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Religion in Scotland and Its Influence Over the Celtic Vs. Rangers Rivalry

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Religion in Scotland and Its Influence Over the Celtic Vs. Rangers Rivalry Masaryk University Brno Faculty of Education Department of English Language and Literature Religion in Scotland and its influence over the Celtic vs. Rangers Rivalry Bachelor Thesis Jan Jačisko Supervisor: Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D. Brno 2015 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně a použil jen prameny uvedené v seznamu literatury. V Brně dne 15. listopadu 2015 Jan Jačisko Declaration I hereby declare that I worked on this thesis on my own and that I used only sources mentioned in the List of References. Brno, November 2015 .......................................... Jan Jačisko 2 Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to the supervisor of my bachelor thesis, Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D., for his guidance and professional advice during the development of this bachelor thesis. 3 Abstract The aim of this bachelor thesis is to show the influence of religion in Scotland over the rivalry between football teams situated in Glasgow – Celtic FC and Rangers FC. In the first chapter, the religious background of Scotland is described in order to explain some major events in Scottish history that help to understand the antagonism between Catholics and Protestants today. The second chapter deals with the origins of the rivalry. It summarizes foundations of both teams, and it describes the roots that led to a foundation of the “Old Firm” rivalry. The third chapter analyses the policies of the two clubs. There is a huge difference between Rangers’ “Sign No Catholic” policy and Celtic’s policy that allows them to sign any player no matter what religion he practices. The last chapter describes the religious symbolism during the Old Firm games. Supporters sing songs and chants, and players sometimes respond to what happens in the stands. Both these elements extremely intensify the rivalry. Key Words: religion, Catholicism, Protestantism, Scotland, Celtic, Rangers, rivalry Anotace: Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá náboženstvím ve Skotsku a jeho vlivem na rivalitu mezi dvěma fotbalovými týmy v Glasgow – Celtic FC a Rangers FC. První kapitola pojednává o historii náboženství ve Skotsku a o okolnostech, které pomáhají vysvětlit vztah mezi Katolíky a Protestanty v dnešní době. Druhá kapitola se zabývá původem rivality mezi dvěma týmy. Kapitola shrnuje založení obou týmů a popisuje důvody, které vedly ke vzniku tzv. „Old Firm“ rivality. Třetí kapitola vysvětluje politiku chodu obou klubů. Kapitola srovnává Rangers jakožto klub nekupující hráče katolického vyznání a Celtic, který podepisuje hráče bez ohledu na jejich víru. Poslední kapitola popisuje náboženské prvky, které jsou přítomné během zápasů dvou rivalů. Oslavné písně a chorály fanoušků, a činy některých hráčů, to vše zesiluje tuto rivalitu. Klíčová slova: náboženství, Katolicismus, Protestantství, Skotsko, Celtic, Rangers, rivalita 4 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 6 1 Religious Background of Scotland ..................................................................................... 7 1.1 The Early Years ............................................................................................................ 7 1.2 The Reformation .......................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1 The Reformation in England ................................................................................. 9 1.2.2 The Reformation in Scotland .............................................................................. 12 1.2.3 The Reformation in Ireland ................................................................................. 14 1.3 The Glorious Revolution ............................................................................................ 15 1.4 Ireland and Irish Immigration .................................................................................... 16 2 The History of the ‘Old Firm’ Rivalry .............................................................................. 18 2.1 The Roots of the Rivalry ............................................................................................ 19 2.2 The Old Firm between the Wars ................................................................................ 21 3 The Two Rivals’ Policies .................................................................................................. 24 3.1 Celtic and Religion ..................................................................................................... 24 3.1.1 Celtic against their own ...................................................................................... 25 3.1.2 The Great Flag Flutter ......................................................................................... 26 3.2 Rangers’ “Sign No Catholic” Policy .......................................................................... 27 3.2.1 The Formation of the Policy ............................................................................... 28 3.2.2 The Souness Revolution ..................................................................................... 31 4 Religious Symbolism during the Old Firm Games ........................................................... 34 4.1 Catholic and Protestant songs .................................................................................... 34 4.2 Players and Religious Elements ................................................................................. 37 5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 40 List of References ..................................................................................................................... 41 5 Introduction As the topic of the thesis suggests, I am going to explain the influence of religion in Scotland over the rivalry between two football teams situated in Glasgow – Celtic FC and Rangers FC. As a football fan, I have always admired rivalries between these two teams. However, I had never studied the reasons why these teams are so competitive and why they would do everything in order to defeat their opponent in the derby. I have always thought that this is the common rivalry of two teams from one city, but in this case I was mistaken. Celtic’s supporters are mainly Catholics, whereas Rangers’ supporters Protestants. It is well known fact that these two groups are both denominations of the Christian faith, and they have problems to accept each other. The aim of the thesis is to explain where the hatred between Protestants and Catholics started, how it is connected to the Old Firm rivalry, and what religious elements are visible during the clashes of the two teams. The thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, the religious background of Scotland and some major events in the Scottish history are explained in order to understand the relationship between Catholics and Protestants today – specifically the Reformation, which divided the whole Europe, the Glorious Revolution, and the Irish immigration to Scotland. The second chapter describes the origins of the rivalry of the two teams. It tracks foundations of both teams – Celtic as a team founded by Catholic immigrant, and Rangers as a team of Protestant hope. Some clashes and achievements of the two teams that shaped the rivalry are described in this part of the thesis. The third chapter deals with the policies of the two clubs. It explains the Celtic’s policy that allows them to sign any player of any religious faith, on the other hand, it describes in details the Rangers’ ‘Sign No Catholic’ policy. In the beginnings, Celtic used to have troubles with the teams of the same religious faith, while Rangers practised their policy until the 1980s. The last chapter provides examples of the religious symbolism at the Old Firm games. There could be many flags, songs, or chants seen or heard during the games, and all of them have their own meanings. Moreover, behaviour of some players of the two teams also intensify the rivalry. 6 1 Religious Background of Scotland This chapter deals with the religious background of Scotland in order to explain some major events that help to understand the struggle between Catholics and Protestants today. In 2011, there was a national census in Scotland that collected information about the population1. The census in Scotland takes place every 10 years. The 2011 census proved the domination of Christianity – ‘over half (54 per cent) of the population of Scotland stated their religion as Christian’. This means that the number decreased of 11 percentage points since 2001. It also claimed that the Church of Scotland is the most widespread denomination of Christianity in Scotland – 32 per cent of the population (1.7 million), and the number decreased of 10 percentage points since 2001. The second largest religious group are Roman Catholics with 16 per cent (0.8 million) which stayed unchanged since 2001. On the other hand, the number of people that stated ‘they had no religion’ increased nine percentage points since 2001 (Scotland’s Census, 2013). 1.1 The Early Years We do not know when exactly the Christianity came to Scotland, but according to Houston (2008) it was probably in the 2nd century AD with the arrival of the Romans into Britain (p. 38). There were four people inhabiting the land what we now call Scotland – The Picts occupying the north and north-east, the Scots in
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