“Our carvings and representations are not just art objects… they are alive, they teach, they reveal knowledge of the past…they explain our existence in the universe - who we are, where we originated, who our ancestors were and whom and what they encountered.” Daisy Sewid Smith, Kwakwaka’wakw

Native Art of the NWC, p. 16 Interpreting the Cultural Symbols of the People from the Shore. Kwakwaka’wakw

(Kwakwak-a-wak) Today

• Nuu-chah-nulth belief system • Historic 1921 Kwakwaka’wakw Potlatch • Film: Potlatch: To Give • Traditional Kwakwaka’wakw artists • Contemporary Kwakwaka’wakw artists • Video: Corinne Hunt, Olympic medal designer Art of oratory, song, dance, performance Nuu-chah-nulth Belief System by Ki-ke-in, Ron Hamilton • The four realms of the universe are overseen by Four Great Spirit Chiefs • Four realms: – Under-sea world – On-the-land world – In-the-sky world – World-beyond-the-horizon Ch’ihaa (spirit)

• These spirits are with us • The spirits of our close deceased relatives can bring us good luck, great strength and a fuller life • A respectful relationship is important • Some ch’ihaa are helpful, some harmful Death

“At death, the life force of the recently deceased begins a long journey travelling beneath the sea, over the land, into the sky and beyond the horizon and finally among the stars in the Milky Way…Those left behind can pray for and receive assistance from our relatives in the spirit world.” Kwakwaka’wakw Art

1884 – Potlatches, dances, songs forbidden by 1921 Potlatch Indian Agent arrives: “either give up your masks and regalia or go to jail. No more potlatching.” 1922 trial: 22 highest ranking chiefs jailed for 2 months; masks & regalia sent to CMH, ROM, Heye Museum NY Location on Island , Cormorant Island Opened 1980

Chief Robert Joseph describes masked dancing Chief Robert Joseph E.D. of Indian Residential Schools Survivors Society (b. 1940) Author of Behind the Mask, 1998, a rare, first-hand account of historic masked dancing. Watercolour portrayal of a potlatch, CMH Potlatch: To Give

By Kwakwaka’wakw filmmaker Barbara Cranmer, U’mista Cultural Centre Alert Bay BC 2013 Traditional Artists Charlie James, Yakuglas Charlie James’ great grandson, David Neel, describes his art Charlie James, Model , c. 1900 6.25x9.5in Green, blue, red, yellow, black. Wings removable Charlie James, Eagle, Shaman and Seal Model Pole Charlie James, Crooked Beak Mask c.1900 8.5x8.5x36 in. Rasmussen Collection, Portland Art Museum Charlie James, Pole carved for Christ Church Cathedral, Victoria, 1925 To thank the Auxiliary for its support for his daughters & other children. Charlie James, 2 totem poles at St. Michael’s Indian Residential School in Alert Bay 1929 St. Michael’s Indian Residential School Alert Bay 1929-2015 St. Michael’s Residential School Built 1929 Demolished 2015 Chief Nakapenkem (Potlatch chief ten times over) Mungo Martin (1879-1962)

• Born Ft. Rupert became Chief, prolific artist and important figure for NWC art • Sculptor, singer, songwriter (124 songs recorded) • Wife, Abaya’a – ceremonial curtains, aprons • Held first public potlatch 1952 • 1947 Victoria – Mungo Martin Bighouse, RBCM • Friend of Bill Holm, tutored , Hunt family • Tallest totem pole: Beacon Hill Park, Victoria Mungo Martin in his workshop Mungo Martin, Bee mask, 1930’s Cedar and cougar pelt Mungo Martin, Model Totem Pole, 1920 29” Signed “Mungo Martin Kasalas” Mungo Martin presents Totem Pole to Queen Mother at Windsor Park, U.K. 1958 BC Centennial. 100 feet tall. Ancestor figures Mungo Martin House and Pole, Thunderbird Park, Royal BC Museum, Victoria, 1952 Martin worked carving and restoring at the Royal BC Museum for many years. (1916-1966)

• 2017 exhibit at University of Victoria • First woman totem pole carver • Teacher – grandfather, Charlie James • Selling by 12 years of age • Married, 7 children. • Husband’s stroke. Full time carver • David Neel’ grandmother • Collected world wide Ellen Neel Note: Dzunukwa, Sitsiutl (two-headed serpent Ellen Neel UBC Thunderbirds Ellen Neel Pole National Gallery of Canada Contemporary Artists Beau Dick (1955-2017)

• Born in Alert Bay, raised in Kingcome Inlet • Father & grandfather carvers in “dark years” • High school in Vancouver • Masks, dance, songs (shaman?) • 1972 “Traditions & Innovations in NWC Art” • Expo ‘86 Transformation Mask (CMH) • 2014 Copper Shaming Ceremony Beau Dick and daughter Linnea, curator Beau Dick, Dzunukwa Mask Beau Dick Could be Bak’was mask (mad man who lost sight of right and wrong.) Beau Dick, Supernatural Kolus2 Mask Acrylic, horsehair, sheepskin, copper, quartz Beau Dick, War Spirit Mask Also called: Winalagalis Red cedar, acrylic, hair 23x17x7 In. Beau Dick, Sky Mask 39x45cm $25,000 Beau Dick Transformation Mask Audain Art Museum, Whistler BC Beau Dick dancing the demolition of St. Michael’s Indian Residential School, Alert Bay, 2015 Beau Dick dances the Reconciliation Pole, UBC Beau Dick (in red shirt) on Parliament Hill Copper Shaming Ceremony, 2014 With In support of Idle No More Copper Shaming Ceremony, Parliament Hill, 2014 Breaking the copper (Haida Chief, Guujaa, holding up axe) Beau Dick holding rattle The broken copper Beau Dick Beau Dick leading prayer on Parliament Hill, 2014 David Neel b. 1960

• Contemporary artist, great grandson of Charlie James • Trained in photography, U.S. • Apprenticed to Beau Dick • Books: Our Chiefs & Elders and • The Great Canoes Artistic Family

• “He was following in the footsteps of his late father, Dave Neel Sr. (1937–1961), who was trained by his mother, Ellen Neel (1916–1966), who was trained by her uncle, Mungo Martin (1881–1962) and her grandfather, Charlie James (1875–1938). In this way he was carrying on a long-standing family tradition.” David Neel, Self-portrait with Chief Charlie (James) Swanson, 1991 Note talking stick David Neel, Chief Clarence Dempsey Collinson, 1991 Note the painted coppers, sign of wealth David Neel, Chief Collinson, 1991 “Tradition is a foundation to build on, not a set of rules to restrain creativity.”

David Neel David Neel, Life on the 18th Hole, 1992 The Oka Crisis (1990) began with a golf course and ended with the War Measures Act. David Neel, Frightened Child, Angry Teen Transformation Mask David Neel, Envy Mask David Neel, Mask of Injustice David Neel, Keeper of the Animals David Neel, Keeper of the Animals Mask David Neel, Humming Bird Pendant David Neel and crew at Venice Biennale, 1999 Performance Marianne Nicolson

• Painter, photographer, installation artist • Born 1969, Scottish & Dzawada’enuxw FN • Kingcome Inlet BC • PhD Linguistics, Anthropology & Art History, University of Victoria Marianne Nicolson Kingcome Inlet petroglyphs

1921 Marianne Nicolson, Cliff Painting 1998 Marianne Nicolson, Cliff Painting, 1998 15m x 10 m Kingcome Inlet, BC Kingcome Inlet, BC Marianne Nicolson, Tunics Changing Tide, 2007 Acrylic, brass, abalone, solver inlay on wood Marianne Nicolson, House of Ghosts, 2008 Ottawa – Former Train station, soon to be Senate For BC Scene, 2008 Marianne Nicolson, Wanx’d: To Hide, be Hidden 2010 Bent box containers of treasures Marianne Nicolson, The Container for Souls Glass in the shape of a bent box Note photograph with 2 figures

Marianne Nicolson, Memorial Monument for the Dalles (Columbia & Fraser/Thompson Rivers)YVR Monumental art Carved glass and cedar 26’x5’x20’ Columbia River dammed 14 times, Fraser/Thompson never Marianne Nicolson Marianne Nicolson at the MOA Marianne Nicolson, A Precarious State, 2013 Canadian Embassy, Amman, Jordan Carved glass, 200 x 1201 cm Sonny Assu Born North Delta, BC, 1975 Interdisciplinary Kwakwaka’wakw artist Sonny Assu, Coke Salish, 2006 Light Box Sonny Assu

• Painting, sculpture, photography • Lives in Campbell River, Vancouver Is. • BFA Emily Carr University (Distinguished Alumni Award • MFA Concordia University • Works in NGC, SAM, VAG, MOA, Burke Sonny Assu, 1884/1951 67 copper cups. 67 years when cultural practices like potlatch were forbidden. “My grandmother lived through those times.” NGC Sonny Assu, 2014 It was, like, a super long time ago that ppl were here, right? Sonny Assu, Voyage # 39, 2016 Navigational Chart of Vancouver Island and mainland coast Video: Corrine Hunt

• Name: Nugwam Gelatleg’leas (Killer Whale Scratching back on Beach) • Born 1959, Alert Bay. Lives Vancouver • Multi-generational Family of artists • Simon Fraser U.: Anthropology & Latin American Studies • Designed Cdn. Olympic medals, 2010 Corrine Hunt addresses Johns Hopkins U. students Baltimore, Maryland , Sovereign, 2008 NGC Don Wiles’ totem pole