3.1.3 Environmental conditions of Gulin County 1. Geographical position and traffic Gulin County is located in the south of the Sichuan Basin, east to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. It borders Dafang, Jinsha, Renhuai, Xishui and Chishui in the south, the east and the north, and Xuyong in the west. It is an important hinge in southern Sichuan and northern Guizhou, and is in the center of the golden triangle of China’s wine industry. The county covers 3184 square kilometers and consists of 26 villages. The total population is 0.85 million. There are 26 ethnic minorities residing in the county, making it one of the settlements of ethnic minorities. 2. Landform Gulin is located in the dry areas of the Chishui River, in the Yangtze paraplatform Yunnan-Guizhou-Sichuan-Hubei Daloushan down-warping folded belt, and in the joint part of South Sichuan East-West direction structure and North Guizhou Huaxia Structure. The lowest elevation of the area is 400m, the highest is 1492m, and the area is high in the south and low in the north. The landform type is Karst landform, which is severely desertified. 3. Hydrology Gulin is in the drainage area of the Chishui River. The Chishui River is a tributary of the Yangtze River in the upper range. The Chishui River enters Gulin in Mati Village, and leaves in Taiping Village. The river runs through 15 villages (1935 square kilometers) including Mati, Taiping,Erlang, Masi, Jiaoyuan, Baini, Shuangsha, Yongle and Gulin. The project area is in the upper middle range of the Chishui River, and there are several tributaries in the area such as the Mati River, the Baisha River and the Caiban River. The county is rich in high-quality water resources, 4. Climate and meteorological conditions The project area is located in the upper range of the Chishui River, the climate type is the dry-warm valley climate, and the temperature gap is wide. In planning areas below the elevation of 700m, the annual average temperature is 18.6℃, the annual rainfall is 620-750mm, the annual accumulated temperature is 6300℃. The annual sunshine duration is 1560 hours, the frost-free season lasts 350 days. In planning areas above the elevation of 700m, there is less rainfall and enough sunlight. The annual rainfall is 750.6mm, the annual evaporation is 1379.2mm, the sunshine duration is 1170.3 hours. The annual average temperature is 17.9℃. 5. Soil The soil in the project area is fertile and rich in minerals, and organic matters account for 1.0-2.5% of the soil. Most soil is sandy loam; some is yellow earth, purple soil and yellow brown soil transformed from weathered Triassic limestone. The PH value of the soil is 6.0-6.7, and the soil is abundant in minerals. 6. Biological resources 62

Gulin has many cash crops, such as flue-cured tobacco, Chinese medicine, tea and other cash trees. Gulin is an important flue-cured tobacco production base; At the same time, Gulin’s sheep, Southern Sichuan cattle and swine have great market potential. In the forests in Gulin, there are over 157 families and 250 species of arbors and shrubs, including national first and second-class protective plants such as alsophila spinulosa, davidia involucrata, metasequoia, chestnut trees, tulip trees and Chinese yew trees. There are over 100 species of wild animals and 430 species of birds, including national first and second-class protective animals such as clouded leopards, black bears, blue sheep, flying foxes, boars, wild oxen, river deer and pangolins.

3.1.4 Environmental conditions of Zhaojue County 1. Geographical position and traffic The Zhaojue County is located in the southwest of Sichuan, east to Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. The county is in the center of the Daliang Mountain, locatedbetween 102°22′04″-103°19′48″ east longitude and 27°45′26″-28°21′18″ north latitude. It is 95.28km long from the east to the west and 66.15km long from the north to the south. Zhaojue borders Meigu and Leibo in the east, Jinyang, Butuo and Puge in the south, Xichang, Xide in the west and western Vietnam in the north. The area of the county is 2699 square kilometers, the total population is 251000. 2. Geology and Landform The project area is located in the Wumeng Mountains. The lowest elevation of the project area is 2100 meters, the highest is 3100 meters. The county is high in the west and low in the east, there are various terrains in the county, such as the low mountain, the medium low mountain, the medium mountain, the basin, the terrace, the flood land and the proluvial fan. The mountain plateau, which accounts for 89% of the total area, is the main form of terrain. 3. Hydrology The rivers in Zhaojue County belong to the Jinsha River system. There are 11 rivers with a drainage area of more than 100 square kilometers. The total amount of water resources is 2.665 million m, the total water area is 3759 hectares, 3215.4 hectares of which is exploitable. 4. Climate and meteorological conditions The climate type of the project area is the typical three-dimensional climate. The temperature gap is wide, the multi-year average temperature is 10.9℃. The valleys are dry. There are frosts, spring droughts, hail and flood in the middle of the region, and frosts and heavy snow is high places. The annual sunshine duration is 1865 hours, 52.9% is in summer. The total radiation in Zhaojue is 116.89 kcal/0.01km² per year. 5. Soil The area of the county 277833 hectares, the project area covers 55211 hectares. In the project area, the total area of farmland is 4182 hectares, the total area of forests is 25257 hectares (45% of the total land area), the total area of water area is 178 hectares (0.03% of the total land area), the total area of uncultivated land is 911 hectares(0.02% of the total land area). The soil is extremely infertile, most rural households live at the mercy of the elements. The farmland on slopes whose gradient is higher than 35° accounts for more than 92% of the total. 6. Biological resources The county is rich in wild plants. 65 families and 132 species of medicine plants grow in the county, and the standing stock of wild medicine plants is 1,875,727 kg.

3.1.5 Environmental conditions of Meigu County 1. Geographical position and traffic Meigu County is located in the southwest of the Sichuan, northeast of Liangshan Yi Atonomous Prefecture. The county is between 102°53′—103°21′east longitude and 28°02′—28°54′ north latitude. It borders Leibo County and Mabian County in the east, Yuexi County and in the west, Zhaojue County in the south and Ebian County in the north. The county is 94.8 km long from the south to the north, and 46.4 km from the east to the west. It covers 2573 square kilometers and governs 36 towns and 292 administrative villages. The total population is 255000. 100% of the rural population is of the Yi ethnicity. The county is a key county for national poverty alleviation, with a huge poverty-stricken population. 2. Landform Meigu County is located between and the southwestern Sichuan basin. There are medium and low mountains. The medium mountain is the main terrain in the county, with deep rivers and parallel mountains. The geologic structure is Sichuan-Yunnan south-north structure. In the east lies the Liangshan fold-and-thrust belt, where there are many folds and faults. The anticline of the folds is compact, and the syncline is wide. The highest elevation is 4042 meters (Dafengding), the lowest is 640 meters(Magu Village, Leyue County) and the elevation gap is 3402 meters. 3. Hydrology There are 159 rivers and streams in the county, 7 of which have a drainage area of more than 100km2, and a total length of 287 km. The rivers belong to two river systems: the Meigu River , the Lianzha River and the Liutong River belong to the Jinsha River system, and the Wahou River belong to the Min River system. The annual runoff volume is 2.9 billionm³, the total estimated hydroelectric potentiality is 910,100kw, 578200 kw of which can be exploited. 4. Climate and meteorological conditions The average elevation of Meigu County is 2200 meters, the climate type is low latitude plateau climate, with three-dimensional climate characteristics and four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is 11.8℃, the annual total sunshine duration is 1790.7 hours. Rainfall is abundant, the average amount of precipitation is 817.8mm(over the past 40 years), but the precipitation is higher in the north and lower in the south with uneven distribution. In the county winter can last 135 days, and the frost free period last 248 days on average. Natural disasters frequently occur in the county, including hail, windstorm, debris flows, droughts, frosts and low temperature. 5. Soil The farmland of Meigu County covers 18051 hectares, 7.02% of the county’s total area, with 0.072 hectares per person on average. The 63

sown area of food crops is 21727 hectares, 75.68% of the total sown area of crops. The area of natural grassland is 77651 hectares, 30.19% of the county’s total area; the total area of grassland is 105226 hectares, 40.9% of the county’s total area.

6. Biological resources Meigu County is rich in wild animals and wild medicinal materials. There are 187 species from 62 families of wild animals, including 5 national first -class protective species such as the panda, and 27 national second-class protective species such as the macaque, the red panda and the golden pheasant. There are 103 species of wild medicinal materials, including gastrodia elata, fritillaria and cordyceps sinensis. The county is abundant in forest resources, there are 150 species, 65 categories and 50 families of arbors, such as cedars, pine trees, poplar trees and birches. The forest coverage rate is 34.5%, but the distribution of forests is uneven: forests are concentrated in Wahou and Hongxi, in other words, there are more forests in the north and in mountainous areas than in the south and in valleys.

3.1.6 Environmental conditions of Butuo County 1. Geographical position Butuo is located in the middle of the Daliang mountain, in the southeast of Liangshan Prefecture. The county is between 102°43′-103°04′ east longitude and 27°16′-27°56′ north latitude, and is 114 km away from Xichang. It borders Zhaojue County, Puge County, Ningnan County, Jinyang County, and Qiaojia County. It is separated from Quaihua County, Yunan Province by Jinsha River. The total population is 138000, 130000 (94%) of which are of the Yi ethnicity. The county is a farming-pastoral county in cold highland areas. The area of the county is 1685 square kilometers. The county has 3 towns, 27 townships, 190 administrative villages (34 of them are key poverty reduction villages). 2. Geology and Landform The county is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, with interlaced mountains and streams. The highest place, the Abuzelu Mountain, is 3891m above sea level; the lowest place, the confluence of three rivers, is 540m above sea level. 80% of mountainous areas are higher than 2000m above sea level. The terrain of Butuo, Xixihe and Tuojue is comparatively flat. The medium low mountains and the highland account for 89% of the total area, and the low mountains and the valleys account for 11%. 3. Hydrology The total amount of water resources is 1.732 billion m³. There are 7 rivers with a drainage area of more than 10 km2: the Jinsha River, the Xixi River, the Jienlada River, the Aizhiriwo River, the Nigu River, the Jiangji River and the Juesa River. The length of the Aizhiriwo River is 22.16 km, its water-collecting area is 173 km2, the river fall is 1860m. The length of the Niluoyida River is 32.2 km, its water-collecting area is 361 km2. The length of the Jiaoyi River is 18.45 km, its water-collecting area is 234 km2, the river fall is 1916m. 4. Climate and meteorological conditions Butuo County is in the subtropical climate zone. The annual average temperature is 10.69℃, the highest temperature is 29.7℃, the lowest is -12.4℃ in a year, the number of days in which the temperature is lower than 10℃ is 295, the frost-free period lasts 201days. The annual sunshine duration is 1991.4 hours, the annual amount of precipitation is 1119mm, the annual amount of evaporation is 1776mm. In the county sunshine and rainfall are abundant, the dry and wet seasons are distinct, the annual temperature range is small, the daily temperature swing is high. 5. Soil The total area of the project area is 23919 hectares, including 3684 hectares of farmland, 2447 hectares of forests, 7704 hectares of grassland (6471 hectares of which is exploitable), 1297hectares of water area (594 hectares of which is exploitable), 5800 hectares of wasteland (4600 hectares of which is exploitable) and 2988 hectares of land for other uses. There are 11 soil categories in the counties such as red earth, yellow brown earth and dark brown earth. 6. Biological resources The forests in Butuo are dry evergreen broad-leaf forest and Daliangshan forests. There are four vegetation regions: below the elevation of 1000m, the grass is the main vegetation, the vegetation coverage is more than 60%, the total vegetation area is 202380 mu; between the elevation of 1000m and 1800m, the evergreen broad-leaf forests are the main vegetation; the vegetation coverage is 55%, the total vegetation area is 480660 mu； between the elevation of 1800m and 2600m, the broad-leaf forests and coniferous forests are the main vegetation; the total vegetation area is 1163715 mu, and land erosion is severe, as the vegetation coverage remains lower than 40% of the total area; between the elevation of 2600m and 3891m, the coniferous forests and shrubs are the main vegetation; the vegetation coverage is 50%, the total vegetation area is 683055 mu. The arbor species include Yunnan pine trees, high mountain pine trees, firs, spruces; shrub species include azaleas and pinus yunnanensis. 3.1.7 Environmental conditions of Jinyang County 1. Geographical position Jinyang County is located in the southwest of the Sichuan, east of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. It is on the northern side of the lower range of the Jinsha River, between 102°56′30″-103°30′20″east longitude and 27°22′10″-27°57′41″ north latitude It is 215 km away from Xichang, the capital city of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. 2. Geology and Landform The county lies in the transitional area from the Liangshan plateau landform to the southwest mountain landform. On the northern side is the Liangshan plateau landform, the land is flat and vast, the elevation is more than 2100m and the relative height difference is small; on the southern side is the southwest mountain landform, there are steep cliffs, the height difference can be as big as 1500-2000m. The terrain is high in the west and the north, and low in the east and the south，with mountains 1000m to 4000m above sea level as the main landform. There are many micro terrains in the area, such as the flatland, the tableland, the low mountain, the medium low mountain, the medium mountain, the high mountain, the highland and the hummocky plateau. The flatland and the tableland only account for 0.24% of the total area. 3. Hydrology

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There are 23 rivers in the county, 5 of which have a water-collecting area of more than 100 square kilometers, they are the Jinyang River, the Xixi River(the border river of Jinyang and Butuo), the Dengchang River, the Niluoyida River, the Weishiluoda River. The annual amount of precipitation is 802 mm, the average diameter depth is 560.6mm, and the total runoff volume is 802.067 million m³. The diameter depth is 444 mm and the runoff volume 705.52 million m³, when P=75%. The runoff of volume is the Xixi River is 724.775 million m³, and the total water volume 1.43059 billion m³. 4. Climate and meteorological conditions The climate of the county is unique, as it is the subtropical monsoon climate with different climate at different altitudes for the feet to the tops of the mountains. In the project area the annual average temperature is 15.7℃, the annual amount of precipitation is 788mm, the annual accumulated temperature is 251℃, the sunshine duration is 1521.28 hours, the frost free period lasts 310 days, the lowest temperature is -4℃.In the project area sunshine is abundant, moisture is low, in spring it gets warm early, in autumn and winter solar-thermal resources are rich. 5. Soil The total land area of the county is 162671 hectares, including 15939 hectares of farmland, 82500 hectares of forests, 55086 hectares of grassland, 646 hectares of forests returned from farmland, 5800 hectares of water area, 2200 hectares of wasteland and 500 hectares of land for other uses. The total area of the project area is 18969 hectares, including 4661 hectares of farmland, 5303 hectares of forests, 7538 hectares of grassland (5300 hectares of which is exploitable), 217 hectares of water area (110 hectares of which is exploitable), 1100 hectares of wasteland and 150 hectares of land for other uses. 6. Biological resources There is a wide range of species of wild animals in the county. There are 30 animal species that are most common, such as bears, deer, blue sheep, musk deer, golden monkeys, lynx, hedgehogs and so on. There are also 30 bird species that are most common, such as golden pheasants and tragopan temminckiis. The reptiles in the county include pangolins, pythons, adders and cobras. There are also national first-class protected animals such as golden monkeys, serows, lynx, golden eagles and takins. There are 357 species, 85categories and 76 families of trees in the county. In terms of forest resources, natural forests account for 73.91% and planted forests account for 26.09%. The commercial tree species include firs, pine trees, birches and camphor trees. The trees of economic value include tung trees and walnut tree.

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3.2 Economic conditions of counties covered by the project

The project covers Xuyong County and Gulin County of Luzhou City, Butuo County, Jinyang County, Zhaojue County and Meigu County of Liangshan Prefecture. The economic condition of each county is shown in Table3.2-1. Table 3.2-1 Economic conditions of counties covered by the project The proportions of the three industries Per-capita in GDP Per-capita Total Per-capita Place of Rural Total area Population density farmland (The primary income of population income of project population(%) (hectare) (person/km2) area industry:the poor (10000) farmers(yuan) (mu/person) secondary families(yuan) industry:the tertiary industry) Xuyong 72.11 84.69 297680 242 0.76 1:2.06:1.3 5413 4318 County Gulin 85.21 89.74 318365 268 0.74 1:3.75:1.29 5734.69 3563 County Butuo 18.21 92.42 173227.95 105 1.74 1.02:2.28:1 4112 2307 County Jinyang 19.28 93.26 162671 119 1.24 1.1:2.52:1 4075 2796 County Zhaojue 30.09 71.32 277833 108 1.06 1.64:1:1.42 4297 2965 County Meigu 25.51 84.28 257239 99 1.06 1.25:1.01:1 3981 3872 County

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3.3 Natural protection reserves, cultural relics and historic sites in the project area

According to investigation, there are two natural protection reserves near the project area: the Dafengding National Natural Protection Reserve and the Baicaopo Provincial Natural Protection Reserve and National Nature Reserve for Rare Fish at the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River. The statistics are shown in Table 3.3-1, there are no cultural relics in the project area. Table 3.3-1 Natural protection reserves, cultural relics and historic sites in the project area Area Time of Distance from Name Location (hectare level Protection Goals establishme Regulator the project area ) targets nt Comprehensivel y developing and managing The buffer the reserve, zone of the In Wahou District, carrying out reserve is 2-5 Dafengding, between Rare and education km away from Administratio Meigu county and Mabian endangered campaigns and Gutuo Village, Dafengdin n of County. national species such supportive Yideamo g National Dafengding natural as pandas, projects to Village, Erma Natural 50655 1978 National Geographic protectio davidia protect pandas, Village, Waxi Protection Natural position:102º52′-103º20′e n reserve involucrate golden moneys Village, Laluo Reserve Protection ast longitude, and larix dove trees and Village,Dalaam Reserve 28º30′-28º50′north mastersiana the ecological o Village and latitude. system. Nimu Village Developing the of the Yiguojue management Township system, scientific

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research capacity and economy of the reserve and people’s awareness of ecological conservation, and building the reserve into one that enjoys coordinated development with local communities. The wetland Protecting the ecological wetland and In Gaofeng Village and system and biodiversity the northeast of Jinyang rare and within the Baicaopo County. Administratio 2 km away provincia endangered reserve. Provincial n of Baicaopo from the l natural species such Reducing water Natural Geographic position: 25597.4 2006 Natural project area in protectio as forest and soil loss, Protection 103°7′12″-103°26′06″east Protection Xiangling n reserve musk deer, protecting the Reserve longitude, Reserve township gnus, water resources 27°42′36″-27°57′36″north black-necke of the Yangtze latitude. d cranes River and and golden meeting

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eagles people’s daily needs. Rare fishes In order to and their protect the habitat. diversity of

There are 2 fishes at the The Reserve covers Sichuan species of upper reach of Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province, fish are at Yangtze River Province and Guizhou national and the natural Municipality, located Province, The protection ecosystem in between 104°9′ and Yunan National Reserve level, this area, 106°30′ east longitude, Province, Nature covers a namely fishery and 27°29′ and 29°4′ Chongqing Water source Reserve reach of paddlefish resources north latitude. Municipality for irrigating for Rare 1162.61 National and should be This area includes 1.8km and relevant sweet oranges Fishes at km and Nature Acipenser utilized in a 2005 under the axis of Xiangjia cities, at Shuiliao the Upper an area Reserve dabryanus, reasonable and Dam, Jinsha River, counties have Village, Reaches of of and 1 sustainable way. 353.16km of Yangtze set up Xuyong Town Yangtze 33174.2 species of Impact due to River, Masangxi, managing River 13 fish at human activities Chongqing, 90.1km from bureaus hectares second such as Yuebo Minjiang River to (divisions, national water-power the estuary of Minjiang stations) in protection projects and River, and 628.23km from the protection level, economic the source to the estury of area. namely causes should Chishui River Myxocyprin be mitigated for us asiaticus. saving There are endangered

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66 kinds of species in this fish that area. only live at the upper reach of Yangtze River

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Picture3.3-1 Division of Functional Zone and Plan of National Nature Reserve for Rare Fishes at the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River

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Project township（Yiguojue Township）

Project township（Vaxi Township）

Picture 3.3-2 The function partition map of the Dafengding National Natural Protection Reserve

3.4 Present environmental quality condition

3.4.1 Ambient air quality 1. Evaluation criterion The project area is located in the Class II ambient air quality district, so the executive standard is the Class II standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012). 2. Evaluation methods The ambient air quality is evaluated with a standard index method. The formula used is:

PCCi i/ oi

Notes: Pi ——the standard index of evaluation factor i; 3 Ci ——the measured concentration of evaluation factor i, mg/m ; 3 Coi——the evaluation criterion of the evaluation factor, mg/m . The value of Pi reflects the pollution gravity of pollutants. If Pi<1, then the concentration of pollutant i does not exceed the standard; otherwise, it exceeds the standard. 3. Evaluation results The ambient air quality monitoring result is shown in Table 3.4-1. Table 3.4-1 The monitoring data of the ambient air quality in Xuyong County Unit:mg/m3

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monitoring point evaluation monitoring data criterion Floor 7, east of Hourly average Yongning Fuli hotel concentration monitoring project Road Range of monitoring 0.094～0.099 0.023～0.097 value SO over standard 0.50 2 0 0 rate % Single quality 0.188～0.198 0.046～0.194 index Range of monitoring 0.074～0.087 0.065～0.078 value 0.20 NO over standard 2 0 0 rate % Single quality 0.37～0.435 0.325～0.39 index Range of monitoring 0.105～0.113 0.079～0.097 value PM over standard 0.15(daily average) 10 0 0 rate % Single quality 0.700～0.753 0.527～0.647 index

According to the monitoring results, the average hourly values of PM10. SO2and NO2 in downtown Xuyong County meet the Class II standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard. The project area is in the rural areas in Xuyong County where the tertiary industry is the main form of industry. There are no factories or mines in the area, and the air quality can meet the Class II Standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012). Table 3.4-2 The monitoring data of the ambient air quality in Gulin County Unit:mg/m3 monitoring point evaluation monitoring data criterion daily average 2011 2012 monitoring project concentration Range of

SO2 monitoring 0.017~0.036 0.033~0.056 0.15 value

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over standard 0 0 rate % Single quality 0.113～0.240 0.220～0.373 index Range of monitoring not detected not detected value 0.08 NO over standard 2 —— —— rate % Single quality —— —— index Range of monitoring 0.079~0.101 0.097~0.123 value PM over standard 0.15 10 0 0 rate % Single quality 0.527～0.673 0.647～0.820 index

According to the monitoring results, the average hourly values of PM10. SO2 and NO2 in downtown Gulin County meet the Class II standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard（GB3095-2012）. The main pollutants in Gulin County are dust, soot and exhaust gas, and the gravity of pollution differs in different places and seasons. The project area is in the rural areas in Xuyong County where the tertiary industry is the main form of industry. There are no factories or mines in the area, and the air quality can meet the Class II Standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012).

Table 3.4-3 The monitoring data of the ambient air quality in Liangshan Prefecture Unit: mg/m3 county monitoring monitoring project

point atmospheric SO2 NO2 PM10 temperature(℃) Butuo Temuli 19.3 0.020 0.011 0.084 County Town evaluation criterion（daily average） 0.15 0.08 0.15 single quality index 0.133 0.138 0.56 Meigu Bapu 15.7 0.024 0.014 0.094 County Village Niuniu 16.2 0.025 0.017 0.084 Dam evaluation criterion (daily average) 0.15 0.08 0.15 single quality index 0.160～0.167 0.175～0.213 0.560～ 0.627 Zhaojue Nanping -- 0.013～0.031 0.016～0.024 0.121～ 74

County Village 0.135 （TSP） evaluation criterion (hourly average) 0.50 0.20 0.3(daily average) single quality index 0.403～ 0.026～0.062 0.08～0.12 0.45 Jinyang Taoping -- 0.189～ County Town 0.014～0.041 0.016～0.020 0.205 （TSP） evaluation criterion (hourly average) 0.3(daily 0.50 0.20 average) single quality index 0.63～ 0.028～0.082 0.08～0.10 0.683

According to the monitoring results, the average daily (原文 P58)values of PM10. SO2and NO2 in the air in Temuli Town, Bapu Town and Niuniuba of Butuo Town all meet the Class II standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012); the average hourly values of TSP, SO2and NO2 in the air in Nanping Town and Jinyang County all meet the Class II standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012).The monitoring point can represent other places in the project area, so the air quality in the project is excellent and meets the Class II Standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard(GB3095-2012). 3.4.2 Survey and evaluation of the surface water environment 1. Evaluation criterion According to the letter from the environment bureau, the executive standard of the water environment is the class III standard of the Environmental Quality Standard for Water(GB3838-2002). 2. Evaluation method Water environment is evaluated with the standard index method. The evaluation method is as follows:

Cij, Sij,  Csi

Notes: S i, j ——the standard index of evaluation factor j of section i;

C i, j ——the monitored concentration of evaluation factor j of section i, mg/L;

Csi ——the evaluation criterion of evaluation factor j; mg/L. The standard index of pH value is calculated with the following formula:

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7.0  pH j S pH, j  pH j  7.0 7.0  pH sd

pH j  7.0 S pH, j  pH j  7.0 pH su  7.0

Notes: S pH, j ——the standard pH index of section j;

pH j ——the estimated pH value of section j;

pHsu . pHsd ——the upper and lower limit of the pH evaluation criterion.

3. Result of evaluation According to the class III standard of the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water(GB3838-2002), the evaluation of water quality is: Water quality in Butuo County is excellent. Only the total nitrogen index of Meisa Village is 74% higher than the standard. Preliminary analysis indicates that it is because of the abuse of chemical fertilizer and the unorderly discharge of wastewater and excrement. All indexes but the total nitrogen index of Meigu County meet the class III standard of the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002). The total nitrogen index exceeds the limits because of the abuse of chemical fertilizer and the unorderly discharge of wastewater and excrement. Water quality in Xuyong, Gulin, Jinyang and Zhaojue is excellent, and it meets class III standard of the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002).

According to the inspection results, the water quality in Xuyong section of Chishui River reaches the class III standard. The major matters influencing water quality are ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus.

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Table 3.4-4 Surface Water Quality Inspection Result of Villages(Unit :mg/L)

dis Pla wat am hex sol tot vol ce er perm mo ava monitori ve tot al flu sele cad plu atil petr fecal of tem p anga CO BO nia cop arse merc lent cya ng d al nitr zinc ori niu miu mb e ole colifo Pr per H nate D D nitr per nic ury chr nide section ox 5 ph og de m m um phe um rm oje atur index og omi yg osp en nol ct e en um en hor us Cl All are ass peak III values 6~ 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 sta except ≥5 6 20 4 1.0 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.01 0.05 0.2 9 1 5 5 5 05 5 nd that of ar dissolve d d oxygen Le’an 17. 7. 7.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.5 — 1.1 5400 County 5 91 9 1 13 4 045 033 6 025 009 005 01 04 016 4 02 03 Bu’er 16. 7. 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.5 — 0.8 1800 Bu County 5 87 5 61 25 9 045 033 3 025 044 005 01 04 01 4 02 03 tuo Luogu 6. 7.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 17 0.5 — 1.1 2200 County 94 6 23 92 9 045 033 4 025 009 005 01 04 01 4 02 03 Meisa 16. 7. 8.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.5 — 0.9 1300 County 5 86 5 48 74 4 045 033 9 025 023 005 01 04 01 4 02 03 M Luo’eyig 18. 8. 8.1 0.0 0.0 6.1 5.5 0.0 0.3 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.5 — 1 2200 eig an 5 09 7 39 07 3 29 033 1 025 009 005 01 04 01 04 2 03

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u County Nongzuo 17. 8. 8.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 5.2 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.73 — 1.2 0.5 3500 County 5 06 2 59 23 9 45 033 025 009 005 02 04 01 04 2 03 Longme 8. 8.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 18 0.97 — 1 3500 n County 1 7 37 14 81 045 033 9 025 009 005 01 04 01 04 2 03 Lamuaju 17. 7. 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 7.9 0.56 — 0.8 1300 e County 5 72 35 15 55 045 033 1 025 022 005 01 04 01 04 2 03 Jueluo 19. 7. 0.0 0.1 4.3 5.5 0.0 0.1 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 8.2 0.65 — 1.2 2800 County 5 78 34 02 8 79 033 9 025 198 005 021 04 01 04 2 03 Yiguojue 8. 0.0 0.0 0.8 5.7 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 18 8.4 0.61 — 0.8 0.2 2400 County 09 28 25 93 26 033 025 009 005 01 04 01 04 2 03 Jiukou 18. 7. 0.0 0.0 2.6 5.6 0.0 0.7 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 8.4 0.48 — 1.4 2400 County 5 9 94 1 9 76 033 2 025 191 005 01 04 01 04 2 03 Chishui River 20. 7. 8.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.6 — 0.65 — — — — — — — — — — — 1400 Xu Huixiang 4 58 3 38 4 0 4 yo County ng Chishui 21. 7. 8.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 River 1.75 — 2.00 — — — — — — — — — — — 1300 4 41 3 86 1 2 3 dam Jianzhus 13. 7. 8.4 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.0 anfengtia 1.26 — 1.00 — — — — — — — — — — — Gu 9 15 3 38 2 3 0 07 n lin Taipingd 14. 7. 8.1 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.2 0.0 1.84 — 0.92 — — — — — — — — — — — u 3 29 1 65 7 4 0 11 Jin Jinyang 17. 7. 8.2 1.15 8.3 0.67 0.2 0.1 0.4 — — 0.1 — — — — — — — — — 4000

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ya River 2 74 1 79 16 65 ng Zh Sanwan 15. 7. 8.0 9.0 0.3 0.1 0.5 aoj 1.04 0.95 — — — — — — — — — — — — — River 7 94 5 5 3 01 42 ue

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3.4.3 Survey and assessment of the acoustic environment According to the letter from the environment bureau, the executive standard of the acoustic environment is the class II standard of the Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB3096-2008). Table 3.4-5 Ambient Noise Inspection Result of Villages monitoring projects (GB3096-2008)Class II dB(A) standard Place observation point Daytime 24h average Night dB(A) dB(A) Butuo Temuli County 43.1 60 50 County Papu Town 42.6 60 50 Meigu Niuniuba 44.9 60 50 County Average 43.75 60 50 Place observation point monitoring projects (GB3096-2008)Class II dB(A) standard Daytime Night Daytime Night dB(A) dB(A) Jinyang Luojie Village 48.6 38.6 60 50 County Taoping Village 44.8 35.8 60 50 Zhaojue Nanping Village 48.2 43.1 60 50 County Chengbei Village 43.3 37.2 60 50 Gulin County 54.0 46.7 60 50 County Xuyong County 53.3 45.8 60 50 County

The project areas are all in rural areas. There are little traffic and no large-scale factories in the project areas. The ambient noise quality meets the class II standard of the Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB3096-2008).

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Chapter 4 Predication and Valuation of Environmental Influence of Infrastructure Projects

Infrastructure projects include road construction, water conservancy construction, warehouse and market facility construction, production equipment, construction of office building and industry upgrading, etc. The construction and operation period will cause adverse effect on the surrounding natural and social environment.

4.1 Analysis of Construction Period’s Influence on the Environment

4.1.1 Analysis of Linear Construction Projects’ Influence on the Environment Linear construction projects include road construction and irrigation channels. Road construction has long route and covers large area, hence causing greater pollution problem. Therefore, the analysis focuses mainly on road construction. Road construction includes new road building and road renovation (road broadening and hardening). 87.07 km of village roads are constructed; 61.05 km of roads connecting villages are hardened with cement; 95.23km of village roads are hardened; and 266.46 km of pavements for production are constructed. Their proportions are 17.79%∶ 11.98% ∶ 18.68% ∶ 52.27%. Newly constructed and expanded roads meet the requirement of tractor road, used for transportation and commuting. These roads will harden and expand the existing roadbed (i.e. completed area). These roads will be built in remote mountainous areas, where existing ones are narrow, serve people and livestock, and are often straight lines covering the shortest distance. When building these roads, people did not consider conditions for selecting sites such as geology and risks. Therefore, based on those conditions, the route of new roads should be redesigned instead of covering existing roadbed completely. Pavements for production serve in agricultural park for walk. 4.1.1.1 Analysis of construction process and its pollution Road construction projects include road hardening and new road building. Road hardening requires redesigning of the roadbed and the road width. It only uses the existing road-side corridors, which adopts the same procedure as new road building. Water conservancy projects are mainly used for irrigation. The environmental influences that linear construction projects have are mainly on the eco-environment. Then they cause temporary influences on the surrounding environment, generating construction noises, liquid waste, dust, solid waste, etc. The graph below shows the construction activities and their influences on the environment.

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Graph 4.1-1 Procedure of linear construction projects and corresponding pollution 4.1.1.2 Prediction and valuation of construction period’s influences on the ecological environment Construction period’s influences on ecological environment is represented by the project body occupying and dividing land, which can change the function of land, reduce the area of arable land, vegetation cover rate and area of forest, and increase the pressure on land use along the construction. The filling of roadbeds, the digging of irrigation channels, and the construction of borrow pits and spoil grounds damage ground vegetation and topography. As a result, soil erosion might happen within a certain area during a certain period of time, and soil fertility and crumb structure might be changed. The construction activities harm the original ecological environment, imposing adverse influence on flora and fauna’s growing, distribution, habitat and activities. 1. Analysis of land occupation’s influence (1) Land occupation’s influence on agro-ecology The ecosystem which mainly consists of farmland, forest and grassland within the construction area will give way to the construction for road and irrigation channel. As a result, the original function of the land will be partly or even completely lost(原文是丧 失 P63), affecting local agricultural production. Since linear projects occupy land in strips, the transverse influences are narrow, and therefore projects will not cause fundamental changes to the agricultural production pattern in the area. In addition, since the proposed road is located in rural areas, circumvention of fertile farmland helps reduce the influence on agriculture. Irrigation channels can be built along ridges to avoid fertile land.

The income of farmers whose farmlands happen to be on the path of projects will be 82 affected. To deal with this, local governments are supposed to coordinate, and increase unit land yield by technical training.In addition, upon the time of construction, farmers can utilise the economic belts along the road, and irrigation channel will improve the irrigation situation. As the urbanisation process and the adjustment of agricultural structure continue, farm production will be transformed into specialty agriculture and high-tech agriculture, and even developed into secondary and tertiary industry, greatly boosting rural economy. With local governments and related departments’ help to provide job training, more jobs will be created and income will hence be improved. In this way, lives of people who formerly engage in agriculture production will be improved without being effected by the occupation of land. (2) Analysis of land use Road and irrigation channel will permanently occupy farmland; therefore all agricultural production functions of the occupied farmland will be deprived, causing loss to agricultural production in the project area. But road serves every industry and produces direct economic benefits. It will improve transportation condition, cut transit time and transport costs, enhance road safety and goods circulation, and strengthen ties with outside world. When the road is complete, the role of occupied land is also changed, with its economic value improved, because it will promote economic development along the road. With the emergence of tertiary industry and new industry, employment rate along the road will be improved. Irrigation channel is also an infrastructure project, which is of great significance to improve agricultural production and achieving scale development. From the angles of both occupying areas and their social-economic benefits, linear projects wield limited influence to land resources. But as a non-renewable resource, land’s agricultural value is irreplaceable. Therefore when planning the construction, we should occupy as less farmland as possible: earthwork’s influence should be kept at bay, and the amount of earth borrowed and discarded should be reduced as much as possible. 2. Influence on vegetation

Main vegetation types valuated along the project are masson pine formation, Chinese fir formation, holm oak forest, phyllostachys pubescens formation, alpine bushes and meadow, etc. artificial vegetation include sweet orange tree, walnut tree, apple tree, pear tree, grapefruit tree, etc. Vegetation along the linear projects will be damaged. Since the construction harms vegetation habitat and deprives individual organism of growing environment, the influence is irreversible. Based on the research, vegetation under direct influence is crops, scrubland and grassland. Spoil ground and construction site (including pioneer road, work yard, material yard, etc.) occupy land temporarily, but they destruct vegetation directly, reduce biomass and therefore affect biodiversity. In addition, since pioneer roads are needed to connect construction sites, ill management of these roads may lead to obvious destruction of arborous layer, shrub layer and herbaceous layer, causing absence of layer in the plant community. The significant changes in the vertical structure of plant community directly affect the succession. But the damage caused by temporary occupation is restorable. 3. Influence on terrestrial animal

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Lives of amphibian, reptile and bird are disturbed directly by the damage to habitat, noise produced by construction machines and constructors, and land occupation by material yard. The construction of cutting and temporary construction site partly damage environment, but this is just short term influence and the habitat for amphibian could be restored rapidly. As long as the construction does not affect bird’s habitat and breeding ground, bird population and their living environment along the project will not be affected. When the project is complete, emigrated animal will gradually return to their original habitat as vegetation is restoring, ecological environment is improving and human disturbance is decreasing. 4.1.1.3 Prediction and valuation of construction’s influence on surface water During the construction period, pollution caused to surface water along the project mainly includes wastewater from precast yard and mixing station and domestic wastewater. Wastewater produced during construction mainly occurs in the process of concrete mixing, such as wastewater produced by washing gravel aggregate, flushing oily sewage, maintenance of construction machine and precast component, and floor washing. The main pollutant is SS, with concentrations of 3000~5000mg/L. Therefore interception drainage and temporary settling pond are needed. Wastewater in construction sites should undergo the process of centralized collection, settling and separation of suspended substance. Recycled water should be reused as much as possible, and the settled suspended substance should be routinely dealt appropriately. If the proposed project is near residential area, then camp building is not necessary. When constructors rent houses, their domestic wastewater is discharged into the drainage system of the residential area, and therefore there will be no new source of wastewater. During the peak of construction period, there are about 50 constructors. If the amount of domestic wastewater is calculated by 0.08m3/d, then the total amount of domestic wastewater of this project is 4m3/d. If it is dealt inappropriately, wastewater will pollute nearby water body. The main pollutants are NH3-N, SS, COD AND BOD5, etc. The domestic wastewater can be processed in septic-tank and then can be used as fertilizer for farmland and woodland. 4.1.1.4 Prediction and valuation of construction’s influence on groundwater Since there will be no tunnel operation, construction of road and irrigation channel is a non-pollution ecological project. Road construction areas are mainly in mountainous regions where groundwater is deep. Therefore the construction has little impact on groundwater. Only in areas where high fill and deep cut are needed, groundwater may gush out, causing declining of groundwater level in some areas and changing the distribution of groundwater. During the construction period, the potential source of pollution for groundwater is maltreatment of construction waste, oil contamination, wastewater and slurry. According to on-site inspection, the main source of drinking water in construction area is ponds on hillside, and therefore the construction will not affect local residence’s drinking water. 4.1.1.5 Prediction and valuation of construction’s influence on air Pollutant will be produced during the process of earthwork, filling of embankment, material transportation, mixing and paving, reducing air quality. During construction

84 period, main air pollutants are dust and stive, which are mainly caused by earthwork, open or ill-enclosed asphalt concrete mixing, transportation, operation in slag yard and main construction sites, as well as road construction machine’s operation on unpaved roads. During construction period, applying water to control dust 4~5 times per day can reduce dust by 70%. Table 4.1-1 is the experiment result of applying water to control dust on construction sites. It is easy to see that watering 4~5 times per day is an effective dust control measure, which can narrow the range of influence of TSP down to 20~50m.

Table 4.1-1 Experiment result of sprinkling water in construction sites Distance (m) 5 20 50 100 Average hourly No water 10.14 2.89 1.15 0.86 levels of TSP applied (mg/m3) Water applied 2.01 1.40 0.67 0.60

According to similar monitoring on the TSP of dirt, concrete mixing station, when road mixing method is applied, TSP level in places 50 meters away from the road is 1.00 mg/m3. TSP level in places 50 meters away from the material yard and site for mixing lime and soil is 8.90 mg/m3; 100 meters away, 1.65 mg/m3; 150 meters away, almost 0 mg/m3. To reduce air pollution along the project, the locations for lime and soil field and concrete mixing site should be carefully chosen. They should maintain a distance of at least 200 meters from residential areas, and fencing measures should be applied if necessary. 4.1.1.6 Prediction and valuation of construction’s influence on acoustic environment 1. Characteristics of construction noise

1) Various of construction machine are used, and different machines are used atdifferent stages. Construction machines vary even at the same stage, which makes noise produced by road construction unpredictable. 2) The types of noise source of different equipment are different – some are vibratory, some are bursting, and some are pulsating, but all cause great effect on humans. Since the frequency of some equipment (such as mixer) is low and the noise is hard to fade away, people are easily agitated by it. Though all the noises of construction machines are loud, but their sound levels are quite different, with some reaching 90 dB(A). 3) Different from fixed noise source, noise sources in construction sites can be both fixed and mobile. That’s because machines are outdoors and they are movable within a certain period of time, which extends the scope of noise pollution. But compared with mobile noise source, construction noise is confined in a smaller area. 4) Construction equipment has limited range of influence, therefore noise produced by construction equipment can be seen as point acoustic source. 2. Prediction methods Noise produced by construction machines can be calculated by the following formula:

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L1  L0  20 lg r1 / r0  L

Li – sound levels in places ri away from noise source (dB(A)) L0 – sound levels in places r0 away from noise source (dB(A)) △L—decrement caused by other factors (dB(A)) Composition sound levels of all noise sources in predicted points can be calculated by the following formula:

n  0.1Lpi  LTP 10 lg 10   i1  3. Analysis on strength of noise sources and range attenuation of construction noise If range attenuation are considered, construction machine of single purpose (excluding pile driver) should be located 50 meters away in the daytime and 200 meters away at night, so as to meet the standards regulated in Noise Standards in Construction Sites (GB12523-2011). As the project takes place in rural area, the influence on surroundings is limited. To maintain normal lives in residential areas and teaching in schools along the line, noise control measures must be taken in sites near residential areas. Noise in irrigation channel construction is relatively low, with sound levels ranging from 60 dB(A) to 80 dB(A). In addition, the construction mainly takes place in areas near farmland with few environmental sensitive sites. Therefore, after necessary control measures are taken, the influence can be kept at low levels. 4.1.1.7 Prediction and valuation of solid waste’s influence on environment during construction period Solid waste of this project mainly comes from three sources: construction waste after demolition, spoil produced from embankment, and household waste. These wastes are not industrial solid wastes. 1. Analysis of construction waste’s influence on environment

Building wastes include demolition waste and construction waste. Construction wastes are mainly rubble, concrete, mortar, pile head and packaging material. Since in this project road construction takes place in rural areas where residential areas are scattered, there will not be many demolition operations. If demolition wastes are stacked on construction sites, it will not only affect construction, but also will be dust source in windy conditions. 2. Analysis of spoil’s environment impact Excavation is needed during embankment and irrigation channel construction, and therefore spoil and waste rock are produced. If they are dealt inappropriately, heavy rainfall will make a large quantity of water and soil flow into water body nearby, blocking drainage way and burying farmland. Therefore fencing measures should be taken around temporary spoil yard according to the requirements of water and soil conservation, reducing soil’s exposure to rainfalls. 3. Analysis of influence of household waste in construction area on environment

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The amount of household waste generated during the construction period is 20 kg/d. If wastes are collected and transported to township waste treatment plants, no adverse impact will be imposed on local environment. 4.1.1.8 Analysis of influence on nearby social environment during construction period 1. Influence on traffic of existing roads during construction period

Road hardening operation has a large influence on traffic of existing roads. Construction should be performed section by section and half of road at one time and pass should be restricted, according to project preparation and construction process. If construction organization needs to divert or shunt traffic, it must report its safety and traffic plans for major sections to related village committee office or township office in advance. After coordination and arrangement, as well as approved by related offices, local people’s governments announce the plans on media or notice board. For sections affected by construction, special personnel should be appointed to maintain smooth traffic and at the same time keep the order of construction. They should also help traffic police maintain good traffic and ensure safely pass. These above measures will minimize the influence. 2. Influence on irrigation system

After years of intensive farming, a systematic irrigation facilities or natural channels have been formed along the project. Road construction should maintain the original system intact. For those damages already done, measures should be taken. Through culvert, scientifically side ditch, intercepting dike and drainage ditch design, put outlet entrances on the parapet, this project will basically keep the original irrigation system, ensuring unobstructed irrigation channels and normal lives for local people. 3. Influence on power and telecommunications facilities

Route selection should avoid power and telecommunications facilities. Otherwise, construction organization should consult with telecommunications and power departments before dismantling. After related authorities announced the new route, the local power supply and telecommunications will not be affected. 4. Influence of occupying land

The proposed project takes place at rural areas, and road construction is a long-distance linear project. Therefore part occupation of forest and farmland is unavoidable. In this project, roads connecting villages and within villages are 104km, production shortcuts are 261.8km, other roads are built on original roadbed, and irrigation channels are distributed along balks. For households whose farmlands are occupied by construction, they will receive new farmland by redistributing the village’s farmland. As the average land loss is trivial after the readjustment, and households who lose farmlands will be compensated, the influence of occupying land can be effectively eased. In some sense occupying land can upgrade the structure of labor and lifestyle. Generally, living standards of households whose farmlands are lost will not be reduced. 5. Possible influence on cultural relic

Based on the situation of townships and villages along the project, the project will

87 not touch any cultural relic protection site at any level, and there are not relic protection sites on both sides of the project. Therefore the project will not affect any relic protection site. But considering the possibility that new relics might be found during construction, once relics are found during construction, any operation should be halted and protection measure must be taken, and construction organization should actively cooperate with local cultural relic offices. 4.1.2 Analysis of non-linear project’s environmental influence Non-linear projects mainly include offices, processing workshops, pump station, housing, and market, etc. The influences of building these facilities are similar: ecological environment damage, water and soil erosion and “three wastes” of construction. The situation resembles that of road construction and hence there will be no further elaboration. But water conservancy project include pump station and considering the near distance between pump station and rivers, pump station’s influence will be analyzed solely. 4.1.2.6 Analysis of solid waste’s influence during construction period Solid wastes during construction period mainly include soil and rock, construction waste and household waste of constructors. 1. Soil and rock

At the initial stage of construction, excavation is needed. The project can use the throw of terrain to avoid high-fill and deep-cut. The excavated soil can be reused for land levelling in later plantation projects. Excavated rocks can be used for bedding of channels and ditches. There will be no permanent soil and rock yard. Soil and rock are only stack indoors temporarily, to avoid dust in windy or arid conditions and water and soil erosion in rainy conditions. 2. Construction waste

Demolition will produce scraps of construction material. Recyclable wastes should be sorted and recycled (scrap iron, scrap steel, and packaging material can be sold to salvage station; waste bricks can be used for road bedding); unrecyclable wastes should be transported to appointed construction waste yard. Construction organization should set up temporary waste yard and perform sealing process to the storage facility. 3. Constructors’ household waste

During the peak of construction period, there are about 30 constructors. If the amount of household waste is calculated by 0.4kg/person/d, then the total amount of household waste of this project is 12kg/d. After collection and sending to village’s garbage yard as well as treatment by related local offices, no environmental influence will be made. 4.1.2.7 Analysis of pump station’s influence on Chishui River region 1. The influence of soil and water erosion and its spreading

This project’s pump station is located in Chishui River region of Xuyong County and Gulin County. Construction area is near the river, therefore the possibility of polluting a large area after the construction area exposing to heavy rainfalls remains high. The surface runoffs produced by heavy rainfalls scour away surface dust, construction 88 sand and rock, and rubbish. The muddy water would carry away a large quantity of sand and soil, soil nutrient, cement, oil and other surface solid wastes. Should the wastewater be left untreated, it would flow into Chishui River. This will not only cause the ecological damage to Chishui River and its surrounding ground, but also carry a lot of sand, soil and pollutants into the river, affecting the water quality and increasing the sediment. 2. Influence of construction wastewater and solid waste

Wastewater produced in the project comes from concrete mixing and pouring, maintenance, water sprinkling, construction equipment cleaning and domestic wastewater.

The main pollutants contained in the water are pH, SS, CODCr, and oil, etc. Since constructors hire residence building as their accommodation, their wastewater can be treated by septic tank and used for fertilization. The polluting factors in domestic wastewater are CODCr and BOD5. If the wastewater is directly discharged into Chishui River region, then it will cause pollution to regional water quality.

4.2 Analysis of influence on environment during operation period

4.2.1 Analysis of linear projects’ influence Linear projects include road and irrigation channels. Since irrigation channels will basically produce zero pollution after completion, our focus is on road operation. 4.2.1.1 Prediction and valuation of ecological influence during operation period The proposed road construction will completely change the function of occupied land, changing farmland and forest into construction land. For vegetation damaged in temporarily occupied land, it will restore naturally or restore by artificial vegetation, and gradually become secondary vegetation compared with vegetation prior to occupation. The secondary vegetation on cut-over land has inferior quality compared with native vegetation, but considering the land occupied temporarily is relatively small, the influence to the entire region is limited. NOx, HC, etc. are other pollutants from car emissions. Main crops along the project are rice, vegetables, potato, etc. According to Principles and Methods of Valuating Environmental Pollution, we can know about the effect on crops growing and production after chronicle exposure to nitrogen dioxide. When nitrogen dioxide level is 2 mg/m3, rice will not be affected; when the level is above 2 mg/m3, the production of wheat might be affected. The roads to build are mainly in rural areas, and therefore the traffic is light. The levels of NOx in places 40 meters from the roads are less than 2 mg/m3, lower than the secondary standard in Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012). Therefore the influence from vehicle emissions on rice, vegetables and other crops is limited. Roads in rural areas can promote the economic development along them and improve the local traffic and transportation, which provide favorable conditions for introducing advanced agricultural technologies, optimizing plantation’s configuration and increasing crop yields and farmer’s income. In this way, the way of utilizing land can be upgraded. 4.2.1.2 Prediction and valuation of influence on surface water during operation period

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Water pollution during operation period only happens when rainfalls form surface runoffs and carry pollutants away. When the road construction is complete, as the traffic increases by year, vehicle emissions, oil spill and other hazardous substance depositing on roads will increase as well. When rainfalls wash them away and carry into water body, the water quality will be affected. Rainfall intensity, duration, frequency, traffic, road width and other factors will affect the forming of surface runoffs. When the construction is complete, surface runoffs formed by rainfalls mainly carry away SS, petroleum pollutant, organic pollutant, etc. Since the project takes place in rural areas, where traffic is relatively light, the amount of SS, petroleum and other vehicle-related pollutants is small. During the initial stage of rainfall, the levels of SS and petroleum pollutants are high in the runoff, but the levels will drop quickly as the rainfall continues. 20 minutes after rainfalls, pollutants will be basically washed off the road and when the levels drop the influence on surrounding surface water and soil is limited. 4.2.1.3 Prediction and valuation of influence on air quality during operation period 1. Determining the polluting source

The main source of air pollution during operation is vehicle exhaust and the dust caused by trucks’ ill-containment of goods that can cause particulates. 2. Analysis of air pollution’s influence

When the project is complete, road dust will be reduced. But within the operation period, dust and exhaust caused by vehicles will cause air pollution to a certain extent, with main pollutants being CO, NOx, THC and TSP. The amount of pollutant emission is in proportion to traffic, and related to the types of vehicle and conditions of vehicle.

When the traffic increases, the amount of exhaust such as NO2 will also increase. According to our prediction based on statistics from similar roads, when the proposed project handle the maximum amount of vehicles, the daily levels of NO2 and TSP in areas 5 meters away from road shoulders can meet the secondary standard in Ambient Air Quality Standard. Considering that areas sensitive to pollution are generally located 10 meters away from the road shoulders, our result is that the levels of NO2, TSP and CO will not exceed the standards during operation period. 4.2.1.4 Prediction and valuation of influence on acoustic environment during operation period 1. Characters of influence on acoustic environment

Noise source is mainly traffic noise, which includes engine noise, noise caused by exhaust system, friction between wheels and road surface, and noise caused by vibration which is depended on road conditions. According to the result of Test of Traffic Noise Source, the sound levels of different types of vehicles at different speeds are list on Table 4.2-1. Table 4.2-1 Sound Levels of Different Types of Vehicles at Different Speeds Types of Average Average sound Section Formula vehicle speed(km/h) level Lw, I(dB)

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Types of Average Average sound Section Formula vehicle speed(km/h) level Lw, I(dB) Small 12.6+34.73lgV 15 53.5 The road to S Middle 8.8+40.48lgV 15 56.4 be built M Large 22.0+36.32lgVL 15 64.7

2. Predictions of noise’s influence

The project is located in rural areas; hence there is no noise source such as factories. The acoustic environment along the project can meet the secondary standard in Environmental quality standard for noise (GB3096-2008). During the operation, the noise level is related to the traffic and vehicle types. Considering the project taking place in rural areas, the traffic is light, the design speed is low, and there is almost no traffic at night. The number of areas sensitive to noise pollution is small. In addition, walls and ridges can reduce the effect of noise pollution. Therefore, the traffic noise has a limited effect on sounding areas that are sensitive to noise. Otherwise, measures such as installation of sound-proof windows and building green belt can help meet the required standards. 4.2.1.5 Prediction and valuation of solid waste’s environmental influence during operation period Since the project takes place in rural areas, solid wastes mainly come from spill-over from truck load, and sand and soil carried by vehicle wheels. If they are treated inappropriately, it might cause visual blight, air pollution, and even spread disease and harm people’s health. To prevent this, road cleaning staff should clean the road routinely and collect the waste to waste-treatment plants for further treatment, so as to avoid polluting water body in rainy conditions. The project also generates positive effect on environment. Since the roads are upgraded from unsurfaced roads to cement roads, solid wastes caused by breaking road surface are largely reduced. 4.2.1.6 Prediction and valuation social influence during operation period 1. Economic benefits

The infrastructures such as water and electricity supply, road and telecommunications are weak. Most village-level roads are accessible in good weather, but inaccessible in bad weather. Some villages are even unconnected by roads, making the exchanging of production material and transportation of products quite difficult and impeding the local economy. After the road is completed, the unsurfaced roads will be upgraded and transportation be improved, which is beneficial to the construction and improvement of road network covering all villages. It will also boost the economic development along the roads, accelerate the integration of rural and urban areas, realize the utilization of resources allocation and complement different industries, strengthen the economic and cultural ties between different regions, and promote the work of poverty reduction. 2. Effects on people’s lives and health

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To a certain degree this project will increase the quality of lives for local residence. But the traffic will inevitably affect residences that live along the road. Construction vehicles might occupy existing roads, affecting local people’s traveling. Dust caused by construction vehicles might affect local people’s rest and local school’s teaching. The discharge of wastewater, domestic waster and production waste might affect the quality of nearby water body. Constructors’ behaviors can also affect local people’s ordinary lives. The most affected during the construction period are residential areas and schools along the project. Therefore measures should be taken by related construction organizations to ease the adverse influence. 4.2.1.7 Analysis of environmental risks The roads to build are main channels to connect related villages, playing their roles in rural transportation. The environmental risks during the operation period are emergent leak of fertilizer, pesticide and other hazardous substances in transportation. Once the leak happens, serious pollution might happen in a certain area, causing environment risks to local communities. 1. Risks recognition

Through the analysis on the nature, amount and location of the proposed project, and apart from adverse environment influences in normal conditions, the construction and operation still contain potential risks. After our determining and valuating on the possible ecological and environmental damages, we found that the main risks lie in the following areas: (1). The collapse of roadbed slope

The excavation of roadbed and embankment filling may damage the vulnerable conditions of slope. Rainfalls can also make the foundation instable and therefore make it likely to slide during construction and operation period. Our experience shows that even relatively complete measures such as slope guarding and strengthening are taken, heavy rainfalls can also render them ineffective by causing the upper foundation sliding. (2). Overturning accidents’ influences on water body and soil during operation period Normally, main hazardous substances transported are pesticide and fertilizer. Environment risks happen when traffic accident or violation of related regulations on hazardous materials transportation occur, causing transported hazardous material leaking, exploding or combustion. Once the accidents happen, serious pollution will happen within a short time and in a large area, causing harm to local environment and loss of national property. Pollution caused by traffic accident mainly happens when vehicles travel over bridges or near waters. Main pollution types are: a) When petrol, diesel and engine oil are spilled and discharged into nearby waters and soil; b) When accident happens to vehicle carry dangerous chemicals and chemicals leak into nearby waters and soil; c) When accident happens on bridge and vehicle falls into river with its cargo. 2. Grading environmental risks

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According to Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment on Projects, the project itself contains no hazardous substance and hazardous source, and risks are caused by external factors. Therefore the project’s environmental risk is Grade II. 3. Analysis of environmental risk

Since the project takes place in rural areas, the design speed is low and traffic is light. Therefore the possibility of traffic accidents is slight; the possibilities of leaking, exploding and combustion caused by traffic accidents are more slight; and the possibility of polluting waters along the line by turning-over and falling into riving is even slighter. 4.2.2 Analysis of non-linear project’s environmental influence during operation period 4.2.2.1 Analysis of construction process and corresponding pollution Non-linear projects include trade market, pump station, office of agricultural cooperative and warehouse. During the operation period, trade market can produce pollution such as wastewater, animal excrement, odorant, and household waste. Pump station generates noise pollution. Agricultural cooperative generates household waste and wastewater. The analysis can refer to that of trade market. Storage that poses serious environmental risks is mainly cold storage for fruit (fresh orange). The potential risks are: noise, air pollution and environmental hazard caused by refrigerant spill. The analysis of noise is similar to the analysis of noise in trading market. The cold storage uses R23 refrigerant, which is a kind of HFC instead of ODS (ozone-depleting Substances). Since it is ozone-friendly, it is internationally recognized and widely used and recommended as refrigerant. Here the focus of this chapter is on the environmental influence of trade market and the environmental hazard caused by refrigerant spill.

Table 4.2-1 Operation Pollution Analysis 4.2.2.2 Analysis of noise’s environmental influence When the project is complete, the noise pollution is mainly traffic noise, business noise, livestock noise and machine noise. 1. Analysis of household noise

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The noise source is office and entertainment noise. The source is weak and the noise is not consecutive. The influence can be controlled through improving property management. 2. Analysis of business noise

Trade market includes farmers market and commercial areas, which generate part of the business noise when operating. Noise can be controlled through measure like reasonable layout of shops, reasonable distance from residence houses, green belt and strict regulations. At the same time, if the project includes commercial development such as entertainment items, then the noise generated by the newly built commercially operating cultural services must be strictly controlled, and they can only be put into service when corresponding noise reducing measures are taken. 3. Analysis of the influence of vehicle noises on the environment

Measures can be taken to reduce noises generated by vehicles: prohibiting honking in ground parking lots, avoiding frequently restarting and idling engine, and regulating parking orders. 4. Analysis of machine noise

When the project is complete, main noise sources are water pump, draught fan, outdoors air conditioning units. Their noise levels are around 65-90 dB(A). The noise can be effectively controlled by choosing quite equipment, taking noise reducing measures, and sound insulation. As buildings can block some sound, there is nearly no influence on the surrounding environment. 5. Livestock noise

Livestock noise is non-consecutive, and its noise levels are around 70-80 dB(A). 4.2.2.3 Analysis of influence on water environment When the trade market is completed, wastewater mainly comes from commercial and agricultural water use and animal urine from commercial and agricultural markets. Currently, the location of trade market is still uncertain, and its surrounding areas lack corresponding infrastructures. Therefore it is advised that water treatment facilities should be built according to market scale in different places. For small trade market that discharges a small quantity of wastewater and borders farmlands and forests, wastewater can be used for irrigation after treatment in septic tank. The water used for irrigation should meet the requirement stipulated in Standards for Quality of Irrigation Water (GB5084-2005). For large trade market that discharges huge amount of wastewater and lacks condition for irrigation, related department should build wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater can only be discharged after treatment. Since kitchen wastewater contains oil, it should be treated after oil removal. For animal excrement, the dry and the wet should be separated before treatment. Animal wastewater can be collected through pipes and poured into a septic for fermentation, and then used for irrigating and fertilizing farmland, Septic should be seepage-proofing and sealed, to avoid influence and contamination on sewage caused by odor 4.2.2.4 Analysis of influence on air quality When the market is completed, waste gases are mainly vehicle exhaust in parking 94 lots, cooking fume, and odorant in animal housings and dumps. 1. Cooking fume

Cooking fumes in market are mainly produced by restaurants. To meet environment protection standards, tunnels should be preserved in restaurant buildings, and all cooking fumes must be discharged in higher levels after treated and cooled by high-efficient filters. The fume level after treatment is 1.6 mg/m3, lower than the 2 mg/m3 standard regulated in Emission Standard of Cooking Fume (GB18483-2001). All restaurants must install cooking smoke purification devices and have tunnels on roofs according to the requirements stipulated in Technical Guidelines for Environmental Protection in Catering Sector (HJ554-2010) issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The distance between outlets for cooking fumes and buildings sensitive to fumes should meet related standards in Technical Guidelines for Environmental Protection in Catering Sector (HJ554-2010). During current construction stage, tunnels for fumes should be preserved on roofs and exhaust ducts should not be scattered and should be located in special well. 2. Analysis of the influence of odorant on the environment

During the transportation of waste, perishable organic wastes give out odors when decomposing. The main influence on the environment is odor. Odorants are gases that irritate olfactory organs and cause displeasure, according to national standards. Excrement in livestock and poultry market and animal housing give out odors

(mainly NH3 and H2S) because of animal excrement. They are uncontrolled emission from low and surface source. In addition, since animal housing in markets are for temporary use, odor production is non-consecutive. Odor can be effectively mitigated by reasonably plan of livestock trading market, green belt around breeding houses and better ventilation of the houses

3. Vehicle exhaust

The amount of vehicle exhaust is small, and it can be further reduced by measure such as strengthening traffic regulation and reducing idling engine. The traffic within the project area is light and the current environment is good. Therefore vehicle exhaust will not cause regional air pollution after dispersing into the air. 4. Waste gas in farmers market

Waste gases in farmers market are mainly fishy smells from aquatic products and smells caused by rotting fruits and vegetables. To reduce the influence on surrounding environment, solid waste must be cleaned away in time, sanitary control should be strengthened, and natural ventilation should be complemented by artificial ventilation. 4.2.2.5 Analysis of solid waste’s influence When the market is completed, solid wastes are mainly household wastes produced by staff and customers, kitchen waste and animal excrement. 1. Household waste

Household wastes should be bagged and transported to waste collection pools, and

95 then transported to refuse landfills in nearby townships. To reduce the influence of odors, waste collection pools should be sealed and transported to dumps in time. Special personnel should be appointed to clean and spray disinfectant. In addition, office waste may contain toner and used batteries which should be collected separately, so as to avoid soil and groundwater pollution by heavy metals. As for kitchen waste and waste fat and oil generated in restaurants, the treatment should meet related standards in Technical Guidelines for Environmental Protection in Catering Sector. Kitchen waste should be handled by qualified organizations. 2. Animal excrement

Animal excrement gives out odor, breeds pets and pollutes the air. If it is not treated in time, it will become paste-like substance and easily erode into soil when meeting water. Rainfalls’ washing will generate leachate, which contains pollutant of high concentration and can easily flow into surface water and erode into soil and groundwater. Animal excrement should be dealt in time and appropriately. Temporary stock dumps should be built at downwind areas away from residential and office areas. A canopy should cover the dump and impermeable layer should be put in place underground (concrete be compacted below and cement be plastered on the surface). Special personnel should be appointed to collect excrement from market. When excrement is fermented, then it can be used for fertilization on farmland and forest. Disinfectant should be sprayed upon the dump routinely. The location of the dump should be away from places sensitive to pollution such as surface waters and residential areas. 4.2.2.6 Analysis of environmental risks of operating fruit storehouse In this project, the main body of the fruit storehouse is made of steel plate coated with polystyrene, and the door is made of 100 mm thick of polyurethane. The lowest temperature can be kept at 5 °C. R23 is chosen as the refrigerant. During the operation, possible environmental risks include: ① fire caused by mal-operation; ② poisoning caused by refrigerant spill. (1) Characters of fire in cold storage ① The fire is fierce and the flames develop both horizontally and vertically. The storehouse consists of vertical and chimney-like hollow walls. The insulating layer is made of inflammable material such as cork, fibreboard, plastic and polyurethane, making flames spread quickly horizontally and vertically. ② Since the combustion is not obvious, it’s hard to recognize fires. When fires occur in insulating layer, the combustion is concealed within the wall, making it hard to notice from outside. ③ The combustion generates great amounts of smoke and high temperature, making firefighting difficult. The number of doors is limited, and doors and staircases are easily engulfed by flames and dense smoke. ④ The combustion generates various toxic gases or even explosive gases. In most cold storage, incomplete burning because of limited amount of air generates CO, and the burning of insulating material like foams and plastic generates toxic gases. When dense amount of refrigerant gushes out from tubes and then meets flames, explosion occurs. To prevent fire, daily management should be strengthened. Special personal should 96 be assigned to perform safety check routinely. According to requirements of fire prevention, fire protection and warning devices should be installed appropriately and checked routinely to guarantee their normal operation. Through making contingency plans on fire protection, firefighting works can be arranged at the first time. (2) Refrigerant spill This project chooses R23 as the refrigerant. R23 is also known as HFC-23, which is of low toxicity. The hazards of exposing to it include headache, nausea and vomiting. It is anaesthetising and non-inflammable. It decomposes after heating and gives away highly toxic smoke (hydrogen fluoride). The reasons for spill include: equipment failure and mal-operation. To prevent spill, main measures should be taken: strengthening daily management; when spill occurs, personal should be evacuated quickly from contaminated areas to upwind and the spill source should be sealed immediately; during daily maintenance of refrigeration workshop, protective measures should be taken (such as gas mask, and protective gloves and coveralls) in case of emergency.

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Chapter 5 Impact Analysis of Agricultural Activities

5.1 The Prediction and Assessment of Environmental Impact of Planting Project

In the Project, the planting industry mainly aims to expand the agricultural products with special characteristics and replant improved varieties. The crops include sweet orange, walnut, potato, white konjak, forage grass, and some short-term crops for under-forest planting, including chili and watermelon. This Chapter will analyze the environmental impacts imposed by major varieties through analyzing their growth periods. 5.1.1 Analysis of the Entire Planting Process 1. Site Selection for Planting Since crops grow in specific environment, it is especially important to select suitable land to plant them. Planting areas covered in this projects are mainly reclaimed land, forest land and grassland, that is, to organize (including building protection slopes, ridges, and weeding ) existing lands. The project will not cultivate virgin land or involve ecological forest. (1) Site Selection for Sweet Orange Sweet oranges are planted in Xuyong County, Gulin County and the drainage basin of the Chishui River. The planting area consists of the step zone and the gentle slope along the river valley. At an altitude of 300m to 700m, the terrain is spacious. The gradient is between 5° and 20°. In order to avoid water and soil loss, it is forbidden to reclaim wasteland for planting when the gradient is more than 25°. The pH value of soil is among 6.5 and 7.5, and the organic content is between 1.% and 2.5%. Since the soil there is developed into by purple sandstone, the texture is of sandy loam with rich minerals, and the permeability of the soil is favorable. Therefore, the ecological environment in this area is fairly good with distinctive climate and edaphic conditions, without any industrial pollution sources. Furthermore, the planting area is adjacent to the drainage basin of the Chishui River, so the area receives adequate rain and enjoys convenient irrigation. (2) Site Selection for Walnut The walnut planting area is located in Gulin County and Meigu County, distributed among the dry land, mesa, valley, village side and wasteland in the mountainous region at an altitude of 700m to 1300m. It is forbidden to reclaim wasteland for planting when the slope steepens. With an annual average temperature of 12℃ to 17℃ and annual average rainfall of 754mm, the area enjoys deep and wet soil and cool climate, suitable for walnut planting. The seedling base is located in the flat ground by the road, which is convenient for transport and irrigation. (3) Site Selection for Potato The potato planting area is located in Zhaojue County and Butuo County. In Zhaojue County, 80% of growing area centers on alpine region at an altitude of 1800m to 2600m, where the annual average temperature is among 8℃ and 13.6℃, the annual rainfall is among 800mm and 1200mm, and the frost-free season is among 200 days and 250 days. During the period between April and August which is the growing period for 98 potato, there is basically no frost in the area, the monthly average temperature is among 16℃ and 20℃, and the relative air humidity is among 70% and 85%. Therefore, this area is the optimal ecological zone for potato. The planting area this time is located in gently hillside fields at a slope of 5 to 18. The conventional crop types and farming practices are transformed this time to alternatively grow potato. Therefore, the land resources are sufficiently utilized, soil hardening is avoided, and soil fertility is maintained. (4) Site Selection for White Konjac The konjac planting area is located in the rural areas of Jinyang County. Microenvironment in partial shade where the air humidity is relatively higher in partial shade is appropriate for konjac planting. Relay cropping is usually adopted for konjac (in corn and green pepper farmland). The land where soil layer is deep with loose sandy loam is proper for konjac. Before planting konjac, the farmer shall spread 25kg of unslaked lime and 2kg of copper sulfate on the soil surface, and scarifies the soil. Or, the farmer disinfects the soil and farmyard manure through spraying 70% Dexon 500 times diluted liquid on the planting trench before he sows seeds. Relay cropping is adopted in areas at an altitude of below 2000m, while unnecessary in areas at an altitude of 2000m above sea level (5) Site Selection for Forage Grass According to the site investigation, the project areas are suitable for forage grass, and forage grass is not demanding for growth conditions. The major forage grass that will be planted includes vicia villosa, ryegrass, trifolium repens, alfalfa and so on. Forage grass will be planted in areas which are not suitable for economic crops, vacant fields in winter, open forest, barren land and some areas under forests. Though forage planting is not demanding in site selection, farmers shall pay attention to reaping periods and reaping height. To avoid water and soil loss, the forage grass shall not be reaped field by field. (6) Site Selection for Sichuan Papaya The Sichuan papaya is mainly planted in Longmen Township of Meigu County. In the planting areas, sunlight is sufficient, soil is fertile, climate is moist, water is well drained away, and the soil is neutral or alkalescent. The papaya could also be planted in the foot margins along fields, hilly land, areas in front of or behind houses. (7) Site Selection for Chili and Watermelon Chili and watermelon planting in Xuyong County are short-term programs to increase income. During the preliminary phase of economic forest planting, chili and watermelon are interplanted under economic forest to fully utilize land resources. In sum, the habits and characteristics of crops shall be taken into account in the site selection for agricultural planting projects. As a result, the planting areas shall meet the climate requirements of the crops. To avoid water and soil loss, it is forbidden to reclaim wasteland for planting when the gradient is more than 25°. At the same time, large-scale reclamation and operation shall be avoided in the selected planting areas. The land only needs leveling, so ecological damage or water and soil loss could be reduced. 2. Potato and White Konjac Planting Since both potato and white konjac belong to tuber crops, their planting procedures

99 are similar. The planting process of potatoes is introduced as a key example, as the following: ① Land preparation The land shall be deeply plowed for 0.3m to 0.5m in winter, and shallowly plowed once in early spring. Rocks and sundries shall be cleared away, soil blocks be smashed into pieces, and the soil surface be leveled. ② Seed selection Detoxified breeder’s seeds of high-yield, disease-resistant and mid-late-maturing improved varieties, such as Potato 97 and Potato 14, are selected and planted. ③ Sowing Specifications Ridge tillage is adopted, each 1m (2/3m + 1/3m) at a spacing of 1/3m. 4000 to 4400 seedlings are planted per mu (667m2). ④ Base Fertilizer Application More base fertilizer shall be applied with less additional fertilizer. According to this principle, 1000kg of farmyard manure, 50kg of special compound fertilizer for potato, and 5kg of urea are applied per mu (667m2). They should be mixed fully and stored in stack retting sealed with thin film a week or more before applying. In time of sowing, the mixture should be applied in small holes near the plant and covered with laminated soil. The whole potato should be planted (attention to the distance between the potato and fertilizer), and buried with soil to form a ridge. Twin-row of low or flat ridges will be formed when this is completed ⑤ Field Management After the seedlings emerge, 10kg of urea shall be added. The land shall be shallowly plowed once to loosen the soil and hoe weeds. From the budding time to the booming time, farmers shall shovel the soil, plough the furrow and earth up in wide furrows. Wide furrows shall be 3cun-4cun-wide, 6cun-7cun-deep. The high middle part with two low sides is convenient for drainage. The two rows and high ridge are beneficial for tuberization and pest prevention. ⑥ Harvest At the mid-late term of July, potatoes could be harvested when the plants stop growing and the above-ground parts turn yellow and withered. The farmer shall carefully dig to avoid injuring potatoes. Then the potatoes shall be aired on the fields for a proper time, placed in the shade to dry, bagged according to size, and stored for sale. The potatoes shall be indoor covered and kept warm, or cover and stored in cellars. The potato planting procedures are shown as follows:

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Farmers Seeds Water, chemical organic fertilizer fertilizer, pesticides

Selecting fine Applying fertilizer, Leveling the Harvest land varieties, sowing hoeing weeds, seeds preventing pests and diseases

Water and soil Diffused pollution loss, vegetation caused by fertilizer

deterioration and pesticides

Chart 5.1-1 The Entire Potato Planting Process

3. Seed Breeding of Economic Fruit Forest Seed breeding refers to the process where quality seeds are selected and planted, and quality seedlings are provided for farmers after elaborate planting, grafting and cultivation. The breeding of fine varieties are much alike, that is to select appropriate land as nursery garden, and produce offspring seed through preparing soil, growing seedlings and management. The cultivating of fine walnuts are studied as an example.

(1) Nursery Preparation ① Land Preparation: The entire land shall be carefully and deeply plowed for more than 40cm. The soil acidity shall be improved with more organic content and fertility. ② Seedbed: High seedbed shall be adopted. The bed surface shall be 15cm - 20cm higher than the footpath. The bed is 1.2m wide, and the footpath is 25cm - 35cm wide. While the length depends on the specific terrain. ③ Soil Disinfection: 5KG of Canker-stop and 7.5KG of carbendazol per hectare shall be sprayed to disinfect the soil and kill bugs. (2) Rootstock Breeding New seeds shall be collectively cultivated in the nursery bed. The farmer shall check the budding once a week. (3) Grafting ① Scion: The scion shall be derived from the parent farm or original seedlings of fine varieties, with the quality certificate, the quarantine certificate and the fine variety certificate. ② Grafting: Budding grafting shall be adopted. The scion shall be planted into nutrition bucket at once after grafted.

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The variety breeding procedures of seedlings are shown as follows:

Farmers Farmers, Water, fertilizer, fertilizer pesticide

Infrastructure Nursery Rootstock Grafting preparation breeding

Water and soil loss, Water and soil loss, Diffused pollution The cut twigs vegetation vegetation by fertilizer and deterioration, dust and deterioration, pesticides noise caused by diffused pollution by construction pesticides

Chart 5.1-2 Variety Breeding Procedures of Seedlings

4. Economic Fruit Forestry Planting Economic fruit forestry planting refers to the entire process consisting of seedling purchase, land preparation, planting and fruit picking. Sweet orange and walnut are perennial economic crops, and their fruits are the final benefits. Their planting procedures are similar, but the sweet orange is more demanding in irrigation, pest and disease prevention. Therefore, this EIA introduces the planting procedures of sweet orange as an example. 1. Digging Filed Planting Pits and Applying Base Fertilizer In the planned planting area, 570 seedlings shall be field planted per hectare (38 seedlings per mu). The planting points are marked by lime at a seedling spacing of 3.5mx5m. A cylindrical pit, whose diameter is 1m, depth is 0.8m, shall be dug around the field planting point. Each pit shall be applied with base fertilizer (farmyard manure + phosphatic fertilizer), including 50kg of farmyard manure, 2kg of oil cake and 2kg of biological organic bacterial manure. These fertilizers shall be divided into 3 layers and applied in the field planting pit, then the soil shall be treaded down. The upper layer shall be parallel and level with the earth’s surface. Finally, a 20cm - 30cm-high bun-shaped mound shall be heaped with surface soil on the upper layer, prepared for field planting. 2. Seedling Purchase, Field Planting Container seedlings of the first-class Newhall navel orange are selected. The seedling shall be transplanted into the backfilled pit with a soil ball but without the container. The soil ball shall be covered and pressed by surface soil. Furthermore, the seedling shall be adequately watered. 3. Post-Planting Management ① Nutrient and Water Management: The seedlings shall be properly irrigated and applied with fertilizer, according to their growth and growth time.

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② Pest and Disease Prevention: Pests and diseases shall be prevented on the basis of forecasts, including mites, Papilionidae, auripenne, scaleinsect, leaf miners, anthracnose and dark mildew.

③ Seedling Management: The annual and biennial seedlings shall be timely pinched for new shoots. The crown shall be enlarged as much as possible. Clustered branches and diseased branches shall be removed to cultivate a skeleton branch. The skeleton branch shall develop into all directions. In the fruiting period, in order to harvest high yield, the vegetative growth shall be adjusted, and the reproductive growth shall be balanced.

④ Other Management: In the production tree management, supplementary pollination, flower and fruit protection, and manual fruit thinning shall be adopted in the flower season; the band-girdle technique shall be adopted to protect fruits; the fruit bagging technique and the overlay technique shall be adopted to improve the fruit products. The fruits shall be picked and collected in proper time, packaged in different classes and transported to the market.

Farmers, organic fertilizer Water, chemical fertilizer, pesticides

Digging field planting Seeding purchase, Applying fertilizer, Harvest pits, applying base field planting preventing pests and fertilizer diseases, cutting twigs

Water and soil loss, Chemical fertilizer, vegetation deterioration, diffused pollution diffused pollution caused caused by pesticides, by chemical fertilizer damaged branches

Chart 5.1-3 Planting Procedures of Sweet Orange and Walnut

5. Forage Grass Planting Forage grass planting consists of the following steps: ① preparing seeds and soil; ② determining the time, quantity and method of sowing; in accordance with the local climate and soil structure, various crops are planted in different seasons to ensure the maximum output; ③ irrigating the forage grass, applying fertilizers and preventing pesticides; ④ reaping and storing forage grass. 1. Seed Selection Vicia villosa is selected as the annual grass, while perennial ryegrass, trifolium 103

repens and alfalfa are selected as the perennial grass. 2. Sowing Quantity 4kg – 4.5kg of seeds of vicia villosa are planted per mu, 1.5kg of seeds of perennial ryegrass per mu, 0.3kg – 0.5kg of seeds of trifolium repens per mu, and 2kg – 2.5kg of alfalfa per mu. 3. Irrigation and Fertilizer Application Organic fertilizers, such as fermented excrements, are mainly adopted. Organic fertilizers shall be nutrition-balanced to ensure the healthy growth of plants with other chemical fertilizers. Methods of topdressing include spreading fertilizers over fields, in furrows and in small holes, spraying fertilizers, injecting fertilizers with water, and foliage topdressing. The fertilizers for foliage topdressing shall not be highly concentrated. To avoid hurting crops, 30g – 70g of microelements shall be applied per mu. 4. Pest Prevention and Control “Prevention First, Comprehensive Control” shall be fully implemented in the pest prevention and control of forage grass. The specific methods include plant quarantine, agricultural arol, biological prevention and control, chemical prevention and control, physical prevention and control, and mechanical prevention and control. 5. Reaping The green grass of ryegrass and Gaodan grass is useful. The fresh grass shall be reaped for use when the plant height reaches 60cm – 80cm. The excessive grass could be ensiled or dried. Grass on grassy hills and some planted grass are usually reaped 3 times or 4 time per year. If grass grows faster under favorable conditions, the reaping times could be properly increased. Major environmental problems caused by planting forage grass:① changing the composition of soil and vegetation; ② contamination of fertilizer and pesticides in the planting area;③ loss of water and soil.

Farmers Water, fertilizers, pesticides

Land preparation Sowing Fertilizer application , Field management Harvest pest prevention and control Water and land loss, vegetation Pollution caused by deterioration pesticides and fertilizers

Chart 5.1-4 Process Flow Diagram for Forage Grass Planting

6. Under-Forest Planting Since the planting spacing is relatively larger, under-forest planting is applicable. In 104 the Project, the under-forest crops are watermelon and chili. The planting procedures of potato and white konjac could be taken for reference. To avoid the competition for nutrition against the economic fruit forest, the under-forest crops shall be planted far away from the nutrition zone of the economic fruit forest. Meanwhile, weeding and reaping shall not be carried out in heavy rainy days. And certain rhizomes shall be reserved in the soil to reduce water and soil loss. They would be removed prior to the next planting. 6.1.2 Impact Analysis of Water Taking for Planting and Irrigation The orange planting in Xuyong County and Gulin County involves some lift pump stations which draw water from the Chishui River and the Caiban River. The Chishui River originates from , Yunnan Province. Its upper reach is called Yudong. The river runs eastward to the junction of Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province and Guizhou Province. With the ladder rocks and increased water yield at the junction, the river is called Bishu River, running across Chishui City, Guizhou Province, and flowing into the Yangtze River in Hechuan County, Sichuan Province. According to the actual measurement, the maximum flow reaches 9890m3/s, and the minimum flow is 33.2m3/s. The annual average runoff volume is 10.1 billion cubic meters, the maximum is 17.38 billion cubic meters, and the minimum is 6.14 billion cubic meters. The maximum diversion volume of the Project is about 1.32 million cubic meters, only 0.013% of the annual average runoff volume of the Chishui River, therefore, the diversion would not largely reduced the runoff volume of the Chishui River. Furthermore, the Chishui River is an important waterway, as well as a national nature reserve for valuable and rare animals and endemic fishes in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. To protect the rare animals and endemic fishes of the upper reach, and to ensure the waterway smooth, the EIA suggest: fishery administration, shipping safety administration and other administrative departments shall carry out an integrated survey when diversion ports are arranged, in order to ensure that the diversion project would not affect the spawning grounds, feeding grounds and wintering grounds, and that the waterway in the project area is available for shipping. Originating from the middle part of Guilin County, the Caiban River is collected by some cavern water from ironworks, running into the Chishui River. Its drainage area is 265km2, length 18km, average flow at the river outlet 3.45s/m3, annual runoff volume 109 million m3, and elevation difference 480m. Its water is mainly utilized for irrigation, flood discharge and drinking. Currently, the maximum water diversion of the planting project reaches about 477112.5m3 from the Caiban River, accounting for only 0.44% of the annual runoff volume of the Chishui River. Therefore, the diversion of the Project would not have substantial impact on the flow of the Chishui River. 5.1.3 Impact Analysis of Fertilizer Pollution 1. Current Use of Chemical Fertilizers In order to facilitate the growth and reproduction of the crops and forests, sufficient fertilizers are required, including nitrogen fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, potash fertilizers and compound fertilizers. The frequently-used fertilizers are: Organic fertilizers refer to the fertilizers which are turned from fermented manure of 105 livestock, poultry and human, and crop residuals. Green fertilizers, which are good to improve soil, are usually applied as base fertilizers. Organic fertilizers contain abundant micro-elements, including N, P, K, with less available nutrients, so a large amount shall be applied. Nitrogen fertilizer, one chemical fertilizer, includes ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, nitric nitrogen fertilizer, and amide nitrogen fertilizer. Ammonium hydrogen carbonate and urea are used for over 90%, followed by ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate. This type contains a large quantity of nitrogen. Though it is quick to effect, it is apt to be leached and transformed. Currently, it is one of the most frequently used fertilizers. Phosphate fertilizer is a kind of chemical fertilizer. It is made of low-concentration calcium superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, powdered rock phosphate. High-concentration ammonium phosphate, concentrated superphoshpate, and nitric phosphate are rarely used. Potash fertilizer is a kind of chemical fertilizer. Potassium chloride is most commonly used, accounting for over 90% of potash fertilizer consumption. Compound fertilizer, one fertilizer composed by several chemicals. Ammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate are commonly used. Compound fertilizers are of balanced nutrition, convenient for crops to absorb the nutrition. According to the site investigation, a series of environmental problems are caused, because the Project is located in rural areas where necessary production and technical guidance are insufficient. Long-term use of a single fertilizer has made soil hardened, smothered the edaphon, reduced fertilizer’s utilization rate. However, in order to increase the crop yield, more fertilizers are utilized in disguised ways. The amount far exceeds the requirements of normal crops, then a vicious circle is formed. 2. Environmental Problems Caused by Misuse of Fertilizers The following are the environmental problems caused by misuse of fertilizers. Firstly, fertilizers have polluted water sources, which cause a shortage of drinking water, and harms people’s health. Secondly, fertilizers have eutrophicated rivers, lakes and continental seas. The fertilizer remained in soil is run into waters by rain, as a result, the eutrophication is exacerbated, aquatic plants flourish, and many ponds, reservoirs and lakes turn smelly. Furthermore, the increasing nitrogenous and phosphorus contents in the waters foster an excess of aquatic plants. Thirdly, fertilizers acidulate soil and destroy its physical property. Once one kind of elements in soil is excessive, the others are less absorbed by the soil. Consequently, the internal balance of soil is destroyed, so the soil turns hardened. Fourthly, more toxic components in foods and forage do harm to human’s health. 5.1.4 Impact Analysis of Pesticide Pollution 1. Current Use of Pesticides In order to exterminate pests, including injurious insects, mites, fungus, nematodes, weeds, rodents and molluscs, and to prevent and relieve their destruction to the crops and economic forests, pesticides need spraying in different periods during planting. By sources, pesticides are mainly categorized as mineral pesticides, biological pesticides, and synthetic organic pesticides. (1) Mineral Pesticides: The pesticides which originate from inorganic compounds 106 and oil are called as mineral pesticides. For example, Bordeaux mixture, lime sulphur, aluminum phosphide, diesel emulsion and oil emulsion. (2)Biological Pesticides: The pesticides which are developed with biological resources. Bionts include animals, plants and germs.

① Botanical Pesticides: nicotine, azadirachtin, veratrine, rotenone and so on. ② Microbial Pesticides: Agricultural antibiotics, including validamycin, abamectin, ivermectin, kasugamycin, polyoxin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin. Living microbial pesticides, including fungus (bassiana, Metarhizium), bacteria (agritol, bacillus subtilis), virus (armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus, virus particles, autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus) This category of pesticides are less poisonous to human and livestock, pollution free, safe to crops and insecticidal, therefore, they are promoted for use. However, the sources are limited, hard to be utilized on a large scale. (3) Synthetic Organic Pesticides: The pesticides which are artificially compounded and manufactured by chemical industry. Some of the pesticides are similar compounds which are compounded or reorganized on active substances of natural products. They are called biomimetic synthetic pesticides. Their strong effects can be discerned quickly, a small quantity of pesticides can work, and they can be applied in many areas, adaptable to various requirements. But they are apt to pollute the environment, unsafe for human and livestock. And pests are apt to have resistance against the pesticides. For example, tebuconazole, durban, cyhalothrin, paraquat, kresoxim-methyl and so on.

2. Current Problems in Pesticide Application (1) Many pesticides are unreasonably utilized. For example, imidacloprid is used against lepidoptera pests. (2) The timing and dosage of pesticide application are “extensive”, depending on farmers’ intuition. (3) The combination of pesticides is unreasonable. Instead of achieving ideal effects, it enhances the pests’ resistance to the pesticides. 3. Environmental Problems Caused by Pesticides (1) Impact on Atmosphere When pesticides are sprayed, part of them would suspend in air in drops, it is atmospheric pollution. Generally, 40% of the pesticides would attach to the plants, 1% to 4% would reach the targeted pests, 40% would fall on soil, and the rest 20% would suspend in air. Among the pesticides in air, 60% would fall on the earth, and 40% would be directly photolyzed in air. (2) Most pesticides would fall on the earth. The pesticides attached to the plants would ultimately fall on the earth by wind and rain. In addition, seed soaking and seed dressing could help the pesticides directly dip into soil. Herbicides and bactericides are directly applied in soil. Pesticides’ pollution on farmland is concerned with the variety and cultivation of crops. The farmland, which is highly managed with a high multiple cropping index, is of

107 more severe pollution because more pesticides are applied. If the Project fails to strictly select the pesticide varieties, and ignores the control of the dosage, the residual pesticides would pollute soil, enter the bodies of human and livestock through the food chain, and do harm to them. Some poisoning incidents would be caused by careless use of pesticides in production. 80% of pesticide residues are distributed in 0cm-deep to 20cm-deep surface soil. The concentration of the pesticide residues gradually decreases as the depth increases. It is hard to detect any pesticide in the 50cm-deep and deeper soil. The current water table remains 5m to 30m. As the ground water is being exploited, the water table may decline by about 1m to 4m. Sprinkler irrigation and drop irrigation are adopted by the Project, its is impossible that a large quantity of irrigation water infiltrates. Therefore, generally, water-insoluble pesticides or less water-soluble pesticides would not infiltrate or pollute the ground water of the assessment areas. 5.1.5 Impact Analysis of Pollution Caused by Agricultural Films and Related Plastic Products Pesticide plastics include film mulching and the packages of pesticides and fertilizers Film mulching could raise the ground temperature, conserve the soil moisture. As a result, crops could be planted in advance, and harvested in advance with an increased yield. This measure is especially effective in the project areas, because the altitude is high, the temperature in spring is low, and the growing season is short. In the Project, films are utilized in the walnut nursery stock base, the sweet orange top grafting, and pawpaw planting. By estimate, 6.5 tons of agricultural films are utilized every year. The PVC film and polyethylene film are the most utilized in agricultural production. The PVC film, due to its better overall property, has been utilized in the largest quantity for the longest time. The polyethylene film has been promoted in recent years. Due to its superior performance, an increasing quantity of polyethylene films has been utilized in production. The usage amount per hectare is 3kg to 37.5kg, and 50% to 80% of agricultural films would be left in soil each year. In addition, pesticides, chemical fertilizers and seeds are usually contained in plastic bags and bottles which would be discarded in farmland afterwards. These bags and bottles are mainly made of PVC which is hard to be degraded by microbes. They result in plastic pollution together with plastic films. (1) Harm to Soil Environment Soil infiltration is the phenomenon that water moves towards the deep soil due to the gravity. Because the film residuals change or cut interrupts the soil continuity, which makes more resistance against the gravity water, the gravity water moves downwards slowly. As a result, the amount of water decreases as the amount of film residuals increases. Soil water content also decreases, which is less capable to resist drought. What is worse, soil salinization may be caused. In addition, film residuals affect the physical property of soil, and restrain crops from growing. (2) Harm to Crops Since film residuals affect and destroy the physical property of soil, crops’ roots are hard to grow. Any soil with film residuals hinder roots’ absorption of water and nutrition. In addition, blocks of film residuals impede the fertilizer efficiency, and the yields would 108 consequently decrease. (3) Impact on Rural Landscape Visual pollution is caused. Because film residuals are recycled to a limited extent, and the recycling methods are not proper, part of film residuals are discarded at edges of farmland. The film residuals are blown to houses, fields and trees by wind. (4) Harm to Livestock The film residuals and forage grass are collected together for livestock. The film residuals would obstruct esophagus, affect digestion, and even result in death if cattle and sheep have eaten them. 5.1.6 Impact Analysis of Crop Straws In this Project, crop straws will be left after the potatoes, white konjak and chili and other crops are reaped. By measured and calculated, the yield ratio between the potatoes and their green straws is 1:1.7. In this Project, the planting area of potatoes is 2014.86mu. if 1500kg of potatoes are produced per mu, 5137.9t/a of green straws will be produced. Similar to the potatoes, if 750kg of white konjaks are produced, 627.2t/a of green straws will be produced. Straws are of large yields but of low combustion value. As rural economy develops, farmers take less straws as a conventional fuel. In addition, straws are scattered in fields, so it takes high costs to collect and transport them. And the economic efficiency is low, the industrialization is under-developed. Consequently, it is hard to deal with surplus straws. In order to plant in the proper farming season and to save time, farmers usually burn straws in fields. This disposal method has wasted valuable resources, and resulted in many social, economic and ecological problems, including air pollution, soil mineralization, fire disasters and traffic accidents. Therefore, how to deal with crop straws in a proper way has been a focused issue for the government and society. 5.1.7 Impact Analysis of Ecological System The Project is located in rural areas. Currently, the land, including arable land, woodland and grassland, is well covered by vegetation. In the arable land, major crops include wheat, forage grass and potato. In the woodland, major vegetation includes cypress, wild shrub and forage grass. The impacts on the ecological system imposed by planting include land use changes, ecological function changes, changes of landscape and living environment, and the diffused pollution caused by fertilizers and pesticides. 1. Water Loss and Soil Erosion The cultivated areas are expanded in the project area. Some wasteland is regulated and some counterpart roads are constructed in the project area. These actions would make the earth surface loose and bare, which facilitates water erosion on the earth surface and wind erosion. During the wasteland remediation, land leveling may block the ditches for flood discharge. If the planned flood ditches cannot be timely put into use, severe water loss and soil erosion may be caused when the sections are struck by floods. During the harvest season, if farmers are not well trained, they may reap forage grass too frequently or completely. As a result, the earth surface of the forage grass base may be bare, and water and soil loss may be caused during rainy days. For economic fruit forests, the functions of the turf covering earth, such as retaining water and protecting against erosion, shall be taken into account during under-forest planting and weeding. 109

Weeding or harvesting on a large scale, which may cause water and soil loss, shall be avoided. 2. Changes in Land Utilization The land involved in the Project is farmland or wasteland. Wasteland is remediated but no new land reclaimed. The land remediation preserves the original advantages as much as possible. No leveling is operated on a large scale. The original crops planted in the land are wheat, potato, forage grass and brush and so on. After the Project, sweet orange, walnut, forage grass and other species are planted. Therefore, only the varieties of crops are changed. The land utilization has just slightly changed. After implementation, producing and serving ability of soil can be improved, as its original characteristics are changed and ripening is sped up through human activities, including reasonable irrigation, cultivation, fertilization and plantation.

3. Impact on Biological Diversity Improper introduction of new species may result in massive growth of a single species, which would ultimately destroy the ecological balance. Therefore, no new species is involved in the Project, and a single species will not be planted on a massive scale. Local varieties capable of resisting diseases, such as walnut and Chinese chestnut, will be planted as far as possible. New species shall be quarantined to prevent plant diseases and insect pests. The diversity of the original ecological environment is changed by the Project, as a result, some single species are planted on a massive scale in regional areas. Single cropping would reduce the biological diversity of the agroecological system, apt to induce diseases and pests. In order to control the diseases and pests, an increasing quantity of pesticides is sprayed more times. This measure would cause pollution to the environment. At the same time, pesticides would also kill the natural enemies of pests, then the pests rampantly increase. Consequently, minor diseases and pests turn to be major ones, then a vicious circle works. To avoid the negative impact made by single planting, the EIA suggests: the planting density of row planting should be reduced, and other species should be implanted. 4. Impact Analysis of Landscape After the Project is completed, the landscape components and structure of the assessment area have significantly changed due to the changes of land utilization, which may result in quality changes of the ecological system in the landscape. Compared with the present status, the vegetation remarkably changes to diverse types, and the crops planted in the planting area could be planted on a large scale. In sum, the landscape changes are beneficial to improve the ecological environment within the areas. At the later stage, ecological tourist project, such as rural home inns, could be gradually developed to promote the virtuous, circular and multidirectional development of ecological agriculture. 5. Impact Analysis of Under-forest Planting Since the under-forest areas are shady and cool, it is better to plant the shade-tolerant varieties whose growth cycles are short and plants are low. Under-forest

110 planting has the following advantages: ① Since forests could remarkably reduce wind speed and adjust temperature, they create a suitable environment for under-forest vegetables and fruits. Furthermore, the low temperature under forests could largely reduce diseases and pests. ② Since forests could well control the illumination intensity and illumination time, they could mitigate the harm imposed by glare to the under-forest vegetables and fruits, relieve aging, and improve the quality of vegetables and fruits. Natural fresh-keeping effect is achieved through the prolonged period for picking and sales. ③ Forests have abundant terpenes (terpenes is a natural hydrocarbon compound with stronger fragrance and physiological activity) which could kill bacteria. The negative oxygen ions accumulated in the forests could enhance vegetables’ stress resistance to the unfavorable environment. Forests also could absorb various poisonous gases, reduce pesticide residues, purify the environment, and reduce pollution. So forests are beneficial for pollution-free vegetable planting. In the Project, the under-forest crops are watermelon and chili. The light saturation point of chili lies between 30000LUX and 40000LUX. When the light intensity is overhigh, it is apt for chili to be sunburn or infected by virus. When the light is intensive at a high temperature in summer, and the ridges are not sealed, an overhigh ground temperature is very unfavorable for the root development of chili, and the plants could be easily infected by virus. Therefore, it is beneficial to interplant chili with fruit forests in open fields in summer. The chili could have a high yield. In the Project, chili and watermelon are interplanted. After long-term practices, chili and fruit forests are beneficial for each other’s growth. So it is proper to develop under-forest planting. Under-forest planting should be guided and implemented by professionals, or the following environmental problems would be caused: ① The under-forest crops are over-intensively planted, occupying the nutrition for trees. The nutrition competition prevents fruit seedlings from normally growing. ② Soil nutrients tend to be imbalanced and some disease or pest may multiply in the orchard if the same match is consecutively interplanted for a long time. ③ If the interplanted crop absorbs too much fertilizer, it would affect the forest’s development. ④ Under-forest weeding destroys the water-holding capacity of the ecological system, and ultimately causes water loss and soil erosion. ⑤ In the harvest season of the under-forest crop, large under-forest areas are bare. Water loss and soil erosion is caused in rainy days and windy days. Soil structure is destroyed and soil fertility is reduced.

5.2 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment of Breeding Project

5.2.1 Breeding Procedures and Pollution Analysis The Project mainly involves cattle and sheep breeding. There are abundant fodder and forage resources in the breeding areas, and the local residents have the custom to breed cattle and sheep. Xuyong County and Butuo County specialize in cattle breeding. Simmental is their major variety. The breeding method is a combination of household

111 breeding and cattle demonstration zones (12 cattle per zone). The feeding method is a combination of drylot feeding and grazing, but drylot feeding is the major one. Zhaojue County, Jinyang County and Meigu County specialize in sheep breeding. Their varieties include Liangshan fine-wool sheep and Meigu sheep. The breeding method is household breeding (20 sheep at most/household), and the feeding method is mainly drylot feeding. At the same time, Meigu County also develops under-forest chicken breeding. Only household breeding is adopted. The breeding project only involves in fattening livestock, not in slaughtering. The wastewater caused in breeding mainly consists of urine, excrements of livestock and water washing the breeding houses. Odor is mainly caused by urine, excrements and manure mixture for fertilizing. Solid wastes mainly consist of excrements of livestock and bodies of diseased livestock. Noise is mainly the sounds of livestock.

Changes of land use

Changes of land use Ecological impacts Diffused pollution Breeding houses and Construction dusts counterpart facilities

Construction noises Fodder planting Construction wastewater

Construction waste slags Diseased cattle bodies landfill Forage grass, Placenta sales or landfill crop straws, etc. Forage residues recycled and processed Medical wastes collected by the

Smash Solid veterinary sector, and treated by

Silage waste capable organizations Cattle manure mixed to be organic fertilizer for farmland Batch

Cattle and sheep Wastewater Septic-tank Agricultural irrigation breeding

Foul gases Mechanical ventilation, greening, etc.

Slaughter

Noises Landscape barriers

112 Sales

Chart 5.2-1 Breeding Procedures and Pollution Generation Links 5.2.2 Impact Analysis of Wastewater Pollution

The wastewater caused in breeding mainly consists of urine, excrements of livestock and water washing the breeding houses. (1) Washing Water for Breeding Houses Dry-cleaning method is adopted in the breeding houses. The washing water is calculated to be 2.26m3/100 cattle·d, and 0.4m3/100 sheep·d. In the project area, there are usually 6561 beef cattle and 51345 sheep (newly increased) on hand. The washing water is calculated as 80% of the total water consumption. Therefore, the washing water is 282.9m3/d m3/d, and the annual washing water is 103268.3m3/a. (2) Livestock Urine After analogical survey, the urine output of sheep is 3L/per·d. According to the reference data listed in Table A.2 (the urine output of cattle is 10kg/per·d), Appendix A, the Technical Specifications For Pollution Treatment Projects of Livestock and Poultry Farms (HJ497-2009), and the data in Table 2 Pollution Coefficient of Beef Cattle in the Northwestern Areas (the urine output of 431kg of flattening cattle is 8.32L/per·d), Handbook of Pollution Producing and Discharging Coefficients for Livestock and Poultry Industry, the First National Survey on Pollution Sources, based on the specific conditions of the Project, the body weight of beef cattle and other important factors, the urine output of beef cattle in the Project is 9kg/per·d, and the urine output of livestock in the breeding project is 213.1 m3/d, equally 77775.7m3/a. (原文 P95) The wastewater in livestock breeding includes livestock urine and washing water for the breeding houses. The wastewater is of high concentration organics, large quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus, large quantities of suspended solids, strong odor, high pollution load. In addition, the wastewater varies with variety, feeding management, climate, season and other aspects. Dry-cleaning method is adopted to clean excrements in the Project. The quality of wastewater and its pollutants are shown in detail in Table 5.2-1. Table 5.2-1 Project Wastewater and Its Pollutants Pollutants Volume Type Indicator （ 3 ） ammonia total m /a COD BOD SS 5 nitrogen phosphorus Concentration Washing Water 1800 970 2000 80 20 43297.4 (mg/L) for Cattle Output (t/a) 77.9 42.0 86.6 3.5 0.9 Concentration 4070 1100 244 300 28 Cattle Urine 21552.9 (mg/L) Output (t/a) 87.7 23.7 5.3 6.5 0.6 Concentration Washing Water 750 400 1200 30.6 6.32 59970.9 (mg/L) for Sheep Output (t/a) 45.0 24.0 72.0 1.8 0.4 Concentration Sheep Urine 56222.8 4630 3500 200 1320 2640 (mg/L) 113

Output (t/a) 260.3 196.8 11.2 74.2 148.4 Total 181044 Output (t/a) 470.9 286.5 175.1 86 150.3

The breeding wastewater could be transported manually or through pipes to irrigate farmland after being collected, precipitated and treated by waste water collecting tanks. 5.2.3 Impact Analysis of Ground Water Environment In the Project, the water for livestock is supplied by pounds or reservoirs, no ground water taken. Therefore, the Project has no impact on the groundwater level or ground water resources. The probable pollution ways may be: (1) The livestock urine collecting tanks and temporary excrement storage yards are regarded as temporary storage and treatment facilities. Breaches of impervious barriers of the collecting tanks, less sealed seams, or broken wastewater pipe and other factors all may result in leakage of pollutants. Then shallow groundwater is polluted. Though it is little possibility that pollution is caused this way, it is hard to detect once it happens. And the pollution and impact are large, so management shall be enhance to avoid. (2) If prevention and control measures are not proper, percolate may be caused in the temporary excrement storage yards to pollute groundwater. (3) In heavy rainy days, if the rain is not discharged in time, the rain containing toxic matters permeates the ground around the livestock breeding houses, and pollutes the ground water. (4) The breeding wastewater is not discharged, utilized for farmland after treatment, which may have certain impact on the ground water. 5.2.4 Impact Analysis and Prediction of Acoustic Environment In the breeding project, moo is the main noise source, 75-85dB (A). The noise could be viewed as a point source. Only the noise attenuated by various distances is taken into account. The contribution value to nearby sensitive protected targets is figured out and analyzed. The attenuation model is:

Notes: Lp——the predicted value of construction noise r m away the noise source, dB（A）;

Lpo——the reference sound level of ro m away the noise source, dB（A）; ro——Lpothe landmark distance of noise (5m or 1m), m. △L——Noise decrements after all measures taken, dB（A）.

According to the point source attenuation model, the attenuation of noise by distance is shown in the following chart. Table 5.2-2 Predicted Values of Moo at Different Points Original Attenuated Noise dB(A) Noise Source Noise dB（A） 10m 15m 20m 40m 60 m Moo 80 60 56.5 54.0 47.9 44.4

According to the predicted results, if no attenuation is taken into account, the

114 contribution value of noise at 10m is 60dB. Since the Project is located in the Category II areas provided by Environmental Quality Standard For Noise (GB3096-2008), the night noise may partially exceed the standard if no measure is taken. 5.2.5 Impact Prediction and Assessment of Atmospheric Environment In the breeding project, odor mainly comes from the breeding houses and manure mixtures for fertilizing. Livestock urine and excrements mainly produce noxious gases, such as ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide. The odor would multiply if the urine and excrements are not cleaned up in time. As a result, foul gases, such as methyl mercaptan, dimethyl disulfide and dimethylamine would be further produced with massive mosquitoes and flies. The physicochemical properties of these major gases are shown in Table 5.2-3:

Table 5.2-3 Physicochemical Properties of Foul Gases Repugnant Substance Molecular Formula Threshold Value（ppm） Odor Feature trimethyl amine (COH3)N 0.000027 Smelly fish ammonia NH3 1.54 Pungent odor hydrogen sulfide H2S 0.0041 Smelly eggs skatole sulfate —— 0.0000056 Excrement

The breeding project belongs to household breeding. The largest scale of beef cattle breeding is 12 cattle/breeding zone, while the largest scale of sheep breeding is 20 sheep/household. According to the survey and investigation by Biological Control Technology for the Urgent Odor Substances in Large-scale Breeding Farms (Zhang

Kerong, Ye Chengrong), a pig farm breeding ten thousands of pigs emits 15.9kg/h NH3 and 1.45kg/h H2S to the atmosphere. Calculated as the conversion proportion between pig and other livestock, the largest emission of NH3 by beef cattle breeding zones is 95.4g/h, H2S 8.7g/h, while the largest emission of NH3 by sheep breeding households is 10.6g/h, H2S 0.97g/h. Since the Project is mostly located in rural areas, the current environment is favorable. The impact imposed by the odors could be efficiently reduced if the daily management is enhanced, the breeding houses are kept clean, and the excrements are timely cleaned up. 5.2.6 Environment Impact Analysis of Solid Wastes In the breeding project, solid wastes mainly include livestock excrements, forage residues, collected dusts during forage processing, diseased livestock bodies, etc. 1. Livestock Excrements (1) Source Intensity Analysis According to the Technical Specifications for Pollution Treatment Projects of Livestock and Poultry Farms (HJ497-2009) and the Technical Specifications for Pollution Prevention of Livestock and Poultry Farms (HT/T81-2001), dry-cleaning technique is adopted in the breeding houses to clean up excrements. The dry-cleaning technique separates solid from liquid through reasonable house designs (slope design for cattle houses, and leak design for sheep houses). Excrements are cleaned manually, the remnant and urine are running through sewers, entering the wastewater collecting system 115 for respective treatment. The output of cattle excrement is calculated as 12.10kg/(per·day). There are 6561 cattle in the project areas, so the project output of cattle excrements is 79388.1kg/d, equally 28976.7t/a; while the output of sheep excrement is calculated as 0.8kg/(per·day). There are 51345 in the project areas, so the project output of sheep excrements is 41076kg/d, equally 1.50×104t/a. (2) Feasibility Analysis of Livestock Excrement Treatment Livestock excrement is a kind of important organic fertilizer. Since it contains vitamin, hormone, enzyme, auxin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, etc., it could facilitate the growth of crops, enhance their stress resistance against the unfavorable environment. The phenolic substances decomposed from organic fertilizers could restrain urease and nitrifier. The organic acid decomposed from organic fertilizers could chelate and solubilize the insoluble nutrients of soil, activate the potential nutrients of soil, so it could ultimately raise the effectiveness of insoluble phosphate and microelements. The humus decomposed from organic fertilizers is a kind of weak organic acid. It integrates with inorganic colloid in soil to become organic-inorganic colloid compound, which could age the soil layer, facilitate water-stable granules, and adjust the moisture, fertility, air and heat in soil. In addition, humus could stimulate seed germination and root growth. Livestock excrements are manually collected and transported to temporary yards. The major task of pretreatment is to reduce the moisture, adjust the moisture and the carbon nitrogen ratio. Sometimes bacteria and enzymes are needed to facilitate the fermentation process. In the primary fermentation stage, oxygen is supplied to the accumulation layer when machines turn over the excrements. In the post-fermentation stage, organics are further decomposed, then the manure mixture for fertilizing is totally mature. It need turning over once a week, without ventilation. After the techniques and treatment above, the pathogenic microorganisms and parasitic ova in the excrements have been killed. Most of organics are broken down into humus. Part of organics isbroken down into inorganic salt. Then the livestock excrements are transported to farmland as fertilizers. The odor in the fermentation process is deodorized by biological materials. In other words, biological materials, such as effective microbiota, are added into solid excrements during the fermentation process, for not only deodorization, but also mosquito and fly prevention. In order to guarantee sufficient fermentation and normal operation in winter, the manure mixture is as high as 2m. Solid excrements are bagged for fermentation. At the same time, seepage proofing should be well prepared for the compost. It is suggested that wastewater ditches should be designed for the temporary yards, and the percolate should be dumped into the urine collecting tanks for treatment, in order to avoid polluting soil and ground water. The “mature compost deodorization” is adopted to get rid of the odor caused in the fermentation process. In other words, the compost is covered by some mature compost. Then the odor is prevented from spreading. The breeding project is located in rural areas, so currently, the economy centers on agriculture. Livestock excrements are usually regarded as organic fertilizers for farmland.

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(3) Livestock Excrement Stacking and Its Environmental Impact It is usual that livestock excrements stink, breed mosquitoes and flies, and pollute the atmospheric environment. If they are not treated in time, they would run off when mixed with water. It is easy to produce percolate with rain. The high concentration pollutants contained may run into surface water to pollute ground water and soil. Therefore, solid wastes should be timely treated in a proper way. Temporary sites should be set up for solid wastes, equipped with canopies and seepage-proofing measures. In summer, disinfectant fluids should be regularly sprayed in the sites. The volume of the excrement sites should be designed in accordance with the Detailed Rules and Regulations on Emission Computation for Major Pollutants during the Twelfth Five-year Plan issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. 2. Fodder Residues Collect fodder residues that can be collected and reuse them after processing; ferment and compost those cannot be collected with livestock excrement. 3. Livestock Dying of Diseases and Newborn Livestock Death 1) Livestock dying of disease The treatment of livestock dying of disease should strictly follow the requirements for epidemic prevention and be handled by senior units. Farmers should file all procedures and certificates related with the dead livestock to facilitate the environmental protection department’s monitoring and management. On the premise of zero infectious disease, the death rate of beef cattle is estimated to be 1‰, namely 7 beef cattle die of disease annually; if the average weight is 0.6t, then all dead ones add up to 4.2t/a. The death rate of goat is estimated to be 2%, namely 1047 goats die of disease annually; if the average weight is 50kg, then all dead ones add up to 52.3.2t/a. According to the disposal requirements for livestock bodies in Technical Specifications for Livestock and Poultry Pollution Prevention（HJ/T81-2001）, project villages are generally unqualified to burn the bodies. Over three secure landfills of concrete structure should be built, with a depth over 3m, a diameter of 2m and the mouth sealed. Every time when dead bodies are dumped, a layer of slaked lime thicker than 10cm should be spread; compact with clay and seal after filling to the full. 2) Newborn livestock death Anoxia, difficult labor, viral diarrhea virus infection of cow and ewe and newborn livestock’s poor immunity are likely to trigger newborn livestock death. Based on general breeding cases, calf death rate is about 5%～8% on the premise of strengthened management. Dead newborn livestock, containing certain harmful germs, is not edible. Therefore, according to the disposal requirements for dead livestock in Technical Specifications for Livestock and Poultry Pollution Prevention（HJ/T81-2001）, landfill treatment is applied to dead newborn livestock. 4. Placenta After labor, cow and ewe will leave placenta, which consists of amnion, chorion villosum (also known as dense chorion) and basal decidua. According to Nutrient Content Analysis of Cow Placenta (China Dairy Industry Li 117

Lulong, Liu Yuewen and Yu Xuejun), cow placenta contains a lot of high protein and amino acid, which are essential for human and also proved to bear healthcare functions like nourishing vitality, blood and kidney. It also adjusts endocrine, improves immunity, postpones climacteric syndrome, beautifies the features and removes facial speckles and age pigment. Therefore, placenta has fairly excellent medical and healthcare functions. EIA advice: villages concerned should take the initiative to contact local pharmacies or other purchasers to sell placenta as healthcare products or medicinal materials, increasing economic benefits and easing environmental pollution as well. If placenta purchasers are not available, apply landfill treatment following the dead cattle disposal methods. Placenta should be examined before sale to avoid microorganisms like germs and virus that are harmful for human. 5. Medical Wastes Medical wastes, produced from quarantining and treating cattle and goats in the breeding project, belong to the classification of hazardous waste and should be entrusted to senior units for treatment. The project is conducted in rural area where disease prevention and treatment are practiced in farmers’ house. Medical wastes are discarded randomly and effective collection and delivery cannot be realized. Collect expired medicine or abandoned medical instrument at the vet station and transport them to the landfill regularly. Landfill is generally located in the area which is far from water source and environmental sensitive spots like concentrated residential area or school. The landfill area, chosen after serious consideration, is of stable geology, low groundwater level and great impermeability. However, the treatment is simple and the risk for underground water pollution and soil pollution is high. According to Standards for Pollution Control on Hazardous Waste Storage （GB18597-2001） and National Hazardous Waste List, hazardous wastes produced during the prevention and treatment of livestock and poultry disease belong to HW01 medical waste and should be handled by senior units. According to the research, medical wastes produced in Xuyong County are delivered to and handled by Luzhou Baokang Medical Waste Treatment Co., Ltd. or Luzhou Naxi Wuchen Medical Waste Treatment Center. Medical hazardous wastes in four counties from Liangshan are handled by Panzhihua hazardous waste treatment center. 5.2.7 Impact on Soil Environment Breeding sewage becomes thoroughly decomposed after being pre-processed in the storage pool and there are still rich nutrient elements like P and N in the sewage. Using the sewage for agricultural irrigation not only saves fertilizer, but also improves soil fertility and increases crop yield. Though the irrigation water contains certain microelements like Calcium and Magnesium, soil is able to assimilate and metabolize some through its own physical, chemical and biochemical mechanism. Besides, the irrigation volume is fairly low which won’t exceed soil’s self-cleaning capacity. Trickle irrigation volume is generally 2～5L/h; the emitter-channel and the plughole is very tiny, of about 1mm, so jamming is quite common when the water contains impurities. Even the water is excellent and fairly sophisticated filtering unit is 118 employed, jamming is also possible. When breeding sewage is used for trickle irrigation, major reasons for jamming are: 1) Physical jamming: jamming caused by inorganic or organic suspended matters in the water; 2) Biological jamming: the passageway is jammed because algae and bacterial slime enter the trickle irrigation system and multiply. Following measures are taken to avoid emitter jamming: 1) Install appropriate filtering equipment: if the trickle irrigation water contains many impurities, precautions should be taken at the inlet of irrigation system; if silt is the major impurity, choose the combination of centrifugal filter and screen filter as the first filtering equipment; if organic sludge and algae are major impurities, choose the combination of dinas filter and screen filter; if the water contains both dinas, sludge and algae, centrifugal filter, dinas filter and screen filter are needed. 2) Chemical treatment: as to jamming caused by rich organic matter content and algae, chlorination is advisable. Chlorine, a common fungicide, hydrolyzes in water, ionizes into chloric acid ion and kills microorganisms. However, the chemical reaction between soluble chloric ion and non-soluble Fe2O3 in water produces new precipitation, which turns into the food source for other bacteria, thus increasing the possibility of jamming. Therefore, chlorine use must be controlled strictly. 3) Anti-jamming measures for emitter: pressure compensation and proper emitter design. 5.2.8 Analysis of the Impact on Public Health and Environmental Sanitation Livestock is the host of many pathogenic microorganisms. If there is no effective precaution or pen cleaning and sterilization, diseases may erupt and spread, endangering neighboring people’s health. Besides, antibiotic overuse in livestock fodder may lead to antibiotic residue in meat, which is harmful for consumers. Infectious disease among goats is divided into acute and chronic, mainly including anthrax, brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease, sheep pox, braxy, contagious ecthyma, lamb colibacillosis, enterotoxaemia, etc.. Some diseases spread among both animals and people, such as tuberculosis, anthrax and brucellosis. People may be infected through touching infected livestock’s excretion and excrement or consuming products made of infected livestock. People may catch the disease indirectly through various ways. Dispersed breeding is applied in this project. There is frequent contact between farmers and livestock, which may infect both sides. The sanitary condition is not good, either. The guideline of “precaution outweighs treatment” should be practiced during breeding. Prevent and eliminate diseases, especially infectious ones and metabolic ones, thus bringing higher productivity, prolonging durable years and improving economic benefits of cattle raising. 5.2.9 Analysis of the Impact on Ecological Environment Feed flocks and herds with food crop straws and apply livestock excrement as organic fertilizer to the soil to build up fertility, thus developing a virtuous ecological cycle and facilitating agricultural development. 119

Flocks and herds, classified as ruminants, feed on grass and hence need enough forage grass to ensure nutritional supply. Before the project, natural meadows were used as grazing fields by farmers. The meadow was vast in size and productive in grass yield; according to the research, no sheep ate grass roots or barks and they only did that when hungry, but the grazing capacity of natural meadows was low. After the project is carried out, grasses planted by manpower will gradually remove the old grazing pattern; drylot feeding will protect the environment and improve grazing capacity as well. Pasture simplicity reduces biological diversity, so seasonal planting is applied to improve production and lessen disease and insect attack. 5.2.10 Environmental Impact Analysis of Under-forest Chicken Feeding Under-forest chicken feeding means to plant grass in the fruit-bearing forest and raise high-quality free-ranging broilers to achieve social, economic and environmental benefits. 1. Impact of Under-forest Chicken feeding on Forest Plants Chickens are timid by nature and usually forage around the barton or on relatively concentrated forest grasslands. Proper grassing in the walnut forest and rotational free-ranging chicken feeding are beneficial for forest plants because chicken excrement, the best organic fertilizer, enriches the soil and provides carbon dioxide, fertilizer and water for plants. Under-forest grassing also improves persimmon trees’ disease-resistance. The combination of forestry and husbandry brings double benefits for it facilitates tree growth and maximizes the value of husbandry. Under-forest chicken feeding mainly makes use of favorable factors like insects and seeds on the lawn to make the chickens eat less fodder but more insects and seeds. Therefore, it should be of appropriate density. If the density is too large, the need to add fodder by manpower will increase the cost; if too small, purposes like vermin exclusion cannot be achieved. Based on past cases, it is advisable to graze 40 to 50 chickens per mu. EIA advice: It is advisable to apply rotation grazing to under-forest chicken raising, namely dividing the forest land into parts and breeding chickens on them rotationally. Move to another land after one is used for 3 to 4 days, which facilitates pasture growth and recovery and reduces the contact between the chickens and their excrement to lessen parasitic disease and contagions. Meanwhile, grazing in cage and by part is extremely favorable for sustainable pasture growth and under-forest grassland protection. There are 61,338chickens in this under-forest raising project and each mu holds 40 chickens on a rotational cycle of 5 days. If the turf recovery cycle is 30 days, 9201-mu fruit-bearing forest is needed. According to the project design in the second chapter, Meigu County will develop another 1000-hectare (equal to 15,000mu) walnut forest, including 409 hectares (equal to 6,135mu) for top grafting, which totally meets the demand of chicken feeding. 2. Impact of Under-forest Chicken feeding on Forest Animals Chickens like eating insects, so under-forest chicken feeding will lessen disease and insect attack, which reduces vermin-exclusion cost and saves fodder as well. Meanwhile, under-forest free-ranging raising of local chicken also strengthens the chickens’ disease resistance, develops them into green food and increases farmers’ economic benefits. 120

3. Impact of Under-forest Chicken Feeding on Soil Compared with traditional farming modes, under-forest chicken feeding is a no-tillage pattern with many advantages. According to relative researches: ① Zero tillage increases soil moisture and exploitability; ② Zero tillage increases the soil’s microbe diversity and microbe content; ③ Zero tillage increases the soil’s enzymatic activity. Meanwhile, under-forest grassing also improves the walnut garden’s soil structure, reduces water and soil loss and increases nutrient content. Besides, chicken excrement, an excellent organic fertilizer, improves the soil, increases organic matter content and soil fertility and boosts tree growth. However, negative effects like over grazing and soil hardening should be avoided. 3. Diffused Pollution of Under-forest Chicken Feeding Under-forest chicken feeding is of relatively large scale and chicken excrements, spreading all over the garden, cannot be disposed collectively. Heavy rain is likely to rush them into surface water body or underground water, thus triggering non-point source pollution. 5.2.11 Analysis of Breeding’s Impact on National Nature Reserves Dafengding National Nature Reserve is located in northwest Meigu County. Gucuo Village, Yideamo Village and Erma Village of Yiguojue Townshipship, and Waxi Village, Laluo Village, Dalaamo Village and Nimuze Village of Waxi Township in this Project are all outside Dafengding National Nature Reserve’s buffer zone, 2km to 5km away from the zone. Baicaopo Natural Reserve is located in Gaofeng Township, northeast areas of Jinyang County. In this Project, Xiangling Township is outside Baicaopo Natural Reserve’s buffer zone, about 2 km away from the zone. Disorderly grazing in the project zone is likely to produce following effects: ① Destroy the reserve vegetation and trigger water and soil loss; ② There are many state-level endangered animals and plants within the reserve and surging human activities are likely to destroy their living environment. ③ Surging human activities are likely to bring risks like fire.

5.3 Impact Analysis of Agricultural Product Processing

This agricultural product processing includes sweet orange commercialization and white konjac primary processing. 5.3.1 Processing Technologies and Major Pollution-causing Steps 1. Primary Processing Plants of White Konjac White konjac primary processing is an indispensable way to transform it from a subsidiary agricultural product into fine food material, food, raw material of health care products and non-medical food. Processing methods are classified into dry slice processing, refining and purified powder processing. (1) Technology of Processing White Konjac Corm into Dry Slices Technological process: White Konjac tuber→ removing sprouts and roots→ washing→airing→peeling→slicing→color

121 maintenance→drying→checking→packing→end products. Cleaning and peeling: remove mud and peel on the surface. It is usually done with machines now and common machines are cleaning peeler with rotating cylinder and brushing cleaning peeler. Slicing: repetitive slicing machine is employed. Fresh white konjac is pressed against blade with its own weight in the hopper. It is sliced through repetitive blade movement to facilitate latter airing. Color maintenance and drying: White Konjac corm contains rich phenol matters and polyphenol oxidase and is exposed to a large amount of oxygen after peeling. Heating and roasting are likely to bring browning which will affect the quality of dry slices. Sulfur dioxide and sulfite are usually employed nowadays to control enzyme reactions in the corm. In the drying machine, konjac slices are spread on the distribution plate of vibrated fluidized bed and hot air enters the bed from below. With the vibration of air velocity and polarized electrode, konjac slices boil in the bed. Import sulfur dioxide during primary drying to control browning and stop after 3 to 5 minutes. Keep the temperature between 110℃ to 120℃ for 1 to 2 hours. Sulfur dioxide dosage follows the residue norm of Konjac powder industrial standard（NY/T494-2002）. Pollution-causing Steps and Major Influences: Major pollution includes mechanical noise, solid waste (konjac peel and root, degenerative and discarded slices and packaging waste), waste water and waste gas (coal gas and sulfur gas). See the chart for detailed technological processes and pollution processes. Chart 5.3-1 Flowchart of processing white konjac corm into dry slices

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Fresh Konjac corms

Removing sprouts and roots Solid waste

Clean water Cleaning and peeling Solid waste, cleaning sewage

Cleaning peeler and mechanical noise

Repetitive slicing Slicing or dicing Solid waste and noise machine

Coal Color maintenance Burnt gas, noise and offscum Vibrated fluidized bed

Burnt gas, noise and offscum Drying Coal-fired boiler Vibrated fluidized Degenerative Konjac slices bed Checking

Full-automatic Packaging Waste packaging material and noise packer

Finished products

(2) Technology of Processing Dry Konjac Slices into Fine Powder Technological processes: sorting----smashing and grinding----separating----screening----checking----end product packaging. Dry slice sorting: before entering the machine, dry konjac slices are sorted and graded strictly. Under no circumstance should any foreign matter enter the machine. Undried and degenerative slices cannot be processed. Smashing and grinding: smash konjac slices with hammer mill smashing machine. Starch particles are smashed into powder over 100 mesh while over 90% fine powder particles remain between 40 to 100 mesh. Besides, the big proportion difference between fine powder particle and starch particle makes it easy to separate powder through airflow. Separating: control the front ventilation door opening. With induced air’s wind pressure and volume fixed, the ventilation door opens a little and wind pressure will increase, so fine powder is likely to be drawn away by high-speed induced air. If the ventilation door opens large and wind pressure will decrease, so foreign matters like ash in the fine powder cannot be removed completely. Screening: separate smashed konjac fine powder with rapidly rotating screening machine and grade different products: those under 50 mesh (fairly large particles need to be smashed again); those between 50 to 100 mesh are ordinary fine powder; those above 100 mesh are inferior powder; fairly large particles under 50 mesh should be grinded again by grinder. Checking: check fine powder of different batches and grades in terms of tincture,

123 water content, viscosity, etc.. End product packaging: three packaging layers are generally required. The inner layer is thick plastic bag (non-toxic); the interlayer is cloth or kraft bag; the outer layer is woven bag or small jute bag. Weight is decided by customer and label should be added when sealing. Packaged products are stacked and stored according to grade. The storehouse should be dry and ventilated. Pollution-causing Steps and Major Influences: ① Waste gas produced in this project is mainly dust. Dust: Konjac slice grinding, separating and screening will produce little dust. ②Noise Noise sources in this project are mainly hammer mill grinder, draught fan, screener and full-automatic packer. Noise intensity is about 70～80dB(A). ③Solid waste Solid waste produced in this project includes degenerative or undried konjac slices produced during smashing, waste packaging material produced during end product packaging, sludge produced in the sewage treatment station, little waste engine oil produced in the machine repair workshop and household garbage produced by employees. (3) Fine Powder Refining Widely-used fine powder (>180 mesh), with short puffing time and dissolving instantly with water, is the raw material of instant drinks and the additive of other foods. Its technological processes, pollution stages and major influences are similar to those of processing dry konjac slices into dry powder.

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Konjac slices

Degenerative or undried Konjac Sorting slices

Hammer mill smashing machine Dust and noise Smashing and grinding

Fairly large Noise and dust Draught fan Separating particles under

50 mesh Screening machine Noise and dust Screening

Checking

Full- automatic packer Packaging waste and noise End product packaging

Chart 5.3-2 Fowchart of Processing Dry Konjac Slices into Fine Powder

2. Technical Standards for Sweet Orange Commercialization Processing Line Mechanical or photoelectric classification commercialization processing lines, with a handling capacity of 8 tons/h, are applied. Full mechanized, automated and large-scale production lines with carrying, transferring, cleaning, drying, waxing, full detection, grading and container production and packaging rolling into one are employed. Environmental pollutions during operation period include: ① Sewage: sewage is mainly produced during cleaning. Pollution factors are COD, BOD and little sludge. Pollutant load is fairly low. ② Noise: noise produced during the operation of sweet orange commercialization processing line, with an intensity of about 70～80dB(A). ③ Solid waste: expired or discarded edible wax, degenerative and inferior fruits, waste packaging material and waste engine oil produced during repairing.

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Recycle after sedimentation

Fresh sweet oranges

Clean water Cleaning sewage and noise Clean with water Detergent Cleaning sewage Clean water Brush with detergent

Clean water Spray with water Cleaning sewage

Plastic foam roller Absorb water

Edible wax Wax and polish Discarded table vinegar Brushing roller Dry with hot wind Noise Hot air

Select products Inferior products

Pack and encase Waste packaging material and

noise

Storage Chart 5.3-3 Flowchart of Sweet Orange Commercialization Processing Line 5.3.2 Noise Impact Analysis during Operation Period

L2=L1-klgr=L1-20lgr Processing workshop noise sources are mainly sweet orange commercialization processing line, White Konjac fine powder machine, White Konjac roaster, White Konjac powder purification machine and White Konjac grinder. The noise intensity is about 70～ 80dB(A). At present, processing workshop site selection and plane layout are to be determined; attenuation prediction will be conducted only on the single noise source. The original intensity value for environmental impact prediction is 80 dB（A）. Following the recommended pattern in Technical Guide for Environmental Impact Assessment and Noisy Environment（HJ2.4-2009）, calculate noise grade attenuation value and predict environmental noise’s contribution value, namely applying the free sound field transmission pattern: L2=L1-klgr=L1-20lgr in which L2——sound level at different distances from the noise source, dB（A）； L1——the original intensity value of noise source，dB（A）. r——the distance between the prediction spot and sound source，m； k——the noise source’s attenuation value in free sound field. The results are as follows:

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Chart 5.3-1 Noise Grade Contribution Value Distance r(m) 1 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Leq(dB) 80 66 60 54.0 50.5 47.9 46.0 44.4 43.0 41.9 40.9 40

According to the prediction, noise 40m from the plant boundary meets the requirements for 2nd region in Noise Emission Standards for Industrial Enterprises GB12348-2008 (60db in the day and 50db at night). As to the processing workshop site selection, noise’s impact on surroundings should be taken into consideration; dense residential area should be avoided. Besides, to create a great working environment and to avoid sudden noise, it is required in this EIA that proprietors strengthen noise source control; measures like applying sound-proof and noise-reduction wall in the grinding workshop, adding damping cushion to the equipment, using flexible elbow at the pipe juncture and setting up separation shield should be taken to minimize equipment operation’s impact on employees and surroundings. 5.3.3 Impact Analysis of Water Environment during Operation Period Sewage produced in this project mainly includes domestic sewage and cleaning sewage.

Major pollutants in domestic sewage are COD, BOD5, NH3-N, SS and phosphate. Domestic sewage is used for farmland irrigation after treated in the plant sewage treatment station. Cleaning sewage is mainly wastewater produced during cleaning White Konjac and sweet orange; major pollutants are SS and COD, respective concentration being 150mg/L and 80mg/L. The water, meeting dry farming standards in Water Quality Standard for Farm Irrigation（GB5084-2005）, can be directly used for irrigation in surrounding farmland and forest land. It is suggested in the EIA that the company set up a 500m3 tank near the primary processing plant based on local geological conditions to store one-month-load sewage. 5.3.4 Atmospheric Environment Impact Analysis During white konjac primary processing in this project, sulphur is used to fumigate and bleach, 0.5g sulphur for every cubic meter with little SO2 running over; blind coal is used for roasting during primary processing, which produces some SO2, smoke and dust; processing dry konjac slices into fine powder and fine powder refining both produce dust.

SO2 produced during sulphur fumigating and blind coal burning, of fairly low concentration, is discharged through the 15-m-high exhaust funnel after collected by the gas-collecting hood, thus producing few influences on the surroundings. To ensure food security and minimize the impact on environment, EIA advice includes importing advanced production lines, changing traditional technologies and reducing SO2 residue in food. Dust is mainly produced in the workshop that produces konjac fine powder and refines fine powder. Major and supplementary material charge-in, smashing and packaging also produce dust. Dust pollution abatement is conducted through collecting 127 dust with cloth dust remover and discharging no pollutant to external environment during food processing. Cloth dust remover removes 99% of the dust, which is discharged through the 15-m-high exhaust funnel on the workshop roof. It meets the second-class PM emission requirement in The Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants （GB16297-1996）, namely PM emission concentration ≤120mg/m3 and emission speed ≤3.5kg/h. 5.3.5 Environmental Impact Analysis of Solid Waste Solid waste produced in this agricultural product processing project mainly includes waste packaging material, unqualified or inferior products, domestic garbage and mechanical waste. Waste packaging material: mainly produced during packaging, including paper and plastic matters. The waste will be classified, collected and then recycled by waste dealers. Unqualified and inferior products: mainly include decayed sweet oranges produced during processing, degenerative Konjac slices and fine powder dust during collection. Decayed sweet oranges can be used for composting or transported to the landfill as domestic garbage. Degenerative dry Konjac slices and fine powder dust are fairly nutritious, but there is no further processing plants in the project area. EIA advice: sell degenerative dry Konjac slices and fine powder dust to farms as livestock fodder. Dry Konjac slices and fine powder, of fairly great nutrition, can be directly fed to livestock after mixed with regular fodder. Domestic garbage: mainly includes food residue and household refuse. Domestic garbage is collected, stored and then delivered to the municipal refuse disposal station for overall treatment. Pigwash is collected by farmers in case of secondary pollution. Mechanical solid waste: mechanical equipment should be repaired on a regular basis. Waste engine oil, cotton yarn and waste cutting fluid produced during repairing are hazardous wastes and should be handled by senior units. Jinyang County’s hazardous waste is delivered to Panzhihua hazardous waste treatment center; that of Xuyong and Gulin can be delivered to local plants, with whom the agreement is signed that the waste is delivered to senior units together with these plants’ garbage.

5.4 Resource Carrying Capacity Analysis

5.4.1 Water Resource Carrying Capacity Analysis 1. Irrigation Water Irrigation water is the major water consumption in the project area. Irrigated crops include forage grass, walnut and sweet oranges. Refer to Sichuan Water Consumption Norms for agricultural irrigation water quota. See chart 5.4-1 for new planting items’ water consumption. Chart 5.4-1 Agricultural Irrigation Water Consumption

Implem Prod Quota/( Water consumption/ entation uct Scale/mu Water source and approaches m3/mu) (m3/a) counties name 128

Bucuo 16659.6 1,499,364 County Jinyang Build water storage pool and 2746.35 247,171.5 County irrigation pipeline. Rainfall is Forag Meigu the major water source, so the e 90 22055.55 1,985,000 County storage pool and irrigation grass Zhaojue pipeline are used for rainfall 4967.25 447,052.5 County collection. Xuyong 15000 1,350,000 C Subtota 61428.75 5,528,588 l Build water storage pool and Meigu 20983.2 839,328 irrigation pipeline. Rainfall is County the major water source. Waln 40 Build lift pump station, water ut Gulin storage pool and irrigation 26598.6 1,063,944 County pipeline. Rainfall is the major water source. Subtota 47581.8 1,903,272 l Build lift pump station, water storage pool and irrigation Gulin 7823.7 665,014.5 pipeline. Chishui river, County Swee Caiban river and rainfall are t major water sources. 85 orang Build lift pump station, water e storage pool and irrigation Xuyong 12842.55 1,091,616.75 pipeline. Chishui river and County rainfall are major water sources. Subtota 20666.25 1,756,631.25 l Total 8,523,476.75

2. Breeding water Refer to Sichuan Water Consumption Norms for husbandry water quota. See the chart below for each breeding item’s water consumption: Chart 5.4-2 Breeding Water Consumption in Each Project Area

Quota( m3/100/day) Water Implementation Product Scale consumption counties name 3 Livestock Pen cleaning (m /d)

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drinking

Bucuo county Cattle 6 2.26 3821 315.6 Xuyong county Cattle 6 2.26 2740 226.3 Jinyang county Sheep 1 0.4 15420 215.9 Sheep 1 0.4 10500 147 Meigu county Chicken 0.1 / 61338 61.3 Zhaojue county Sheep 1 0.4 25425 356.0 Total water consumption (m3/d) 1322.1 3. Water Resource Balance Analysis Water is the source of all things on the earth, so water is a key factor in agriculture and cultivation. Water shortage could prevent crops from growing. If land is still reclaimed and crops planted under water shortage, the ecological vegetation will be destroyed, and it is hard for the newly-planted crops to grow. As a result, water loss and soil erosion are exacerbated. Shown by the meteorological materials of the project counties, in the project areas, the amount of precipitation fluctuates between 748mm and 1119mm. Though rainfall is sufficient, the amount of evaporation is large. The aridity index of Xuyong County is 1.07, the aridity index of Gulin County 1.73, the aridity index of Butuo County 1.59, the aridity index of Jinyang County 1.73, the aridity index of Zhaojue County 1.48, the aridity index of Meigu County 1.99. According to the aridity indexes, Xuyong County and Zhaojue County are classified into semi-humid areas, the other four counties are semi-arid areas. As a whole, the project areas are engineering areas of water shortage. Water reservoirs and water pipes are constructed to solve the water problem. According to the feasibility research report, see chart 5.4-3 for water resource balance before and after the project. The chart tells that the water resources in the project areas could generally satisfy the water demands. Xuyong County, Jinyang County and Meigu County have solved the water shortage through constructing reservoirs and other water conservancy facilities. Now each county even could have some water surplus. In sum, this Project has positive effects on improving the current utilization of water resources. 5.4.2 Forage Grass Balance Analysis of the Breeding Area To protect the meadow and ensure sustainable husbandry development, grazing capacity must be controlled to avoid meadow overuse. On the basis of an overall analysis of livestock scale and forage grass supply in the breeding area, advice can be offered on current livestock scale. According to the information offered by each implementation county, forage grass balance analysis is conducted as in chart 5.3-4. According to the analysis, the meadow in project area meets the demand of livestock development and new breeding items will not destroy ecological balance. Xuyong county suffers severe stony desertification, so grazing should be controlled and apply captive breeding mainly. Current artificial grass meets the demand basically. Breeding in Meigu County focuses on Meigu goat that gnaws grass roots, which trigger environmental problems. EIA advice: enhance captive breeding; gradually change the current pattern of “grazing + captive breeding”; apply rotation grazing by zone;

130 minimize grass waste and save grass. Zhaojue and Meigu have few artificial forage grass bases currently, so the next step should be expanding artificial forage grass area and cultivating excellent goats, which not only improve rural income and boost economic development, but also inherit excellent stocks and develop local specialties.

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Chart 5.4-3 Summary Sheet of Water Resource Balance in the Project Areas

Before the project After the project Se Resource quantity (ten Resource quantity (ten Water demand Surplus Water demand Surplus ri thousand m3) thousand m3) and and al Water Water Total Water County deficienc Water deficie nu supply Curren Effective consu Solutions Effecti consu name y supply Availa Future ncy m assuran Availabl t irrigatio mption ve mption (ten assuranc ble diversi (ten be ce e water diversi n area (ten irrigati (ten thousand e rate : water on thousan r rate : on （mu） thousa on area thousa m3) 75% d m3) 75% nd m3) （mu） nd m3) Xuyong 1 374.81 149.924 12.8 20235.9 15.18 -2.38 430 172 33.8 52539 33.10 0.70 county Gulin 2 306.2 94.8 8.81 20790 13.72 4.91 320.6 109.3 26.61 29723 25.35 1.26 county Build irrigation Bucuo 3 30 21 works; increase 30 21 4.91 county water resource and Jinyang 4 13000 9750 6.09 5895 10.70 -4.61 improve water use 13000 9750 35 7895 31.17 3.83 county ratio. Zhaojue 5 33 25 22 3240 16.2 5.8 33 25 22 4320 21.6 0.4 county Meigu 6 608540 2785 67.96 29250 78.7 -10.74 608540 2785 968.36 66250 968.3 0.06 county

Chart 5.4-4 Summary Sheet of Forage Grass Balance in the Project Areas Serial County Current Livestock Grass Available grass Surplus 132 numbe name livestock total of this demand and Artificial Natural Wild grass r total (goat) project (goat) (ton) Subtotal Crop straw Others deficiency meadow meadow ground （ton） Xuyong 22631 1 45225 13700 180927 203558 105000 7200 40392 15098 35868 county surplus Gulin 2 —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— county Bucuo 41533surpl 3 21150 19105 26448 68981 33084 35137 580 180 —— county us Jinyang 26912 4 60000 14654 49048 75960 56000 12310 7650 —— —— county surplus Zhaojue 46247 5 139883 209274 91903 138150 6250 52000 40000 2400 37500 county surplus Meigu 2348 6 52641 11000 42003 67198 14038 45766 5414 660 1320 county surplus

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5.5 Environment Capacity Analysis

Livestock urine and pen cleaning sewage contain not only nitrogen, phosphorous and nitre, but also microelements like calcium and magnesium, which are beneficial for crop growth. Treated sewage can be used for irrigation, which saves a lot of fertilizer, increases crop yield, improves soil’s physical and chemical property, enhances soil fertility, benefits crop growth, saves water resource and reduces pollutant emission, killing two birds with one stone. The project area is rural land without methane facilities. Livestock urine and pen cleaning sewage are led to the storage pool through channels and then used as fertilizer after fermentation. According to “Sewage and urine for agricultural use” in Accounting Rules for Major Pollutants Emission Reduction During the 12th Five-Year Plan issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection, rain-proof and impermeable sewage and urine storage pools should be built. In general, the pool should be big enough to hold sewage and urine produced in over 2 months (with each pig slaughtered, the pool should be no less than0.3m3）; explicit sewage and urine disposition or user certificate should be offered. Generally speaking, annually, sewage and urine consumption on per mu of land is no more than the waste of 5 pigs (slaughtered), 0.2 beef cattle (slaughtered) and 0.4 cow (raised). In general, special urine storage pool and temporary argol storage yard are built in the project area. They are of brick-concrete structure, with the bottom and wall painted with cement to avoid seepage. The urine and excrement are fermented, decomposed and then used as agricultural fertilizer. See chart 5.5-1 for the balance sheet of applying sewage and excrement to fertilization. Chart 5.5-1 The summary sheet of applying livestock urine and excrement to fertilization

Scale Farmland Implem Prod necessary for Current farmland in Satisfiabili entation uct Current fertilization the project area (hm2) ty counties name Added quantity (hm2)

Bucuo Cattl 4230 3821 2684 4830 Satisfied county e Xuyong Cattl 9045 2740 3929 8437 Satisfied county e Jinyang Goat 62720 15420 347 4872 Satisfied county Meigu Goat 13641 10500 107 4757 Satisfied county Zhaojue Goat 84061 25425 487 8046 Satisfied county Breeding is conducted in rural area where major crops grown are paddy, wheat, corn and potato. During winter, the slack season, farmland can be used to plant forage grass, holding all sewage and excrement produced by breeding. Besides, the breeding is of 134 dispersing type which will not lead to concentrated pollution.

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Chapter 6 Analysis of Alternative Plans

Analysis of alternative plans aims to optimize project design for the sake of environmental protection by comparing to what extent the impact of different plans will have on ecological environment and to incorporate eco-friendly components into project design when recommending projects, thus providing a basis for the scientific decision-making of project development. General principles: 1.2Quantitative: For every alternative plan, quantify impact of project implementation on environment. 2. Comprehensive: Conduct comprehensive analysis from environmental, technical, economic and social perspectives. 3. Consistent: The selected plan should be consistent with relevant development planning and standard and with local conditions.

6.1 “With and Without Project” Analysis

Table 6.1-1 “With and Without Project” Analysis Type With-project Without-project

Road Project: 1. Project consistent with poverty reduction plan 1. No change to land use value (no and national industrial policy; occupation of farmland/forest land); 2. Promotes infrastructure building, facilitates 2. Business-as-usual, i.e, no damage to cultural, material and economic exchanges, and vegetation, no water/soil loss or other narrows down poverty gap; ecological concerns; 3. Improves transport and access to road, and 3. No pollution such as fugitive dust, ensures social stability and harmonious noise and offscourings; Pros development. 4. No diffused pollution due to Planting Project: expansion of planting area; 1. Increases income: Planting local cash crops 5. Animal waste and stink are less of a which sell well and produce well and scaling up problem. industrialized operation to increase local income. 6. Sufficient supply of forage grass 2. Maintains eco-environment: Through land and enclosing while herding ensured improvement and planting, reducing human disturbance on degraded ecosystem (weed-grown land) and developing a stable artificial

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ecosystem. 3. Develops large-scale planting area, adds beauty to rural landscape, and promotes local tourist industry. 4. Guides farmers to standardize planting, increases income out of cash crops, and reduces use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers through training. Animal Husbandry Project: 1. Scales up planting and increases income: In project implementation area, natural grassland and artificial forage grass base are immense and capable of providing enough forage grass, so implementing the project is good for development of local animal husbandry industry. 2. Creates a better environment for breeding: Standardizing building and management of cowshed and sheepfold, and improving breeding environment. 3. Enhances management of animal waste and reduces pollution. 4. Facilitates epidemic treatment, reduces incidence of disease, and keeps health of breeders and livestock.

Road Project: Road Project: 1. Occupies land, changes how the land is used, 1. No convenient road, and transport and permanent land occupation has irreversible only by human/livestock, which impact while temporary occupation reversible; increases cost for production and 2. Damages vegetation and causes water/soil loss; living; 3. Waste water, waster gas and waste residues due 2. Can’t transport materials out due to Cons to project execution. lack of transportation, thus causing economic backwardness; 4. Traffic noise and vehicle exhaust during operation will impact environment. 3. Damaged roads and increased fugitive dust emissions threaten Planting Project: surrounding environment; 1. Inappropriate land improvement and planting 4. Poor traffic conditions prone to damage existing vegetation, disturb surface soil, traffic accidents, causing economic causes new round of soil erosion and water/soil 137

loss, and pollutes the environment; loss and pollution. 2. Land improvement changes how the land is Planting Project: currently used; 1. Project implementation area is vast 3. Diffused pollution caused by inappropriate use yet scarcely populated with land of pesticides, chemical fertilizers and agricultural wasted or crop production low, so films. economic benefit is limited and land resources wasted; Animal Husbandry Project: 2. Degraded waste land is ill-managed 1. Increased pollution intensity and coverage due and rock mass is highly likely to to scaled up livestock breeding; degrade into bare rocks; 2. Prone to vegetation damage and water/soil loss 3. Diffused pollution due to ineffective if free-ranging was to be continued; guidance on planting and overuse of 3. Not enough water for some mountain villages. pesticides. Animal Husbandry Project: 1. The project implementation area is vast and scarcely populated with sufficient supply of forage grass, but due to a lack of funding, the scale of animal husbandry is small, which is a waste of resource; 2. Regional environment is seriously polluted due to ill-design of animal housing and non-execution of dry dejecta collection technology 3. Human health is endangered due to ineffective disease prevention mechanism.

During project implementation, scientific and appropriate land improvement technology, planting approach, management plan and breeding technology can contribute to a better infrastructure, regional ecological environment, increased output of cash crops, livestock inventory and household income, and a scale-up of planting area. Anal ysis Implementing project might lead to land occupation and pollution. Therefore, it is reasonable to adopt environmental-friendly measures, enhance pollution control and reduce environmental effect of project. Moreover, pollution can be avoided if “3 wastes” problems were emphasized and solved. Conclusion: Pros outweigh cons, so in the long term, project implementation is recommended.

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6.2 Comparison and Selection of Irrigation Methods

1. Traditional Irrigation Methods The project is located in rural areas where traditional irrigation methods are often utilized. Traditional methods allow water to infiltrate soil through surface by gravity and capillary action, so it is also called gravity irrigation technique. By infiltration approach, traditional methods can be divided into border irrigation, furrow irrigation, basin irrigation and flood irrigation. 1) Border irrigation: The field is divided into a number of bays or strips. The water is applied to the top end of the bay, and moves along the slope by gravity to soak soil. 2) Furrow irrigation: Furrow irrigation is conducted by creating small parallel channels along the field length in the direction of predominant slope. Water is applied to the top end of each furrow and flows down the field under the influence of capillary action. Compared to border irrigation, furrow irrigation will not damage soil structure near crop root or cause surface hardening. It can also reduce losses of soil evaporation and is particularly suited to broad-acre row crops. 3) Basin irrigation: The field to be irrigated is divided into many units which maintain a certain level of water during irrigation and infiltrate soil under the influence of gravity. This method is commonly used in the production of rice. 4) Flood irrigation: Flood irrigation is an irrigation technique in which a field is essentially flooded with water which is allowed to soak into the soil to irrigate the plants under the influence of gravity. This type of irrigation is extensive, unevenly-distributed and wasteful. Basin irrigation and flood irrigation are two often used irrigation methods in project area. 2. Drip Irrigation Drip irrigation is an irrigation method that allows water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. It is done through narrow tubes that deliver water slowly to the plant, so soil directly under emitter is saturated, but soil elsewhere is not. The water is distributed and diffused by capillary tension. 3. Comparison and Determination of Irrigation Methods See Table 6.2-1 for pros and cons of two plans. Table 6.2-1 Traditional Irrigation v.s Drip Irrigation

Type Traditional Irrigation Drip Irrigation

1. It can save water, fertilizer, Pros 1; Convenient, no need of professional labor, reduce manure loss,

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maintenance; increase use efficiency of plants, and reduce pollution; 2. Low investment, and material savings at initial stage; 2. Keep soil structure and form appropriate soil, water, fertilizer 3. No need of daily maintenance. and heat environment; 3. Reduce use of manure and pesticides, improve quality of farm produce and realize production and income increase.

1. Waste of water due to evaporation; 2. Likely to contaminate underground water; 1. Likely to cause blockage and require daily maintenance; 3. Loss of manure mixed with water, Cons which is polluting and input-demanding; 2. Irrigation can only soak part of soil, which might limit growth of 4. Uneven distribution of water; roots. 5. Likely to cause soil erosion, hardening and soil structure damage.

Project area is water-scarce, so developing drip irrigation can save water, realize output and income increase, reduce use of manure and pesticides, and promote green agricultural development. Analysis Conclusion: Drip irrigation can save water and pesticides, align with regional status, and reduce diffused pollution. Despite higher investment in the outset, drip irrigation can bring long-term benefits, thus is the method we recommend.

6.3 Comparison of Environmental Impact of Different Planting Patterns

6.3.1Comparison and Selection of Planting Patterns Planting pattern of this project is compared with traditional planting pattern in this section. Factors to be compared include selection of planting fields, land clean-up and preparation approach, intensity of economic fruit-bearing forest, planting pattern, fertilization and irrigation, and prevention of plant diseases and insect pests, etc. See Table 6.3-1 for specifics. Table 6.3-1 Comparison of Different Planting Patterns

Traditional Planting Factor Planting Pattern of This Project Pattern Wild Clean-up wild grassland in blocks or in bags, Existing vegetation is

140 grassland and keep to original terrain and landscape as basically damaged, and clean-up well as native grass belt in original sloping fields ecologically-vulnerable area or area with big changed to flat fields, slopes to reduce water and soil erosion and soil which will likely cause nutrient loss, and protect biological diversity. water and soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients and endanger biodiversity. Walnut and orange: Cave-shaped land preparation, i.e. To dig caves along contour All-out reclamation and line; Konjac: Deep plowing before winter; deep strip soil preparation are tillage and ditch preparation after spring; Land adopted, which will Potato: deep plowing before winter; shallow Preparatio disturb 30%-100% of plowing to break up surface after spring. All n land, damage vegetation methods can keep grass belt or slope-protection and lead to water and forest by building ridges and cofferdams. soil loss. Sloppy land is not suitable for reclamation or planting. There are bases established for nursery-grown Varieties vary greatly; Seed plants and fine breeds in project area. Seeds low disease resistance; Selection that are resistant to plant diseases and insect low unit output. pests that would yield great output are selected. Orange row spacing 3.5×5m; Walnut 3×5m; Konjak’s row spacing is 4 or 6 times the size of the bulb; Wide and narrow row spacing digging A lack of professional and ridging for potatoes, which are grown in 3 guidance; high planting ridges with 0.9-1 foot spacing and 4,000 to Planting density; sufficient 4,400 tubers in each ridge; Sichuan papaya row Density supply of nutrients and spacing 1×1.1m, with every acre planting 600. lighting; low output and Those methods can ensure great lighting and disease resistance. nutrient supply, form a reasonable and stable tree-bush-grass structure and improve disease-resistance and output. For walnut, chicken can be raised alongside. Extensive planting of a For orange, in the preliminary stage, water single crop and heavy melon, hot pepper and other crops that can reliance on such a increase income in the short term can be monotonous planting planted alongside with forage grass. For potato, Planting structure will easily lead crop rotation can be adopted. Pattern to plant diseases and Raising chicken under forest can reduce insect pests, low disease incidence of plant diseases and insect pests, resistance, and reduced thus reducing cost of pest control, saving synergy between crops fodder and increasing income. Additionally, it and species. can improve soil, increase organics and activity

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of enzymes. Inter-planting under forest can improve soil structure of fruit-bearing forest, reduce water and soil erosion, increase nutrients in the soil, and reduce incidence of plant diseases and insect pests. Crop rotation is good for balanced consumption of nutrients in the soil. Meanwhile, it can reduce damages caused by diseases, pests and weeds accompanying crops. Soil is not fertilized in a Fertilization through field guidance, soil targeted way because of monitoring and plant nutrient diagnosis that little awareness of Fertilizatio targets content of soil nutrients and life cycle of agricultural and n plants is adopted. An appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is leading to a waste of applied to prevent diffused pollution. resources and diffused pollution. Conclusion Recommended Not Recommended 6.3.2 Green Pest Control v.s Traditional Pest Control The project is carried out in rural areas, where traditional pest control methods such as crop-dusting are utilized. The project advocates green pest control techniques for planting project. Now we will compare advantages and disadvantages of the two plans. Table 6.3-2 Traditional Pest Control v.s Green Pest Control

Type Traditional Pest Control Green Pest Control

1. A combination of ecological and biological control techniques, resulting in maximum efficiency; 1. Convenient and require no professional training; 2. Low residue, thus little damage to human health; 2. low requirements on funding and Pros equipment initially; 3. Reduced use of pesticides can help abate diffused pollution; 3. Effective pest control can be achieved very quickly. 4. Sellable green food is thus developed, which is consistent with national industrial policy and will contribute to income increase.

1. Huge initial investment; Cons 1. Overuse of pesticides might easily cause diffused pollution and 2. Extensive training and

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contaminate surface water, popularization are required as underground water and air; implementation in small areas is not effective enough. 2. Pests have a greater chance of developing antibodies due to long-term overuse of pesticides, so pest control will be ineffective and wasteful, and even cause a vicious circle. 3. It puts distinctive local products at a competitive disadvantage.

Project implementation area is located in poor villages where orange, potato and walnut are distinctive local products. Through green pest control, which is consistent with national policy to develop green food, those competitive green products can break into a wider market. And green pest control can also help Analy abate diffused pollution of pesticides, thus contributing to a better environment. sis Conclusion: Green pest control can realize sustainable agricultural development, adapt to regional status, and reduce diffused pollution. Despite higher investment in the outset, it entails long-term benefits, so it is recommended.

6.4 Comparison of Different Approaches to Dispose Animal Feces from Breeding

Breeding in this project is divided into household breeding and concentrated breeding. See Table 6.4-1 and Table 6.4-2 for different approaches to dispose animal feces.

Table 6.4-1 Comparison of Fecal Disposal Approaches Used in Household Breeding Pile-up of Hydraulic Pressure Wet-Dry Separation for Waterlogged Household Biogas Waterlogged Compost Compost Digester Put straws in the Through cowshed breeding houses, Feces, urine, rinse design, wet-dry and feces will fall water-hydraulic pressure separation of feces and Technique directly onto biogas digester (volume urine is realized. The Overview straws. Turn over 30-100m3)-feed liquid feces and urine go straws regularly discharge and regular separately to storage and wait until the sediment shoveling for tank which is then feces are tight and manure. sealed. When mature, mature before

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carrying outside to manure will be applied fertilize the field. for fertilization and irrigation, and urine will be used for irrigation of farmland. Household Household breeding of Applicatio Household breeding of breeding of less 1-10 cow(s). n Scope 10-25 cows. than 5 cows. 1.Wet-dry separation in the outset, which can reduce amount of rinse water; 2.Wet-dry separation is 1. No need to set 1. No need of wet-dry conducive to aside a feces separation because all go microorganism storage tank; feces directly to biogas fermenting, which is also are stockpiled digester, which saves good for compost; within stables, both manpower and 3.Low cost as which can save materials; anti-permeability Pros space; 2. Make resource out of treatment for storage 2. No need of wastes, and methane can tank is all that required; wet-dry separation, provide small amount of 4.Highly adaptive to which saves both energy; environment; manpower and 3. Relatively big scale of 5.Feces can be used materials. disposal. directly to fertilize soil after becoming compost, and urine can be used to irrigate soil after fermenting. Fertilization operation is flexible. 1. Stinky and affect 1. Biogas digester is Anti-permeability for surrounding demanding on material feces and urine storage environment; input and environment tank is very important. 2. No wet-dry conditions; small scale of If ill-handled, separation, so breeding and low underground water and manure could not temperature will cause soil might be easily be fully absorbed slowed reaction of biogas contaminated. Cons by plants, which digester, thereby can easily cause lowering methane gas diffused pollution; production; 3. Long cycle of 2. Daily maintenance is stockpiling might required; generate 3. Huge investment and microorganisms heavy burden on poor 144

and germs, and households; with long-term 4. Huge rinse water contact with consumption and livestock, plant increased amount of diseases and insect sewage for disposal. pests might occur, endangering health of livestock and human. Conclusio Recommended Not Recommended Not Recommended n

Table 6.4-2 Comparison of Fecal Disposal Approaches Used in Concentrated Breeding Large- and Medium-sized Biogas Anaerobic plus Aerobiotic Treatment

Digester Wet-dry-separation→anaerobic (methane)→aerobiotic treatment→natural treatment model consisting of grilling, riffling Wet-dry separation → anaerobic collecting tank, wet-dry separation Technique (methane)→ returning to equipment, hydrolysis acidification Overview field/other purposes pool, anaerobic reaction pool, aerobiotic treatment system, natural treatment system, sludge treatment, biogas purification, storage and utilization, etc. Applicati Breeding of 500-2,000 cows Breeding of 200- cows on Scope 1. Wet-dry separation can reduce 1. Effective in disposing waste water concentration of organics in the which can be used for irrigation or waste water; discharge; 2. Concentration of water quality is 2. Low requirements on the scale of low, so compared to surrounding farmland; non-wet-dry-separation, the 3. Reutilization of wastes, and biogas Pros method requires less land area; can be used as fuel; 3. Feces and biogas residue are 4. Biogas residue and dry feces can be used for stockpiling compost, used for stockpiling compost, which is which is a reutilization of quite effective. pollutants that will bring high economic and environmental

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benefits; 4. The key is anaerobic biogas digester, so the investment is limited and relatively easy to maintain. 1. Wet-dry separation will increase 1. Huge investment; workload and investment; 2. High energy consumption, eg. 2. There will be enough land 2-4kmh for 1m3 waste water; around the farm to absorb low 3. High operational cost, eg. RMB2.0 concentration biogas slurry and a for 1m3 waste water; Cons certain amount of land for crop 4. Lots of equipment requiring rotation; maintenance; 3. Polluting factors cannot be 5. Special technicians are needed for eliminated and waste water serves operational management. limited purposes, and in this case, only for irrigation and fertilization. Recommended (Farms in this Not Recommended project are relatively small with capacity of breeding 20 cows, plus the project is located in rural areas Conclusio where enough fields can be n guaranteed, so from economic and operational point of view, selecting this method will be useful for anaerobic treatment of livestock feces and farmland fertilization.

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Chapter 7 Public Participation

7.1 Purpose of Public Participation

1. Inform the public of the purpose, scale and location of the project, its environmental impact during and after, and proposed solutions and measures in order to win public understanding, support and cooperation. The public has a right to know, and a right to air opinions. 2. Soliciting experiences and feelings of local people will help us analyze characteristics of local pollution and status quo of environmental factors, make environmental impact evaluation more objective, and protect vital interests of local people; 3. The public is quite aware of resources such as natural environment, social economy, agricultural ecology and factors of production and living. Through public participation, environmental protection measures proposed in this evaluation can be made more relevant and effective. 4. Through public participation, economic, social and environmental benefits of the project can be harmonized.

7.2 Information Disclosure

During environmental impact evaluation, on-site and website channels are used for information disclosure. 1. The first disclosure Information disclosed include: a. Project profile; b. Contact person and contact information of project undertaker and evaluator; c. Evaluation procedure and task specifics; d. Scope and major items of public opinion soliciting; e. Time limit of disclosure; f. Major channels to air opinions or to give feedback. The first information disclosure was from December 20, 2013 to January 10, 2014. See Figure 7.2-1 for a screenshot of the disclosure. 2. The second disclosure After completion, the project draft was published on websites of counties implementing the project and the environmental impact evaluation draft report was printed so that local residents could leaf through. 7.2-4 The second information disclosure was from March 26, 2014 to April 15, 2014. See Figure 7.2-3 and 7.2-4 for screenshot of the disclosure.

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Figure 7.2-1 the First Online Disclosure (Xuyong County)

Figure 7.2-2 Bulletin Board Disclosure (Masi Miaozu Town, Gulan County)

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Figure 7.2-3 the Second Online Disclosure (Jinyang County)

Figure 7.2-4 Bulletin Board Full-text Disclosure (Longmen Town, Megu County)

3. Disclosure Results No feedback was received during the two disclosures.

7.3 Methods and Contents of Public Participation

7.3.1 Methods of Public Participation

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The public were involved in the following ways: a. meetings in project-covered areas; b. visits to some households in project-covered areas; c. online disclosure in project-covered counties, and environmental impact report put on bulletin board and printed for reading in project-covered villages; d. questionnaires handed out to the public. 7.3.2 Contents of Public Participation 1. Content of Meetings and Visits Introduction to project implementation items, and pollution problems that may arise and counteractions. Hear-out to opinions and advices of local people on project implementation and environmental protection. 2. Content of Questionnaire 20 questionnaires were handed out to each village covered in the program to be filled out at the end of April (after completion of the second disclosure). See Table 7.3-1 for main contents of the questionnaire (Xuyong County).

Table 7.3-1 Questionnaire of Public (Rural Households) Participation No. 1 Integrated Value Chain Development Sub-project 1. Cooperatives: a. Build 20 village-level cooperatives and 1 association. Build 21 supporting offices of 2,100 sq. (each 100 sq); office facilities; office furniture; organize organizational building training, management training, technical training, marketing training and field trips. Among which: 9 orange cooperatives (including 1 association), 12 beef cattle professional cooperatives. b. Rural households training. Plan to develop 80 demonstration households. Among which: 32 grow oranges, 48 breed cows; fruit cultivation technical training will reach 27,815day/person; livestock breeding technical training 25,000 day/person; vet service will be provided for 5,000 cows. 2. Conditional Grant Support Project: A. Orange cultivation: a. Elite breeding and breed improvement: 1. Build 1 orange elite breeding base of 2.5 hectares and supporting infrastructure. 2. Orange top grafting base of 200 hectares; b. Fostering of advantageous industries: develop 673 hectares of oranges with 3 demonstration parks of 200 hectares (each 66.7 hectares); c. Short-term income increase project: grow 600 hectares of hot pepper, and 100 hectares of water melon; d. Primary processing of products: build 1 processing line for orange products; e. Green prevention and control: 3 pest detection equipment, 66 automatic sprinklers, 270,135 bags of predatory mites, 45,024 aphid-luring yellow boards, and 66 solar-powered pest-killing lamps; f. Product storage: build 1 fruit fresh-keeping storehouse; g. Market facilities: build 7 primary storage gathering and distribution points; h. 9 market expansion grants for cooperatives. B. Beef cattle breeding: a. Elite breeding and breed improvement: breed 2,500 fertile cows, build 20 cattle breed improvement cold mating points; b. Fostering of advantageous industries: fatten 240 beef cattle; c. Production facilities/equipment: grow 1,000 hectares of forage grass, build 12 cowsheds; d. 12 market expansion grants for cooperatives. 3. Public-Private Partnerships: 9 for orange cultivation and 12 for beef cattle breeding. No. 2 Public Infrastructure and Service Sub-project 1. Public infrastructure: A. Orange cultivation: a. Public transport: build 10 kilometers of village roads; improve (harden)15 kilometers of village roads; build 49 kilometers of production shortcuts; b. Water conservancy facilities: irrigation reservoir. 85 reservoirs of 60m3, 6 of 200m3, 3 for drip irrigation, with each occupying 66.7 hectares; build 65

150 kilometers of irrigation canal; build 5 type-2 small pump stations for irrigation (capacity<100 kilowatts); c. Market facilities: build 1 farm produce trading market. B. Breeding of beef cattle: a. Public transport: build 8 kilometers of village roads; improve (harden) 15.61 kilometers of village roads; build 20 kilometers of production shortcuts. 2. Public service: A. Tutors at cooperatives: hire 5 tutors with each serving 5 years; tutors will give training to 115 person-times; hire 5 persons for operational management of 5 years. B. Product market information platform: build a website and maintain 5 years. C. Industrial improvement: design 1 product package and get certification for a green farm produce. The environmental impact during project implementation includes diffused pollution and soil pollution of crop farming, waste water and solid waste like feces arising out of breeding, and noise and flue gas coming from village roads. Through careful designing, adjusting fertilization and pesticide sprinkling, controlling livestock and poultry scale, regularizing animal waste disposal and maintaining green belts, we aim to reduce adverse impact of the project on environment. As required by laws and regulations, public opinions and suggestions should be sought in the process of evaluation. Now please fill out this questionnaire for public participation. Thank you for your cooperation! Name Gender Age Junior college/secondary technical school+□ High school□ Professio Official□ Worker□ Farmer□ Education Junior high□ n Self-employed□ Others□ Primary school□ Primary school-□ Nationalit Tel y Employer/ho Village, Town, County me address Questions (Please tick “√” when you agree with the answer) 1. Are you aware of the project? □Yes □A little □No 2. If Yes, where do you learn the information? □Government disclosure □Telecast/Newspaper □Website □Others 3. In your opinion, what are the major possible impact of the project on environment (You may choose more than one options): □Mechanical noise □Solid waste □waste waster □Construction fugitive dust □Water and soil loss □Ecological damage 4. In your opinion, what is the biggest environmental impact? □Water environment □Atmospheric environment □Ecological environment □Acoustic environment 5. In your opinion, how the project will affect local economic growth? □Very beneficial □So-so impact □Little impact □No impact 6. In your opinion, how will the project affect your personal and family life? □Positive impact □Negative impact □Negative but acceptable □No impact 7. What attitude do you have towards the project?

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□Strong support □Conditional support □I don’t care □Objection 8. In which way do you want to participate in the environmental protection of this project? □Filling out questionnaire □Interviews □Meetings □Others 9. Please state your other suggestions, opinions and requirements on project development:

7.4 Results of Public Consultation

7.4.1Results of Visits and Meetings The evaluating entity conducted visits to and meetings with residents in project-covered counties between November and December of 2013.

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Table 7.4-1 Results of Visits and Meetings Populat Location/Targe ion(mal County Time Form Results and Major Opinions t e/femal e) 1. Scale up breeding of beef cattle, increase financial input, and expand development of this industry; Chahe Village, Dec, 2013 8/3 Visit 2. Bureau of Animal Husbandry should enhance technical training, design and build Shuiliao Town Xuyon breeding houses properly so that cow urine and feces can be disposed in a regularized g way. County 1. Step up construction of water conservancy facilities and roads and improve Shuiliao irrigation; Dec, 2013 Village, 10/5 Visit 2. Support development of orange commercialization processing line and encourage Shuiliao Town implementation of agricultural cooperatives. 1. Increase financial input to utilize the local environment and promote industrialized Gulan Yulin Village, Meetin operation of orange and walnut; Dec, 2013 20/7 County Jiaoyuan Town g 2. Accelerate development of water conservancy projects and improve irrigation; 3. Strengthen basic training for farmers. 1. Push forward the development of potato elite breeding base and increase output Erdahuo and disease-resistance function; Village, 10/2 Visit Zhaoju 2. Enhance technical guidance, and avoid water and soil loss and pesticide-induced Saladipo Town e Dec, 2013 pollution. County Jiefang 1. Increase financial input to utilize local forage grass resources and lift residents out Village, 5/2 Visit of poverty; Jiefang Town 2. Reinforce livestock epidemic prevention and protect properties of local residents. Meigu Wagujue 1. Increase financial input and support short-term income increase projects; Dec, 2013 5/2 Visit County Village, 2. Standardized design of sheepfold and reduce stinks. 153

Longmen Town Butuo Rijiu Village, Increase financial support, standardize design of cowshed and promote livestock Dec, 2013 8/3 Visit County Buer Town epidemic prevention. 1. Increase funding to develop Konjac and introduce processing plants to form Jinyan industrial chain and realize sustainable and stable development; County Meetin g Dec, 2013 30/10 2. Jinyang County is remote, hence roads should be built as soon as possible; Government g County 3. Enhance technical training for farmers and enable them to get out of poverty by starting their own business.

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7.4.2 Statistical Results of Questionnaires In total, 3,980 questionnaires were issued with 3,517 returned, which put return rate at 88.37%.See Table 7.4-2 and 7.4-3 for statistical results. Table 7.4-2 Profile of Respondents

Age 18- 18-30 31-45 46-60 61+

Population 2 437 1634 1139 305 Percentage 0.06 12.43 46.46 32.39 8.66 (%) Junior college/seco Primary Primary Education Junior high High school ndary school- school technical school+ Population 818 1874 705 105 15 Percentage 23.25 53.28 20.05 2.99 0.43 (%) Self-employ Profession Official Worker Farmer Others ed Population 6 3 3455 10 43 Percentage 0.17 0.09 98.24 0.28 1.22 (%) Gender Male Female Population 2,618 899 Percentage 74.44 25.56 (%)

Table 7.4-3 Statistical Results of Questionnaires N Percentage Question Opinion Population o. (%) Are you aware of the Yes 2,280 64.83 1 project? A little 1,088 30.94 No 149 4.24 Government disclosure 2,699 74.15 If Yes, where do you Telecast/Newspaper 180 4.95 2 learn the information? Website 52 1.43

Others 709 19.48 Mechanical noise 1,463 30.62 In your opinion, what are Solid waste 579 12.12 the major possible 3 Waste waster 633 13.25 impact of the project on Construction fugitive dust 1,210 25.32 environment Water and soil loss 457 9.56 155

N Percentage Question Opinion Population o. (%) Ecological damage 436 9.13 In your opinion, what is Water environment 1,314 36.37 the biggest Atmospheric environment 449 12.43 4 environmental impact? Ecological environment 1,127 31.19 Acoustic environment 723 20.01 In your opinion, how the Very beneficial 3,179 88.11 project will affect local So-so impact 229 6.35 5 economic growth? Little impact 64 1.77 No impact 136 3.77 In your opinion, how will Positive impact 2,901 81.65 the project affect your Negative impact 31 0.87 6 personal and family life? Negative but acceptable 116 3.26 No impact 505 14.21 Strong support 3,236 89.81 What attitude do you Conditional support 317 8.80 7 have towards the project? I don’t care 50 1.39 Objection 0 0.00 In which way do you Filling out questionnaire 1,955 53.21 want to participate in the environmental protection 8 Interviews 474 12.90 of this project?

Meetings 1,034 28.14 Others 211 5.74 1. Start the project as soon as possible, promote scale operation of special industries and accelerate poverty reduction; 2. Enhance protection of existing vegetation and minimize damage to original eco-system; Please state your other 3. Strengthen environmental protection, enhance suggestions, opinions 9 training and education, reduce poverty through science and requirements on and technology, and abate pollution induced by project; project development 4. Reinforce infrastructure in poor areas to promote industrial development; 5. Transform livestock housing built by farmers and breeding communities, and enhance bio-safety disposal of feces.

According to Table 7.4-3, most of local residents are aware of how the project is implemented and believe that noise and dust are major environmental concerns, but if environmental protection measures were in place, they can accept the impact on

156 themselves and their families. The questionnaires reveal that local residents would like to see an early implementation of the project so that with sufficient funding, local industries can realize scale development and bring social, environmental and economic benefits. Meanwhile, environmental protection should be given attention to. From the questionnaires, we can see that the public is quite supportive of the project, which lays a solid social foundation for its smooth implementation. At the same time, project regulating and developing entities should take into account the public’s requirements and suggestions and incorporate them into environmental protection plans so that the project would bring enhanced social, environmental and economic benefits even after implementation.

7.5 Summary

Through meetings, visits, questionnaires, on-site disclosure and online disclosure, public opinions and suggestions were solicited. According to information gathered, the public in project-covered areas are aware of the project and support its implementation; They all believe that the project will be beneficial to local economic growth and improve surrounding environment; They hope that the project could be implemented as soon as possible and fulfill both quality and quantity requirement while giving due attention to environmental protection so that social, environmental and economic benefits can be brought about soon. Public participation campaigns facilitated communication, contributed to improved design of the project, and enhanced effectiveness and operability of environmental evaluation and solutions; Some concerns of the public were identified so that relevant authorities could take counter-measures and avoid disputes that might occur during implementation; People’s right to safeguard their legitimate benefits were supported and their enthusiasm for monitoring environmental management summoned up.

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Chapter 8 Environmental Management Plan Since the Project will cause certain influence to the target area and the surrounding environment during the construction and operation period, corresponding environmental protection measures must be carried out to prevent, reduce and mitigate or compensate environmental impact. Therefore, in order to ensure that environmental protection measures are effective and the Project’s environment benefit, social benefit and economic benefit are coordinated, it is a must to make the environmental management plan(EMP). The environmental management plan is divided into four parts, environmental responsibility and institutional arrangements, environmental prevention plan, environmental monitoring and environmental protection training projects.

8.1 Environmental management institutions and their responsibilities

The environmental management of the poverty reduction Project is in the charge of Sichuan Management center Foreign Invested Poverty Reduction Projects. The environmental management and supervision organization of the Project’s six target counties is shown in chart 8.1-1.

Leading Group of the Project at Provincial Level Center for Poverty Alleviation Funded by Foreign Capital at Provincial Level Experts hired by the World Leading Group of the Bank outside of the Project at Municipal province Level Center for Poverty Alleviation Funded by Foreign Capital at Municipal Level Leading Group of the Project at County Level

Center for Poverty Alleviation Funded by Foreign Capital at County Level

Working Group of the Project at Town/Township Level

Village Committees Professional Cooperatives for Farmers

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8.1-1 The chart of environmental management and supervision institution

The related parties in environmental management and their responsibilities are shown in table 8.1-1。

Table 8.1-1 Environmental management list of Poverty alleviation Project in Sichuan province Stage Related party of the Project Environmental responsibilities Capital Construction Activities 1.Responsible for the specific design, supervision, Owner/Project construction, equipment and material purchase, management 2.Project bidding and approval, and approval of the environmental assessment The designing institution makes engineering survey Designing institutions, and the assessment institutions makes preliminary assessment institutions environmental impact assessment. Design and Checks whether the relevant pollution control preparation Environmental Protection facilities and facilities design can guarantee pollution period Administrations discharging standard, etc. according to the environmental impact assessment report. County Construction To supervise and inspect if the construction Bureau, Environmental engineering design is reasonable, bidding, Protection Administration, examination and approval, engineering supervision, and Transportation safe construction of quality and construction. Administration 1.Supervising the protection measures during the construction period according to Environmental Owner/Project Management Plan(EMP). management 2.Carrying out the training project during the construction period on the protection measures according to EMP Specific implementation on mitigation measures Contractor according to EMP. Construction County Construction period Bureau, Environmental Protection Administration, Supervision the measures on civilized construction, Industrial and Commercial safety production during the construction period. Administration, Public Health Bureau, etc. The village committee cooperates actively to Households/ Village protect the legal rights of the villagers and supervises the construction. Operation Operation Institutions 1,Specific implementation of the mitigation 159

period measures according to Environmental Management Plan.； 2,Completes the operation period of environmental protection, construction schedule, quality and safety, 3,Take responsibility of organizing the related environmental monitoring. 4,Make report for the superior office and bank of implementation regularly. Environmental Protection Conduct and supervise the implementation of the Administration EMP Check the operating unit of pollution emissions Water Resources Bureau, regularly. Guides and supervises the implementation RTA of the "environment management plan" mitigating actions. 1,Complain to the relevant departments if operating unit has environmental pollution problems, and Household/ Village supervise the implementation of environmental collectives protection and pollution control measures. 2,Specific implementation of the mitigation measures according to the EMP. Agricultural Activities Capacity building for village officials; arrange public Owner/Project education sessions on the EMP and the Plan for Pest management Control (PPC); Environmental Study the environmental impacts of the project and Assessment Department offer advice to improve the plan; Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau: Agriculture and Animal Facilitate industrial restructuring and optimized Preliminary Husbandry Bureau with its relocation of agricultural resources; designing subordinate plant Plant protective station: Monitor pest diseases and period protective station release monitoring results, provide trainings on the EMP and the PPC; veterinary station Offer technical training on pests control;

household Participate in project development and management;

Cooperatives Provide sewage disposal facilities;

Villages Collectives Propaganda mobilization; 1.Monitor compliance with the EMP and the PPC; 2.Provide trainings on the EMP and the PPC Operation Project management 3. Conduct environmental monitoring period 4. Report to relevant authorities and the World Bank on project progress 160

1. comply with environmental standards by taking cooperatives/manufactur pollution control measures; ers 2. Introduce new breeds and technologies; offer technical training and consulting service; Avoid using illegal pesticides and fertilizers; household properly handler domestic garbage; participate in project development; Villages Collectives Participate in project development and management; Agriculture and Animal Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau: Husbandry Bureau with its Facilitate industrial restructuring and optimized subordinate plant relocation of agricultural resources; protective station Plant protective station: organize producing and test and promote the introduced sprout, fertilizer, farm chemical and other products; Monitor product quality and manage and monitor law enforcement Conduct environmental monitoring; Arrange public awareness campaigns regarding County EPA environmental protection laws and scientific knowledge; Department of fruit Provide technical guidance on standardized and farming pollution-free fruit growing;

8.2 Mitigation Measures

In order to minimize or eliminate the negative impact on natural environment and accomplish the expected environmental benefit of the Project, the following measures and regulation has been made. In the process of the environmental protection regulations formulated, lessons from the Project area or the experience of the domestic similar Projects have been drawn from, and the regulation is fully comply with the domestic and the relevant laws and regulations, standards and procedures in the province, with reference to General Guidance on Environment, Health and Safety, the Guidance of the Environment, Health and Safety When Raising Mammals, Annual Guidance of the Agricultural Products on Environment, Health and Safety, and The Guidance on Processing Environment, Health and Safety of Food and Drinks. The blight and pest management of the Project will be in the offprint of Plan of Disease and Pest Management.

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8.2.1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Infrastructure Construction The Project involves the construction of roads, water conservancy infrastructure, markets, manufacture, animal ranches. Environmental impacts of these sub-Projects during the construction period have much in common, and so do their mitigation measures (see Table 8.2-1). Table8.2-1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Infrastructure Construction St Investmen a Major Impacts Mitigation/Prevention Measures t (in 10K Executor Supervisor g yuan) es 1. Construction should be properly sited and scheduled; excavation should not be carried out on wet seasons. Construction procedure should be carefully designed so that excavated earth and stones can be transported to C township the site and put in use in a timely manner. o environmental 2.Disturbed surface should be stabilized before rain; try to minimize the n protection intervals between transportation, refilling and compaction; st departments, 3. Construct drainage channels near the temporary stockpile, and dig ru administrations Soil erosion and sedimentation tank at the end of the channel so that effluents will slow ct of water ecological down allowing sands and mud to settle. 8 contractor io conservancy, degradation 4. Stockpile should be properly sited and managed; excavated earth and n administrations stones should be refilled as soon as possible to avoid massive soil erosion; p of planning and otherwise they should be transported to designated disposal site to prevent h construction, secondary pollution. as department of 5. Combine engineering measures with landscaping and tree planting; the e public health latter will temporarily preserve the stable surface where activity is planned, while the former will permanently stabilize soil and prevent erosion; meanwhile, the ambient environment should be kept tidy and pleasant.

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1. Dust shields of 2.0 m and above should be erected around the construction sites in the proximity of sensitive receptors; the number of dust shields should be determined in light of the distance between the site and the sensitive receptor. 2. Construction materials with fugitive dusts, spoil and other wastes should avoid exposure to open air. Strengthen the management of stockpile and spoil storage areas with township frequent watering or covering with tarpaulin; environmental 3. The construction site should be paved if necessary, or sprayed with protection dust-suppression chemicals regularly. departments, 4. For unpaved areas, the following measures should be taken: apply administrations dust-control net or film; Immediately plan vegetation upon completion of of water Dust emission 4 contractor construction; land compaction and watering; regularly spray conservancy, dust-suppression chemicals. administrations 5. Install wheel washing equipment or conduct wheel washing manually at of planning and each exit of the works area to prevent trucks from carrying muddy or dusty construction, substance onto public roads; Do not overload trucks for transporting earth department of materials to avoid spilling dusty materials onto public roads; Equip trucks public health for transporting earth materials with covers or tarpaulin to cover up the earthy materials during transport 6. During the construction, the contractor is responsible for sanitary works in the adjacent roads. 7. Immediately plan vegetation in all temporary land take areas upon completion of construction to prevent dust and soil erosion.

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Earthwork and Stonework: 1. The construction should utilize local topography to avoid excessive cuts or fills. 2. Excavated earth can be used later in re-vegetation and land filling, whereas stones can be used in ditch building. Surplus spoil should not be township casually piled on farmland or in irrigation channels. environmental 3. Temporary stockpile should be properly sited to be away from sensitive protection Solid waste and receptors (rural households) down wind. Apply soil stabilization, such as departments, consequent soil covering with plastic film, or erosion control blankets and check dams. administrations erosion, dust 4. Construct drainage channels near the temporary stockpile, and dig of water emission, sedimentation tank at the end of the channel so that effluents will slow 3 contractor conservancy, surface water down allowing sands and mud to settle. administrations pollution and Construction and Demolition waste: of planning and vegetation loss 1. Recyclable waste (ferrous metal, plastic bags and bricks) should be construction, sorted and reused. department of 2. Non-recyclable waste should be stored in closed containers and public health transported to disposal stations. 3. Temporary disposal site should be watered on a regular basis. Domestic Garbage: The garbage will be collected and transported to temporary disposal sites in the village. On-site burning is strictly prohibited. 1. Sewage generated by construction workers, after being treated in septic township tanks, can be used for irrigation and fertilization. Discharging without environmental Surface water treatment is strictly prohibited； protection 2 contractor pollution 2. Wastewater in the ditch should be pumped into sedimentation tanks; departments, 3. After settling out of solids the upper clear liquid will be recycled for administrations spraying the construction site (dust control), and the waste residue in the of water

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tank will be cleared and transported to designated landfills. Oil-containing conservancy, wastewater will require the installation of oil-water separators before the administrations sedimentation tank. of planning and construction, department of public health 1. Closely monitor land level in nearby areas; once building settlement is township observed, groundwater pumping and the construction should be halted environmental immediately. protection 2. Construction site should be kept clean; sewage and solid waste should departments, Ground water not be discharged or dumped into the ditches. administrations pollution and 3. Storage facilities for fuels, oil, asphalt material, and chemicals will be of water 10 contractor decline of water within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, provided with bunds and conservancy, level cleanup installations administrations 4. Prevent domestic sewage from seeping into the soil; of planning and 5. Construction should be scheduled outside flooding seasons so that to construction, reduce its impact on groundwater. department of public health 1. Avoid construction between 2200 and 0600 hours. However, recognizing township that road construction occasionally would require some works to be environmental conducted at night to take advantage of less road traffic or to avoid protection worsening day time traffic conditions, night time construction work should departments, Noise pollution prevent using high sound power level equipment and nearby residents 5 contractor administrations should be notified of such night time activities well beforehand. of water 2. Use noise control devices, such as temporary noise barriers and conservancy, deflectors at sensitive receptor sites. When schools and clinics are in the administrations neighborhood, try to schedule high-noise construction on weekends or of planning and

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holidays. construction, 3. Optimize the construction plan by minimizing noise pollution; In the department of tendering, noise-reduction measures should be listed as part of the public health construction planning and be specified in the contract. 4. Sites for concrete-mixing plants and similar activities will be located at least 1 km away from sensitive areas such as residences and schools; if not, noise-control measures should be taken and machinery maintenance be conducted on a regular basis; relevant rules need strictly implementing. 6. The Project owner, the contractor and the traffic management authorities should enhance coordination to avoid traffic congestion; Speed limits and a ban on car horns will be imposed at night; Transport and haulage routes will be selected to reduce disturbance to villages or townships. 7. Occupation health should be taken seriously; rotating shifts should be arranged for construction workers to allow hearing restoration; no one should be doing noise-intensive work at all time. Meanwhile, machinery should be operated with care. Workers should wear earplugs and helmets while working near noisy PME, especially during piling works. Traffic: department of 1. Construction vehicles should follow the designated route, and should be public washed clean before entering township roads. Cargo prone to leakage or transportation, spillage should be stored in closed containers. department of Impact on social 2. Overloaded mud-carrying vehicles are banned from entering the roads; cultural 4 contractor environment 3. Traffic coordinators should be stationed at one-way lanes, exit and resources, entrance of construction sites to prevent traffic congestion. Warning signs department of should be placed at road turns, slopes and narrow lanes to ensure safety. public 4. Residents will be informed in advance through media of the road administration, construction activities, given the dates and duration of expected disruption, department of

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as well as contingency plans (e.g. limited access). public health, 5. Clear signs will be placed at construction sites in view of the public, warning people of potential dangers such as moving vehicles, hazardous materials, excavations etc. and raising awareness on safety issues. 6. Night light should be installed in the affected road sections to reduce the risk of traffic accident. Land resources: 1. Associated Projects, such as land clearance and landscaping, should be carried out once the main Project is concluded. 2. Farmland temporarily occupied should be restored upon completion. 3. Implement policies on land acquisition and resettlement so that residents’ standards of living will remained unchanged;

Field investigation did not discover the presence of physical cultural resources within the assessment area. Should buried artifacts of Impact on archaeological significance be uncovered during the construction stage

Cultural relics within the Project areas, construction will be stopped immediately, protection will be stopped and excavation will be carried out through the coordination with local authorities of cultural relic protection. Agricultural resources 1. Reduce temporary land occupation through careful planning. County EPAs, Vegetation 2. Train construction workers to be environmentally aware. Timbering is township damage and strictly prohibited. 10 contractor environmental ecological 3. Farmland temporarily occupied should be restored upon completion; protection impact policies on land acquisition and resettlement, as well as on industrial departments restructuring should be implemented so that residents’ standards of living will remain unchanged.

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4. The constructor should control the amount of occupied land. The amount of land used for road, raw material storage and pre-production should be considered based on the work schedule. The constructor should use deserted land as much as possible so as to avoid occupying farmland. Effective measures should be taken to avoid the pollution of farmland. After the construction is finished, the temporarily occupied land should be restored according to the contract. Terrestrial plants: 1. Construction facilities and camps should not be sited in highly productive woodland or farmland; construction access roads and permanent roads should not traverse woodland either. 2. Construction activities should be limited within the acquired land; temporary land occupation should be keep at a minimum level; wild grassland should be first considered before farmland and woodland. 3. Restoration is the major vegetation protection measures. The restoration of vegetation should be in conformity with features of local climate. Following technical aspects deserve attention: reserve the cultivated soil of the permanently and temporarily occupied forest land; collect and reserve the surface soil of the permanently occupied forest land and use it to other land that is barren so as to plant trees; reserve the cultivated soil before construction, and after the construction is finished, clear the land, cover the land with cultivated soil, and restore the trees. 4. Ecological monitoring should be carried out in both construction and operational phases; the contractor should maintain fire risk monitoring on construction sites, and conduct an investigation on endangered tree species in the affected area. Any case in question should be reported to forestry authorities before protective measures are taken.

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5. Construction activities that may cause forest fire should be under intensive monitoring; workers are forbidden from using fire in the open air. Terrestrial animal: 1. Improve environmental awareness of the workers; wildlife hunting is banned; 2. Construction should not take place at dawn, at noon, or at dusk； 3. Strengthen management of sewage, solid waste and dust emission with the aim to preserve animal habitats. 4. Ecological rehabilitation should be carried out upon completion to minimize the impact on animals. Aquatic animals: 1. Water-related construction work should be avoided; if unavoidable (like bridge pier Project), construction should be outside the breeding seasons (from March to July) for fish. 2. Stockpile should be kept away from water bodies, and at places that are not subject to rainstorm runoff; If it is near the bridge, an open trench should be dug and retaining wall built. Construction materials should be covered with plastic films in the event of rain. 3. Ecological rehabilitation should be carried out to minimize the impact of vegetation loss on aquatic animals. 4. Properly organize construction procedure and machinery; promote necessary eco-friendly publicities to construction workers. 5. Industrial and domestic wastewater should not be discharged into adjacent water bodies until being properly treated. Landscape 1. According to slope rate, local climate and geological conditions, choose extensive irrigation grass plants that can adapt to the local natural

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conditions; 2. Slope reinforcement can be decorated with lattice beam and anti-slide pile, so that it will be both functional and aesthetically pleasing. 3. For the key sections of the slope, relief patterns can be added to retaining wall as demonstration of local culture.

8.2.2Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Road Subproject Apart from those in Table 8.2-1, the road subproject requires some special mitigation measures (see Table 8.2-2). Table8.2-2 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Road Subproject St Investmen a Major Impacts Mitigation/Prevention Measures t (in 10K Executor Supervisor g yuan) es Route selection: Provincial, Administration 1. The route selection should fully utilize local geometry to avoid defective prefectural of planning and pl sectors and follow codes of practice to guarantee proportionality. The route Include in and county construction, a should serve to attain fast and smooth travelling laterally, gentle design poverty administration n Land occupation sloping longitudinally, as well as a stable and economical cross-section; charges reduction of land ni and 2. Comprehensive management of farmland, river, forest and road; and not centers, resource, n water-related 3. Try to use the original road corridor and reduce incremental land calculated targeted department of g work occupation; individuall township forestry, 4. Avoid unnecessary demolition； y and villages department of 5. Facilitate long-term development； of the water 6. Avoid sensitive receptors like schools and clinics； Projects conservancy,

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7. Avoid water reserve； department of 8. Avoid deep excavation. public Disposal site selection: transportation 1. As the Project is in rural area with plenty of valleys, spoil disposal sites should be set up on both riversides to prevent across-the-river transportation of spoil. 2. Spoil disposal sites should not be located in landslide-prone areas. 3. In order to reduce the area of pathway during construction and transportation, there shouldn’t be a huge elevation difference between the slag dump and the roadbed; 4. Spoil disposal sites should be set up on flat land. Spoil surplus should be calculated section by section based on the amount of cut and fill. 5. Spoil disposal sites must be designed and operated to minimize impacts and maximize land stability. 6. In principle, the transportation distance between disposal sites should be 5 to 10 km, so that there will be sufficient number of disposal sites within each section of the road; meanwhile, soil erosion caused by soil transportation will also be limited. 7. Earth and stone excavated in temporary construction should be removed promptly and transported to the nearest disposal site. 8. Spoil sites should be kept at a safe distance from adjacent buildings and infrastructures. Special care should be taken when there are villages or water conservancy facilities in the downstream; 9. Spoil sites should not encroach on natural reserves, scenic spots, or water reserves and any other sensitive receptors. 10. During the period of active spoil disposal at a site, interception drainage channels will be established to protect the site from surface

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runoff. 11. In order to facilitate rehabilitation of these sites, topsoil will be stripped, stored safely, and used to cover the surface of the dump on completion of activities at that site. Local grass and shrub species will be planted. 1. A sound drainage system should be set up; strengthen maintenance of County EPAs, subgrade slopes and ditches； township 2. Road surface should be swept regularly; environmental 3. Effluents should be properly channeled and should not be discharged County and protection into fishponds or drinking water sources. Township departments, Surface runoff 3 highway administrations administrati of water on conservancy o department of p public er transportation at 1. Road surface should be dusted regularly. County EPAs, io 2. Build green belts on the roadsides to absorb exhausts. township County and n environmental Township protection Car exhaust 3 highway departments, administrati department of on public transportation 1. Install soundproof windows and ventilation at predicted sensitive sites; County and County EPAs, Traffic noise sensitive receptors that do not meet standards should be regularly 6 Township township monitored afterwards, and according to the results, follow-up measures highway environmental

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should be taken. administrati protection 2. Land on bother side of road should be carefully planned. No residential on departments, building, schools, hospitals should be sited within noise distances unless department of noise-control measures are taken. public 3. Keep the road the good conditions. transportation 1. Continuous crash bearers should be erected on both sides of the bridge to prevent car falling into the river. 2. Clear signs will be placed at bridge sides, warning people against County EPAs, over-speed driving or overtaking, and raising awareness on safety issues. township 3. Speed limit signs should be added at accident-prone area. County and environmental Environmental 4. Drivers and managerial staff in charge of hazardous goods transportation Township protection risks (e.g. traffic are required to study relevant legal documents and follow technical 5 highway departments, accident) guidelines on traffic safety. administrati department of 5. In line with the Law on Road Traffic Safety of the PRC,an emergency on public plan should be laid out to specify on the duties and mandates of relevant transportation agencies; the selection of technical processes; the distribution of devices and equipment; the coordination and transportation of human and physical resources; dynamic monitoring of accidents;

8.2.3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of the Water Conservancy Subproject Apart from those in Table 8.2-1, the water conservancy subproject requires some special mitigation measures (see Table 8.2-3). Table 8.2-3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of the Water Conservancy Subproject Investmen Stag Major Mitigation/Prevention Measures t (in 10K Executor Supervisor es Impacts yuan)

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Water tank should be designed in view of environmental and aesthetic Administration Provincial, landscap considerations so that it will match the style of surrounding buildings and green of planning prefectural e belts. This will create better visual impact necessary for future tourism and Include in and county development. construction, design poverty 1. Choose the proper technical process according to the results of geology and department of plan charges reduction topography investigation; land resources, ning and not centers, Land 2. Try not to occupy farmland or forests. department of calculated targeted slide or water individuall township soil conservancy, y and villages erosion department of of the forestry, Projects county EPA

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1. To protect local water quality, sewage pits and/or temporary primary sewage treatment plants, including at least settlement and oxidation ponds, will be set up. The recycle water can be used in dust-suppression or vegetation planting. The volume of settle ponds should meet the need construction activities. Machinery or vehicle washing in the river reach is strictly prohibited. 2. Sewage generated by construction workers should be treated in septic tanks before discharging into farmland. 3. The contractor will ensure proper storage and disposal of wastes and will Pollutio County EPAs, encourage reuse and recycling to minimize residual waste. Wastes will be stored const n of township away from water bodies and will be regularly hauled to a suitable landfill site. ructi Chishui 5 contractor environmental Appropriate waste storage containers will be provided, and agreements will be on Rriver protection signed with local villages for waste disposal through village facilities. reaches departments 4. The Project should have a rational schedule for construction activities. Massive excavation and stockpiling should not be conducted in rainy weather or during summer. Besides, interception drainage should be built on the riverside to prevent surface flows. Sludge will then be conveyed to sedimentation tank for future use. Also required are permanent soil stabilization measures, such as landscaping upon completion. 5. Arrange public awareness campaigns for construction workers regarding environmental protection laws and regulations. County EPAs, manager of township oper Apply noise-absorbing material on the walls of the pump station; Adopt noise 2 the pump environmental ation noise-control measures for machinery station protection departments

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8.2.4 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of the Non-linear Project Apart from those in Table 8.2-1, the non-linear Project requires some special mitigation measures (see Table 8.2-4). Table8.2-4 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of the Non-linear Project Investmen Stag Major Mitigation/Prevention Measures t (in 10K Executor Supervisor e Impact yuan) 1. Livestock markets should be located downwind away from sensitive Provincial, Administration receptors, and isolated from other markets. prefectural s of planning 2. Residential or entertainment areas should not be set up in its proximity, Include in and county and 3.Given the big human traffic, associated facilities should be made available, design poverty construction, such as public toilets, oil-retaining tanks, septic tanks, temporary waste dumps, charges reduction administrations Plan Odor and etc. and not centers, of agriculture ning sewage calculated targeted and husbandry, individuall township department of y and villages land resources, of the department of Projects forestry Residential noise: County EPAs, Strengthen property management； township Commercial noise: environmental Property 1.Optimize the layout of the market to keep enough distance from residential protection Ope managemen areas; apply soundproof materials inside the buildings; planting trees on the departments, ratio Noise 4 t of the outskirt to absorb noise； department of n commercial 2. Enact stringent rules to reduce noise generation; public health, area 3. Any proposed Project for cultural and entertainment purposes is required to department of adopt noise-reduction measures, and permission is only granted after it passes sanitation, the examination. industrial and

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Car noise: commercial 1. Ban the use of car horns at the parking site; avoid frequent acceleration or bureau deceleration, and low-speed driving； 2. Maintain order on parking site. Machinery noise: 1. All noise sources except air conditioners should be installed in the basement. 2. Install noise control devices, such as temporary noise barriers and deflectors, in the rooms； 3. Air conditioner is the main source of noise. Selecting low-noise air conditioner, installing damping spring damper in the footstand of air conditioner and water pump, installing crankshaft damper, installing single/double sphere flange rubber flexible joint in the watertube, using sound proofing materials like acoustic carpet to help tube deal with sound, and installing silencer in key noise parts, all the above measures are to lower the impact that noise caused to ambient environment. Livestock noise: 1. Feed livestock promptly to prevent them from growling with hunger; 2. Equip the ranch with soundproof doors and windows. 1. Oil and grease contained in catering sewage, should be removed before County EPAs, further treatment; the liquid and solid in animal excrements should also be township treated separately. Property environmental 2. Since locations of the markets have not been finalized and associated managemen protection wastewat facilities are yet to be established, the EIA suggests that sewage disposal should 5 t of the departments, er be carried out in light of the conditions of each market. When the market is commercial department of small and happens to be surrounded by vast farmland or woodland, the sewage, area public health, after being treated in septic tanks, can be used for irrigation and fertilization department of provided that it meets the "Irrigation Water Quality Standards" (GB5084-2005); sanitation,

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otherwise a sewage disposal station should be built in the area. industrial and commercial bureau Cooking Smoke: 1. Centralized flues should be reserved in buildings with dining areas so that cooking fume and exhaust gases can be emitted from the roof after the cooling and degreasing process in purification devices. 2. The distance between discharge outlets and surrounding buildings should reach the standards listed in Specification for Environmental Protection of County EPAs, Catering Trade (HJ554-2010). township Odor: environmental 1. Set up garbage disposal sites; sanitary workers would be employed to clean protection these sites and spray disinfectant regularly; garbage should be transported to Property departments, municipal garbage station as soon as possible to prevent odor generation and managemen Air department of escaping; 8 t of the pollution public health, 2. Outside livestock markets trees and shrubs should be planted to form a commercial department of multilayer shelter belts; area sanitation, 3. Manure should be cleaned up promptly; ranches should be dusted regularly; industrial and 4. Use deodorants; commercial 5.Enhance ventilation in temporary storage sites; Improve the process control of bureau excrement treatment and transportation; Car exhausts: Strengthen traffic management; avoid low-speed driving; Odor from markets: 1. Combine artificial ventilation with wind； 2. Remove solid waste off site regularly; strengthen sanitary inspection.

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Domestic garbage: County EPAs, 1. Domestic garbage should be collected and regularly transported to garbage township disposal sites in neighboring townships; environmental 2. Garbage should be stored in closed containers and the latter should be protection disinfected by special personnel to prevent the odor escaping from within； Property departments, 3. Used batteries and Toner Cartridges should be separated from other garbage managemen Solid department of lest heavy metals contaminate soil or underground water； 5 t of the waste public health, 4. In line with Technical specifications for Catering Environment, kitchen waste commercial department of and used grease should be handed over to qualified organization for disposal or area sanitation, local farmers to feed livestock. industrial and Livestock excrements: commercial See requirements on excrements collection, temporary storage and bureau transportation in the animal husbandry Project.

8.2.5 Impacts and Mitigations Measures of Agricultural Project Table 8.2-5 Impacts and Mitigations Measures of Agricultural Project

Mitigation/Prevention Measures Investmen Major stage t (in 10K Executor Supervisor Impacts yuan) Loca Soil Soil erosion: Provincial, County tion erosion 1. Investigation and research should be thoroughly conducted before prefectural EPAs, 5 selec caused by construction begins; ensure that there will be enough water for agricultural and county township tion improper use; poverty environmenta

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land 2. Law on Water and Soil Preservation of the PRC should be strictly enforced reduction l protection cultivation to prevent and punish behaviors that damage ecological environment; centers, departments, 3. The Project should begin by building farmland shelterbelt or retaining targeted administratio original slope protection, before moving on to the development of farmland. township and ns of The aim is to mitigate the impact of soil erosion; villages of agriculture 4. The Project should be take into account the regional hydro-geological the Projects and conditions, keep proper slope so as to reduce soil erosion; husbandry 5. During the farmland planting, slope protection should be partially retained and overgrazing is forbidden. 6. Areas with a steep slope (more than 25 degrees) must not used to grow crops. 7. Instruct the farmers planting fodders, cut the grass at proper time according to the varieties of grassland, restrict the times of regional climate features, and cut different sections of grassland at each time, so as to avoid exposing the land surface. 8. In planting in the forest, reserve a certain area of grassland when weeding, so as to avoid soil erosion. 9. In harvesting the crops grown in the forest, protect the slope or harvest the crop batch after batch, so as to prevent the land surface from being exposed. Pollution Pollution due to the use of agricultural membranes due to the 1. Lift membranes at proper time: lifting the membranes before harvesting Gro use of instead of after harvesting; sunny days just after the first rain in the year or wing agricultura mornings are the most proper time, because the soil is wet and thus the residue seedl l of membranes in the soil can be reduced; ings membrane 2. Coordinate manual ways and mechanical ways in lifting the membranes, so s, as to reduce the residue: lifting the residue of membrane by hand or rakes, and biodiversit use lifting machine when turning and flattening the soil, before sowing seeds

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y and after harvest. Both methods are effective. 3. Optimize farming systems: enhancing crop rotation system, so as to reduce the average coverage per unit surface of membranes and reduce the pollution caused by residue; 4. Retrieve plastic packages (of seeds and pesticides), and strictly forbid users from dumping them. Biodiversity： In order to avoid the reduce of biodiversity of the bio-system as well as the damage by insects which caused by single cropping, lower the planting density of parallel row planting, so that other species can grow better, meanwhile, carry out typical farmland management patterns such as planting in the forest, raising chicken in the forest as well as crop rotation and interplant. Impact caused by interplanting 1. Generally intercropped area should be kept two meters way from the trunks, or at least outside the vertical projection line of the canopies so that the two species would not compete for nutrients to the detriment of their growth; 2. Avoid relay intercropping of the same plant, as it will lead to imbalance in soil nutrients or the spread of a particular pest disease; 3. Plants for intercropping should be conducive to soil fertility, relatively free from pest diseases and profitable. Ideal options include peanuts and soybeans. Impacts Irrigation: Provincial, County Farm caused by 1. Fishery management and ship safety authorities should be consulted when prefectural EPAs, land irrigation, deciding the layout of irrigating gate to ensure that the water diversion project and county township mana pollution will not affect the habitat of aquatic animals as well as the fairway of passing 3 poverty environmenta geme caused by ships. reduction l protection nt the use of 2. Promote water-saving technologies such as micro-irrigation to reduce water centers, departments, chemical consumption; targeted administratio

181 fertilizers, 3. Optimize the use of water resources in the irrigation area; township and ns of pollution 4. Rationalize the distribution of irrigating water by considering crop water villages of agriculture due to the requirement, soil moisture content as well as the precipitation pattern; Water the Projects and use of distribution accuracy should be higher than 95%; Prevent overexploitation of husbandry pesticides groundwater due to excessive irrigation, which often leads to deep seepage and groundwater pollution; 5. Conduct maintenance on a regular basis to ensure all irrigation facilities are in good conditions. 6. Improve crop density so as to reduce soil exposure, control moisture increase and the desalting process. 7. Drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation should be adopted instead of flood irrigation. Avoid frequent watering on the same patch of soil. Fertilizers: 1. Encourage the use of organic fertilizer and reduce the loss of fertilizer, which can effectively improve soil fertility and crop safety; 2. Crops and forest trees, fruit trees and legume crops, green manure crops should go through inter-planting and rotation, and reducing fertilizer use, improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer; 3. The combination of chemical fertilizer with farm manure can improve crop nutrition, improve soil fertility and reduce costs as well as pollution; 4. According to the crop and soil conditions, fertilizers containing N, P, K should be used in proportion; at the same time pay attention to the reasonable application of microelement fertilizer; 5. Before fertilization, overall consideration should be taken over the nutrient content, solubility, acidity as well as its side effects in order to give full play to the economic benefits of fertilizer; 6. Before fertilization, tests should be conducted regarding soil properties such

182 as organic matter, nutrient condition, texture, acidity so as to select the appropriate fertilizer varieties and determine reasonable fertilizing method; 7. Improving fertilizer technology, improve the utilization rate of fertilizer. Section should follow a "accused of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium" principle, the second is to improve the fertilization methods, focus on promotion of nitrogen fertilizer technology, deep concentration fertilization technology such as phosphate fertilizer on seedling root, as well as in soil for crops in fertilizer fertilization technology, vigorously promote soil testing balanced fertilization and nutrient diagnosis of new scientific and rational fertilization technology, such as fertilizer. Pesticides 1. Select pest-resisting seeds and seedlings, and quarantine the seeds and seedlings before planting them so as to prevent blights from spreading; improve pest-resisting capabilities through cultivating measures; and use physical methods (removing infected plants, trapping the pests, light seduction for the pests, etc.) to deal with blights so as to reduce or avoid the use of pesticides; 2. Value physical methods, paying more attention to prevention and adopting comprehensive ways to preventing pests, enhance the testing and reporting of blights and pests, and launch large-scale researches to find the developing trend of pests and advantageous breeding, so as to adopt proper prevention and dealing countermeasures; 3. Reduce the use of chemical pesticides, advocate biological, agricultural and comprehensive prevention measures, recommend low-toxic pesticides, control the use of medium-toxic pesticides, and forbid the use of high-toxic pesticides; 4. Use low-toxic and low-residual pesticides, and forbidding the use of pesticides on the List of Pesticides Forbidden and Restricted by the State;

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5. Monitor blights and pesticides so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and treatment; 6. Promote green prevention and reducing the use and residue of pesticides by more training and more advanced equipment 1. Collect the straws and adopt comprehensive technologies to use them. County Provincial, Convert the straws of potatoes and other crops into fodders. Burning is EPAs, prefectural banned. township and county 2. Implement technological instruction and support of using straws as environmenta poverty Impact resources. l protection Harv reduction causes by 3 departments, est centers, straws administratio targeted ns of township and agriculture villages of and the Projects husbandry

8.2.6 Mitigation measures for Pollution Caused by Animal Rearing Projects Table 8.2-6 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Animal Rearing Projects Investmen Stag Major Mitigation/Prevention Measures t (in 10K Executor Supervisor es Impacts yuan) Desi Stench 1. The Projects must not be built in the core area and buffer area of reservoir Include in Provincial, Urban-rural gn and of drinking water sources, scenic spots and nature reserves design prefectural planning and and impacts 2. The Projects must not be built in populous area, such as living areas, charges and county construction

184 locat on surface industrial areas, business districts, tourist regions and areas near hospitals, and not poverty administrations ion water schools and research institutions. calculated reduction , selec 3. On poultry and livestock rearing farms, pollution treatment Projects should individuall centers, administrations tion keep a certain distance from production and living areas for the sake of y targeted of agriculture sanitary protection, and these Projects should be located on the leeward side of township and and husbandry, the predominant wind direction of production and living areas; villages of land and 4. Build urine and feces storage pools for household rearing, and the pools the Projects resources should be equipped with impervious layer; Build anaerobic biogas digesters administrations and feces dumps for rearing farms, and the storage pools and urine treatment , forestry facilities should be at least 400m away from surface water. administrations 5. Design barns according to the requirements of feces dry collection so as to reduce the use of water for washing; separate feces solid from urine liquid to facilitate pollution treatment. 1. Waste liquid should reach due standards after treated by urine storage pools Provincial, or anaerobic biogas digesters, and then can be transported by human or tubes prefectural County EPAs, to the farmland for irrigation; evaluators suggest building waste liquid storage and county township Impacts pools near the farmland in order to facilitate irrigation; poverty environmental on water 2. The surroundings of the Projects should be equipped with adequate reduction protection 2 environme farmland or forest to hold waste liquid; centers, departments, Oper nt 3. When the treated waste liquid is used for irrigation, flood irrigation is targeted administrations ation forbidden, and drip irrigation or sprinkling irrigation should be used to avoid township and of agriculture diffused pollution of soil and surface water; in addition, frequent irrigation of villages of and husbandry one section of farmland in a short time should be avoided. the Projects 1. When the treated waste liquid is used for irrigation, drip irrigation or human Provincial, County EPAs, Impact on irrigation should be used, and excessive irrigation of per unit land should be prefectural township groundwat 1 avoided. and county environmental er 2. Design a proper layout of drainage tubes or ditches, the tubes should be poverty protection

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built with corrosion-proof PVC, and the interfaces of tubes should be sealed, reduction departments, so that the sewage can be removed timely centers, administrations 3. Use cement in barns, fertilizer digesters, urine storage pools, and the bottom targeted of agriculture of ditches, enhance impervious layers, and regularly check the floor of township and and husbandry production areas and the tightness of drainage tubes, so as to prevent sewage villages of from leaking. Based on the standards of cement constructions, the the Projects compression resistance, water resistance and anti-freeze ability should reach the design requirements. The wall should be vertical and smooth, and the cement near wet-joints should be thick. The thickness of the protective layer should conform to related standards: before the wall of the pool is cemented, the construction joint should be roughened and cleaned. The joint between cement sections should be impermeable. 4. The floor of fertilizer digesters should be built with strong, impermeable and corrosive-resisting materials, and should be equipped with wainscot to block the leakages and devices for collecting the leakages. 5. Using dry collection to treat feces and remove feces timely. Equip the temporary dumps with special constructions, washing and disinfection devices and drainage ditches. The ditches should be connected with the drainage network, so as to prevent leaching liquid of solid waste from infiltrating into soil and groundwater. 1. Avoid populous communities when choosing location for rearing farms, so Provincial, County EPAs, as to prevent noises from harassing residents. prefectural township Noises 2. Feed cows at proper time and with proper fodder, so as to avoid large-scaled and county environmental made by noises due to the cows’ hunger; 2 poverty protection cows 3. Adopt necessary sound insulation measures in the barns, such as installing reduction departments, sound-proofing doors and windows. centers, administrations targeted of agriculture

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township and and husbandry villages of the Projects

1. Build more green areas. Plant bushes and trees by the roadsides in rearing Provincial, County EPAs, farms and tall trees such as eucalyptus at the border of the farms, so as to form prefectural township a multi-layer protection forest to mitigate the impact of stench. and county environmental 2. Well manage the source of stench. Remove the feces timely, regularly clean poverty protection Impact the barns, and improve the ventilation equipment in the barns; enhance the reduction departments, due to the 2 process control and clean management of feces and urine storage pools, so as centers, administrations stench to reduce the storage time of feces; and adopt isolation measures such as seal targeted of agriculture cover and negative pressure. township and and husbandry 3. Use deodorants. Use straws and compound microorganism bacterium agent villages of to make fodder. the Projects Storage and transportation measures: Provincial, County EPAs, 1. Set up specific temporary dumps equipped with awning and impervious prefectural township layers, and spray disinfectant. The volume of the dump should be designed and county environmental based on Specific Rules on Accounting the Major Pollutant Emission and poverty protection Discharge Reduction During the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period. reduction departments, Impact 2. In transportation, the bottom of the vehicle should be equipped with centers, administrations due to leak-proof pads, so as to prevent secondary pollution caused by percolating 3 targeted of agriculture livestock liquids. Cover the top of the vehicle with canvas to avoid spilling and negative township and and husbandry feces effects on rural landscape. Choose proper time and route to reduce the impact villages of on environment and the life of people who live near the route. the Projects Treatment: Make fertilizers with the feces, and after these fertilizers reach due standards, apply them to farmland.

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1. Farmers must check their livestock every day and report to vets if they find Provincial, County EPAs, dead livestock; and if sick livestock is still curable, they must be treated under prefectural township the instruction of vets. and county environmental 2. All livestock dead from sickness must not be sold, eaten or dumped poverty protection randomly. reduction departments, 3. Animals dead from sickness and their wastes must be sent to inspection centers, administrations packed in feedbags with inner membrane, and their barns must be disinfected targeted of agriculture by spraying disinfectants. township and and husbandry 4. Livestock dead from normal diseases must be sent to vet’s office to be villages of inspected through autopsy or chemical measures; if suspected cases of deadly the Projects Impact infectious diseases are found, they must be timely reported to personnel who due to are in charge, and submitted to local veterinary inspection agencies to be livestock confirmed. 4 dead from 5. Local veterinary inspection agencies should assist farmers to deal with the sickness bodies of dead livestock. For suspected cases of deadly infectious diseases and suspected cases of zoonotic diseases, autopsy is prohibited, and the bodies of dead livestock must be deeply buried. 6. Cased of dead livestock must be registered and filed, autopsies of the body of dead livestock must be recorded. 7. Since this Project is in rural areas, and the rearing farms are scattered, it is not feasible to burn the bodies of dead livestock. Therefore, landfill is adopted. More than two landfill wells must be set for this Project, and each time after the bodies are dumped into the wells, the wells must be filled by a more than 10-cm deep slake lime layer, and the wellbore must be filled and concreted with clay. Impact Target villages of the Project should contact local pharmacies or other buyers Provincial, County EPAs, 1.5 due to to sell the placentas as healthcare product or drug ingredients to raise income prefectural township

188 placenta and mitigate pollution. If the villages are not able to find buyers, they can deal and county environmental of cows with the placentas through landfill according to the treatment of cows dead poverty protection from sickness. Before the placentas are sold, they must be inspected in case reduction departments, that they might carry bacteria or virus, so as to avoid possible harms to human centers, administrations health. targeted of agriculture township and and husbandry villages of the Projects According to the Standard for Pollution Control on Hazardous Waste Storage Provincial, County EPAs, (GB18957-2001) and National List of Hazardous Waste, the hazardous wastes prefectural administrations produced by disease control in this Project belong to HW01 category, and and county of agriculture Impact should be submitted to qualified institutes to treat. Hazardous wastes in poverty and husbandry due to Xuyong County are treated by Luzhou Baokang Medical Wastes Treating reduction 5 medical Company or Luzhou Naxi Wuchen Medical Wastes Treating Centre. Wastes in centers, wastes Si County of Liangshan Prefecture are treated by Panzhihua Hazardous Wastes targeted Treating Centre. township and villages of the Projects Routine prevention Provincial, County EPAs, 1. Separate rearing areas from living areas. Disinfect barns and choose prefectural township Impact on efficient and bland medicine. Use 2% NaOH solution or 0.5% peroxyacetic and county environmental human acid solution to disinfect. poverty protection health 2. Strictly restrict non-production personnel to entering production areas. If 10 reduction departments, caused by they have to enter, they should wear coverall, special shoes and hat, and centers, administrations infectious should be disinfected. targeted of agriculture diseases 3. Rearing staff should accept at least one physical examination each year. If township and and husbandry, one has got infected with diseases that harm human being or cows, he or she villages of public health

189 should be transferred from the current post, so as to prevent the spread of the Projects offices diseases. 4. Keep the barns clean, flat, dry and free of pollutant (brick, stone, cinder, waste plastic bags, etc.) 5. Check the hoof in each spring and autumn. Treat the cows with disease in hoofs or limbs timely. In season when epidemics happen frequently, spray 5% copper sulfate solution over hoofs each week to reduce the incidence of diseases. Pay attention to the situation of high risk cow groups. 6. Sperm of the cows with genetic defects in terms of hoof and limb diseases must not be used for breeding. 7. Regularly examine the components of different fodders, and check, adjust and balance the diet, especially when the incidence of hoof disease is higher than 15%. 8. Regularly inspect the goats to prevent brucellosis. Each year, randomly select 2% RPBT to inspect brucellosis. Vaccinate the goats in a planned and organized way so as to control infectious disease. 9. Regularly eliminate pests through combined ways of spraying, oral taking and injection. Emergency control measures when infection breaks out 1. Immediately set up a disease control task force, confirm the infection and report to senior departments as soon as possible. 2. Rapidly isolate the infected livestock. For serious infectious diseases, immediately separate isolated areas with tapes, and disinfect people and vehicle in and out of the isolated area as well as the polluted environment. If no more case appears within two incubation periods after the last infected animal fully recover or was slaughtered, the isolated areas can be removed after comprehensive disinfection and the permission of senior departments.

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3. Adopt comprehensive control measures to infectious livestock and livestock within the isolated areas. The measures include: urgent vaccination, antibiotic, specific therapy of hyper-immune serum, chemical therapy, auxiliary therapy of improving physical condition and physiological function. 4. Deal with the bodies of livestock dead from infectious disease strictly according to disease control regulation. 5. When major infection breaks out, strictly implement the relative provisions in Regulation on Handling Major Animal Epidemic Emergencies and Technical Specification on Handling Highly Pathogenic Bird Flu Infection 1. Properly restrict grazing and encourage pen-rearing. Currently the artificial Provincial, County EPAs, fodder can meet the demand. prefectural township 2. On the current basis, enlarge the scale of pen-rearing of Meigu goat, and and county environmental gradually change the current “pastureing+pen-rearing” pattern. At the same poverty protection time, adopt rotational grazing so as to reduce waste and save the surface of reduction departments, pastureland. centers, administrations 3. Due to the scarce supply of artificial fodder for Zhaojue and Meigu goat, targeted of agriculture Impacts the next priority should be enlarging the planting area of artificial fodder, and township and and husbandry on breeding better varieties of goat, so as to not only raise farmers’ income and villages of ecological 2 prop up local economy, but also develop good varieties and create local the Projects environme features. nt 4. Feed cows and goats with straw, and the livestock’s waste can be used as organic fertilizer, so as to make farmland more fertile. In this way, a benign ecological cycle can be formed, which is conducive to agricultural development. 5. Planting the graze in a single pattern may diminish ecological diversity. Therefore, promote seasonal planting, which can increase production and reduce blights and pests.

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1. Adopt rotational grazing, dividing the forest land into several sections and Provincial, County EPAs, Impacts alternately raising chickens on each section. After raising chickens in one prefectural township on section for 3~4 d, turn to the next section. This model helps the recovery and and county environmental ecological growing of graze and forest, and reduces the opportunities for the chickens to poverty protection system touch their feces, so as to prevent parasitic and infectious diseases. It is also reduction departments, and conducive to the sustainable use and protection of graze on forest land. centers, administrations diffused 1.5 2. Adopting rotational grazing is to avoid excessive accumulation of feces and targeted of agriculture pollution impacts on the soil’s absorption and consumption ability. township and and husbandry caused by 3. Control the scale of forest-feeding chicken Project based on the feces villages of forest-fee consumption ability of per unit land. the Projects ding 4. Construct ridges at the border of forest, so as to prevent early rains from chicken carrying feces to other areas and causing pollution. 1. Roll out awareness education in communities close to Dafengding Nature Provincial, County EPAs, Reserve, so as to raise residents’ awareness on the importance of the Nature prefectural administrations Reserve. and county of husbandry, 2. Organizing lectures. Launch skill training in these communities, such as poverty Administration lectures on fodder and herbal medicine planting, so as to enlarge income reduction of Dafengding Impacts resources and raise the residents’ living standard. centers, Nature on Nature 3. Increase local financial support and improve rural infrastructure, so as to 1.5 targeted Reserve Reserve facilitate the communication with other regions and enlarge income resources. township and 4. Build fences at the border of the Nature Reserve and set warning signs to villages of prevent livestock from entering. the Projects 5. Expand the planting area of fodder and promote related technologies to ensure the balance of fodder among regions. Encourage pen-rearing and gradually prohibit pasturing. 8.2.7 Mitigation Measures for Pollutions Caused by Product Storage and Agricultural Product Processing Table 6.5-5 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Product Storage and Agricultural Product Processing 192

Investmen Stag Major Mitigation/Prevention Measures t (in 10K Executor Supervisor es Impacts yuan) 1. Select location with convenient traffic and sound electric system, so as to planning and facilitate transportation and sales. construction 2. Evade populous communities when selecting location, so as to prevent the bureaus, land Include in waste gas and noises from harassing residents. and resources design Target 3. Eliminate or reduce the occupation of farmland and forest. administratio charges township and Desi Waste gas ns, forestry and not villages of gn and noises administratio calculated the Projects, ns, industrial individuall designers and y commercial administratio ns Assembly line of commercialized orange County 1. Apply sound insulation measures to walls of workshops with high-noise EPAs, equipment. Companies/m township noise 2. Choose low-noise equipment which is cost efficient. 5 anufacturers environmenta 3. Add shock absorber and insulation shield to noisy equipment and use l protection Oper flexible bends at tube interfaces, so as to reduce the sources of noise. ation departments County As the waste cleaning water has simple components, 70% of such waste water EPAs, Water Companies/m can be reused after precipitated, and the rest 30% can be treated together with 1 township pollution anufacturers domestic sewage through digestion tank and used for irrigation. environmenta l protection

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departments County The Project is equipped with refrigerators. To protect the environment, it is EPAs, Air banned to use refrigerants which the state orders to eliminate or which will Companies/m township 1.5 pollution seriously damage the ozone layer, such as R-12. Recommended refrigerants anufacturers environmenta include Freon 23 (R-23), liquid ammonia, etc. l protection departments Waste packing materials After classification, these materials are withdrawn by recycling centers. Defective products 1. Collect the defective fruits and use them to produce fertilizers. Random dumping is banned. 2. Waste edible wax should be collected and withdrawn by its producer. County Domestic garbage EPAs, Solid Domestic garbage is collected and temporarily stored. Then it is treated by Companies/m township 3 waste municipal dumps. Sewage and wastes from the dining hall of the Project are anufacturers environmenta collected and treated by farmers so as to avoid secondary pollution. l protection Solid waste from machine repairing departments Machine and equipment of the Project should be regularly repaired, and thus produce waste oil, waste cotton and waste cutting fluid. All these are hazardous wastes and should be treated by qualified agencies. The Project can sign agreements with local factories or garages, so as to join them to have the solid waste to qualified treated by qualified agencies. Environm Fire: Fire control ental risks 1. Enhance routine management and designate staff to regularly inspect the Companies/m administratio 10 caused by refrigerator; anufacturers ns at county fires and 2. The design of the refrigerator should meet the fire control requirements. level

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leaks of Properly deploy fire alarms and extinguishers, and regularly inspect these refrigerant facilities. 3. Enhance the management of the electrics in refrigerators 4. Formulate emergency plans and train the employees. Leaks of refrigerant 1. Enhance routine management and timely address the problems with refrigerators. 2. In case of leaks, evacuate people to the upwind of direction, and immediately cut off the source of leak. 3. In routine repairing of the refrigerant workshop, equip the staff with protection facilities (coverall, gloves, masks, etc.) to respond to emergencies. 4. Formulate emergency plan. White konjac primary processing factory County 1. Apply sound insulation measures to walls of workshops with high-noise EPAs, equipment. Companies/m township noise 2. Choose low-noise equipment which is cost efficient. 5 anufacturers environmenta 3. Add shock absorber and insulation shield to noisy equipment and use l protection flexible bends at tube interfaces, so as to reduce the sources of noise. departments Oper County ation EPAs, Water As the waste cleaning water has simple components, it can be treated together Companies/m township 1 pollution with domestic sewage through digestion tank and used for irrigation. anufacturers environmenta l protection departments Air 1. SO generated by sulfur smoldering and burning anthracite coal is absorbed Companies/m County 2 10 Pollution by gas collecting skirt, and then after its components reach the standard, it is anufacturers EPAs,

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emitted through the 15-meter high vent on the roof. township 2. Based on the technological process, install vents near the equipment for environmenta lifting, dropping, transferring raw materials and equipment that is likely to l protection generate dusts. Thus the dusts and pollutants can be absorbed into departments dust-collecting bags through the vent. In this way, 99% of dusts can be removed, and the bags can be cleaned by compressed air. The whole dust removing network is in negative pressure, so as to prevent the dusts from rising. The collected dusts can serve as fodder. 3. Apply seals to the interfaces of equipment and tubes, so as to prevent dust from leaking. Waste packing materials After classification, these materials are withdrawn by recycling centers. Defective products 1. Defective products mainly are rotten orange and dry konjac slices. They can be collected and used as fertilizers. Random dumping is banned. 2. Waste edible wax should be collected and withdrawn by its producer. County Domestic garbage EPAs, Solid Domestic garbage is collected and temporarily stored. Then it is treated by Companies/m township 3 waste municipal dumps. Sewage and wastes from the dining hall of the Project are anufacturers environmenta collected and treated by farmers so as to avoid secondary pollution. l protection Solid waste from machine repairing departments Machine and equipment of the Project should be regularly repaired, and thus produce waste oil, waste cotton and waste cutting fluid. All these are hazardous wastes and should be treated by qualified agencies. Hazardous waste in Jinyang County is treated by Panzhihua Treating Center of Hazardous Waste

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8.3 Training Projects on Environmental Protection

8.3.1. Purpose The target groups of training are Project managers on all level, farmers and cooperatives engaged in the Projects. They will be trained on know-how and skills related to environmental management, so that they can understand positive and negative environmental influences caused by the Project, the measures in Environmental Management Project, and relative skills. Therefore, they can implement environmental protection policies precisely and carefully. Based on different target groups, the training is divided into three levels: managers (including provincial, prefectural, county and township level), professionals (including construction technicians, construction supervisors and agricultural technicians), farmers and workers. 8.3.2 Training plan Environmental training will be conducted at the beginning of the Project, and will be integrated with other activities instead of being conducted individually. It should be ensured that all the participants fully understand their responsibilities concerning the environment, the reason for implementing environmental management monitoring plan, and this plan’s role in the Project, long-term economic development and human health. Awareness training should include Project managers and farmers engaged in the Project, so as to help them better understand the environmental impact evaluation, environmental management monitoring plan, and this Project’s positive influence on their livelihood. The detailed plan is indicated in Table 8.3-1.

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Table 8.3-1 Training project on environmental protection Expenditure Number of Duration Target group Content (in 10K participants (days) yuan) Understanding and applying the laws, regulations, environmental standards and rules Heads of of World Bank and the Chinese government to related aspects of the Project poverty Environmental management and mitigation measures, including positive and negative reduction performance of the Project, rules of environmental protection, organization, 5 each offices of implementation and supervision of environmental management, etc. county, 30 5 4.5 prefecture and Principles, plans and implementation of comprehensive management of blights and in total county level, pests, quantity and usage of pesticides managers, Environmental monitoring plan and implementation, including setting monitoring technicians sites, selecting monitoring factors and deciding monitoring frequency Heads of Rules of environmental management and protection, including positive and negative poverty performance of the Project, impacts on environment and mitigation measures reduction Comprehensive management plan on blights and pests and its implementation 2 each offices of township, 4 8.16 township level, Environmental monitoring plan and implementation, including setting monitoring 102 in total managers, sites, selecting monitoring factors and deciding monitoring frequency technicians Heads of Rules of environmental management and protection, including positive and negative poverty performance of the Project, impacts on environment and mitigation measures 2 each reduction Comprehensive management plan on blights and pests and its implementation village, 418 4 25.08 offices of target Environmental monitoring plan and implementation, including setting monitoring in total villages, sites, selecting monitoring factors and deciding monitoring frequency managers, Barn design and prevention of pollution caused by livestock and poultry rearing 198

technicians Breeding technologies of advanced varieties, fertilizing management plan Compiling environmental management, supervision and monitoring work reports Contractors, 2 each Mitigation measures in constructing period of the environmental management project on-site construction 2~3 combined with trainings of environment and security supervisors environmental section protection 5 2 each supervisors and Simple monitoring methods of noise and controlling measures (self-test) construction 2~3 construction section group leaders Relative measures and requirements in environmental management project, relative 1~2 each environmental protection laws and regulations, construction plan, regulations of construction 2~3 Supervision supervision section

engineer 2 each Monitoring and controlling technologies of ambient air and noise construction 2~3 section Ownership organs/operating 100 All the contents mentioned above, measures in the operating period of environmental organs and their (primary 2~3 4 management plan, operation and maintenance of environmental protection facilities environment estimation) managers 692 Self-employed Environmental management plan on household planting and rearing, implementation (primary 7 15 farmers of environmental protection measures estimation) Total / / 61.74

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8.4 Environmental monitoring plan

This poverty reduction Project has large scale and covers a vast and complicated ranges of regions and sectors, and it will has long-term, potential and uncertain impacts on surface water, vegetation, soil, land use, energy supply, society, economy and other environment factors. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the environment during the Project’s design, construction and operation period, so as to evaluate real impacts on the environment caused by the Project, know the situation and seriousness of negative influences, and provide evidence for environmental supervision, countermeasure research and environmental management. The institution responsible for the Project authorizes environmental supervision stations in the county or prefecture of the Project or provincial agricultural environmental supervision stations to monitor the environment. Supervision analysis adopts relative methods in Technical Specification on Environmental Monitoring issued by SEPA and the classified monitoring methods, and enforces the state standard confirmed by environmental evaluation. Environmental impacts in construction period include noise, dust, and waste water pollution. Domestic sewage during construction period can be used as fertilizer after treated by digestion tank of the surrounding households. Waste water from production can be reused after it is precipitated and the oil in it is separated. The impacts during construction period only last a short time, and pollution can be avoided merely by enhancing management. Therefore, all the pollutant factors involved, such as TSP, SS, petroleum and noise, are monitored by visual estimation or sensory estimation. Based on the impacts and mitigation measures during construction period, environmental supervision departments should enhance the supervision and monitoring. The major part of the monitoring of the Project is in operation period. The Project includes agricultural planting, agricultural product processing and rearing. Environmental monitoring covers all the township and village engaged in this Project of the six target counties. Table 8.4-1 demonstrates detailed monitoring plan (including indicators, period, frequency, method and responsible institutions). Project Management Office should designate staff that has received monitoring training to conduct random environmental monitoring, so as to timely discover and handle problems. Routine monitoring includes: monitoring noises on site and at sensitive sites with portable noise meter; visually examining the environmental impacts caused by the Project, such as large-scaled soil erosion. The management office at county-level should be responsible for routine supervision on implementation of environmental protection measure, training, environmental monitoring data and conclusion. The Office should also compile the supervision results and regularly submit them to provincial management office. The provincial office compiles implementation reports on master plan of environmental management, and regularly submits them to Central Project Management Office. The Central Office submits these reports to the World Bank.

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Table 8.4-1 Sichuan sub-Project environmental monitoring plan Expenditure Monitoring Responsible item index frequency site (in 10K institution institution yuan) Agricultural At Shuiliao Village in Xuyong County, environment Provincial In the first, Shangzhai Village in Jinyang County, monitoring and soil erosion third and sixth Yilimu Village in Zhaojue County and station and soil prefecture Soil erosion modulus, year of the 1.5 newly-added planting area of Wagujue erosion poverty streamflow Project, once Village in Meigu County, one site for each monitoring reduction for each year village station of centers prefectural level One for the sewage outfall of the konjac processing line, one for the outfall of the Provincial pH, dissolved In the second commercialized orange assembly line, one Prefecture and and oxygen, COD , and fifth year for the outfall of each rearing areas county-level Water Cr prefecture BOD , NH -N, of the Project, (Shuiliaopu Village in Xuyong County, environmental 4.8 pollution 5 3 poverty coliform group, once for each Siqie Village for Butuo County, Jiefang monitoring reduction SS year Village for Zhaojue County, and Sanhe stations centers Village for Meigu County, all of which are concentrated feeding areas) Chromaticity, In Shuiliaopu Village of Xuyong County, Environmental Provincial In the first, turbidity, odor and Siqie Village of Butuo County, Bingyidi monitoring and third and sixth taste, pH, total Village of Jinyang County, Sanhe Village station and prefecture groundwater year of the 10 hardness, nitrate, of Meigu County and Jiefang Village of anti-epidemic poverty Project, once total bacterial Zhaojue County, one at the upstream and stations at reduction for each year count, coliform one at the downstream of the prefecture level centers

201 group groundwater(using water in wells) in the area with a large amount of newly-added rearing households in each village Total 32.5

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Chapter 9 Conclusion and Suggestion The problems that need special attention include: (1) Soil erosion. As this Project is implemented in mountain area, poor management in construction period of earthwork and operation period of water conservancy may lead to soil erosion. (2) Pollution caused by rearing industry. Most impoverished farmers live under poor conditions, so the treatment of livestock feces and urine and disease prevention for animal and human need special attention. (3)Excessive grazing will lead to over-exploit the capacity of pasture land, so the scale of rearing industry should be proper, and the farmers of target village near conservation districts are forbidden to graze in the districts. (4) Pollution caused by pesticides. Farmers with low education level may pose risk to the environment by using pesticides. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance training and teach the farmers practical technologies, so as to prevent the farmers from contaminating the environment. Target counties and township should prioritize this problem and should never be slack in handling this problem. (5) As some target villages in Gulin County and Xuyong County are near Chishui River Basin, protecting the surface water environment of Chishui River and related rivers should be a priority in implementing projects in these villages, so as to prevent the impacts on surface water caused by diffused pollution. If Project management at each level enhances supervision, rolls out training projects and follows the requirements of action plan, all the mentioned problems can be surmounted. According to comprehensive analysis, the positive influences on agricultural and ecological system brought by this Project dwarfs the negative influences, and irreversible impacts are slight. Most of the negative influences can be mitigated or avoided through environmental protection measures. In addition, the target areas of this Project do not cover nature reserves, nor do they involve rare animals, protected animals and local cultural legacies. Customs and habits of local ethnic minority groups are respected in Project implementation. Therefore, from the perspective of environment, this Project is feasible.

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