Études Écossaises, 11 | 2008, « L’Utopie » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 30 Janvier 2009, Consulté Le 25 Septembre 2020

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Études Écossaises, 11 | 2008, « L’Utopie » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 30 Janvier 2009, Consulté Le 25 Septembre 2020 Études écossaises 11 | 2008 L’Utopie Utopia David Leishman et Pierre Morère (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/etudesecossaises/57 DOI : 10.4000/etudesecossaises.57 ISSN : 1969-6337 Éditeur UGA Éditions/Université Grenoble Alpes Édition imprimée Date de publication : 30 janvier 2008 ISBN : 978-2-84310-110-6 ISSN : 1240-1439 Référence électronique David Leishman et Pierre Morère (dir.), Études écossaises, 11 | 2008, « L’Utopie » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 30 janvier 2009, consulté le 25 septembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ etudesecossaises/57 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/etudesecossaises.57 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 25 septembre 2020. © Études écossaises 1 La thématique choisie pour le n° 11 de la revue Études écossaises est celle de l'utopie qui parcourt particulièrement la culture écossaise, tant dans le domaine de la littérature que dans celui de la pensée politique. La revue s'interroge sur l'utopie à travers des études très variées qui touchent autant à la littérature et à l'histoire des idées (Robert Carlyle, A. L. Kennedy) qu’à la civilisation (Robert Owen, la dévolution). Nous consacrons une dernière partie aux communications de l’atelier écossais du Congrès de la SAES à Nantes en 2006. Études écossaises, 11 | 2008 2 SOMMAIRE Avant-propos Pierre Morère et David Leishman L'Utopie « Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth » ou le réalisme utopique de David Hume Gilles Robel Religion rationnelle et éducation selon Robert Owen Valorisation utopique de l’héritage des Lumières dans l’Écosse du XIXe siècle Claire Puglisi-Kaczmarek L’Utopie gothique de Jules Verne au pays de Rob Roy Sylvie Kleiman-Lafon Les Utopies adolescentes de Robert Louis Stevenson Cyril Besson L’atopie ou le processus de désencombrement Une lecture de The Blue Road de Kenneth White Christophe Roncato L’« utopie calédonienne » d’un nouveau modèle parlementaire Utopie des possibles ou utopie chimérique ? Nathalie Duclos La septième solitude Everything You Need, ou le voyage en Hyperborée d’A.L. Kennedy Camille Manfredi Reason, Justice, Cannibalism Utopian themes in the fiction of James Meek David Leishman Liberals, Libertarians and Educational Theory Lindsay Paterson Recherches en cours Carlyle éducateur Ou l’influence du penseur écossais sur l’œuvre de Swinburne Sébastien Scarpa Le présent du passé La commémoration de l’histoire des crofters sur l’île de Lewis Laurence Gouriévidis Du rebelle au héros Les Highlanders vus par les portraitistes des Lowlands entre 1680 et 1827 Marion Amblard Giving “people like that” a Voice A Conversation with Agnes Owens Jane Gray Études écossaises, 11 | 2008 3 Atelier Écosse SAES Un étrange étranger L’Irlandais Thomas Mulock, journaliste radical dans les Hautes Terres d’Écosse, 1849-1851 Christian Auer Strange, Stranger and Estrangement English Visitors to Scotland in Early Nineteenth-century Fiction Andrew Monnickendam Les demandeurs d’asile en Écosse Edwige Camp-Pietrain « It’s a Dutch invention, but we started it in Scotland » The Strange Case of Scottish Football Bill Findlay L’étrange et le miroir dans The Fanatic de James Robertson Jean Berton « Jean-Claude Van Damme and Mother Superior » La transgression chez Iain Banks et Irvine Welsh Marie-Odile Pittin-Hédon Études écossaises, 11 | 2008 4 Avant-propos Pierre Morère et David Leishman 1 Après un an d’interruption, dont nous nous excusons auprès de nos lecteurs, Études écossaises reprend ses livraisons annuelles. Le thème choisi est celui de l’utopie qui parcourt particulièrement la culture écossaise, tant dans le domaine de la littérature que dans celui de la pensée politique. Et c’est là que l’on constate qu’il ne s’agit pas tant de rêves ou de pays imaginaires que de façons d’appréhender le réel. On a moins affaire à des fuites vers des paradis fantasmagoriques ou artificiels qu’à l’exploration de voies nouvelles qui perdent de vue la réalité moins qu’il n’y paraît. 2 Outre des collaborations que l’on a déjà rencontrées dans des numéros précédents, on notera la présence importante de jeunes chercheurs, notamment de l’université Stendhal-Grenoble 3, qui témoignent de la vitalité des études écossaises et qui permettent d’envisager l’avenir avec optimisme dans ce domaine de recherche. 3 Dans les articles concernant le XIXe siècle et en amont, on remarque, comme toujours, l’imbrication étroite de la littérature et de l’histoire des idées. L’étude de Gilles Robel situe la pensée politique de Hume dans un rapport étroit avec la réalité historique et montre combien elle évite tout dogmatisme qui confinerait l’utopie à un ailleurs impossible. Le scepticisme du penseur écossais, loin d’enfermer l’avenir possible de la cité dans des apories, ouvre au contraire des perspectives nouvelles qui trouvèrent ultérieurement quelques applications. Claire Puglisi-Kaczmarek, dans son analyse du Lanark de Owen, montre bien comment des idées généreuses peuvent un temps trouver leur application, voire représenter un progrès social réel, mais ensuite s’étioler sous le double effet de l’évolution des mœurs et des excès du paternalisme. Sylvie Kleiman- Lafon nous expose l’étude d’un texte peu connu de Jules Verne, écrivain à maints égards visionnaires, non seulement dans le domaine de la science-fiction, mais aussi dans celui des sociétés humaines. On y voit comment le romancier français fut fasciné par les houillères d’Écosse, par les mutations sociales qui s’y déroulèrent et par la puissance symbolique de l’affrontement des forces de la tradition minière et de l’évolution des pratiques industrielles. Cyril Besson démêle l’enchevêtrement ô combien complexe des rapports familiaux et humains chez Stevenson et évoque ce thème lancinant du double dans la littérature écossaise et qui, par-delà les individus, renvoie souvent à la dualité du pays lui-même. Christophe Roncato montre comment Études écossaises, 11 | 2008 5 chez Kenneth White on passe de l’utopie à l’atopie qui est sans doute l’espace par excellence de l’expérience littéraire et qui, une fois encore, loin d’être une fuite devant la réalité, apparaît au contraire comme une synthèse de ce qu’elle a d’universel. Enfin, l’article de Sébastien Scarpa, bien qu’il ne traite par directement de l’utopie, montre combien l’influence de ce penseur complexe et austère que fut Carlyle fut déterminante sur le poète Swinburne. 4 À l’aube du XXIe siècle, nous avons affaire à une vieille nation qui connaît depuis quelques années des ruptures culturelles et politiques significatives, et qui tente de mener ce travail de renouveau à bon escient. À ce titre, la thématique de l’utopie reste on ne saurait plus pertinente aujourd’hui. Nathalie Duclos, par exemple, s’intéresse aux aspects constitutionnels du rêve utopique dévolutionniste qui voyait dans le projet d’un nouveau parlement la possibilité de rompre avec le passé et de constituer un modèle exemplaire de la démocratie. Deux articles traitent de la question de l’Utopie dans la fiction écossaise contemporaine respectivement, s’intéressant notamment à la part de l’inhumain dans tout projet utopique. Camille Manfredi part de la topographie d’un entre-deux insulaire pour étudier la faillite de la communauté utopique dans Everything You Need de A. L. Kennedy, alors que David Leishman revient sur la thématique de l’utopie qui parcourt l’œuvre de James Meek, où le corps charnel est la première victime des élans totalitaires de l’utopisme. L’article de Lindsay Paterson, grand spécialiste écossais de l’école et de la pédagogie, prend pour sujet le discours utopique en matière d’éducation, en démontrant comment la théorie qui met l’apprenant au centre du projet pédagogique, souvent associée à un utopisme de gauche, est allègrement récupérée par la droite néo-libérale. 5 Nous consacrons les deuxième et troisième parties de la revue à une sélection des communications présentées lors de l’atelier écossais du Congrès de la SAES à Nantes en 2006 et à des articles qui illustrent, grâce à leur diversité ainsi qu’à leur qualité, la richesse des recherches actuelles en études écossaises. Il convient de remercier M. le professeur émérite Pierre Morère d’avoir facilité cette reprise en acceptant de mettre sa très grande expérience au service d’une co-direction de la revue. Je souhaite également saluer la contribution scientifique notable de M. le professeur Keith Dixon, autre grande figure historique des études écossaises à Grenoble, désormais à l’université Lyon 2, qui n’a de cesse de proposer des aides et des contacts précieux, étayant ainsi la pérennité de la revue. David Leishman Études écossaises, 11 | 2008 6 L'Utopie Études écossaises, 11 | 2008 7 « Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth » ou le réalisme utopique de David Hume Gilles Robel 1 David Hume n’est pas un auteur que l’on a coutume d’associer à l’idée d’utopie. En tant qu’empiriste, que sceptique et que représentant des Lumières « conservatrices » écossaises, l’auteur du Traité de la nature humaine serait plus volontiers qualifié de penseur réaliste, très méfiant à l’égard de toute proposition radicale de changement : A established government has an inifinite advantage, by that very circumstance of its being established […]. To tamper, therefore, in this affair, of try experiments merely upon the credit of supposed argument and philosophy, can never be the part of a wise magistrate, who will bear a reverence to what carries the marks of the age. (Essays, p. 512-513) 2 Aussi peut-il sembler étrange de constater qu’il publia dans le volume des Political Discourses paru en 1752 un projet utopique intitulé « Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth » d’où est tiré le passage qui précède. Second paradoxe, ce texte, qui s’inscrit dans une tradition de pensée républicaine et rend explicitement hommage à l’un de ses principaux théoriciens, James Harrington, remet en question les maximes essentielles du républicanisme du même Harrington.
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