Did Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery (Montgomery of Alamein) Have Asperger's Syndrome?

Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 2000, 42 (1), 73-76 DID FIELD MARSHAL BERNARD MONTGOMERY (MONTGOMERY OF ALAMEIN) HAVE ASPERGER'S SYNDROME? MICHAEL FITZGERALD ABSTRACT In the present paper the evidence for Field Marshal Montgomery having Asperger's syndrome is examined. Biographies of Montgomery were examined to search for evidence that he met criteria for Asperger's syndrome - Gillberg (1991) and Asperger's disorder (APA.1994) and Anankastic personality disorder (WHO,1992). He demonstrates a qualitative impairment in social interaction and restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interests and activities. It can be concluded that he met criteria for Asperger's disorder DSM-IV (APA.1994). Key words : Montgomery, asperger's disorder Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery was writing or correcting proofs (Hamilton,1981). born on the 17th of November, 1887. He was the Bernard Montgomery was described as a fourth child and third son in the family. One of "wayward, emotionally and intellectually his ancestors Samuel Montgomery (known as immature fourth child" (Hamilton, 1981). It is "Uncle Montgomery") was obsessed with interesting that one of his mother's favourite religion. He frittered away the family legacy. He phrases was "go out and find out what Bernard was eccentric and lived alone with his two (Montgomery) is doing and tell him stop it" unmarried sisters. He was "absolutely ignorant (Hamilton, 1981). He was regarded as "the'black of the ways of the world" (Hamilton, 1981). He sheep' of the family, the trouble maker and had a small diminutive carriage built so that he sometimes renegade" (Hamilton, 1981). He was would not have to give a lift to local poor. He also described as having "no charm at all" and suffered from depression. It is interesting that being "the bad boy of the family, mischievous Samuel Montgomery was acutely aware of "a by nature, and individualist by character" missing, inaccessible world that made him shy (Moorehead,1946). The rigidity of his personality and often torn between humility and bigotry and was shown when he decided to join the army was disposed more towards the male sex rather and had a tremendous argument with his mother than the female" (Hamilton, 1981). and less so with his father to achieve his aim Montgomery's maternal grandfather which he did. Frederick Farrar was "a rather reserved man; a School progress: In school he was described as shy man" (Hamilton,1981). He had a most "self sufficient, intolerant of authority" "forceful personality, with total faith in his own (Hamilton, 1981). He was noted to be industrious judgement, and a remarkable ability to simplify" in things that interested him Control was (Hamilton, 1981) He was ill at ease in company extraordinarily important to him and on the and could not make small talk and appeared to playing fields in school he could plan 'his own be rather unapproachable (Hamilton, 1981). He battles" (Hamilton, 1981). tended to write for most of the day and also to In personality he was described as being spend a considerable proportion of the night extremely egocentric and being "overlaid by 73 MICHAEL FITZGERALD eccentricity" (Montgomery, 1987). He had an He had "no political sense" which is another way "awkward, cussed, and single minded character" of saying that he had a lack of empathy and could (Hamilton,1981) He was a "prickly character" not see the implications of what he was doing (Home, 1994) and was also described as "tragedy and how other's might view it (Home, 1994). He of personality and failed communications" was capable of "breathtakingly mean behaviour" (Taylor.1965) Moorehead described him as for example when he transferred his chief of staff being like "an intensely compacted hank of steel de Guingand from a job that he was doing well, wire" (Moorehead, 1946). He was regarded as an act that was described as "monstrously ignoble" being the most successful British officer in the (Hamilton,1981). Home (1994) described one of army during the 2nd world war. Nevertheless he the most insensitive things he ever said when he also played a significant role during the 1 st world was giving a speech after dinner at a function. war He was regarded as being one of the worst There was a blind journalist in the room and Chiefs of the Imperial General's staff being someone at the end of the table stated that they neither willing or able to co-operate with his fellow could not hear him speaking at which Montgomery Chiefs of staff (Hamilton, 1981). Did he have snapped back "I can see one of you is blind but Asperger's syndrome? (Wing, 1981). are the rest of you deaf too?" He would ruthlessly sack senior officers whom he deemed to be Diagnostic Criteria for Asperger's Syndrome "useless, quite useless" (Home, 1994). (Gillberg,1991) Winston Churchill said about him that he Severe impairment in reciprocal social made it a rule not to "accept hospitality from interaction : As Home (1994) points out he always any of his subordinate commanders. Napoleon had problems in peer relations and that he would at least have had roast chicken on his "neglected relations with his peer". It wasn't travelling forgone, Churchill commented, and actually that he neglected them but he had an was lead to compare Montgomery's eccentricities inability to deal with them Home goes on to say with those of Napoleon, Marlborough and that he was unable to get on with or communicate Cromwell" (Hamilton,1981). His essential lack with those nearer his own status He had a "life of sensitivity was felt not only by men but also long inability to open up to contemporaries". He by women and he was desribed as a misogynist. isolated himself "from other senior officers and He would say "you cannot marry and be an from people his own age" (Home, 1994) He was efficient officer" (Montgomery, 1987), and Kay "the self-contained solitary, awkward and Sommerby Eisenhower's driver described unclubbable with his contemporaries as well as Montgomery as a "supercilious woman - hating being as intractable colleague, who was little martinet" (Home, 1994). susceptible to abrasive arrogance and Imposition of routines and interest (Gillberg, intolerance" (Home,1994). It was clear that he 1991) : i) On self in aspects of life and ii) on was so isolated in his headquarters and did not others. read papers sent to him that he could not What people noticed about him was his understand the criticism and jealousy which his "self-will" and his zest for "servitude militaries" behaviour was causing among the British and (Hamilton, 1981). It was "his iron determination American Army Chiefs (Home, 1994) that would single him out from a thousand more Throughout his life he showed a gross lack talented, more educated and more seemingly of a capacity to empathise or to understand what appropriate leaders of his age" (Hamilton, 1981). other people might be feeling emotionally On one He went to bed rigidly at 9.30 p m. every night occasion he set fire to another cadet in Military and was extremely routine to Brett James (1984). College and he was reduced in military rank His inflexible personality meant that he was not because of it He could not see how this might be good at seizing opportunities (Home, 1994). He taken by the Military authorities (Hamilton, 1981). had "an iron will and determination, his complete 74 DID FIELD MARSHAL BERNARD MONTGOMERY HAVE ASPERGER'S SYNDROME? self confidence of the Tightness of his cause and with the exception of motor clumsiness and his own ability to attain it. He has been likened speech and language problems. Neither of these in character to Cromwell" (Hamilton, 1981). While two items are necessary for a diagnosis of he engaged in "ceaseless work" for the rest of "Asperger's disorder in DSM-IV (APA.1994) and his life after school he could nevertheless be therefore he meets the criteria for Asperger's "obstinate to the point of bigotry" (Montgomery, disorder (DSM-IV)." 1987). He inflicted "tyrannical discipline upon Anankastic personality disorder (WHO, 1992): others" in later life. It is clear that he totally i) The most common criticism of him was that controlled the younger officers and "they did not he showed excessive caution in initiating a battle; really argue with him, and they were totally ii) he was preoccupied with schedules; iii) He obedient, like all his staff; you only had to make showed undue preoccupation with productivity one mistake and you were out". to the exclusion of pleasure and interpersonal All absorbing narrow interests (Gillberq,1991) : relationships; iv) he showed extraordinary levels He had only one interest soldiering (Home, 1994). of rigidity and stubbornness and v) He showed In comparison to another senior officer in the unreasonable insistence that others submit British Army Alan Brooke he was "less practical, exactly to his ways of doing things much narrower in his skills and interests, a man He therefore meets the criteria for with almost no relaxations" (Brett James, 1984). anankastic personality disorder. He succeeded at war because of his "cold blooded determination to succeed and achieving DISCUSSION laid-down objectives" and these objectives lead to success in the "cold deadly business of tactical The issue of high functioning autism warfare" (Hamilton, 1981). Militarily he was very (Autistic Disorder DSM-IV) has also to be interested in "narrow fronts" because this considered. He meets the criteria for qualitative allowed him to excercise "concentration/control/ impairment in social interaction as already simplicity" (Home, 1994). described. The second criteria of qualitative Non-verbal communication (Gillberq.1991) : He impairments in communication is more difficult adopted the most unorthodox "head gear for a to make a final conclusion on.

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