ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH-WEST PROVINCE DEA Ref. No: 14/12/16/3/3/1/259

DRAFT FOR PUBLIC REVIEW 20 January 2012 - 20 February 2012

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PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW) , NORTH­ WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

PROJECT DETAILS

DEA Reference No. 14/ 12/ 16/ 3/ 3/ 1/ 259

Title Environmental Impact Assessment Process Draft Scoping Report: Proposed Solar Energy Facility on Hartebeestpan Farm, Christiana PV 2, North-West Province

Authors Savannah En vironmental (pty) Ltd Ravisha Ajodhapersadh Jo-Anne Thomas

Sub·consultants David Hoare Consulting cc Terra Soil Science MetroGIS Heritage Contracts and Archaeological Consulting CC (HCAC) Batho Earth Sustainable Futures ZA

Client Solar Reserve South Africa (pty) Ltd

Report Status Draft Scoping Report for Public Review

Review Period 20 January 2012 - 20 February 2012

When used as a reference this report should be cited as: Savannah Environmental (20 12) Draft Scoping Report: Draft Scoping Rep ort: Proposed Solar Energy Facility on Hartebeestpan Farm, Christiana PV 2, North-West Province

COPYRIGHT RESERVEO This t echnica l report has been produced for Solar Reserve South Africa (Pty) Ltd . The intellectual property contained in t his report remains vested in Savannah Environmental (pty) Ltd, No part of the report may be reproduced in any manner without written permission from Savannah En vironmental (pty) Ltd or So lar Reserve South Africa (pty) Ltd.

Project Details Pa ge i PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW) , NORTH · WEST PROVINCE Draft Seoping Report January 2012

PURPOSE OF THE SCOPING REPORT

Solar Reserve South Africa (Pty) Ltd is proposing the establishment of a 150MW commercial photovoltaic (PV) solar energy facility and associated infrastructure on the remainder of Portion 2 of Farm Hartebeestpan 330, which is located approximately 12 kilometres south-west of Christiana in the North-West Province (refer to Figure 1.1). The project is referred to as Christiana PV 2. The solar energy facility is proposed to accommodate several arrays of tracking photovoltaic (PV) panels and associated infrastructure. From a regional perspective, this region of the North-West Province is preferred by virtue of its climatic conditions (primarily due to the economic viability of a solar energy facility being directly dependent on the annual direct so lar irradiation va lues for a particular area). From a local perspective, the site is preferred due to suitable topography, grid connection (as an Eskom substation is located on the site), access, and by virtue of the extent of the site.

Solar Reserve South Africa (pty) Ltd has appointed Savannah Environmental as the independent environmental consultant to undertake the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed facility. The EIA process is being undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the EIA Regulations of June 2010 (of GNR543) promulgated in terms of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA; Act No. 107 of 1998).

This Draft Scoping Report represents the findings of the Scoping Phase of the EIA process and contains the following sections:

» Chapter 1 provides background to the proposed solar energy facility and the environmental impact assessment process. » Chapter 2 describes the components of the proposed project. » Chapter 3 outlines the process which was followed during the Scoping Phase of the EIA process. » Chapter 4 describes the existing biophysical and socio-economic environment affected by the proposed project. » Chapter 5 provides a desktop assessment of the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the two development phases of the proposed project. » Chapter 6 presents the conclusions of the scoping evaluation. » Chapter 7 describes the Plan of Study for EIA. » Chapter 8 provides references used in the compilation of this Scoping Report.

Invitation to Comment on the Draft Seeping Report Page ii PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH­ WEST PROVINCE Draft Seoping Report January 2012

INVITATION TO COMMENT ON THE DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

This Draft Seoping Report has been made available for public review at the following places, which lie in the vicinity of the proposed project area from 20 January 2012 - 20 February 2012:

» Christiana Public Library » Bloemhof Public Library

The report is also available for download on: » www.savannahsa.com

Please submit your comments to Shawn Johnston of Sustainable Futures ZA PO Box 749, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701 Tel : 083 325 9965 Fax: 0865102537 Email: [email protected] The due date for comments on the Draft Scoping Report is 20 February 2012

Comments can be made as written submission via fax, post or e-mail.

PUBLIC MEETING

In order to further facilitate co mments on this Draft Scoping Report and to provide feedback on the findings of the specialist scoping studies, a public feedback meeting will be held during the review period. All interested and affected parties are invited to attend a public meeting to be on:

» Date: Tuesday, 31 January 2012 » Time: 17:30 - 19:00 » Venue: Protea Hotel - Christiana (on Main Road)

Invitation to Com ment on the Draft Seoping Report Page ill PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW) NORTH- WEST PROVINCE ' Draft Seeping Report January 2012

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Scoping Report. It should be noted that Solar Reserve South Africa (Pty) Background Ltd is also proposing the development of a 15 MW facility on Solar Reserve South Africa (Pty) Ltd Portion 2 of Farm Hartebeestpan is proposing the establishment of a 330. This project would be referred 150MW commercial photovoltaic (PV) to as Christiana PV 1. A separate solar energy facility and associated Basic Assessment Process for this infrastructure on the remainder of project is being undertaken'- This Portion 2 of Farm Hartebeestpan report will thus not focus on the 330, which is located approximately Christiana PV 1 project. 12 kilometres south-west of Christiana in the North-West Province Project Location (refer to Figure 1.1). The project is referred to as Ch ristiana PV 2 . The Christiana PV 2 Solar Energy Facility is proposed to be established The solar energy facility is proposed on the remainder of Portion 2 of the to accommodate several arrays of Farm Hartebeestpan 330, which falls tracking photov oltaic (PV) panels within the Lekwa-Teemane Local and associated infrastructure. From Municipality of the North-West a regional perspective, this region of Province. The identified site has the North-West Province is preferred existing road access via the N12 and by virtue of its cl imatic conditions other secondary roads. The larger (primarily due to the economic site covers an area of approximately viability of a solar energy facility 428 hectares (ha) which is the extent being directly dependent on t he of the farm portion that is being annual direct solar irradiation va lues assessed in the EIA process. The for a particular area). From a local development footprint is not perspective, the site is preferred due precisely known at this stage but will to suitable topography, grid be confirmed during the EIA Phase connection (as an Eskom substation and is currently estimated to be is located on the site), access, and roughly 20 hectares for each block of by virtue of the extent of the site. 10 MW. The facility can therefore be appropriately placed within the larger An EIA process and publiC site taking environmental and any participation process is being other identified constraints into undertaken for the proposed. The consideration. nature and extent of this facility, as well as potential environmental impacts associated with the construction, operation and decommissioning phases are 1 This project is registered under DEA explored in more detail in this Draft Reference number 14/ 12/ 16/ 3/ 3/ 1/ 424

Executive Summary Page iv PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH­ WEST PROVINCE Draft Seoping Report January 2012

Project Components Evaluation of the Proposed Project

The proposed facility is envisaged to The main issues identified through make use of photovoltaic (PV) this scoping study associated with technology with a maximum total the proposed solar energy facility are

generating capacity of ~75 MW and summarised in Table 1. will include the following infrastructure: As can be seen from the table above, the majority of potential impacts » Mounting structure to be either identified to be associated with the rammed steel piles or piles with construction of the solar energy pre-manufactured concrete facility are anticipated to be localised footings to support the PV and restricted to the proposed site panels; itself (apart from social impacts - job » Cabling between the project creation which could have more of a components, to be lain regional positive impact; and visual underground where practical; impacts which would extend beyond » Internal access roads and the site boundaries), while fencing; operational phase impacts range » Workshop area for maintenance from local to regional and national storage, office, tOilets; water (being the positive impact of storage tanks; and contribution of clean energy as part » Upgrade of the Bloemheuwel of the energy mix in South Africa; Rural 132/22kV substation which and visua l impacts which would is located on the site. extend beyond the site boundaries). No environmental fatal flaws or no go The overarching objective for the areas have been identified at this solar energy facility is to maximise stage to be associated with the site. electricity production through A few small areas of potential exposure to the solar resource , ecological sensitivity that may while minimising infrastructure, support habitat for sensitive plant operational and maintenance costs, and animal species have been as well as social and identified for further study and environmental impacts. In order include: to meet these objectives local level environmental and planning issues » A Pan that occurs on the site : will be assessed through the EIA Pans represent a number of through site-specific studies in order ecological processes including to delineate areas of sensitivity groundwater dynamics, within the broader site; this will hydrological processes, nutrient serve to inform the design of the cycling and wildlife dispersal. facility. Wetlands are protected according

Executive Summary Page v PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FAC ILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM , CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH· WEST PROVINCE Draft Seoping Report January 2012

to the National Water Act and the consideration within the EIA phase. National En vironmental Through the EIA phase more detailed Management Act. The pan is dry studies will be conducted, and and seasonal. The pan that further sensitive areas will be occurs on the site is considered to marked, more accurately and in be of high sensitivity. more detail than in this Draft Scoping » Pockets of remaining natural Report. vegetation in the northern section of the farm: Evaluation of the Potential Issues These pockets of vegetation could with Associated Infrastructure support populations of Red List or Invertors, Upgrade of Substation and protected organisms, including Internal Access Roads flora and fauna that have been evaluated as having a probability In order to connect the solar energy of occurring within natural facility to the power grid, invertors habitats within the study area. will be used, which will connect to the existing substation which is These potentially sensitive areas are located on the site. The existing shown in Chapter 5 of this scoping Bloemhuwel substation, which links report, Figure 5.1. These areas are into an existing 132 kV powerline based on a desktop analysis of which passes through the site, will be existing information and will, upgraded to facil itate the connection therefore, be further investigated of the facility to the electricity grid. and assessed through a detailed The fina l point of connection will be speciali st study (including field dependent on the requirements of surveys) during the EIA phase of the and agreements with Eskom. process (refer to Chapter 7 for more details) in order to confirm their Potential issues identified to be sensitivity. associated with the upgrade of the substation, internal access roads and In order to assess potential impacts invertors include impacts on flora, within sensitive areas, the fauna and ecological processes, and preliminary layout for the PV solar potential impacts on heritage sites ( energy facility will be considered in Generally Protected sites, where the EIA phase. This preliminary mitigation is required prior to sensitivity analysis of the site should destruction of such heritage sites/ be considered by Solar Reserve artefacts). and visual impacts. The South Africa (pty) Ltd in potential impacts associated the understanding which area of the site associated infrastructure will be would be least impacted by the considered in detail within the EIA development of a PV so lar energy phase. Recommendations regarding facility in order to inform the a preferred location for this preliminary infrastructure layouts for infrastructure and appropriate

Executive Summary Page vi PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM , CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH­ WEST PROVINCE Draft Seaping Report January 2012 mitigation measures (if required) will be made. Other infrastructure such as the internal substation location/s, access roads and the maintenance facility will also be considered in the EIA phase based on the preliminary layout to be provided by Solar Reserve South Africa (Pty) Ltd.

Executive Summary Page vii

Table 1 : Summary of significance of the potential impacts associated with the proposed PV solar energy facility development

Construction / Decommissioning Impacts Extent Disturbance or loss of indigenous natural vegetation L Disturbance or loss of habitat for threatened / protected plants L Loss of protected trees L Impacts on watercourses and drainage areas L Establishment and spread of declared weeds and alien invader plants L Temporary disturbance to grazing land-use of the farm during construction L Soil loss/ erosion / degradation L Loss of heritage resources L Temporary visual intrusions / disturbances to people L Job creation and skills development of loca l people during construction (positive impact) L-R Economic spin-offs to local community. L Safety and security risks to site and surrounds L Temporary disruptions in the daily living and movement patterns to neighbouring landowners L

Operational Impacts Extent Loss of protected plant and animal species due to habitat transformation on the site. L Loss of low agricultural potential land on the site itself L Soil erosion L Visual impacts (intrusion, negative viewer perceptions and visibility of the facility) R Employment opportunities L-R Safety and security impacts on the site and neighbouring land. L Positive / negative effect on the tourism industry. R Contribution of clean energy. N

L Local R '---=--' Regional ,---,-,N_-,I National 1'----=.1_-'1 Internat ional

Executi ve Summa ry Page vi ii

PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM , CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH· WEST PROVINCE Draft Seoping Report January 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PURPOSE OF THE SCOPING REPORT ...... •...... •...... •...... II

INVITATION TO COMMENT ON THE DRAFT SCOPING REPORT ...... •...... III

PUBLIC MEETING ...... III

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... •...... IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... IX

APPENDIX LIST ...... •...... •...... •...... XI

DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY ...... XIII

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONyMS ...... •...... 18

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... •...... •...... 1

1.1. PROJECT LOCATION ...... 2 1.2. T HE PUR POSE OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 4 1 . 3 . REQUI REMENT FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL I MPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS ...... 4 1.4. T HE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PRACTITIONERS ...... 7

CHAPTER 2: SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 9

2.1. OVERVI EW OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 9 2.2. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 9 2.2.1. Site Alternatives ...... 9 2.2.2. Layout Design Alternatives ...... 10 2.2.3. The 'Do-Nothing' Alternative ...... 11 2.5 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SOLAR ENERGY FACIUTY AND THE GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY ...... 13 2.6 OVERVIEW OF THE CONSTRUCTION PH ASE ...... " , ...... 15 2.6.1 Conduct Surveys ...... 15 2.6.2 Establishment of Access Roads to the Site ...... " ...... 15 2.6.3 Undertake Site Preparation ...... 16 2.6.4 Transport of Components and Equipment to Site ...... 16 2.6.5 Establishment of Laydown Areas on Site ...... 16 2.6.6 Erect PV Cells and Construct Substation & Invertors ...... 16 2.6.7 Establishment of Ancillary Infrastructure ...... 17 2.6.8 Undertake Site Rehabilitation ...... , .. . """ ...... 17 2.6. OPERATION PHASE ...... " ",, ...... , ...... 17 2.6.1 Cleaning of the PV Panels USing Water ...... 17 2.7. D ECOM MISSIONING PHASE ...... , ...... 18 2.7.1 . Site Preparation ...... 18 2.7.2. Disassemble Components ...... 18

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CHAPTER 3: APPROACH TO UNDERTAKING THE SCOPING PHASE ...... 19

3.1. OBJECTIVES OFTHE SCOPING PHASE ...... " ...... 19 3 . 2. OVERVIEW OFTHE SCOPING PHASE .. " ...... " .... " ... " ...... " . " 20 3.2.1. Authority Consultation and Application for Authorisation in terms of GNR543 of 2010 .. ... " ...... " ...... 21 3.2.2. I&AP Identification, Registration and the Creation of an Electronic Database ...... " ...... " ...... " ... 21 3.2.3. Notification of the EIA Process ...... 22 3.2 .4. Public Involvement and Consultation ...... " ...... 22 3.2.5. Identification and Recording of Issues and Concerns ...... 23 3.2.6. Evaluation of Issues Identified through the Scoping Process ...... 24 3.2.7. Public Review of Draft Scoping Report and Feedback Meeting .. . " . 25 3.2.8. Final Scoping Report...... " ...... " ...... 25 3.3 REGULATORY AND LEGAL CONTEXT ...... " ...... " ...... 25 3.3.1. Regulatory Hierarchy ... " ...... 26 3.3.2 Legislation and Guidelines that have informed the preparation of this Scoping Report ...... 27

CHAPTER 4: DESCRIPTION OF THE RECIEVING ENVIRONMENT ...... 32

4.1 REGIONAL SETTING: LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA" ...... " .. " .... ".,," 32 4.2 CLlMATIC CONDITIONS ...... •.• ••.• ...... •...... 34 4.3. LANDUSE AND LANDCOVER ...... •. •...... •. •...... •.• .• .•... . •.•.•.•.•...... •.•...... 34 4.4. AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL ...... 34 4 .5. INFRASTRUCTURE, ACCESS AND T RANSPORT ROUTES IN THE STUDY AREA ...... 35 4 .6 . BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 36 4.5.1 Topography ...... 36 4.5.2 Land Types (Soils) """ .. "" ...... " " " " ... "" " ,, ...... ,, ",, ..... ,,""" 38 4.5.3 Land Use Capability"."."" ...... "" .. .. . "" " ...... """ .. .. . " ... "" 39 4 . 7 . ECOLOGICAL PROFILE" " ... " ...... " ...... " ...... " ...... " " " ...... " . 40 4.7.1 Vegetation ...... 40 4.7.2 Red List Plant Species" " " ... " "" ... .. """ ...... """ ...... 40 4.7.3 Protected Plant Species ...... 42 4.7.4 Red List and Protected Animal Species ...... 42 4.7.5 Birds ...... 43 4.7.6 Protected Trees ...... 43 4.7.7 Rivers and Wetlands ...... 44 4.8. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA AND SURROUNDS ...... 44 4.8.1 Dr. Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality ...... " ...... 44 4.8.2 Population Dynamics .... " ...... 45 4.8.3 Roads and Modes of transport ...... 46 4.8.4 Tourism and Leisure ...... " ... 46 4.8.5 Economy ...... 46 4.9. HERITAGE ...... 47

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4.9.1 Historic Period ...... 47 4.9.2 Stone Age ...... 48

CHAPTER 5: SCOPING OF ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED CHRISTIANA PV2 SOLAR ENERGY FACILITy ...... 49

5.1 METHODOLOGY FOR I MPACT ASSESSMENT DURING THE SCOPING PHASE ...... 49 5.2 Assumptions made during the Eva/uation of Potentia/Impacts ...... 50 TABLE 5.1: EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE 51 T ABLE 5.2: EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATEO WITH THE OPERATIONAL PHASE 63

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS ...... 71

6.1. CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED SITE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A PV SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ...... 72 6.2. EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL ISSUES WITH ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE - INVERTORS, UPGRADE OF SUBSTATION AND INTERNAL A CCESS ROADS ...... 74

CHAPTER 7: PLAN OF STUDY FOR_ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 76

7.1. AIMS OF THE EIA PHASE ...... 76 7.2. AUTHORITY CONSULTATION ...... 76 7.3. CONSIOERATION OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 77 7.4. ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 77 7.5. METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 84 7.6. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS ...... 86 7.7. KEY MILESTONES OF THE PROGRAMME FOR THE EIA ...... 87

CHAPTER 8: REFERENCES ...... 88

APPENDIX LIST

Appendix A: EIA Project Consulting Team CVs Appendix B: Correspondence with Organs of State Appendix C: IMP Database Appendix D: Site Notices and Advertisements Appendix E: Public Participatio n Information Appendix F: Ecology Seoping Study Appendix G: Soil Seoping Study Appendix H: Heritage Seoping Study Appendix I: Visual Seoping Study Appendix J: Social Seoping Study

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WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

Appendix K: Maps

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DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

Alternatives: Alternatives are different means of meeting the general purpose and need of a proposed activity. Alternatives may include location or site alternatives, activity alternatives, process or technology alternatives, temporal alternatives or the 'do nothing' alternative.

Archaeological material: Remains resulting from human activities which are in a state of disuse and are in or on land and which are older than 100 years, including artefacts, human and hominid remains and artificial features and structures.

Article 3.1 (sensu Ramsar Convention on Wetlands): "Contracting Parties "shall formulate and implement their planning so as to promote the conservation of the wetlands included in the List, and as far as possible the wise use of wetlands in their territory"" .(Ramsar Convention Secretariat. 2004. Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands. 2nd Edition. Handbook 1. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland.) (see http://www.ramsar.org/)

Calcrete: A soft sandy calcium carbonate rock related to limestone which often forms in arid areas.

Clean Development Mechanism (COM): An arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment (called Annex 1 countries) to invest in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own countries. The most important factor of a COM project is that it establishes that it would not have occurred without the additional incentive provided by emission reductions credits. The COM allows net global greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced at a much lower global cost by financing emissions reduction projects in developing countries where costs are lower than in industrialised countries. The COM is supervised by the COM Executive Board (COM EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties (COP/MOP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (refer http://unfccc. int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/ items/2998. php).

Cumulative impacts: Impacts that result from the incremental impact of the proposed activity on a common resource when added to the impacts of other past, present or reasonably foreseeable future activities (e.g. discharges of nutrients and heated water to a river that combine to cause algal bloom and subsequent loss of dissolved oxygen that is greater than the additive impacts of each pollutant). Cumulative impacts can occur from the collective impacts of

Definitions and Terminology Page xiii PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH­ WEST PROVINCE Draft Seeping Report January 2012

individual minor actions over a period of time and can include both direct and indirect impacts.

Demand-side Management Programme (DSM): A joint initiative between the DME, the National Electricity Regulator (NER) and Eskom which aims to provide lower cost alternatives to generation system expansion by focusing on the usage of electricity. Consumers are incentivised to use electricity more efficiently and at times of the day outside of Eskom's peak periods.

Direct impacts: Impacts that are caused directly by the activity and generally occur at the same time and at the place of the activity (e.g. noise generated by blasting operations on the site of the activity). These impacts are usually associated with the construction, operation or maintenance of an activity and are generally obvious and quantifiable

Disturbing noise: A noise level that exceeds the ambient sound level measured continuously at the same measuring point by 7 dB or more.

'Do nothing' alternative: The 'do nothing' alternative is the option of not undertaking the proposed activity or any of its alternatives. The 'do nothing' alternative also provides the baseline against which the impacts of other alternatives should be compared.

Early Stone Age: A very early period of human development dating between 300 000 and 2.6 million years ago.

Endangered species: Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating . Included here are taxa whose numbers of individuals have been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of extinction.

Endemic: An "endemic" is a species that grows in a particular area (is endemic to that region) and has a restricted distribution. It is only found in a particular place. Whether something is endemic or not depends on the geographical boundaries of the area in question and the area can be defined at different sca les.

Environment: the surroundings within which humans exist and that are made up of: i. the land, water and atmosphere of the earth; ii. micro-organisms, plant and animal life; iii. any part or combination of (i) and (ii) and the interrelationships among and between them; and

Definitions and Terminology Page xiv PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FAC ILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH­ WEST PROVINCE Draft Seoping Report January 2012

iv. the physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of the foregoing that influence human health and well-being.

Environmental Impact: An action or series of actions that have an effect on the environment.

Environmental impact assessment: En vironmental Impact Assessment (EIA), as defined in the NEMA EIA Regu lations and in relation to an application to which scoping must be applied, means the process of collecting, organising, analysing, interpreting and communicating information that is relevant to the consideration of that application.

Environmental management: Ensuring that environmental concerns are included in all stages of development, so that development is sustainable and does not exceed the carrying capacity of t he environment.

Environmental management programme: An operational plan t hat organises and co-ordinates mitigation, rehabilitation and monitoring measures in order to guide the implementation of a proposal and its on-going maintenance after implementation.

Fossil: Mineralised bones of animals, shellfish, plants and marine animals. A t race fossil is the track or footprint of a fossil an imal that is preserved in stone or consolidated sediment.

Heritage: That which is inherited and forms part of the National Estate ( Historical places, objects, fossils as defined by the National Heritage Resources Act of 2000).

Indigenous: All biological organisms that occurred naturally within the study area prior to 1800

Indirect impacts: Indirect or induced changes that may occur as a result of the activity (e.g. the reduction of water in a stream that supply water to a reservoir that supply water to the activity). These types of impacts include all the potential impacts that do not manifest immediately when the activity is undertaken or which occur at a different place as a result of the activity .

Interested and Affected Party: I ndivid ua ls or groups concerned with or affected by an activity and its co nsequences. These include the authorities, local communities, investors, work force, consumers, environmental interest groups and the general public.

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Late Stone Age (LSA): In South Africa this time period represents fully modern people who were the ancestors of southern African KhoeKhoen and San groups (40 000 - 300 years ago).

Middle Stone Age (MSA): An early period in human history characterised by t he development of early human forms into modern humans capable of abstract though process and cognition 300 000 - 40 000 years ago.

Midden: A pile of debris or dump (shellfish, stone artefacts and bone fragments) left by people after they have occupied a place.

Miocene: A geological time period (of 23 million - 5 million years ago).

National Integrated Resource Plan (NIRP): Commissioned by NERSA in response to the National Energy Policy's objective relating to affordable energy services, in order to provide a long-term, cost-effective resource plan for meeting electriCity demand, which is consistent with reliable electricity supply and environmental, social and econom ic policies.

Natural properties of an ecosystem (sensu Convention on Wetlands): Defined in Handbook 1 as the " ... physical, biologica l or chemica l components, such as soil, water, plants, animals and nutrients, and the interactions between them". (Ramsar Convention Secretariat. 2004. Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands. 2nd Edition. Handbook 1. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland.) (see http://www. ramsar.org/)

Palaeontological: Any fossilised remains or fossil trace of animals or plants which lived in the geological past, other than fOSSil fuels or fossi liferous rock intended for industrial use, and any site which contains such fossilised remains or trace.

Pleistocene: A geological time period (of 3 million - 20 000 years ago).

Pliocene: A geological time period (of 5 million - 3 million years ago).

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: "The Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) is an intergovernmental treaty whose mission is "the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world ". As of Ma rch 2004, 138 nations have joined the Convention as Contracting Parties, and more than 1300 wetlands around the world, covering almost 120 million hectares, have been designated for inclUSion in the Ramsa r List of Wetlands of International Importance." (Ramsar Convention Secretariat. 2004. Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetland s_ 2nd Edition. Handbook 1.

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Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland.) (refer http://www. ramsar.org/). South Africa is a Contracting Party to the Convention .

Rare species: Taxa with sma ll world populations that are not at present Endangered or Vulnerable, but are at risk as some unexpected threat could easily cause a critica l decline. These taxa are usually localised within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range. This ca tegory was termed Critically Rare by Hall and Ve ldhuis (1985) to distinguish it from the more generally used word "rare" .

Red data species: Species listed in terms of t he International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, and/or in terms of the South African Red Da ta list. In terms of the South African Red Data list, species are classified as being extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, insufficiently known or not threatened (see other definitions within this glossary).

Significant impact: An impact that by its magnitude, duration, intensity or probability of occurrence may have a notable effect on one or more aspects of the environment.

Sustainable Utilisation (sensu Convention on Wetlands): Defined in Handbook 1 as the "human use of a wetland so that it may yield the greatest continuous benefit to present generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations". (Ramsar Convention Secretariat. 2004. Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands. 2nd Edition. Handbook 1. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerl and .) (refer http://www . ramsar.org/).

Structure (historic): Any building, works, device or other facility made by people and which is fixed to land, and includes any fixtures, fittings and equipment associated therewith. Protected structures are those which are over 60 years old.

Dehnitions and Terminology Page xvii PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW) , NORTH-WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

BID Background Information Document CBOs Community Based Organisations CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CO 2 Carbon dioxide DEA National Department of Environmental Affairs DMR Department of Mineral Resources DOT Department of Transport DWA Department of Water Affairs EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMPr Environmental Management Programme GIS Geographical Information Systems GG Government Gazette GN Government Notice GWh Giga Watt Hour I&AP Interested and Affected Party IDP Integrated Development Plan IEP Integrated Energy Planning km2 Square kil ometres kV Kilovolt LUPO Rezoning and Subdivision in terms of Land Use Planning Ordinance, Ordinance 15 of 1985 m2 Square meters m/ s Meters per second MW Mega Watt NEMA National En vironmental Management Act (Act No 107 of 1998) NERSA National En ergy Regulator of South Africa NHRA National Heritage Resources Act (Act No 25 of 1999) NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NIRP National Integrated Resource Planning NW North West Department of Economic Development, Environment, DEDECT Conservation and Tourism NWA National Water Act (Act No 36 of 1998) PGWC Provincial Government of the Western Cape SAHRA South African Heritage Resources Agency SANRAL South African National Roa ds Agency Limited SDF Spatial Development Framework SIA Social Impact Assessment ZVI Zone of visua l influence

Abbreviations and Acronyms Page 18 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM , CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH­ WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Re port January 2012

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1

Solar Reserve South Africa ( Pty) Ltd is proposing the establishment of a 150MW commercial photovoltaic (PV) so lar energy facility and associated infrastructure on the remainder of Portion 2 of Farm Hartebeestpan 330, which is located approximately 12 kilometres south-west of Christiana in the North-West Province (refer to Figure 1.1) . The project is referred to as Christiana PV 2 .

The solar energy faci lity is proposed to accommodate several arrays of tracking photovoltaic (PV) panels and associated infrastructure. From a regional perspective, this region of the North-West Province is preferred by virtue of its cl imat ic conditions (primarily due to the economic viability of a solar energy facility being directly dependent on the annual direct solar irradiation va lues for a particular area). From a local perspective, the site is preferred due to suitable topography, grid connection (as an Eskom substation is located on t he site), access, and by virtue of the extent of the site.

The nature and extent of this facility, as well as potential environmental impacts associated with the construction, operation and decommissioning phases are explored in more detail in this Draft Scoping Report. It should be noted that Solar Reserve South Africa (Pty) Ltd is also proposing the development of a 15 MW facility on Portion 2 of Farm Hartebeestpan 330. This project would be referred to as Ch ristiana PV 1. A separate Basic Assessment Process for this project is being undertaken' . This report will thus not focus on the Christiana PV 1 project.

This Scoping Report consists of eight chapters, which include:

» Chapter 1 provides background to t he proposed solar energy facil ity and the environmental impact assessment process. » Chapter 2 describes the components of the proposed project. » Chapter 3 outlines the process which was followed during the Scoping Phase of the EIA process. » Chapter 4 describes the existing biophysical and socio-economic environment affected by the proposed project. » Chapter 5 provides a desktop assessment of the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the two development phases of the proposed project. » Chapter 6 presents the conclusions of the scoping evaluation. » Chapter 7 describes the Plan of Study for EIA.

2 Th is project is reg istered und er DEA Reference nu mber 14/ 12/ 16/3/3/ 1/ 424

Introduction Page 1 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM , CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW) , NORTH· WEST PROVINCE Draft Seoping Report January 2012

» Chapter 8 provides references used in the compilation of this Scoping Report.

1.1. Project location

The Christiana PV 2 Solar Energy Facility is proposed to be established on the remainder of Portion 2 of the Farm Hartebeestpan 330, which falls within the Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality of the North-West Province. The identified site has existing road access via the N 12 and other secondary roads. The larger site covers an area of approximately 428 hectares (ha) which is the extent of the farm portion that is being assessed in the EIA process. The development footprint is not precisely known at this stage but will be confirmed during the EIA Phase and is currently estimated to be roughly 20 hectares for each block of 10 MW. The facility can therefore be appropriately placed within the larger site taking environmental and any other identified constraints into consideration.

The proposed facility is envisaged to make use of photovoltaic (PV) technology with a maximum total generating capacity of ~75 MW and will include the following infrastructure:

» Mounting structure to be either rammed steel piles or piles with pre­ manufactured concrete footings to support the PV panels; » cabling between the project components, to be lain underground where practical; » Internal access roads and fencing; » Workshop area for maintenance storage, office, toilets; water storage tanks; and » Upgrade of the Bloemheuwel Rura l 132/22kV substation which is located on the site.

The overarching objective for the solar energy facility is to maximise electricity production through exposure to the solar resource, while minimising infrastructure, operational and maintenance costs, as well as social and environmental impacts. In order to meet these objectives local level environmental and planning issues will be assessed through the EIA through site­ specific studies in order to delineate areas of sensitivity within the broader site; this wi ll serve to inform the design of the facility.

Introduction Page 2 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACI LITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRI STIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH-WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 20 11

Proposed Photovoltalc (PV) Solar Energy Facilities on Hartebeestpan Farm, near Christiana, North-West Province

- Secondary Road

- Perennial River - - - Non-perennial River

..~ Power line

Figure 1.1: Locality Map showing the Christiana PV 2 Solar En ergy Facility

In troduction Page 3

F,o", lIers"dl< E· ",,,iI: ,,,visl< eo@s"veo .... eol

19 January 2012

South Afr ican Heritage Resources Agency 111 Harrington Street Cape Town SA HERITAGERF~Q~ R CES AGEr'C\' 1 South Africa RECJC.l ;,rED I

ATT: Mariagrazia Galimberti 3 0 JAN 2012 I Tel: 021 4624502

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH-WEST PROVINCE DEA Ref No.: 14/12/16/3/3/1/259

Dear Sir /Madam

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process is currently being undertaken by Savannah Environmental in terms of the EI A Reg ulations in accordance with sections 24(5) of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA; No. 107 199B), for the establishmenf of a photovoltaic (PV) solar energy facility and associated infrastructure on Hartebeestpan Fa rm.

Please find herewith a copy for the Draft Scoping Report for your review and comment. The public review period for the Draft Scoping Report is between 20 January 2012 - 20 February 201 2. The due date for comments is 20 February 2012. Please submit written comment to:

Shawn Johnston of Sustainable Futures ZA P.O. Box 749, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701 Tel: OB3 325 9965 Fax: OB6 510 2537 Email: [email protected]

Kind Regards

Ravisha Ajodhapersadh

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The scope of the proposed Christiana PV 2 Solar En ergy Fa ci lity, including details of all elements of the project (for the design/ planning, construction, operation and decommissioning Phases) is discussed in more detail in Chapter 2.

1.2. The Purpose of the Proposed Project

Globally there is increasing pressure on countries to increase their share of renewable energy generation due to concerns such as exploitation of non-renewable resources and climate change. In order to meet the long-term goal of a sustainable renewable energy industry and to diversify the energy-generation mix in South Africa, a goal of 17,8GW of renewables by 2030 has been set by the Department of Energy (DoE) within the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) 2010. This energy wi ll be produced mainly from wind, solar, biomass, and small-scale hydro (with wind and solar comprising the bulk of the power generation capacity). This amounts to ~ 42% of all new power generation being derived from renewable energy forms by 2030.

In responding to the growing electricity demand within South Africa, as well as the country's targets for renewable energy, Solar Reserve South Africa (pty) Ltd (herein referred to as Sola r Reserve) proposes the establishment of the Christiana PV 2 project to add new capacity to the national electricity grid. Solar Reserve wi ll be required to apply for a generation license from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA), as well as a power purchase agreement from Eskom (i.e. typically for a period of 20 - 25 years) in order to build and operate the proposed PV facility. As part of the agreement, Solar Reserve will be remunerated per kWh by Eskom who will be financially backed by government. Depending on the economic conditions following the lapse of this period, the facility ca n either be decommissioned or the power purchase agreement may be renegotiated and extended.

1.3. Requirement for an Environmental Impact Assessment Process

The proposed PV solar energy facility is subject to the requirements of the EIA Regulations published in terms of Section 24(5) of the National En vironmental Management Act (NEMA) 107 of 1998. This section provides a brief overview of the EIA Regulations and their application to this project.

NEMA is the national legislation that provides for the authorisation of ' listed activities'. In terms of Section 24( 1) of NEMA, the potential impact on the environment associated with these activities must be considered, investigated, assessed and reported on to the competent authority that has been charged by NEMA with the responsibility of granting environmental authorisations. As this is a proposed electricity generation project and thereby considered to be of national importance, the National Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) is the competent authority and the North West Province: Department of Economic Development, Environment, Conservation and Tourism (NW

Introduction Page 4 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH-WEST PROVINCE Draft Seoping Report January 2012

DEDECT) will act as a commenting authority_ An application for authorisation has been accepted by DEA under application reference number 14/12/16/3/3/1/259.

The need to comply with the requirements of the EIA Regulations ensures that the competent authority is provided with the opportunity to consider the potential environmen tal impacts of a project early in the project development process and to assess if potential environmental impacts can be avoided, minimised or mitigated to acceptable levels. Comprehensive, independent environmental studies are required in accordance with the EIA Regulations to provide the competent authority with sufficient information in order to make an informed decision. Solar Reserve South Africa (Pty) Ltd appointed Savannah En vironmental as the in dependent En vironmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP) to conduct the EI A process for the proposed project_

An EIA is also an effective planning and decision-making tool for the project developer as it all ows for the identification and management of potential environmental impacts. It provides the opportunity for the developer to be forewarned of potential environmental issues, and allows for resolution of the issues reported on in the Scoping and EIA Reports as well as dialogue with interested and affected parties (I MPs).

In terms of sections 24 and 24D of NEMA, as read with the EIA Regulations of GNR543; GNR544; GNR545; and GNR546, the foll owing 'listed activit ies' are triggered by the proposed so lar facility include :

Number and date Activity No (s) Description of each listed activity as per project of the relevant (in terms of the description notice: relevant notice) : GN544, 18 June 10 The construction of a 132kV overhead power line from 2010 the solar facility to the Eskom electricity grid . ...;,..- GN544, 18 June 11 The construction of the proposed solar fac ility may 2010 impede on drainage lines on the site. GN 544, 18 June 13 Th e facility may require the storage of hazardous 2010 substances in containers with a combin ed capacity of 80 but not exceeding 500 cubic metres. This will be confirmed through the EIA process . .;,...... - GN 544, 18 June 18 The crossing of drainage lines may result in the 2010 infilling or depositing of any material of more than 5 cubic metres into, or the dredging, excavation, removal or moving of soil, sand, shells, shell grit, pebbles or rock or more than 5 cubic metres from a watercourse GN 544, 18 June 22 The construction of a road of up to 13,5 m in width. 2010 The applicability of this activity is to be confirmed through the EIA process. GN 544, 18 June 26 Impacts on orange or red data plant species may be a

Introduction Page 5 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERG Y FAC ILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM , CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH·WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

Number and date Activity No (s) Description of each listed activity as per project of the relevant (in terms of the description notice: relevant notice) : 2010 process or activity identified in terms of section 53(1) of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004). The applicability of this activity will be confirmed through the EIA process. GN545, 18 June 1 The construction of facilities or infrastructure, for the 2010 generation of electricity where the output is 20 megawatts or more. The PV facility will have a generation capacity of up to 150MW. GN545, 18 June 15 Physica l alteration of undeveloped, vacant or derelict 2010 land for residential, retail, co mmercial, recreational, industrial or institutional use where the total area to be transformed is 20 hectares or more; Except where such physical alteration takes place for: (i) Linear development activities. (ii) Agriculture or afforestation where activity 16 in this schedule will apply. The PV facility wi ll occupy an area greater than 20 hectares for commercial electricity generation. GN546, 18 June 2 The construction of a road wider than 4 metres with a 2010 reserve less than 13,5 metres, that may occur in: (aa) A protected area identified in terms of NEMPAA, excluding conservancies; (bb) National Protected Area Expansion Strategy Focus areas; (cc) Sensitive areas as identified in an environmental management framework as contemplated in chapter 5 of the Act and as adopted by the competent authority; (dd) Sites or areas identified in terms of an International Convention; (ee) Critical biodiversity areas as identified in systematic biodiversity plans adopted by the competent authority or in bioregional plans; (ff) Core areas in biosphere reserves; (gg) Areas within 10 kilometres from national parks or world heritage sites or 5 kilometres from any other protected area identified in terms of NEMPAA or from the core areas of a biosphere reserve; (hh) Areas seawards of the development setback Ii ne or within 1 kilometre from the high-water mark of the sea if no such development setback line is determined . The applicability of this activity will be confirmed through the EIA process.

Introduction Page 6 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM , CHRISTIANA PV 2 (7SMW), NORTH· WEST PROVINCE Draft Seoping Report January 2012

Therefore, a Scoping and an EIA Phase are required to be undertaken for the proposed project. This process is to be undertaken in two phases as follows: » The Seoping Phase includes the identification of potential issues associated with the proposed project through a desktop study and consultation with affected parties and key stakeholders. Areas of sensitivity within the broader site are identified and delineated in ord er to identify any environmental fatal flaws, and sensitive or no go areas. Following a public review period of the draft report, this phase culminates in the submission of a Final Scoping Report and Plan of Study for EIA to the DEA. » The EIA Phase involves a detailed assessment of potentially significant positive and negative impacts (direct, indirect, and cumulative) identified in the Scoping Phase. This phase includes detailed specialist investigations and public consultation. Following a public review period of the draft report, this phase culminates in the submission of a Final EIA Report and a draft Environmental Management Programme (EMP), including recommendations of practical and achievable mitigation and management measures, to DEA for review and decision-making.

This Draft Scoping Report documents the evaluation of the potential environmental impacts of the proposed solar facility and forms part of the EIA process. The Scoping Phase was conducted in accordance with the requirements of the EIA Regulations in terms of Section 24(5) of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA; Act No 107 of 1998).

1.4. The Environmental Assessment Practitioners

Savannah Environmental was contracted by Solar Reserve South Africa (Pty) Ltd as the independent EAP to undertake both Scoping and EIA processes for the proposed project. Neither Savannah Environmental nor any its specialist sub-consultants on this project are subsidiaries of or are affiliated to Solar Reserve South Africa (Pty) Ltd. Furthermore, Savannah Environmental does not have any interests in secondary developments that may arise out of the authorisation of the proposed project.

Savannah Environmental is a specialist environmental consulting company providing holistic environmental management services, including environmental impact assessments and planning to ensure compliance and eva luate the risk of development; and the development and implementation of environmental management tools . Savannah Environmental benefits from the pooled resources, diverse skills and experience in the environmental field held by its team.

The Savannah Environmental team have considerable experience in environmental impact assessments and environmental management, and have been actively involved in undertaking environmental studies, for a wide variety of projects throughout South

Introduction Page 7 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75!.1W), NORTH-WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

Africa, including those associated with electricity generation. The EAPs from Savannah Environmental responsible for this project are:

» Jo-Anne Thomas is a registered Professional Natural Scientist and holds a Master of Science degree. She has 14 years' experience consu lting in the environmental field . Her key focus is on strateg ic environmental assessment and advice; management and co-ordination of environmental projects, which includes integration of environmental studies and environmental processes into larger engineering-based projects and ensuring compliance to legislation and guidelines; compliance reporting; the identification of environmental management solutions and mitigation/ risk minimiSing measures; and strategy and guideline development. She is currently involved in undertaking siting processes as well as EIAs for several renewable energy projects across the country. » Ravisha Ajodhapersadh, the principle author of this report, holds an Honours Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental Management and has 4 years' experience in environmental management. She has undertaken EIAs for other proposed solar energy facilities in South Africa.

Curricula vitae for the Savannah Environmental project team conSUltants are included in Appendix A.

In order to adequately identify and assess potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed project, Savannah Environmental has appointed the foll owing specialist sub-consultants to conduct specialist impact assessments:

» Ecology - David Hoare Consulting cc » Geology, soils, and erosion and agricultural potential - TerraSoil Science » Heritage resources - Heritage Contracts and Archaeological Consulting CC ( HCAC) » Visual - MetroGIS (Pty) Ltd » Social - Batho Earth

Refer to Appendix A for the curri cula vitae for Savannah Environmental and the specia list sub-consultants.

Introduction Page 8 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH -WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT CHAPTER 2

The following chapter provides an overview of the proposed Christiana PV 2 Solar Energy Facility and details the project scope which includes the planning/design, construction, operation and decommissioning activities_ This chapter also explores site-specific and technology alternatives as well as the " do nothing" option.

2.1. Overview of the Proposed Project

The PV solar energy facility and associated infrastructure is proposed on Portion 2 of Farm Hartebeestpan 330. The larger farm portion covers an area of approximately 428 hectares, which is much larger than the development footprint for the facility (which has not been finalised as yet). The facility can therefore be appropriately placed within the boundary of the larger site taking any identified environmental and other constraints into account.

The facility is proposed to comprise up to 75 MW and will include the following infrastructure and activities:

» PV panels (up to 2m in height) and mounting structures (either rammed steel piles or piles with pre-manufactured concrete footings to support the PV panels; » Cabling between the project components, to be lain underground where practical; » Internal access roads and fencing; » A workshop area for maintenance storage, office, toilets; water storage tanks; and » Upgrade of the Bloemheuwel Rural 132/ 22kV substation which is located on the site.

2.2. Project Alternatives

In accordance with the requirements of the EIA Regulations, project alternatives have been considered within the EIA process. These are detailed below.

2.2.1. Site Alternatives

A number of factors have been considered in determining a preferred site for development:

Site Extent Space is a restraining factor for the development of a solar energy facility. For example a PV installation of 10 MW will require approximately 20ha in the case of the technology proposed for the present project. Therefore an area of approximately 150ha would be required for one facility of up to 75MW. The proposed site which is approximately 428ha

Scope of the Proposed Project Page 9 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH-WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

in extent will therefore be sufficient for the installation of the proposed facility, and will allow space for the avoidance of any identified environmental constraints within the final design of the facility.

Site access The site can be accessed easily via existing access roads from the N12 and other secondary and gravel roads.

Climatic Conditions The economic viability of a photovoltaic plant is directly dependent on the annual direct solar irradiation values. A study of available rad iation data shows t hat the proposed site is uniformly irradiated by the sun. In addition, compared to other areas in the country with similar irradiation, the site experiences moderate temperatures which are suitable for PV technology.

Gradient A level surface area (i.e. with a minimal gradient in the region of 1 %) is preferred for the installation of PV panels and specifically for PV technologies (Fluri, 2009). This reduces the need for extensive earthworks associated with the levelling of a site, thereby minimising environmental impacts. The proposed area for the proposed PV plant is located flat terrain.

Grid Connection An Es kom 132 kV power line traverses the site, and Bloemheuwel Rural 132/22kV substation is located on the site. The PV solar energy facility could possibly connect into the existing substation, if it is upgraded. More details of the grid connection will be provided in the EIA report, and will be based discussion with Eskom.

Based on the above considerations, So lar Reserve considers the proposed site as a highly preferred site for the development of a PV Solar Energy Facility.

2.2.2. Layout Design Alternatives

The Scoping Phase aims to identify potentially environmentally sensitive areas on the site which should be avoided by the proposed development as far as possible. These areas will need to be considered in greater detail during the EIA Phase through site­ specific specialist studies. The information from these studies will be used to inform layout alternatives for the proposed development site and inform recommendations regarding a preferred alternative.

As indicated above, the proposed facility is expected to have a developmental footprint which is smaller than t he identified site. Therefore the facility and associated infrastructure (i.e. PV panels, internal roads, etc.) can be appropriately located in terms

Scope of the Proposed Project Page 10 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM , CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH -WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012 of avoidance of sensitive areas within the broader site. Therefore the extent of the site allows for the identification of la yout design and site-specific alternatives. Specific design alternatives will include inter alia the layout of the PV panels, and alternative routes for the power line corridor and the access roads. The aim of this planning process is to avoid environmentally se nsitive areas as far as possible and inform the final design of the facility.

2.2.3. The 'Do-Nothing' Alternative

The 'do-nothing' alternative is the option of not constructing the proposed PV Solar Energy Facility. Should this alternative be selected then there will be impacts at a local and a broader sca le. From a loca l perspective, the identified site, which is zoned for agricultural purposes, would not be impacted on from an environmental perspective, and co uld be utilised for future agricultural activities. However, at a broader sca le, the benefits of additional capacity to the electricity grid and those associated with the introduction of renewable energy wou ld not be realised. Although the facility is on ly proposed to contribute 75 MW to the grid capacity, this would assist in meeting the growing electricity demand throughout the country and would also assist in meeting the government's goal for renewable energy.

The generation of electricity from renewable energy resources offers a range of potential socio-economic and environmental benefits for South Africa. These benefits are explored in further detail in the South Africa REFIT Regulatory Guideline published by NERSA (March 2009), and include:

Increased energy security The current electricity crisis in South Africa highlights the significant role that renewable energy can play in terms of power supplementation. In addition, given that renewables can often be deployed in a short timeframe and in a decentralised manner close to consumers, they offer the opportunity for improving grid strength and supply quality in the short-term, while reducing expensive transmission and distribution losses.

Resource saving It is estimated that the achievement of the targets in the Renewable Energy White Paper will result in water savings of approximately 16.5 million kilolitres per annum. This translates into revenue savings of R26.6 million per annum, as fuel for renewable energy facilities is free while compared to the continual purchase of fuel for conventional power stations. As an already water-stressed nation, it is critical that South Africa engages in a va riety of water conservation measures, particularly due to the detrimental effects of climate change on wa ter avai lability.

Scope of the Proposed Project Page 11 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH -WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

Exploitation of our significant renewable energy resource At present, va luable national resources including biomass by-products, so lar radiation and wind power remain largely unexploited. The use of these energy flows wi ll strengthen energy security through the development of a diverse energy portfolio in South Africa.

Pollution reduction The releases of by-products through the burning of fossil fuels for electricity generation have a particularly hazardous impact on human health and contribute to ecosystem degradation. Th e use of so lar radiation for power generation is a non-consumptive use of a natural resource which produces zero emissions.

Climate friendly development The uptake of renewable energy offers the opportunity to address energy needs in an environmentally responsible manner and thereby allows South Africa to contribute towards mitigating climate change through the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. South Africa is estimated to be responsible for approximately 1% of global GHG emissions and is currently ranked 9th worldwide in terms of per capita carbon dioxide emissions.

Support for international agreements The effective deployment of renewable energy provides a tangible means for South Africa to demonstrate its commitment to its international agreements under the Kyoto Protocol, and for cementing its status as a leading player within the international community.

Employment creation Although the immediate opportunity for job creation is limited due to a lack of local skilled, the sa le, development, installation, maintenance and management of renewable energy facilities have significant potential for job creation in South Africa in the long­ term.

Acceptability to society Renewable energy offers a number of tangible benefits to society including reduced pollution concerns, improved human and ecosystem health and climate friendly development.

Support to a new industry sector The development of renewable energy offers the opportunity to establish a new industry within the South African economy.

Scope of the Proposed Project Page 12

PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH·WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

Protecting the natural foundations of life for future generations Actions to reduce our disproportionate carbon footprint can play an important part in ensuring our role in preventing dangerous anthropogenic climate change; thereby securing the natural foundations of life for generations to come. This is the basis of sustainable development.

The do nothing alternative will be assessed in further detail within the ErA Phase of the process.

2.5 Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Energy Facility and the Generation of Electricity

Solar energy facilities, such as those using PV panels, use the energy from the sun to generate electricity through a process known as the Photovoltaic Effect. This effect refers to photons of light colliding with electrons, and therefore placing the electrons into a higher state of energy to create electricity.

A photovoltaic (PV) cell is made of silicone which acts as a semiconductor used to produce the photovoltaic effect. Individual PV cells are linked and placed behind a protective glass sheet to form a photovoltaic panel. The PV cell is positively charged on one side and negatively charged on the other side and electrical conductors are attached to either side to form a circuit. This circuit then captures the released electrons in the form of an electric current (direct current). An inverter must be used to change the direct current (DC) it to alternating current (AC) . The electricity is then transmitted through a power line for distribution and use.

Figure 2.2: Schematic diagram of a PV plant (Sourced from: http://www.solar-green­ wi nd . com/ a rchives/ tag/ solar-cells)

Scope of the Proposed Project Page 13 - PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW) , NORTH-WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

The PV panels will be fixed to a support structure (as illustrated in Figure 2.3) set at an angle so to receive the maximum amount of solar radiation.

Figure 2.3: PV panels installed

The angle of the panel is dependent on the latitude of the proposed facility and the angles may be adjusted to optimise for summer or winter solar radiation characteristics. The PV panels are designed to operate continuously for more than 20 years, unattended and with low maintenance.

The Photovoltaic Effect is achieved through the use of the following components:

Photo voltaic Cells

An individual photovoltaic cell is made of silicone which acts as a semiconductor). The cell absorbs solar radiation which energises the electrons inside the cells and produces electricity. Individual PV ce lls are linked and placed behind a protective glass sheet to form a photovoltaic panel. A single cell is sufficient to power a small device such as an emergency telephone. However, to produce 75 MW of power, the proposed facility will require numerous cells arranged in multiples/ arrays which will be fixed to a support structure.

Th e adopted mounting structure proposed for this project is a mono axial tracking frame with:

» Direction of rotation axis North - South » Sun path direction tracking East - West » Maximum allowed tracking angle, from +450 to -45 0

Scope of the Proposed Project Page 14 - PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM. CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW). NORTH-WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

» Maximum modules surface for frame, about 36 m 2

The height of the PV arrays is expected to be up to 2 m . This technology ensures, in term of energy production, an advantage of about 25% compared to the horizontal fixed one.

.- " /" ,," - -;...et' .-' .-' .-' " " " " " "

Figure 2.4: Frame, structural details of a tracking PV technology

2.6 Overview of the Construction Phase

In order to construct the proposed PV solar energy facility and associated infrastructure, a series of activities will need to be undertaken. The construction process is discussed in more detail below.

2.6.1 Conduct Surveys

Prior to initiating construction, a number of surveys will be required including, but not limited to, a geotechnical survey, a site survey and, survey of substation site and road servitudes.

2.6.2 Establishment of Access Roads to the Site

Access to the site (from the N12 and secondary roads) will be required . Within the site itself, access will be required to the individual facility components for construction purposes (and later limited access for maintenance). Upgrade of access roads within the site will be required and new access roads will be required. Access track construction would normally comprise of compacted rock-fill with a layer of higher quality surfacing stone on top. The strength and durability properties of the rock strata at the proposed site are not known at this stage; this will need to be assessed via a geotechnical study to be conducted by the project proponent. Depending on the results of these studies, it may be pOSSible, in some areas, to strip off the existing vegetation and ground surface

Scope of the Proposed Project Page 15

PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM. CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW). NORTH-WEST PROVIN CE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

an d level the exposed formation to form an access track surface. The final layout of the access roads will be determined following the identification of site related sensitivities.

2.6.3 Undertake Site Preparation

Site preparation activities wi ll include clearance of vegetation at the footprint of each support structure. These activities wi ll require the stripping of topsoil which will need to be stockpiled, backfilled and/or spread on site.

2.6.4 Transport of Components and Equipment to Site

The components and equipment required for the co nstruction of the proposed facility will be brought to site in sect io ns by means of national and provincial roads and then proposed internal access road. Some of the components ( i.e. transformer) may be defined as abnormal loads in terms of the Road Traffic Act (Act No. 29 of 1989)3 by virtue of the dimensional limitations (i.e. weight).

Typical civil engineering construction equipment wi ll need to be brought to the site (e.g. excavators, trucks, graders, compaction eqUi pment, cement trucks, etc.) as well as components req uired for the upgrade of t he substation and site preparation.

2 .6 .5 Establishment of Laydown Areas on Site

Laydown and storage areas will be required for the typical construction equipment which will be required on site.

2 . 6.6 Erect PV Cells and Construct Substation & Invertors

The PV cells wi ll be arranged in arrays. The frames will be fixed onto the ground with the use of concrete, depending on the soil conditions at the site. This wi ll make the installation of the plant less invasive for the territory and faci litate t he decommissioning at the end of its production cycle. The height of the PV panel structure will be up to 2 m .

Inverters will be installed to facilitate the connection between t he solar energy facility and the Eskom electri city grid via the Bloemheuwel Rural 132/22kV substation. The position of the inverters within the footprint of the broader site will be informed by the final positioning of the PV components.

The upgrade of the Bloemheuwel Rural 132/22kV substation would require a survey of the site, site clearing and levelling and constru ction of access roadls (where required), co nstruction of a level terrace and foundations, assembly, erection, install ation and

3 A permit will be required for the transportation of these abnormal loads on public roads.

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connection of equipment, and rehabilitation of any disturbed areas and protection of erosion sensitive areas.

2.6.7 Establishment of Ancillary Infrastructure

Ancillary infrastructure may include a short turn-in overhead 132kV power line feeding into the Eskom electricity network via an existing power line located on the site, workshop, storage areas as well as a temporary contractor's equipment ca mp.

The establishment of these facilities/ buildings will require the clearing of vegetation and levelling of the development site and the excavation of foundations prior to construction. A laydown area for building materials and equipment associated with these buildings will also be required. Water storage tanks will also be placed on-site to collect water for cleaning of the PV panels.

2.6.8 Undertake Site Rehabilitation

Once construction is completed and once all construction equipment is removed, the site must be rehabilitated where practical and reasonable. On full commissioning of the facility, any access points to the site which are not required during the operational phase must be closed and rehabilitated.

2.6. Operation Phase

The electricity that is generated from the PV panels will be stepped up through the on­ site inverters and transformers at the substation. Thereafter the power will be evacuated from the on-site substation to the Eskom existing overhead power line to feed into the grid at Bloemheuwel Rural 132/22kV substation.

It is anticipated that a full-time security, ma intenance and control room staff will be required on site. Each component within the solar energy facility will be operational except under circumstances of mechanical breakdown, unfavourable weather conditions or maintenance activities.

2.6.1 Cleaning of the PV Panels Using Water

Water storage tanks will be used to co llect water for the cleaning of the PV Panels. Approximately 1 million litres of water per annum wi ll be required per year for cleaning and for domestic use on the plnat. Water is planned to be collected using several storage tanks (one tank will be approximately 40,000 litres in size). Water supply with either be by borehole on site or transported to the site via water trucks pending water authority engagement/water availabil ity / limits in the area . . The PV panels will be required to be cleaned with water twice or three times a year.

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2.7. Decommissioning Phase

The solar energy fa ci lity is expected to have a lifespa n of more than 20 years (with maintenance) and the power plant infrastructure would only be decommissioned once it has reached the end of its economic life. If economically feasible/ desirable the decommissioning activities wou ld comprise the disassembly and replacement of the individual components with more appropriate technology/ infrastru cture available at that time. However, if not deemed so, t hen the facility would be complet ely decommissioned which wou ld incl ude the following decommissioning activities .

2.7.1. Site Preparation

Site preparation activities wi ll include confirming the integrity of the access to the site to accommodate t he required equipment (e.g. lay down areas) and the mobilisation of decommissioning equipment.

2.7.2. Disassemble Components

The components would be disassembled, and reused and recycled (where possible), or disposed of in accordance with regulatory requirements.

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APPROACH TO UNDERTAKING THE SCOPING PHASE CHAPTER 3

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process refers to that process (dictated by the EIA Regulations) which involves the identification of and assessment of direct, indirect, and cumulative environmental impacts associated with a proposed project. The EIA process comprises two main phases: i.e. Seoping Phase and EIA Phase. The EIA process culminates in the submission of an EIA Report (including an environmental management programme (EMP» to the competent authority for decision-making. The EIA process is illustrated below :

Impact Dec:lslon Assessment Rnill m.ldng Scoplng Study. EIA Report SCoplng RepCM'"t: • draft Eptp: by DEA: • En1ll rol'lm t nt.1 To Ide nli"'llu•• EtA Report: Subm lllO DEA Spu l.Un nuc/les o\ut honution

EIA PROCESS

Figure 3.1: The Phases of an EIA Process

The Scoping Phase for the proposed PV Solar Energy Facility has been undertaken in accordance with the EIA Regulations published in Government Notice 33306 of 18 June 2010 (as amended), in terms of Section 24(5) of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA; Act No 107 of 1998). In accordance with these Regulations, this scoping process aimed at identifying potential issues associated with the proposed project, and defining the extent of studies required within the EIA. This was achieved through an evaluation of the proposed project involving desk-top specialist studies, as well as a consultation process with key stakeholders (including relevant government authorities) and interested and affected parties (I&APs). This chapter serves to outline the process which was followed during the Scoping Phase of the EIA process.

3.1. Objectives of the Seoping Phase

This Scoping Phase aimed to:

» Identify and evaluate potential environmental (biophysical and social) impacts and benefits of all phases of the proposed development (including design, construction, operation and decommissioning) within the broader study area through a desk-top review of existing baseline data and specialist studies. » Identify potentially sensitive environmental features and areas on the site to inform the preliminary design process of the facil ity. » Define the scope of studies to be undertaken within the EIA process.

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» Provide the authorities with sufficient information in order to m ake a decision regarding the scope of issues to be addressed in the EIA process, as well as regarding the scope and extent of specialist studies that will be required to be undertaken as part of the EIA Phase of the process.

Within this cont ext, the objectives of this Scoping Phase are to :

» Clarify the scope and nature of the proposed activities. » Clarify the reasonable and feasible project-specific alternatives to be considered through the EIA process, including the " do nothing" option. » Identify and evaluate key environmental issues/ impacts associated with the proposed project, and through a process of broa d-based consultation with st akeholders and desk-top specialist studies, identify those issues to be addressed in more detail in the Impact Assessment Phase of the EIA process, as well as potentially se nsitive environmental fea tures and areas which should be considered in the preliminary design phase. » Conduct an open, partiCipatory, and transparent public involvement process and faci litate the inclusion of stakeholders' concerns regarding the proposed project into the decision-making process.

3.2. Overview of the Seoping Phase

The Scoping Phase has been undertaken in accordance with the EIA Regulations published in Government Notice 33306 of 18 June 2010, in terms of NEMA. Key tasks undertaken within the scoping phase included:

» Consultation with relevant decision-making and regulating authorities (at National, Provincial and Local levels) . » Submission of a completed application form for authorisation in terms of Regulation 12 and 26 of Government Notice No R543 of 2010 to the competent authority (DEA). » Undertaking a public in volvement process throughout the Scoping process in accordance w ith Chapter 6 of Government Notice No R543 of 20 10 in order t o identify issues and concerns associated with the proposed project. » Preparation of an Issues and Response Report detailing key issues raised by I&APs as part of the EIA Process (in accordance with Regulation 57 of Government Notice No RS43 of 20 10). » Undertaking of independent specialist studies in accordance with Regulation 32 of Government Notice No R5 43 of 2010. » Preparation of a Draft Scoping Report and Plan of Study for EIA in accordance with the requirements of the Regulation 28 Government Notice No R543 of 2010.

The tasks are discussed in detail below.

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3.2.1. Authority Consultation and Application for Authorisation in terms of GNR543 of 2010

As this is an energy generation project the National Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) is the competent authority for this application. As the project falls within the North West Province, the North West Province: Department of Economic Development, Environment, Conservation and Tourism (NW DEDECT) acts as a commenting authority for the project. Consultation with these authorities has been undertaken throughout the Scoping process. This consultation has included the following:

» Submission of an application for authorisation to DEA, with a copy submitted to NW I DEDECT. Authorisation to continue with the Scoping Phase of t he project was granted as this application was accepted by DEA under the reference number 14/12/16/3/3/1/259 allocated to the project by DEA

A record of all authority consultation undertaken prior to and within the Scoping Phase is included within Appendix B.

3.2.2. I&AP Identification, Registration and the Creation of an Electronic Database

The first step in the public involvement process was to identify relevant stakeholders and interested and affected parties (I&APs) . This process was undertaken through existing contacts and databases, recording responses to site notices and newspaper advertisements, as well as through the process of networking. Stakeholder groups identified include:

» Provincial and local government departments (including DEA, NW DEDECT, SAHRA North-West, DAFF, Department of Water Affairs, Department of Agriculture and Land Reform; SANRAL, etc.) » Government Structures (including the Provincial Roads Authority, municipal planning departments, etc.) » Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality and Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality » Potentially affected and neighbouring landowners and tenants » Co nservation aut horities » Industry and business » CBOs and other NGOs.

All relevant stakeholder and I&AP information has been recorded within a database of affected parties (refer to Appendix C for a listing of recorded parties). Wh ile I&APs have been encouraged to register their interest in t he project from the start of the process,

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the id entification and registration of IMPs will be on-going for the duration of the EIA process. The project database will be updated on an on-going basis throughout the project process, and wil l act as a record of the parties involved in the public involvement process.

3.2.3. Notification of the EIA Process

In order to notify and inform the public of the proposed project and invite members of the public to register as interested and affected parties (IMPs), the project, and EIA process was advertised in the following newspapers:

» Volksblad (Afrikaans advert published on 18 January 2012) » Overvaal (Eng li sh advert published on 20 January 2012)

Site advertisements were placed on the site (fence and/boundaries) and in public places in accordance with the requirements of the EIA Regulations.

In addition to the above advertisements and notices, key stakeholders and registered IMPs were notified in writing of the commencement of the EIA process. These parties included, inter alia:

» Relevant parties from Municipalities potentially affected (directly or indirectly) by the proposed project » Communities and potentially affected landowners » Organs of state having jurisdiction in respect of any aspect of the activity, including: * North West - Economic Development, Environment, Conservation and Tourism (DEDECT) * North West - Agriculture and Rural Development * North West - Public Works, Roads and Transport * North West - Water Affairs * South African Heritage Resources Agency - North West * SANRAL - Northern Region * Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality * Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality * Eskom * Department of Energy • National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Copies of all the advertisements placed and notices distributed are contained in Appendix D of this report.

3.2.4. Public Involvement and Consultation

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The aim of t he publi c participation process was primarily to ensure t hat:

» All potential stakeholders and I&APs are identified and consu lted with; » Information containing all relevant fact s in respect of t he application is made available to potential stakeholders and I&APs; » Participatio n by potentia l I&APs is facilitated in such a manner that all potential stakeholders and I&APs are provided with a rea so nable opportunity to comment on the application; and » Comment received from stakeholders and I&APs is recorded.

In order to provide information regarding t he proposed project and the EIA process, a backg round information document (BID) for the project was compiled at the outset of the process (refer to Appendix E) . The BID was distributed to identified stakeholders and I&APs, and additional copies were made available at public venues within the broader study area.

Through consultation with key stakeholders and I&APs, issues for inclusion within the issues-based scoping study were identified and confirmed. I n order to accommodate the varying needs of stakeholders and I&APs within the study area, as well as capture their views, issues and concerns rega rding t he project, various opportunities have been and will continue to be provided for I&APs to have their issues noted after the release of the Draft Scoping Report for public review, as fo ll ows:

» Public meeting in the study area (open meeting advertised in the local press) » Focus group meetings (pre-arranged and stakeholders invited to attend) » One-on-one consultation meetings (for example with directly affected or su rrounding landowners) » Telephonic consultation sessions » Written, faxed or e-mail correspondence

Networking with I&APs will continue throughout the duration of the EIA process.

3 .2.5. Identification and Recording of Issues and Concerns

All comments received from stakeholders and I&APs on the proposed project will be included in the Final Scoping Report. A Comments and Response Report wi ll be compiled to include all comments received during the scoping phase of the process, including those received in the public review period of the draft Scoping Report.

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3.2.6. Evaluation of Issues Identified through the Scoping Process

Issues (both direct and indirect environmental impacts) associated with the proposed project identified within the scoping process have been evaluated through desk-top studies. In evaluating potential impacts, Savannah Environmental has been assisted by the following specialist consu ltants:

Specialist _____.. a ___Area of Expert_i.. se___ _ Refer Appendix David Hoare of David Hoare Ecology Appendix F Consulting cc TerraSoil Science Soils and Agricultural Appendix G potential Lourens du Plessis of MetroGIS Visual Appendix H Jaco Van Der Walt of Heritage Heritage Appendix I Contracts and Archaeological Consulting CC Ingrid Snyman of Batho Earth Social Social Appendix J and Environmental Consultants

In order to evaluate issues and assign an order of priority, it was necessary to identify the characteristics of each potential issue/impact:

» the nature, w hich includes a description of what causes the effect, what will be affected and how it will be affected » the extent, wherein it is indicated whether the impact will be local (limited to the immediate area or site of development) or regional

The evaluation of the issues resulted in a statement regarding the potential significance of the identified issues, as well as recommendations regarding further ,studies required within an EIA.

Specia list Scoping Reports are contained within Appendices F - J.

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3.2.7. Public Review of Draft Scoping Report and Feedback Meeting

This is the current stage of the Scoping Phase. The Draft Scoping Report has been made available for public review from 20 January 2012 to 20 February 2012 at the foll owing locations:

» www.savannahSA.com » Christiana Public Library » Bloemhof Public Library

In order to facilitate comments on the Draft Scoping Report. a public meeting wi ll be held during the review period for the Draft Scoping Report as follows:

» Date: Tuesday, 31 January 2012 » Time: 17:30 -19:00 » Venue: Protea Hotel - Christiana (on Main Road)

The public review process and details of the public meeting were advertised in regional and local newspapers. In addition, all registered I&APs were notified of the availability of the report and public meeting by letter (refer to Appendix E).

3.2.8. Final Scoping Report

The final stage in the Scoping Phase will entail the capturing of responses from stakeholders and I&APs on the Draft Scoping Report in order to refine this report. It is this final report upon which the decision-making environmental Authorities provide comment, recommendations, and acceptance to undertake the EIA Phase of the process.

3.3 Regulatory and Legal Context

The South African energy industry is evolving rapidly, with regular changes to legislation and industry role-players. The regulatory hierarchy for an energy generation project of this nature consists of three tiers of authority who exercise control through both statutory and non-statutory instruments - that is National, Provincial and Local levels. As solar energy development is a multi-sectoral issue (encompassing economic, spatial, biophysical, and cultural dimensions) various statutory bodies are likely to be involved in the approval process for solar energy facility project and the related statutory environmental assessment process.

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3.3.1 . Regulatory Hierarchy

At National Level, the main regulatory agencies are:

» Department of Energy: This department is responsible for policy relating to all energy forms, including renewable energy, and is responsible for forming and approving the IRP (Integrated Resource Plan for Electricity). Solar energy is considered under the White Paper for Renewable Energy (2003) and the Department undertakes research in this regard. It is the controlling authority in terms of the Electricity Regulation Act (Act No 4 of 2006). » National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA): This body is responsible for regulating al l aspects of the electricity sector, and will ultimately issue li censes for solar energy developments to generate electricity. » Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA): This Department is responsible for environmental policy and is the controlling authority in terms of NEMA and the EIA Regulations. The DEA is the competent authority for this project, and charged with granting the relevant environmental authorisation. » The South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA): The National Heritage Resources Act (Act No 25 of 1999) and t he associated provincial regulations provides legislative protection for listed or proclaimed sites, such as urban conservation areas, nature reserves and proclaimed scenic routes. » Department of Water Affairs (DWA): This department is responsible for effective and efficient water resources management to ensure sustainable economic and social development. » Department of Forestry and Fishery (DAFF): This department the custodian of South Africa's agriculture, fisheries and forestry resources and is primarily responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies governing the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sector. » South African National Roads Agency Limited (SANRAL): This department is responsible for all National road routes.

At Provincial Level, the main regulatory agency is:

» North West Department of Economic Development, Environment, Conservation and Tourism (NW DEDECT). This department is the commenting authority for this project. » Provincial Department of Agriculture » Provincial Roads Authority » SAHRA- North West

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At Local Level the local and municipal authorities are the principal regulatory authorities responsible for planning, land use, and the environment. i.e. t he Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality and Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality.

» The Lekwa-Teemane Local Munici pality (Municipal Code NW396) is located in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mo m pati District Municipality. The N 12 is the major arterial road and the Vaal River is the key component of the area, including the Bloemhof DBoitumelong, Christiana (and surrounding farm areas), Coverdale, Geluksoord, Sa lamat and Utlwanang . » In terms of t he Municipal Systems Act (Act No 32 of 2000) it is compulsory for all municipalities to go through an Integrated Development Planning (!DP) process to prepare a five-year strategic development plan for the area under their co ntrol. » Spatial Development Frameworks (such as t he Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality's SDF). » By-laws and poli Cies have been formulated by local authorities to protect visual and aesthetic resources re lating to urban edge lines, scenic drives, special areas, signage, communication masts, etc.

There are also numerous non-statutory bodies such as Sola r Energy Associations and environmental lobby groups that play a role in va rious aspects of planning and the environment t hat will influence solar energy development.

3 .3 .2 Legislation and Guidelines that have informed the preparation of this Seoping Report

The following legislation and guidelines ha ve informed the scope and content of this Draft Scoping Report:

» Na t iona l Environmental Management Act (Act No 107 of 1998) » EIA Regu lations, published under Chapter 5 of t he NEMA (GNR R545, GNR 546 in Government Gazette 33306 of 18 June 2010) » Guidelines publis hed in terms of the NEMA EIA Regulations, in particular: • Companion to the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) En vironmental I mpact Assessment (EIA) Regulations of 2010 (Draft Guideline; DEA, 2010) • Publi c Participation in the EIA Process (DEA, 2010) • Int egrated En vironmental Management Information Series (published by DEA) » International guidelines - the Equator Principles

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Several oth er Acts, standards or guidelines have also informed the project process and the scope of issues evaluated in the scoping report, and to be addressed in the EIA. A li sting of relevant leg islation is provided in Table 3 .1. A more detailed review of legislat ive requirem ents applicable to the proposed project w ill be included in the EIA phase.

Table 3.1: Initial review of relevant poliCies, legislation, guidelines, and standards applicable to the proposed PV Solar Energy Facility EIA Legislation Applicable Sections National Legislation Constitution of the Republic of » Bil l of Ri ghts (52) South Africa (Act No 108 of 1996) » Environmental Rights (524 ) - i. e. the ri ght to an environment wh ich is not harmful to health and well ­ being » Rig hts to freedom of movement and residence (522) » Property rights (525) » Access to information (532) » Right to just administrative action (533) Nationa l Environmental » National environmental principles (52), providing Management Act (Act No 107 of stra tegic environmental management goals and 1998) objectives of the government applicable throughout the Republic to the actions of all organs of state t hat may sig nificantly affect t he environment » NEMA EIA Regu lations of Jun e 2010 » The requirement fo r potential impact on the environment of li sted activities must be conSidered, investigated, assessed and reported on to the competent authority (524 Environmental Authori sations) » Du ty of Care (528) requiring that reasonable measures are taken to prevent po ll ution or degra dation from occurring, continu ing or recurring, or, where this is not pOSSib le, to minimise & rectify pollution or degradation of the environment » Procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency incident whi ch may impact on the environment (530) » Appeals against decisions made by authorities (543) En vironment Con servation Act (Act » National Noise Control Regulations (GN R154 dated 10 No 73 of 1989) January 1992) National Heritag e Resources Act » Stipulates assessment criteria and categories of (Act No 25 of 1999) heritage resources according to their significance (57) » Provides for the protection of all archaeological and palaeontolog ica l sites, and meteorites (535) » Provi des for the conservation and care of cemeteries and graves by 5AHRA where this is not the responsibility of any other authority (536)

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Le gislation Applica ble Sections » Li sts activities which require developers any person who intends to undertake to notify the responsible heritage resources authority and furnish it with details regarding the location, nature and extent of the proposed development (538) » Requires the compilation of a Conservation Management Pl an as well as a permit from 5AHRA for the presentation of archaeological sites as parl of tourism attraction (544) National Environmental » Provides for the MEC/Minister to list ecosystems which Management: Biodiversity Act (Act are t hreatened and in need of protection (552) - none No 10 of 2004) have as yet been published » Provides for the MECjMinister to identify any process or activity in such a 'listed ecosystem as a threatening process (553) - none have as yet been published » A list of threatened & protected species has been published in terms of 5 56(1) - Government Gazette 29657. » Three government notices have been published, i.e. GN R 150 (Commencement of Threatened and Protected SpeCies Regulations, 2007), GN R 151 (Lists of critically endangered, vulnerable and protected species) and GN R 152 (Threatened or Protected Species Re gulations). » This act also regulates alien and invader species. » Under this Act, a permit would be required for any activity which is of a nature that may negatively impact on the survival of a listed protected species.

National Environmental » National, provincial and local ambient air quality Management: Air Quality Act (Act standards (59 - 10 & 511) No 39 of 2004) » Listed Activities (521) » Atmospheric Emissions Licenses (522) » Measures in respect of dust control (532) - no regulations promulgated as yet » Measures to control noise (534) - no regulations promulgated as yet Conservation of Agricultural» Prohibition of the spreading of weeds (55) Resources Act (Act No 43 of 1983) » Classification of categories of weeds & invader plants (Regulation 15 of GN R1048) & restrictions in terms of where these species may occur » Requirement & methods to implement control measures for alien and invasive plant species (Regulation 15E of GN R1048) National Water Act (Act No 36 of » National Government is the public trustee of the 1998) Nation's water resources (53) » Entitlement to use water (54) - entitles a person to use water in or from a water resource for purposes such as

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Legislation Applicable Sections reasonable domestic use, domestic gardening, animal watering, fire fighting and recreationa l use, as set out in Schedule 1. General Authorisation Government Gazette No. 20526 8 Oct ober 1999 is of relevance. » Duty of Care to prevent and remedy the effects of pollution to water resources (519) » Procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency incident which may impact on a water resource (520) » Definition of water use and requirement for water use licenses for certain activities (521) » Requirements for registration of water use (526 and 534) » Definition of offences in terms of the Act (5151) National Environmental » The purpose of this Act is to reform the law regulating Management: Waste Act (Act No waste management in order to protect health and the 59 of 2008) environment by providing for the licensing and control of waste management activities. » The Act provides listed activities requiring a waste license National Forests Act (Act No 84 of » Protected trees: According to this act, the Minister may 1998) declare a tree, group of trees, woodland or a species of trees as protected. The prohibitions provide that 'no person may cut, damage, disturb, destroy or remove any protected tree, or collect, remove, transport, export, purchase, sel l, donate or in any other manner acquire or dispose of any protected tree, except under a licence granted by the Minister'. » Forests: The Act prohibits the destruction of indigenous trees in any natural forest without a licence. Conservation of Agricultural » Declared Weeds and Invaders in 50uth Africa are Resources (Act No. 43 of 1983) as categorised according to one of the following amended in 2001 categories: • Category 1 plants: are prohibited and must be controlled. • Ca tegory 2 plants: (commercially used plants) may be grown in demarcated areas providing that there is a permit and that steps are taken to prevent their spread. • Category 3 plants: (ornamentally used plants) may no longer be planted; existing plants may remain, as long as all reasonable steps are taken to prevent the spreading thereof, except within the floodl ine of watercou rses and wetlands. Guideline Documents

Approach to Undertaking the Scoping Phase Page 30 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV Z (75MW) , NORTH-WEST PROVINCE Draft Scaping Report January Z012 i Legislation n,....------A~p".plicable SectC~i -o"'ns------""1 Draft Guidelin es for Granting of » Outlines the rules and conditions which apply to the Exemption Permits for the transport of abnormal loads and vehicles on public Conveyance of Abnormal Loads and roads and the detailed procedures to be followed in for other Events on Public Roads applying for exemption permits L--- ______•______~P~o~/~;c~;~e~s~a~n~d~lV~h~ff~e~P~a~p~ers~ ______.. The White Paper on the Energy » Investment in renewable energy initiatives, such as the Policy of the Republic of South proposed solar energy facility, is supported by this Africa (December 1998) white Paper. The White Paper on Renewable » This Paper sets out Government's vision , policy I Energy (November 2003) principles, strategic goals and objectives for promoting and implementing renewable energy in South Africa. I

Approach to Undertaking the Scaping Phase Page 31 PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (7SMW). NORTH·WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

DESCRIPTION OF THE RECIEVING ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER 4

This section of the Draft Scoping Report provides a description of the environment that may be affected by the proposed Christiana PV 2 project. This information is provided in order to assist the reader in understanding the receiving environment within which the proposed facility is situated. Features of the biophysical, social and economic environment that could directly or indirectly be affected by, or could affect, the proposed development have been described. This information has been sourced from both existing information available for the area as well as collected field data, and aims to provide the context within which this EIA is being conducted. A more detailed description of each aspect of the affected environment is included within the specialist scoping reports contained within Appendices F - J.

4.1 Regional Setting: Location of the Study Area

The proposed PV Solar Energy Facility falls within the quarter degree grid 2725CC. The site is located approximately 12 km south-west of Christiana in the North-West Province, close to the province's border with the Northern Cape Province. The proposed facility is proposed on Portion 2 of Farm Hartebeestpan 330 (Refer to Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2).

Figure 4.1: General view of Portion 2 of Farm Hartebeestpan 330

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PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRI STIANA PV 2 (7SMW), NORTH-WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

Christiana PV2 (75MWI Hartebeestpan Farm North-West Province

Nalionel Road LAND COVER/BROAD LAND USE PATTERNS !2: Ar1 crial/tMln Road _ Thicket lind Busnland C2:J Secondarv Road _ Grassland _ lOwnIBuilt ·up Area . 'Nelland _ RiverJWal erbody _ Degrllded land ~ Rcsidcncl"./Homeslclld _ Irnoaled Agriculture .a PowerUnc _ Dryland Agriculture Ce""J S\lbstation _ Mines and QWlJ ries Isurface-based mining) ~ Proposed Site fot lhe Phocovottaic Plant Figure 4.2: Land Cover / Land Use of the Study Area

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PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW) , NORTH-WEST PROVINCE Draft Scoping Report January 2012

Kimberly ( located on the Northern Cape Province) which is approximately 90 km south of the site is also the main hub of the region. Mafikeng (which is located ~235 km north of the site) is the capital city of the North-West Province. Prominent topographical features in the area include the Vaal River which supports irrigation farming in the region and has influenced the settlement pattern of the area. The site is located in close proximity to the N12 national road, is the primary road in the region and the main link between the Northern Cape, North West and Gauteng provinces of South Africa.

4.2 Climatic Conditions

The climate is arid to semi-arid. Rainfall occurs from November to March, but peaks in mid- to late summer (February / March). Mean annual rainfall is 390 mm per year. All areas with less than 400 mm rainfall are considered to be arid. The study area can therefore be considered to be semi-arid to arid.

4.3. Landuse and Landcover

The primary activity in the region is farming. Mining of alluvial diamonds also occurs in the in the region, especially along the Vaal River, which is situated between 5-7 km east of the proposed site for the PV facilities. Farmsteads occur in a dispersed pattern around the site. The terrain type of the region is relatively homogenous and is described as plains with pans. The Land use of the region includes farming and mining. Sheep and cattle farming has gradually replaced dryland farming in the immediate surrounds of the proposed development area, leaving large tracks of land as disturbed areas . The site itself is used for sheep and cattle farming, and has no irrigated agricultural systems. Diamond delving in the study area has contributed to the degradation of the landscape. There are no formally protected areas. In general, tourist facilities wi ll be associated with fishing, camping and picnic spots along the Vaal River, which can be found in Christiana.

The land capability and land use of the site is predominantly extensive grazing due to climatic constraints in terms of dryland crop production. Due to the level terrain soil erosion is not a major factor.

4.4. Agricultural Potential

The agricultural potential of the site is low, due to the relatively low and erratic rainfall (around 400 mm per year). The ag ri cultural potential of the site is limited to extensive grazing mainly due to the low and erratic rainfall but also due to soil constraints. Certain areas can be used for irrigated crop production but then only if adequate water (quantity and quality) is available. Although the soils are considered to be suitable for irrigated agriculture the limiting factor here is in all probability the lack of adequate water sources for such land uses. In the absence of adequate water the

Description of the Receiving Environment Page 34

PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM , CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH ·WEST PROVINCE Draft Sea ping Report January 2012 agricultural potential is limited to grazing land uses with a distinct requirement for adequate grazing rotation and field rest periods (for adequate recovery).

4.5. Infrastructure, Access and Transport Routes in the Study Area

A number of roads run through the area under study. The N12 national road from Christiana to Warrenton passes through 3km south of the proposed site. The D505 is a secondary gravel road transects the site from north-east to south west, with another passing through 4km west of the site. A railway line is Situated on the southern boundary of the proposed site, running more or less parallel to the N12. A 132kV transmission line transects the study area from north-east to south-west, linking with the Bloemheuwel Rural 132/ 22kV Substation, which is located on the proposed site (Refer to Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4).

Figure 4.3: Bloemheuwel Rural 132/22kV Substation which is located on the site

Figure 4.4: 132 kV Powerline that occurs on the site

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PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH -WEST PROVINCE Draft Seaping Report January 2012

4.6. Biophysical Characteristics of the Study Area

4.5.1 Topography

The study area is situated on land that ranges in elevation from about 1200m a.s.1. to 1270m a.s.1. With a general incline of 0.5% (1:200), the terrain is very flat, sloping south to south-east towards the Vaal River. Refer to Figure 4.5 for a shaded relief map.

Description of the Receiving Environment Page 36

PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH-WEST PROVINC E Draft Seoping Report January 2012

PV2 (75MW) .. Hartebeestpan Farm ... ..;....,.. North-West Province

~. ~- . ", _. • .-.. .-...... ~ .J • ~ ,

""I """'t"'-

Naliooal Rolld TOPOGRAPHVISHADED RELIEF Elevation above sea tevcllml !Z::l Art crial/Main Road _ 1200 CZl Secondary Road _ 1210 _ lOwn/Built-up Alea _ 1220 - RM:rlWatCfbodv _ 1230 4km o Residence/Homestead {;2] Power Line 1240 [::=J 1250 c.~ Substation D 1260 mimi Proposed Site for the PhotO\lOhaicPl ...t ::::"___ JCJ~ ~12~7~O ______-======~ Figure 4.5: Topography / Shaded Re lief Map for the study area

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4.5.2 Land Types (Soils)

The geology is dominated by andesitic and basaltic lava with occurrences of calcrete. tillite and quartzite. Detailed soil information is not available for broad areas of the country. As a surrogate, landtype data was used to provide a general description of soils in the study area (Iandtypes are areas with largely uniform soils. topography and climate). The site falls into the Ae36 land type (Land Type Survey Staff, 1972 - 2006). (Refer to Figure 4.6 for the land type map of the area).

The soils of Land Type Ae36 is predominantly shallow to intermediate depth apedal (structure-less), sandy loam to sandy clay loam soils that are eutrophic or lime containing. Structured soils also occur and exhibit duplex as well as stable structure natures. Low lying areas and pans that occur throughout the landscape exhibit higher clay content and often structured soils with signs of wetness (morphologica l). The depression areas are characterized by soils with signs of incipient pedogenesis in the form of cutanic character and alluvial stratification .

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PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH·WEST PROVINCE Draft Seoping Report January 2012

l.ourtM G , ... Z,1 (MotW) 't"11 (t)76)11 11' 1 HARTEBEESTPAN 330 (\\~~)w ..... ~co.u (EaiI) kuml@1c:'mIb.to.D Land Types Map

Projection. Gauss ConfofTJI , 10 20 Datum · Hartebeeshoe6l1 994 o ! Reference El ip&Oid · WGS 1U84 " Central Meridian · 25 Kiometet'$ • Figure'. 4.6:' Land type map of Farm Hartebeesptan

4.5.3 Land Use Capability

The interpretation of the Google Earth image yielded one land use namely extensive grazing . The land capability of the site mimics the land use and is classified as "grazing". From the satellite imagery it appears that there are a number of depressions and potential pans on the site. From previous experience in the general area it is clear that these features on satellite images do not necessarily constitute wet areas. Rather, these areas represent potential depositional environments in a semi-arid climate and

Description of the Receiving Environment Page 39 - PROPOSED SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY ON HARTEBEESTPAN FARM, CHRISTIANA PV 2 (75MW), NORTH· WEST PROVIN CE Draft Scoping Report January 2012 they are therefore probably indica tive of areas with an increased incidence of lime and gypsum in the soil profiles .

4.7. Ecological Profile

4.7.1 Vegetation

The study area falls within the Savanna Biome (Rutherford & Westfall 1986, Mucina & Rutherford 2006). Th e most recent and deta iled description of the vegetation of this region is part of a national map (Mucina, Rutherford & Powrie, 2005; Mu cina et al. 2006). This map shows one vegetation type occurring within the study site, namely Kimberley Thornveld. There is a small area of azonal Highveld Salt Pans to the south­ east of the site, but this does not fa ll within the study area. Further away is Highveld alluvial vegetation associated with the Vaa l River. No other vegetation t ype occurs anywhere near to the site. The vegetation type is described in m ore detail below.

Kimberley Thornveld occurs on the slightly irregular plains of parts of the North-West, Free State and Northern Cape Provinces. It has a well-developed tree layer wi th Acacia eri%ba, Acacia torti/iS, Acacia karro and Boscia a/bitrunca and a well-developed shrub­ layer with occasional dense stands of Tarchonanthus camphoratus and Acacia mellifera. Th e grass layer is open with much uncovered so il. Overgra zing leads to encroachment of Acacia mellifera.

Th e vegetation type occurring on site (Kimberley Thorn veld ) is not listed in the Draft National Li st of Threatened Ecosystems (GN1477 of 2009). The conservation status of Kimberley Thornveld according to is least threatened and more details are shown in Ta ble 4.1. No Critica l Biodiversity Areas have been identified for munici pal areas of the North-West Province (bgis.sanbi.org).

Table 4.1: Conservation status of different vegetation t ypes occurring in the study area (Driver et al. 2005 and Mucina et al. 2005)

:-0--"""'- .,-- -o~-7''''-- Vegetation Target Conserved Transfo Conservation status Type (%) (%) rmed Driver et at. Draft Ecosystem (Ofo) 2005; Mucina et List (NEMBA) at., 2006 Kimberley 16 2 18 Least Threatened Not listed Thornveld

4.7.2 Red List Plant Species

South Afri ca has adopted the IUCN Red Li st Ca tegories and Criteria to provide an objective, rigorous, scientifi ca lly founded system to identify Red Li st species. Table 4.2 describes these ca t egories.

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Ta ble 4.2: Explanation of IUCN Ver. 3.1 categories (IUCN, 2001), and Orange List categories (Victor & Keith, 2004). I UCNjOrange Li st Definition Class category EX Extinct Ext inct CR Critically Endangered Red List EN Endangered Red List VU Vulnerable Red List NT Near Threatened Orange List Declining Declining taxa Orange List Rare Rare Orange List Critically Rare Rare: only one subpopulation Orange List Rare-Sparse Rare: widely distributed but rare Orange List DDD Data Deficient: well-known but not enough Orange List information for assessment DDT Da ta Deficient: taxonomic problems Da ta Deficient DD X Data Deficient: unKnown species Data Deficient

Lists of plant species of conservation concern previously recorded in the quarter degree grids in which t he study area is situated were obtained from the South African National Biodiversity Institute. There were three species on this list, one listed as Near Threatened and two listed as Declining. These Red List Plant Species are as follows :

» Acacia erioloba (declining specie) Acacia erioloba has a high probability of occurring on site. Acacia erioloba is also a protected tree. It usually occurs in deep sandy soils, along drainage lines and sometimes on rocky outcrops, but may also occur more widely in other habitats. » Lithops lesliei subsp. Lesliei This specie is listed as Near Threatened. Information from the SANBI website indicates that this species has not been previously listed in the grid in which the site is located, but occurs in neighbouring grids. The site is within its overall distribution range and is known (from other research) to potentially occu r in the area. Lithops lesliei subsp. lesliei therefore has a high probability of occurring on site. This species is found primarily in arid grasslands, usuall y in rocky places, growing under the protection of forbs and grasses. The main threats to this species are muthi harvesting, which ha s recently become the biggest threat to its persistence, followed by succulent collectors and habitat destruction. » Crinum bulbispermum The bulb, Crinum bulbispermum, is listed as Declining. It is found near rivers and streams, in seasonal pans and in damp depressions . There is a moderate probability of it occurring in the pan on site.

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There are no threatened red li st plant species that are li kely to occur on site, but there is one near threatened species that could occur on site, namely Lithops lesliei subsp. Lesliei.

4 .7 .3 Protected Plant Species

There are plant species which are protected under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004). Hoodia gordonii is a plant species that appears on the NEMBA list and that cou ld potentially occur in the region, however it has not previously been recorded in the grid. Hoodia gordonii is currently listed in Appendix II to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which includes species not currently consid ered endangered but are at risk if trade is not controlled. Hoodia gordonii has a wide tolerance of growing habitats and is found in deep Ka lahari sands, on dry stony slopes or flats and under the protection of xerophytic bushes. It is considered possible that this species occurs on site, although the distribution of the species may be limited to the eastern section of the site.

Another protected plant species that cou ld potentially occur in the region, although it has not previously been recorded in the grid, is Harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw). This species is associated mainly with dry sandveld on deep Kalahari sand. It usually occupies plains, dune bases and interdunes. Soils are usually sandy but can be rocky. They are generally nutrient poor, often with lime.

4.7.4 Red List and Protected Animal Species

The threatened, near threatened and protected animal species t hat may occu r on the site are as follows:

» White rhinoceros (protected), » Brown Hyaena (NT, protected), » South African Hedgehog (NT/LC, protected), » Black Wildebeest (protected), » Black-footed Cat (protected), » Honey Ba dger (protected). » Cape Fox (protected), » Giant Bu llfrog (protected).

There are two mammal species of conservation concern that cou ld occur in available habitats in the study area. This includes the Brown Hyaena; classified as Near Threatened (NT), and the South African Hedgehog, wh ich is classified in South Africa as Near Threatened, but globally as Least Concern (LC). There are an additional five mammal species that are not listed as of conservation concern, but which are protected.

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These are the White rhinoceros, Black Wildebeest , Bla ck-footed Ca t, Honey Badger and Cape Fox.

The Giant Bu llfrog is the on ly amphibian species with a distribution that includes the study area and which cou ld occur on site_ This species is classified as Lea st Concern globally and near threatened in South Africa . It is, however, protected under the National En vironmental Management: Biodiversity Act and any impacts on a specimen of this species or that may negatively affect the survival of the species would require a permit. The Giant Bullfrog inhabits a variety of vegetation t ypes where it breeds in seasonal, sha llow, grassy pans in fla t, open areas. It also utilises non-permanent vleis and shallow water on margins of waterholes and dams. It prefers sa ndy substrates although they sometimes inhabit clay soils. Habitats such as these occur on site. It was therefore assessed that there was a probability of it occu rring on site.

Th ere are no reptile species of conservation conce rn that have a distribution that includes the study area.

4.7.5 Birds

The protected bird species that may occu r or use the site are as follows:

» Blue Crane (VU), » Caspian Tern (NT), » Kori Bustard (VU), » Lanner Falcon (NT), » Lesser Kestrel (VU), » Martial Eagle (VU), » Secretarybird (NT), » White Peli can (NT)

These bird species may utilise available habitats in the study area, either for foraging or breeding. The on ly species likely to use parts of the site for breeding are Kori Bustard . The other seven species, t he Blue Crane, Caspian Tern, Lanner Falcon, Lesser Kestrel, Martial Eagle, White Pelican and Secretarybird, may use the site or parts of the site for foraging.

4.7.6 Protected Trees

Certain tree species are protected under the National Forest Act. There are three that have a geographical distribution that incl udes the study area, Boscia albitrunca (Shepherd's Tree / Witgatboo m / IXhi), Acacia haematoxylon (Grey camel t horn) and Acacia erioloba (Camel Th orn, Kameeldoring).

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Boscia albitrunca occurs in semi-desert areas and bushveld, often on termitaria, but is common on sandy to loamy soils and calcrete soi ls. It is usually quite common where it is found.

The tree, Acacia erioloba, occurs in dry woodland along watercourses in arid areas where underground water is present as well as on deep Kalahari sands. The site is at the very edge of its distribution range.

The tree, Acacia haematoxylon, occurs on deep Ka lahari sand between dunes or along dry watercourses. There is some confusion on the distribution of this species. This species has a geographic distribution that is indicated in the literature (van Wyk & van Wyk 1997) as not occurring in the area, but co llection records for this species obtained from the SANB! website (http://sibis.sanbLorg/) indicate that t his species does occur near to the site. The collection records are a more reliable indicator of distribution, since they are based on observation of individual plants in the field. The SANB! distribution records also match the habitat preference for the species (Ka lahari Basin).

4 .7.7 Rivers and Wetlands

No rivers occur on the site. One seasonal pan occurs on the site.

4.8. Social Characteristics of the Study Area and Sur rounds

4.8.1 Dr. Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Muni cipa lity

The Bophirima District Municipality recently underwent a name change to the Dr. Ruth Segomotsi District Municipality (RSM District Municipality) (www.lekwateemane.co.za) . It is one of four district municipalities within the North West Province and the seat of the RSM District Municipality is situated in Vryburg. The RSM District Municipality contains five local municipalities, namely:

» Greater Taung Local Municipality; » Na ledi Loca l Municipality; » Mamusa Loca l Municipality; » Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality; and » Kagisano-Molopo Loca l Municipality. » Lekwa-Teemane Loca l Municipality

The study area falls within the jurisdiction of the Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality (LTLM), Ward 7. This municipality was established in 2000 from the de-established municipalities of Christiana and Bloemhof, and includes the following towns and settlements : » Christiana;

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» Bloemhof; » Boitumelong; » Coverdale; » Geluksoord; » Salamat; and » Utlwanang

Christiana is an agricultural town situated on the banks of the Vaa l River along the N12 between Warrenton and Bloemhof. The town of Warrenton which fa lls within the Northern Cape Province and the Magareng Loca l Municipality is approximately 23 km from the site. For the purpose of the report, the focus, however, would be placed on the town of Christiana and the Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality as the farm Hartebeestpan fa lls within this municipality's area of jurisdiction.

4.8.2 Population Dynamics

Population Figures and Age Groups

Within the LTLM, the population was estimated at 42 967 individuals in 2001 with approximately 25% of these individuals falling within the "youth" category (0 - 17 years of age). The Community Survey of 2007, however estimated the population at 32 809 individuals. With or without the decline in the figures, the LTLM remains the least populated municipality within the RSM District Municipality (LTLM IDP, 2008). The LTLM is experiencing an influx of foreigners to the urban nodes such as Christiana and Bloemhof, as well as BOitumelong and Utlwanang. These are mostly shop keepers opening businesses in these areas. The LTLM is therefore embarking on a programme to ensure that the outsiders and locals are properly integrated to avoid possible future conflict between the groupings (LTLM IDP, 2008).

Education levels

Approximately 6% of the school going population within the LTLM have completed Grade 12 and only 2% have some tertiary education . Even though 18% have some form of secondary schooling, the general skills levels within the municipal area is of concern (LTLM IDP, 2008). The lack of skills among the community needs to be addressed by making it possible for them to access jobs. Projects shou ld be sustainable and attention should also be given to basic adult education programmes.

Employment Status

The farming sector is responsible for 25% of the employment in the area, followed by the mining sector (17%). The largest sector of the employment is thus within elementary pOSitions within the primary sector, followed by private households (5%),

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social services (3%) and the trade (2%) sectors. Forty two percent (42%), however has been employed in a ca tegory named "other". No indications for this sector were given although it cou ld include the informal sect or (LTLM !DP, 2008). The m ajority of the households earn less than R3 200 per month (91%) which indicates the poverty levels found throughout the LTLM ( LTLM !DP, 2008).

4.8.3 Roads and Modes of transport

The N12 is the main route through the municipal area . Va rious secondary roads link the smaller settlem ents and towns in the area. These roads' surfaces, however, are in poor co nd ition and the majority of these needs upgrad ing. Storm water management also need to be addressed especially in Utlwanang and Boitumelong (LTLM !DP, 2008). Public transport in the area is not up to standard. Large numbers of people are employed outside the urban nodes. Private taxis are not allowed to commute between Bloemhof ' and Christiana due to limited permit s. People thus have to depend on lifts and informal transportation measures which create safet y risks for motorist and individuals (LTLM !DP, 2008).

4.8.4 Tourism and Leisure

The Bloemhof Dam situated on the Vaa l River is one of the main tourist attractions in the area with a number of activities taking place annually (e.g. fishing competitions and wa ter festivals) (www.lekwateemane.co.za & LTLM !DP, 2008). The Aventura Vaa l Spa is also a popular resort 3 km north of Christiana. Other tourist attractions include the Diggers' Diamond Museum and San Bushman Rock Art on the Farm Stowlands 6km out of town, and Stows Kopje with prehistoric rock engravings which ha ve been declared a national monument. Tourism, however, is not properly promoted and indications are that the municipality wi ll be more dependent on tourism once the N12 treasure route has been completed. Even though only 5% of the area is all ocated to nature reserve, the municipality will also focus on developing tourism around these sectors (LTLM !DP, 2008).

4.8.5 Economy

The key drivers within the LTLM are the agricultural sector which includes production of beef, maize, sorghum, groundnuts and cotton, followed by t he mining sector. A concerning issue is the slow decline in the mining sector as local employer ( LTLM !DP, 2008). The Beefmaster commercial ca ttle farm within the Ch ristiana area is a large employer within the LTLM. Other key busi nesses include Dairy Belle and the SA Lombard Nature Reserve ( Bloemhof area), the Protea Resort, Westra (a producer of maize meal), as well as SA Feeds and Phosphates (all within the Christiana area) (www.lekwateemane.co .za ) . The LTLM (LTLM , 2006) has adopted fi ve core drivers to unlock economic growth and to address the poverty in the region, namely:

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» Strengthen support for business and SMME's access to funding; » Create an enabling environment through governance and administration; » Further expand market opportunities for tourism; » Local farming and mining support through coordinated information and advice access points; and » Develop infrastructure facilities in the loca l authority's area.

4.9. Heritage

4.9.1 Historic Period

Among the earliest inhabitants in the area were the Koranas, the Khoikhoi and the Bushmen. The latter existed as hunter-gatherers, whereas the Khoikhoi and Koranas grazed livestock. In other respects, their cultures were much alike. The history of the towns Christiana is discussed below.

The area in which the town of Christiana was established was initially very sparsely populated. This was due to the constant droughts and cattle diseases that made the area very hard to settle in. Some of the earliest inhabitants in this area were the Batlapin, the Barolong and the Koranas. These populations were however displaced during the Difaqane: a time of bloody upheavals in South Africa, which occurred around the early 1820's until the late 1830's. (Geskiedenisatlas van SUid-Afrika 1999: 109- 115). It came about in response to heightened competition for land and trade, and caused population groups like Griquas and Shaka's Zulus to attack other tribes. (Geskiedenisatlas van Suid-Afrika 1999: 14; 116-119). These tribes were assaulted by the Ndebele troupes of Mzilikazi, and migrated to the Blesberg. Skirmished between different tribes in the area continued to cause unrest, but it was not long before the need developed for towns to be established for the white farmers that have settled in the area. Bloemhof was founded on 28 March 1866, and only three years later Christiana was also establi shed. The latter town was named after Christina Petronella Pretorius, the only child of the State President M. W. Pretorius (1857-1860 and 1864-1871). In 1870, plots were first sold at Christiana, and this helped the expansion of the town. (Anon 1970: 3-7)

The discovery of diamonds in the region predictably affected the town of Christiana significantly. On 3 October 1904, the town lands of Christiana were declared public diggings. More than 200 diggers came to the area during this time. Shortly before this, the Anglo-Boer War had also left its mark on Christiana . Several serious battles took pla ce in the vicinity of the town, and several British soldiers are buried in the old grave yard. In May 1900 the town was seized by the British Lieutenant-General Sir A. Hunter. Another incidence of note is an influenza epidemic in the town that killed 60 individuals, including the Chief of Police, in 1918. (Anon 1970: 11-12, 15).

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4.9.2 Stone Age

South Africa has a long and complex Stone Age sequence of more than 2 million years. The broad sequence includes the Later Stone Age, the Middle Stone Age and the Earlier Stone Age. Each of these phases contains sub-phases or industrial complexes, and within these we can expect regional variation regarding characteristics and time ranges. For Cultural Resources Management (CRM) purposes it is often only expected/ possible to identify the presence of the three main phases. Yet sometimes the recognition of cultural groups, affinities or trends in technology and/ or subsistence practices, as represented by the sub-phases or industrial complexes, is achievable. Such finer­ grained identifications may help to highlight the importance of some archaeological sites in a specific region.

Stone Age Sites are often concentrated along rivers such as the Vaal River (e.g. Gibbon et al 2009) as well as around koppies for example Wildebeest Kuil west of Kimberl ey. Sites can also be found on the verges of pans such as Alexandersfontein east of Kimberley Archaeological surveys have shown rocky outcrops and hills, drainage lines, ri verbanks and confluences to be prime localities for archaeological finds and specificall y Stone Age sites, as these areas where utilised for settlement of base camps close to water and hunting ranges_ If any of these features occur in the study area Stone Age manifestations can be expect within the development area. From a desktop pOint of view, Stone Age manifestations may occur on the site itself. Engraved boulders or stones may also occur on the site.

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SCOPING OF ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED CHRISTIANA PV2 SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY CHAPTER 5

Th e potentia l impacts of the predominant phases of the proposed development ( Le. construction and operation) are ident ified, described and evaluated in this chapter . Th e majority of the environmental impacts are expected to occur during t he construction phase for a facility of this nature.

En vi ronmental issues associated with construction and decommissioning activities of a PV so lar energ y facility are similar and include, am ong others :

» I mpact on fauna, flora and ecology. » Impact on land use - inability to use arabl e land during construction of t he facility. » I mpact on soils and geology in term s of increase in erosion potentia l. » Impact on heritage resources . » Social impacts (pos itive and negative).

Enviro nmental issues specific to t he operation of a PV solar energy facility cou ld incl ude, among others:

» Habitat transformation (li mited to the footprint of the PV panels, access roa ds and associated infrastruct ure). » Change in land-use and loss of arable la nd for the footprint of the facility . » Pot ential so il loss fo r the footpri nt of the facil ity . » Visua l impact s (intrusion, negat ive viewer perceptions and visibility of t he facility) » Social impacts (positive and negative)

Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 provide a summary of t he findings of the scoping st udy undertaken for t he construction and operation phases of the proposed project respect ively . Impacts of the proposed facility are evaluated, and recommendations are made rega rding further st udies required within the EIA phase of the process.

5. 1 Met hodology for Impact Assess ment during the Seopi ng Phase

The fo llowing methodology was used to determine the main iss ues and potential impacts of the proposed project during the scoping phase at a desktop level based on existing information :

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» Identify potential sensitive environments and receptors that m ay be impacted on by the proposed facility and t he types of impacts (i.e. direct, indirect and cumulative') that are most li kely to occur. » Determine the nature and extent of potential impacts during the co nstruction and operational phases. » Identify ' No-Go' areas, if applicable. » Summari se the potential impacts that will be considered further in the EIA Phase through specialist assessments. Tables 5.1 and 5.2 summarise the findings of the Scoping Phase undertaken for the co nstruction and operation phases of the proposed development (the pre-construction and decommissioning phases will be discussed in further detail in the EIA Phase).

5.2 Assumptions made during the Evaluation of Potential Impacts

While eva luating potential impacts associat ed with· t he proposed project, it was assumed t hat the development footprint (the area that will be affected during t he operational phase) will include the footprints for the solar components (i.e. PV panels), the invertors, on -site substation an d associated infrastructure (i.e. internal access roa ds and buildings). However, during the co nstruction phase, the entire extent of the broader site required for the proposed facility could suffer some level of disturbance. This is referred to as the construction footprint.

4 The cumulative impacts are expected to be associated with the scale of the project and any existing impacts affecting the study area. Cumulative effects can only be assessed once the detailed layouts are known. They wi ll then be considered in the detailed specialist studies to be undertaken in the EIA Phase.

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