JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY CI RCULARS

Pub/is/ied wit/i t/ie approbation of t/ze Board of Trustees

VOL. JX.—.-No. 8i.] BALTIMORE, MAY, 1890. [PRICE, 10 CENTS.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

Third Annual Geological Expedition into Southern MEsozorc.—Potomac.-—Overlying the eastern flank of the Archaean belt, Maryland and Virginia. By WILLIAM B. CLARK. topographically designated the Piedmont Plateau, is the Potomac forma- tion, the basal member of the unaltered sediments constituting the Coastal The third annual geological expedition, under the direction of the writer, Plain. The deposits consist of sands, clays and gravels of varying compo- assisted by Mr. N. H. Darton, of the Pot omac Division of the U. S. Geo- sition, though the sands and gravels predominate in the lower and the clays lobical Survey, left Baltimore on the morning of April 2d for an excur- in the upper portion of the formation. The gravels are chiefly found as sion of ten days into Southern Maryland and Virginia. The party con- the shoreward facies of the basal horizon. sisted of Dr. W. B. Clark, Messrs. C. iR. Keyes, U. S. Grant, E. G. Conklin, The fossils of the Potomac are not abundant, consisting chiefly of leaf A. E. Bibbins, W. V. Metcalf, and M. M. Metcalf, of the Johns Hopkins impressions, with a few dinosaurian and molluscan remains. Marsh con- University; President J. Edgar, and Professor A M Miller, of Wilson siders that the dinosaurian forms establish the Jurassic age of the deposits, College,Chambersburg, Pa.; Messrs. W. H. Weed an~ N. H. Darton, of the while the presence of large numbers ofdicotyledenous leaves lead others to U. S. Geological Survey; and Dr. J. F. Clark, of the Philadelphia Hospital. assign the beds to the base of the Cretaceous. Whatever may be the taxo- Proceeding by rail to Alexandria, Va., where arrangements had been momic position ofthe formation, it is a well defined stratigraphical unit in made for a vessel of suitable size to accommodate a party of twelve, the the geological series of the Coastal Plain. expedition embarked upon the Schooner Idlewild (60 tons), Captain Kelly, Albirupean.—Unconformably overlying the Potomac formation in the area and dropped down the Potomac River the same evening to Fort Wash- visited are beds of light sands and clays that, upon structural grounds, pre- ington, Md., where the investigations of the Atlantic Coast section were to sent a well defined stratigraphical individuality. Palaeontological data are begin the following day. On the two previous expeditions the bluffs upon of little value, and almost no evidence is yet adduced in regard to the tax- the Western Shore of Chesapeake Bay had been examined, so that it was onomy of the deposits. The formation is probably Cretaceous. thought best to -vary somewhat the field of observation, especially, as the Cretaceous.—The Albirupean is unconformably overlaid by the dark sands PotomacRiver section presents more complete and accessible exposures, than and clays of the typical Cretaceous, that are often micaceous, and at times that upon the Bay shore. Moreover, the opportunities for valuable results glauconitic. In the area examined in the vicinity of the Potomac and in from a detailed study of the river bluffs were considered, and in the follow- the counties to the north, the rich molluscan fauna, consisting of the casts ing pages some facts of importance in the Coastal Plain stratigraphy are of ammonites, gastropods and bivalves, shows the close relationship of the brought out. The earlier writers upon Maryland and Virginia geology, deposits to the Lower Mans of New Jersey. among~hom Conrad, Rogers and Tyson deserve especial mention, present CENOZOIc.—TERTIARY.----The writer has employed in the following divis- us with valuable descriptions of local deposits, but generally failed to appre- ions of the Tertiarythe termsEoeene and Neocene as bestadapted on both struc- ciate their stratigraphical relationships. The later investigations of Messrs. tural and palaeontological grounds to interpret the geology of the Atlantic W. J. McGee and N. H. Darton, of the U. S. Geological Survey, and Mr. Coast deposits. They correspond with the terms upper and lower Tertiary. P. R. Ubler, of Baltimore, have done much toward solving the puzzling Eocene,—The Eocene of the Potomac section is represented by light or problems presented in the coastal strati~,raphy of this region. The writer dark colored sands (green, red or yellow), the color depending chiefly upon wishes especially to refer to the ~vorkof Mr. Darton, whose investigations the presence or absence of glauconite, and the amount of decomposition to about Washington have afforded substantial data upon which further obser- which the strata have been subjected. The deposits are often calcareous vations may be based. and at times argillaceous. Generally composed of incongruous sands, thick beds of consolidated rock are not infrequent. Certain zones are packed with GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN. fossils, that do not present however a great variety of species. Such typical Before taking up the details of the trip, a brief outline of the leading Eocene forms as Cardita planicosta, !iL’arritella Mortoni, Ostrea compressirostra, geological features of the area visited is presented. The series represented (Jucullaea gigantea, Orassatella capri-eranium, and Cytherea ovata, are widely is as follows:— distributed. Neocene—The Neocene strata unconformably overlie the Eocene, and, in F Quaternary. Recent. general, present marked lithological differences. Cxxozoic. J { Pleistocene. The Neocene shows two horizons in the Potomac region; a lower com- I Neocene. posed chiefly of diatomaceous sands and clays, the latter containing many molluscan remains, among which are Perna maxillata, Isocardia fraterna, Tertiarii. ~Eocene.Cretaceous. Pecten Miadisonius, and Venus mercenaria; an upper composed of sands and Mxsozoic. { Albirupean. clays, the latter of a marked blue color when moist. In the upper division Potomac. a very rich molluscan fauna is found, together with species of foraminifera, 70 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 81. corals, bryozoa, and crustacea. Altogether more than a hundred species river at Glymont were investigated, and found to exhibit the following have been described from this horizon. section QUATEreNARY.—Pleistocene.—Widely extended, unconformably, over the preceding deposits is a heterogeneous collection of gravels, sands and clays, Red sandy loam 5 feet. generally red or yellow in color, that upon structural grounds have been PLEISTOCENE. RedCoarseloamgravel 53 feet. 20 feet. variously differentiated and described as separate formations. Although in Gravel 4 feet. the following descriptions the Pleistocene is treated as a whole, a brief statement of the different divisions is essential. Light marl with traces of glauconite 10 feet. Darkcalcareous green-sand, with Os/rea compressi Under the name of Appomattox formation, McGee has described a series EOcENE. res/ra, Turri/e/laMor/eni, Dosinieps~s Meekii,e/c..20 feet. 60 feet. of orange-colored sands and clays that unconformably overlie the Neocene, Dark, variegated, argillaceous sand, with few in distinct casts, including TurrileltaMer/eni 20 feet. and are in turn overlain by the undoubted Pleistocene. Whether late Ter- tiary or Pleistocene we have as yet no evidence. POTOMAC. Variegated clay, locally arenaceous, upper layers 20 feet. The term Good Hope formation has been employed by Darton for the in a marked degree ferruginated. deposits of coarse gravels and sands that cap the higher bluffs and showan their topographic relief more extensive denudation thanthe later and lower Columbia formation that according to McGee exhibits two phases (1. fluvial, The Potomac reaches water-level before the mouth of Mattawoman Creek 2. interfiuvial), and consists of gravel, sand, loam and brick clay. The flu- is reached, and does not reappear on the Maryland shore south of that point. Dropped anchor the same evening off Cobb’s Island, at the mouth of Chap- vial phase found along the larger rivers is divisible into two horizons, the awamsie Creek, Va. upper consisting of fine sand, loam and brick clay; the lower of gravel, sand April 4.—The well known section at Aquia Creek (Va.) was examined and transported bowlders. The interfiuvial phase which covers the inter- in considerable detail, and found to consist of the following horizons mediate country is formed of gravel, sand and clay, that is chiefly of local origin. Recent.—The alluvial deposits, the wash of the hills, the swamp and PLEISTOCENE. Red sandy loam. 20 feet. beach accumulations, are the recent acquisitions to the geological series Light-colored sand, slightly glauconitic 20 feet. within the area visited, that modify to a greater or less extent the sections Light green-saud, with Gardi/aplanicos/a, Tssrs~i/ella exposed. Mor/eni, Oacul/aea essechela, Orassa/ella capri cranium, Gy/herea eva/a, etc 9 feet. ITINERARY OF THE EXCURSION. Soft, yellowish green-saud, with Os/rca compress’s EOCENE. rostra 15 feet. 65 feet. April 2.—Departure from Baltimore. No portion of the Coastal Plain Ledge of dark green-sand, with Tscrri/eilaMor/oni, Cardi/a planicosta, Panopaca elongata, Pesus section was examined in detail, although distant exposures of Potomac, sp., etc 3 feet. Dark green-sand, with Gy/heree ova/a, Grassalella Albirupean, Pleistocene, etc., were observed in the railroad cuts between capri-craniuos, etc 15 feet. Baltimore and Alexandria, and in the river bluffs below Alexandria. At evening anchor was dropped off Fort Washington, Prince George County, Much time was expended in making collections of fossils at this point. Maryland. Anchored off the month of Nanjemoy Creek (Md.) for the night. April 3.—The bluffs and ravines in the vicinity of Fort Washington were Aps-il 5.—At Pope’s Creek (Md.) a fine exposure of lower Neocene over- examined. The section at the mouth of Piscataway Creek, so often referred lying the Eocene was observed, as shown in the following section to in geological literature, was found to consist of the following forma- tions PLEISTOCENE. Red sandy loam and gravel. 10 feet.

PLEISTOCENE. Coarse gravel. 5 feet. NEOCENE. Diatomaceous earth, at times highly argillaceous. 40 feet.

EocznE. Red Meekit,sand withCythereecastsovata,of Turrite/laGrease/ellaMorloni,sp., OstreaDosiniopsissp. 12 feet. EOCENE. Darkova/a,green-saud,etc. with Cerdi/aplanicosta, fJy/kerea 25 feet.

Light, variegated sands, slightly glauconitic 10 feet. CRETAcEOUS. Dark, micaceous sand, with Cyprimeria dense/a, 20 feet. The strata below Pope’s Creek show a slight inclination toward the Grease/ella vadose, (‘acullacavulges-is, etc 10 feet. southeast, and before Cedar Point (Md.) is reached the Eocene disappears below water-level and does not again reappear to the eastward. The Nomini Cliffs (Va.) are the most conspicuous bluffs upon the Poto- PoToMAc. Variegatedlayers ofclay,ironstone.slightly lignitic on upper surface, with 55 feet. mac River, and present an excellent exposure of lower Neocene str&ta. The section given below is found at the second bluW where a boring of 30 feet Jn the earlier literature this bluffis referred to as Eocene, but in a recent made at the base of the cliff into the blue clay gives 110 feet of superim- article * the writer shows the presence of fossiliferous Cretaceous, while posed Neocene beds, the thickest exposure of this formation yet observed by the present observations render possible a complete determination of all the writer. The more prominent fossiliferous zones may be followed for the beds. As will be observed, the section lacks the Albirupean and Neo- several miles, appearing in the same or slightly modified form in each suc- cene, although both are found at a short distance to the north and west. ceeding bluff. A dip to the southeast is shown in the disappearance of the Fine exposures of the Eocene are found in the ravine behind the barracks beds, one after another, below water line in proceeding down stream. and in the upper portions of the first run entering Swan Creek from the south. In the latter locality the Eocene affords a thick section of fossil- PLEISTOCENE. Red sand containing layers of ironstone. 60 feet. iferous beds that abound in Ostrea compressirostra in the lower part, Otecul- laea gigaulca at a higher horizon, while near the top of the series is a well Blue marl..... 4 feet. marked zone containing Turritella Mortoni. Cardita planicosta is also found ned indurated marl 3 feet. Gray and red argillaceous sand, with Pec/unculus, here. The lower horizons are composed of dark green-sand, at times argil- Mac/re, Tserri/ella, e/c 15 feet. Light hlue argillaceous sand 10 feet. laceous; the upper of a lighter colored and more consolidated green-saud. NEOCENE. Blue marl, with Isocardia fra/erne, Venus merce- 50 feet. The Eocene rests upon the Cretaceous, that at this point contains numerous naria,etc 5 feet. Light argillaceous sand 10 feet. casts of fossils. Dark hine marl, with Perna mazille/a, Fec/en Mad isonius, Venus mercenaria, etc 5 feet. In the afternoon the exposures of Potomac sands near Mount Vernon Dark compact hine clay, slightly diatomaceous 25 feet. were examined, while the interesting points of historic interest were not overlooked. Later the ravines and bluffs on the Maryland bank of the Anchored in Currioman Bay (Va.) for the night. Aps-il 6.—The morning was passed on board ship, en route to St. Mary’s * Jo/ms Hopkins University (Jirculars, No. 69. River (Md.); the afternoon in visiting the site of St. Mary’s City, the early UNIVERSITY CIRC1([LABS. MAY, 1890.] 71 capital of Maryland. Anchored for the night at the mouth of St. Jnigoes Creek (Md.). April 11.—The last day of the excursion was spent on the James River April 7.—The very fossiliferous bluffs on the banks of St. Mary’s River (Va.), where the most fossiliferous section of the trip was examined. were examined, and extensive collections made. Many of Conrad’s original A long line of bluffs is found both above and below Grove Wharf, which types were obtained from this locality. The section on the east branch of is about 25 miles from the mouth of the river. the river, just above the mouth of St. Juigoes Creek, is given below The following sec~n occurs a short distance below the wharf:—

PLEISTOCENE. Yellowish sands. 10 feet. PLEISTOCENE. RedYellowishsand sand and gravel 5 feet. 13 feet. Ledge of blue marl, very fossiliferous 2 feet. KEOcENE. Dark blue clay,containing numerous fossils ...4 feet. 7 feet. Ledge offerruginated marl, with Pecten and other Light brownish sand with few fossils 3 feet. forms 1 foot. Red argillaceous sand, with Panapaea,Pecten, etc.... 5 feet. NEOcENE. Yellowish sand, Ve,sus, (‘rassatella, etc 2 feet. 24 feet. Light gray sand, with Chama, Pecten, ()strea, etc 10 feet. Brown sand, witis Pectess, Ostrea, etc 4 feet. Anchored for the night in St. George’s River (Md.). April 8.—Passed Cornfield Harbor, near Point Lookout (Md.), where there is an excellent exposure of Pleistocene containing marine fossils. Left Yorktown in the evening upon the Baltimore boat~ April 12.—Coming up the Patapsco the White Rocks at the mouth of Yellowish sand and gravel 4feet. Rock Creek were observed, which have especial interest as the type locality Compact layer of argillaceous sand, with Ostree for the Albirupean. Just below the Marine Hospital the contact of the PLEISTOCENE. DarkVirginica,blue clay,Mycwithasenaria,PhelasMytiluscostata,hamatus,Venus merceetc...i foot. 10 feet. Potomac and Albirupean was visible. acne, Mactre lateralis, Natica heros, Area trans verse, etc 5 feet. Arrival in Baltimore.

Anchored same evening in Piankitank River (Va.). April 9.—In dredging for biological specimens upon a bar off New Point An Outline of Meteorology. By Professor WILLIAM Comfort (Va.), a mass of blue Neocene clay was brou MORRIS D~vis, of Harvard College. 0ht up with a well preserved specimen of the fragile Leda limatuta. Late in the afternoon (Abstract of six lectures delivered to the cisas in Physical Geography at the Johns Yorktown (Va.) was reached, and a hurried inspection of the cliffs made Hopkins University in January, 1890.) before sunset. A detailed section was prepared the following day. Anchored at Yorktown for the night. The facts on which the science of meteorology is based are most easily April 10.—The bluffs at Yorktown were examined with great care, and presented by means of the daily weather maps of the Signal Service, from a large collection of fossils made. At the point of land just above the which it may be discovered that the wind moves from high to lowpressure, Moore House the following section was found but turns to the right of the line of pressure-decrease (gradient); its veloc- ity increaseswith the value of the gradient; southerly winds import warmer

PLEISTOCENE. Red sand, locally argillaceous. 12 feet. air and are generally accompanied by cloudy, wet weather; northerly winds import colder air and are accompanied as a rule by clear, dry weather; an area of low pressure has a left-handed inward spiral circulation of brisk or Layer of ironstone, with fossils.... 1 foot. Red sandy loam, with comminuted shells— Venus, violent surface winds with higher temperature and cloudy, wet weather on Fielgur, etc 5 feet. Loose marl, with great quantities of CIepidula, the eastern side, and lower temperature and clear, drying weather on the Ven , etc 6 feet. west; and this assemblage of phenomena is called a cyclone or cyclonic NEOcENE. Layer of Pecten, Ostree, etc 3 feet. 22 feet. Yellowish sand, with Venus, Dasinia, Orepidula storm; an area of high pressure has a gentle right-handed spiral outflow Arca, Pecten, etc 2 feet. I Arenaceous clay, with Orepidula, Venus, Pecten, etc. of the surface winds, with clear sky, and is called an anticyclone. Cyclones sparsely represented 4 feet. and anticyclones are seen to move eastnortheastward from day to day, at Blue clay 1 foot. an average rate of twenty-five or thirty miles an hour; and on their passage depends our general succession of weather changes. Thequestion naturally Although these different beds change rapidly in character, they possess arises—What is the cause of the unceasing movement of the air, and why sufficient identity to render it possible to trace the more sharply defined for are its motions so distinctly specialized and accompanied by so definite a long distances along the face of the cliffs. In thickness, however, they series of weather elements? The earth’s gravitation cannot maintain change rapidly. The strata are not horizontal, but present two well marked atmospheric motion: under its action alone, the air would settle down to anticlinals and synclinals between Moore House and Yorktown, the beds rest, with level, spherical, concentric, isobaric surfaces. The centrifugal dipping in places at an angle of several degrees. How far this may be force of the earth’s diurnal rotation is entirely absorbed simply in causing explained on the ground of original deposition it is impossible to say. In a slight deformation to a spheroidal instead ofspherical arrangement, such the direction of Yorktown the preservation of the fossils is less perfect, some that the isobaric surfaces become everywhere normal to the direction of of the strata being composed of layers of comminuted shells. the resultant of gravitation and centrifugal force or gravity. In the afternoon the Neocene was examined for a distance of eight miles Let it be suggested that difference of temperature may be an effective above Yorktown, on the south bank of the river, to a point just above the cause of winds, by disturbing the gravitative arrangement of the isobaric mouth of Queen’s Creek. The lower Neocene with Perna maxillata appeared surfaces and allowing gravity to act. An ideal case is first examined, in between King’s Creek and Queen’s Creek, while above the latter the fol- which it is found that a region, persistently maintained at a higher temper- lowing section was found ature than its surroundings, must possess an ascensional, convectional circu- lation, and must thus come to be an area of low pressure, with concentric Red loam 3 feet. circular or oval surface isobars and inflowing surface winds, thus simulating PLEISTOCENE. Light mottled, sandy clay 4 feet. 9 feet. Yellow and white mottled sand 2 feet. the conditions of a cyclone; while an area of low temperature conversely simulates an anticyclone. The success of this provisional deductive analysis Light brownish sand, with Perna, Pecten, ffcphera, warrants the examination of the distribution and variation of temperature etc 2 feet. over the earth in detail. The sun being recognized as the chief source of NEOcENE. Hard ledge, with Pecte,s, Balanus, Fcpheres, Venus, 5 feet. Cardiam, etc 1 foot. heat, and the emission, propagation and reception of solar radiant energy Brown sand, with Venus, Cardium, Pectuncalses, etc .2 feet. being briefly stated, and the physical properties of land, water and air in regard to absorption, conduction, convection and radiation being defined, The long bluff at Bellefield, just below the mouth of King’s Creek, is the isothermal charts of the year, January and July, are considered, and very rich in fossils and affords large masses of Madrepora palmatee. Anchored the general arrangement and circulation of the atmosphere that should for the night at Gloucester Point (Va.). result from the known distribution of temperature are predicted; areas of 72 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 81.

high pressure at the poles and a belt of low pressure around the equator, adiabatic warming and of cooling by conduction to the cold ground is called migrating north and south with the seasons, with inflowing winds from on to explain the strong inversions of temperature that characterize our either side; and areas oflow pressure and centripetal winds on the summer winter anticyclones. continents, and of high pressure with centrifugal winds on the winter conti- nents. The correctness of the temperature-gravity tlfory of the winds may be tested by the degree of accordance that is found when these several deductive consequences of the theory are confronted with the facts. Photo-Micrography by Gas Light. By Maj. GEO. M. On examining charts of the year, January and July, showing the distri- STERNBERG, U. S. A. bution ofpressure and flow of the winds, it is found that the polar areas of high pressure do not exist; the pressure is low at the poles and high around Those who have had much experience in making photo-micrographs will the tropics; and the winds do not blow directly but obliquely to the seat of agree with me that one of the most essential elements of success is the use low pressure. This appears at first sight to he fatal to the temperature- of a suitable source of illumination. gravity theory; hut closer examination shows that there is a belt ofslightly Without question the direct light of the sun reflected in a right line by low pressure—the doldrums—around the equator, that it migrates with the the mirror of a heliostat is the most economical and in some respects the heat equator, and that the pressure on the continents varies with the sea- most satisfactory light that can be used. But we cannot command this sons, as expected. The theory seems to need correction, and the needed light at all times and places, and it often happens that when we are ready to devote a day to making photo-micrographs the sun is obscured by clouds, correction is found on recognizing the effect of the deflective force that or the atmosphere is hazy. Indeed in some latitudes and at certain seasons arises from the earth’s rotation, acting to the right in the northern hemi- sphere and to the left in the southern. This may be illustrated by experi- of the year a suitable day for the purpose is extremely rare. The use of sun-light also requires a room having a southern exposure and elevated ment. Explanation is thus found for the cyclonic and anticyclonic spiral above all surrounding buildings or other objects by which the direct rays whirls already noted but not understood, as well as for the oblique course of of the sun would be intercepted. For these reasons a satisfactory artificial the general winds; and the predicted high pressure at the poles, due to low temperature, is shown to be reversed to a low pressure by the centrifugal light is extremely desirable. force of the great whirl that is developed around the poles by the action of The oxy-hydrogen lime light, the magnesium light, and the electric arc light have all been employed as a substitute for the light of the sun, and the deflective force on the simple, convectional, gravitativ~motions, that all give satisfactory results. I have myself made rather extensive use of arise from differences of temperature; while the unexpected belts of high pressure around the tropics mark the sites ofthe air that is thus held away the “lime light” and think it the best substitute for solar light with which from the poles. The modified, or temperature-gravity-rotation, theory is I am familiar. But to use it continuously, day after day, is attended with considerable expense, and the frequent renewal of the supply of, gas which thus firmly established. Returning now to cyclones, examples were quoted from the torrid zone, it calls for is an inconvenience which one would gladly dispense with. where these disturbances are developed in greatest strength and symmetry. Their place and season of occurrence show that they arise in the calm belts of low pressure, known as the doldrums, between the steady blowing trades, thus confirming the idea that cyclones are masses of air warmer than their surroundings; but it also appears that while what maybe called the embryo of the cyclone—that is, the mass of quiet, warm, moist air—is always present in the doldrums, it fails to develop into a cyclone unless its convectional overturning is modified from a radial to a whirling motion by the deflective force of the earth’s rotation; for cyclones never occur on the equator where the deflective force is zero; they appear in the doldrum belt only when it moves off to one side of the equator or the other, in consequence of the These considerations have led some microscopists to use an oil lamp as north and south movement of the sun. the source of illumination and very satisfactory photo-micrographs with The distribution of rain is shown to be in every way closely dependent comparatively high powers have been made with this cheap and convenient on the general and local circulation of the atmosphere. The doldrums are light. But in my experience the best illumination which I have been able persistently cloudy and rainy, because the ascensional component of the to secure with an oil lamp has called for very long exposures when working terrestrial circulation is there located. The tropical belts of high pressure with high powers, and as most of my photo-micrographs of bacteria are —the horse-latitudes—are prevailingly clear and dry, because there a slow made with an amplification of 1000 diameters, I require a more powerful settling down of the air takes place. Cyclones are rainy, chiefly because of illumination than I have been able to secure in this way. And especially the ascensional component of their whirling winds; but the unsymmetrical so because of the fact that a colored screen must be interposed, which shuts cyclones of temperate latitudes are greatly deformed by the unlike temper- off a large portion of the actinic rays, on account of the staining agents atures that prevail in their front and rear, and are of less simple explana- usually employed in making my mounts. The most satisfactory staining tion. Local disturbances, culminating in~ thunder-storms and tornadoes, agents for the bacteria are an aqueous solution of fuchsin, or of methyline also find sufficient explanation under the general theory here outlined; the blue, or of gentian violet, and all of these colors are so nearly transparent special consideration here needed concerns the stability of the atmosphere, for the actinic rays at the violet end of the spectrum that a satisfactory as determined by the rate of the vertical decrease of temperature, and by photographic contrast cannot be obtained unless we shut off these rays by the rate of adiabatic cooling in vertical currents of non-saturated and satu- a color screen. rated air. Diurnal sunshine alone may produce a rapid vertical decrease I am in the habit of using a yellow screen for my preparations stained of temperature by warming up the surface layers of the air, and thus little with fuchsin or methyline blue; and have obtained very satisfactory results dust-whirls are formed; thus also arise the vertical interchanging currents with the ortho-chromatic plates manufactured by Carbutt of Philadelphia, of air on which the daytime increase in the velocity of the surface winds and a glass screen coated with a solution of tropoline dissolved in gelatine. and in the growth of cumulus clouds depend. The rapid vertical decrease - But with such a screen, which shuts off a large portion of the actinic of temperature on which thunder-storms and tornadoes depend is best light and increases the time of exposure three or four-fold, the use of an a.scribed to the importation of winds of different temperature and humidity, oil lamp becomes impracticable, with high powers, on account of the in such a manner that the cooler, drier current may overrun the warmer, feebleness of the illumination. moister current, as must happen in the southeastern quadrant of our cyclonic These considerations have led me to experiment with gas light and- the storms; and it is precisely in this location that most of our local storms simple form of apparatus which I am about to describe is the result of spring up. these experiments. I have now had the apparatus in use for several months, Adiabatic changes of temperature are found to be of importance in ex- during which time I have made a large number of very satisfactory photo- plaining the Foehn or Chinook wind—a warm, unseasonably dry winter inicrographs of bacteria from fuchsin stained preparations with an ampli- wind on the leeward side of mountain ranges; and the combined action of fication of 1000 diameters. My photographs have been made with the UNIVERSITY fJIRCULABS. MAY, 1890.] 73 three mm. ol. im. apochromatic objective of Zeiss and his projection eye- piece No. 3. I use a large Powell and Lealand stand, upon the sub-stage The Similes of Apollonius Rhodius. By C. J. GOODWIN. of which I have fitted an Abbe condenser. The arrangement of the [An extract from a paper read at a meeting of the University Philological Association, apparatus will be readily understood by reference to the accompanying figure. March 21, 1890.] a is the camera which has a pyramidal bellows front supported by The number of similes in Apollonius Rhodius, including both those the heavy block of wood b, this can be pushed back upon the base-board worked out in detail and comparisons merely indicated, is 129. The aver- which supports it so as to allow the operator to place his eye at the eye- age frequency of occurrence, in the 5835 lines of the Argonautica (1 in 45 piece of the microscope. When it is brought forward an aperture of the lines),.is somewhat greater than in the iliad (1 in 62 lines), and more than proper size admits the outer extremity of the eye-piece and shuts off all twice as ~reat as in the Odyssey. The distribution of the similes is much light except that coming through the objective; c is the microscope, and d more even than in the Homeric poe~ns. The following table shows the the Abbe condenser supported upon the sub-stage; e is a thick asbestus division among the four books screen for protecting the microscope from the heat given off by the battery of gas burnersf. This asbestus screen has an aperture ofproper dimensions No. Lines. Extended. Briefer. Total. to admit the light to the condenser d. The gas burners are arranged in a series with the flat portion of the flame facin 0 the aperture in the asbestus Book I. 1362 14 9 23 screen e. The concave metallic mirror g is properly placed to reflect the “ II. 1288 15 13 28 light in the desired direction. I have not found any advantage in the use “ III. 1406 24 9 33 of a condensing lens other than the Abbe condenser upon the sub-sta0e of “ IV. 1779 26 19 45 the microscope. The focusing is accomplished by means of the rodi which carries at one extremity a grooved wheel h which is connected with the Totals, . . . 5835 79 50 129 fine adjustment screw of the microscope by means of a cord. The focusing wheel ,j may be slipped along the rod ito any desired posi- Apollonius’ similes are drawn in general from the same wide field as tion, and is retained in place by a set screw. The rod i is supported Homer’s,—from animate and inanimate nature, from the business and labors above the camera by arms depending from the ceiling, or by upright arms of common life, from mythology,-—rarely from a subjective sphere. Illus- attached to the base board. trations from animal life arc frequent and varied. Among wild animals, I have lost many plates from a derangement of the focal adjustment besides tIme indefinite Oi~p, we have, in the extended similes, time lion, bull, resulting from vibrations caused by the passing of loaded wagons in the boar, dragon, deer, hawk, dove, swan, fly, gad-fly, ant, and bee; among street adjoining the laboratory in which I work. This has been overcome domestic animals the horse, ox, sheep, and dog. to a great degree by placing soft rubber cushions under the whole apparatus. In the realmof inanimate nature and natural phenomena, where Apollo- nius is often at Isis best, the stars are his favorite comparison. They appear

five times, thrice referring to Jason. Once the ordinary “ star” is not suffi- cient; Sirius, tIme brightest of stars, can alone adequately represent time hero’s Uncle Remus and the Roman de Renard. By F. M. glory. The armed men springing from the dragon’s teeth seens hike time WARREN. constellations shining forth after a great snow-storm. Hercules appears to the keen-eyed Lynceus in the dim distance like the new moon, which one [Abstract01’a paper read at a meeting of the University Philological Association, April is, isso. The paper ispublished infull inthe May nnmber oftime Afedeso Lc,nguage Notes.] just sees, or thinks he sees; and again, at its full,wefeel the joy whichits beams inspirein the maiden’s heart. The rays of the sun, now first rising, nowevap- The stories collected by Mr. Joel Chandler Harris, and published under orating the dew, now reddenin,, a cloud, no~~ dancing in reflection from a the general title of “ Uncle Remus” and “Nights with Uncle Remus,” vessel of water; the wind, and its roaring; the lightning; fire, and the have been assigned vaguely to previously existing folk-lore of Europe. eddies of smoke rising from a burning forest; a hail-storm; flowin0 streams; The only known compilation of purely animal stories in Western Europe —all are pictured in extended similes. The sea is a less fruitful source reaches back to the thirteenth century and earlier — the “Roman de than we might expect. The shouts of the Colehians resemble its roariiig; Renard.” This series bears all the traces of a literary development of we see the dashing waves, and the rock standing firm in the midst. Of popular tales, is due to the efforts of many writers, and to some extent rep- motionless objects we have only trees—oaks, olives, firs—and their leaves. resents the class prejudices and local customs of Northeastern France in Finally, the tears of the mourning Hehiades roll like olive-oil upon water. feudal times. The sphere of human activity, as in Homer, furnishes fewer comparisons A comparison of the negro stories with the episodes of the French col- than the world of nature; from this source, however, are drawn sixteen of lection, both freed from their local coloring, reveals many points of simi- the seventy-seven extended similes of Apollonius. The girl, weeping at larity in details which point to a close connection between the sources of her step-mother’s ill-treatment, the widowed bride mourning her dead each. The larger part of the stories of tIme “Roman de Renard” are found husband, the captive maiden slipping sadly out of the rich house of in ‘Uncle Remus.” In some instances the animals have remained the bondage, the poor widow earning by her nightly toil a scanty subsistence same, notwithstanding the general inversion of parts in “Uncle Remus.” for her orphaned clsildren, and pale-faced men rushing up and down through In the episode of the well and the buckets, where one animal pulls up the city in terror at some peril or portent, illustrate the darker phases of the other at his own expense, there is even a preservation in verse of the life; the festive choral dance, the eager remembrance of home by a long- same moral. absent traveller (a sinmile taken from Homer), and maidens playing ball on A test of the correctness of the indications noted, was made by a com- tIme beach, the brighter side. It is to be noted that the greater part of these parison of other stories in “Uncle Remus” witb animal tales recently are drawn from tIme life of women. Peaceful industry is represented by tIme collected from the region to which the “Roman de Renard” belonged. wood-cutter, the tiler, thefarmer reaping, the nurseryman, or grower oftrees The result was similar. the horse-jockey, the puffing of time smith’s bellows; and once we hear the The conclusion drawn was that many of the stories in “Uncle Remus” echoes of war in the clash of meeting phalanxes. Apsyrtus, in his interview have been transmitted directly from the French at some unknown point with Medea, tries her as cautiously asa boy tries a swollen torrent, thsrougls of contact. The larger part, however, were not traced to French sources. which riot even strong men pass. This may be due in great measure to the lack of material. On the other Comparisons with gods are not frequent. Jason is likened to Apollo, hand the tone and sentiment of certain tales in “Uncle Remus” point to Medea to Artemis, Acetes to Poseidon. Similar is the comparison of race traditions and an African development. If these observations are Amycus to the monster-children of Typhoeus or Gaea. correct the negro lore of America is a mixture of European and African Time minor comparisons for the most part cover the same range as the (possibly Asiatic, since the seensingly race notions in “Uncle Remus” extended similes. Here, however, we find subjective illustration, in resemble strongly Sanscrit stories of animals) elements which the negro dreams, five times imitroduced. New animals are time seals, the cYOwcm has reproduced with his usual exactness of imitation. (water-birds), and the 4op~s (grazing animal, cow or horse). Jason steals away like a thief; a blow rebounds as does the hammer from the anvil; 74 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 81. the cattle of Helios are as white as milk; the ichor flowing from the ankle of Tabs is like melted lead. the clouds, have something Homeric in their vigor and their representa- tion of succeeding phases of the same action. “It may perhaps not seem difficult,” says Bergk (Griechisehe Literatur- In the following simile the vividness of the picture is increased by the geschichte, J., 845), “to find an appropriate simile; yet none of the later poets has in this respect even approximated Homer’s art. Either they are introduction of a minor comparison—a simile within a simile: content with copying Homer, or, when they rely upon their own resources, ~ a~ apd wi’ a oXdjr ELALy[Esos EPXE’raL el/los, we see their poverty of invention, their unnaturalness and artificiality. EliTE [US 34i’ra’ros OC~A’CEL aE’Aas6q)EL,?7EXIOLOEs aE 01 baae Nor does this apply only to the later Greek epic poets, hut to the Eoman fioQpa7rLvOapl~7EaaLa’ i’vOa ice1xupls~sOaivaAi’yictatatp’q aTp /lat/atoYTL as well. There is in all Vergil hardly a simile, which is not borrowed; Aa[cn-E’CaL, b’~bpa /lvxt~rae a~h ~wx,,1eto Homer first, Apollonius next, are his sources.” &is ‘Ap’yc~ AL[u”qs a’r~ca vainropor ~~Ep~evaa As an instance of a simile copied from Homer, the following passages of a/JxJ)E’)rl~XEL a~jsa~ls ia-i yp5ror.—IV, 1539—45. the Iliad and of the Argonautica may be compared:

cos ~‘ il’r’ hr &i~p n~os cuiEpos, us -r’ ~ru ~roXA~p’ ‘yates EAflXOvO&5 4)pEOl xEUIC(XXi~tq~(TS Yo,~(rp EJ’O EU?7P, ~)~yGa /)~EYoL7.4~poL ‘re 7roAAa The Treatment of Vedic Mantras in the G~hya hs Icp5L7J7Jw5 /IE/)~cWLc~ a~h’rcz’ro 7rc’rPLa Siitras. By E. W. PAY. (,ce’ro ~‘ cJ~riw “OXvplros.—I1., XV, 80—84. [Abstract of a paper read at a meeting of Ilse University Philological Association, cis ~‘ &rE ‘ris *d’rp’q6ev aAcip~eu’os, OLO ‘TE 7nJAAa Apru 15, 1890.] ‘rXO~Lt/JEO &sOpw’ret ‘rErX27&TEs, GU aE TL5 ala ‘n~Xevpos, ~IaaaL ~i Ka’rLhJILot CUlL ,dXevOot, It was suggested by A. Hillebrandt (Bezz. Beitrage Vii~ p. 195fg,) that evpwL’rEpovS ~ EV&I/0E ad,LLOU5, ~ the ritual texts may contain traces of a recension of the iRV. Sashhitil 1iuats~E ICEXEVOOS differing from that now extant. Such traces are to be found in the omiss- TE TpcuJ~Ep~ T LVadXAETaL, &AAe’re ~‘ uixx~ ions of certain verses in some ritual connections, or in the inversion of the h~6a lropL/Mipwv E L[La(ETaL o~OaX/aosow order of the verses in their current form. This view is vigorously combated hs tlpcz ap~raAiMws ico~ip’q Ails &t~cLaa by Oldenbera in Die Ilymnen des Rig- Veda (Vol. I, p. Sl3fg.), where any 6~pCEV E,r IELVOLO ,rd~as ®uzo~i~os &ieriis.—Argon., II, 543—50. variation of tradition is denied, express directions to omit verses interpreted Mr. Mahaffy’s remark “that the poet’s similes are r~ ther introduced for as showing consciousnessof the canonicity ofthose verses, anti verbal changes their prettiness than for their aptness” (History of Greek Literature, Am. in the Sfltra version of any verses ascribed to a conscious and regular pro- ed., 1,149), is quite just. Homer’s favorite comparison with the lion, which cess on the part of the Sfitra composers. Especial emphasis is laid on the appears no fewer than thirty times in the Iliad, gives place in Apollonius exact correspondence in substantially every case, of the number of the verses to the daintier figure of the star, which is used mere frequently than any given by the Sfitra for any ritual connection with the number now current other. One of these is a good specimen of the poet’s light and graceful in the Sarhhit~i. In my study I have referred this to the rigorous school treatment: treatment that would not fail to harmonize numerical statements with the - ~fi ~‘ ~‘/~CEYaL7rpo’rl &~TV 4JaELYcf~ a0’r~t laos, 8afnhit~ when both ritual and mantra versions were changing from a Sr ‘CE r?J7aTEycTLr EEp74LEPaL IcaXk8pnr fluent oral tradition to the stability of writing. Less obvious corrections, ri4upa~ Oa~aarro ~o’/Lwr ,~7rEp &r’re\Aer’,-a, it is claimed, may have escaped the uniformitarians of the schools. As an ,ccd a(bLaL icucu’tbno ~1he~pos b’p~ara Oe’A’yet example of such a variant a mantra, cited by 9afikb~yana and Piiraskara, icaAbr EpEVOo/JEVos, 7cu’LJ’rcu ‘re is discussed with the conclusion that the citation in question is referable ‘rapOe~ros L/J~Eipovcra /.J~ET aAXela7I-oUrw i6r’ros neither to die IIIY. nor to the Viijasaneyi-Safuhitfi, to which respectively cu’lpclotr, c~ Kat ~ur i~tr’,~a’rhr ICO/EOULTL TOIC~)Es - these Sfitras belong, that there is further a concurrence between the (coal- T9 ~ICEXoS7rpi 7TOX71Os ~ T’rLf3Or lter i~pws.—J, 774—81. mon?) tradition of the two Sfltras and a tradition not elsewhere to be found Here is seen the Homeric detail, which does not add to the likeness in the Sashhitds except in the Tiiittiriya. Neither of these Sfltras habitu- between the things compared, but s~rves to brina out more vividly the ally cite the TS. and this is thought to be a case where the Sfitra tradition picture presented in the simile. has not been corrected up to date with the Safnhiti. A neat and original conception appears in the following: Categories are then set up for the citations of 14. V. mants’as, as follows: I. General approprIateness. ,rvsrh ~ ol Icpa~&) ar~jOe~wr i’r’roaOer COaLEr, II. specific appropriateness. ‘)EAIoV iSs ‘ris ‘CE &~/IOLs &bOICdAAETCLL aY’yA’q III. Assonantal, ‘punning’ citation. IV. Legal, warranty citation. ‘irov iv ‘yavAc~3 Icixv’raL~ ~ ~‘ i’rOa ice1 1~rOa From this classification the hint is gathered that examples of II are WICELy o”rpoqx~xLy7L ‘rwaa’o-E’raL &to’o’ove’a much less common in the earlier books than in book X, and that such icei iv a’r’/jOEoaL ,cE’ap E’AEXI~ET0 icoiip~js.—I1I, 754—9. examples for the earlier books are generally in suspicious places near the In a different style, vigorous and rapid, is one mentioned by Mr. end of Annvc]kas, or concern hymns or verses otherwise suspicious for lin- Mahaffy as very fine (i1lustratin~ the passion of Hercules on bearing of guistic or metrical reasons. the loss of Hylas): The study next seeks to derive some hints for textual criticism, but none of these can be pertinently put in a brief summary. c’os ~‘ STE ‘15 ‘CE /JAiW’CL TETU/J~/IEr0s ~aav’ro Tavpos 14\T~ 7riaEa ‘CE irpoALir&u’ leah iAEa’Ct~as, oili ro~o~wr An examination is then made of the mantras quoted in full by o?,~’ &“yiX’qs 1~OE’raL, ‘rp’ijaae~ a’ 6~Sr, “AXe’,-’ &sraua’Cos, Pflraskara and Hiranyake9in. P’s only variant reading out of 17 verses is for 1W. X. 85.37. Hirapyake~in quotes 10 verses without variants, only &AXOTE a’ ia’rclpEros, icel &r& irAa’r1r ai~e’r’ hElpicY 2 of them from the 10th book; 10 other quotations from the 10th book all ?i)aLr AU 1c’ilfLa, icaiccg $E$oKjp~E’ros o~a’rpcp hs S’)/E /IaL/ce~wr 6Ti ~ir Oo=c“yoiira’r’ i~raAAEr offer variants of greater or less moment, as well as 5 from the khila-hymns o’vrE~Ews, 6’ri a’ ~ /~LETaXX’/)’}’wr Ica/cci’roto in Aufrecht’s supplement. If no absolute deduction can be drawn from T~XE a~airpiator [cE7~Apf3odaa,cEr &u’rjj.—I, 1265—72. these facts, a strong impression must however be made that the Sfitra com- posers attached a smaller degree of canonicity to the 10th book—as moderns There is no such brilliant series of siiniles as that which describes the have long done. sally of the Grecian host to battle in 11., II, 455—483. The narrative of This study is concluded with an index of mend-as, giithfis, praises, ete, the trial of prowess exacted from Jason by Aeetes (III, 1224—1406) is covering all the Grhsya Sfitras hitherto published. however, ~livened by no fewer than nineteen comparisons, 0reater and smaller; the two (1258—1266) likening Jason to .an impatient war-horse, which smelleth the battle afar off and to a flash of lightning darting from UNIVEPSITJf 011WC/LA PS. MAY, 1890.] 75

Beginnings of the ‘Classical’ Heroic Couplet in Eng- lation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses must have been made in part before 1621. land. By HENRY WooD. On a basis of 1800 lines in the works of each author, it was found that Sandys has only 14 per cent. of unstopt lines to Wailer’s 23 per cent. The (Abstract of a paper read before the University Philological Association, January 17, relation of unstopt couplets is similar, 1.8 per cent. to 5.26. Sandys’ aver- 1890. Printed in the Anserican Jessrnal of Philolegy, Vol. XI, pp. 85ff. age is midway between Wailer and Pope, who has 6 per cent. of unstopt In the work of Edmund Gosse, “From Shakespeare to Pope” (1885), lines, and scarcely any unstopt couplets. Sandys’ verse, highly praised by it is asserted, in the form of an expression of belief; that Wailer was Dryden, and in the main fulfihlin~ the only explicit tests that have been not ‘in the very smallest degree affected by the French revolt against the propose(i for the ‘classical’ couplet, is therefore technically more correct poetry of the renaissance, when he opened his campai~n against the than WaIler’s, and was produced at an earlier date. An examination of romantic school at home.’ It was a ‘blind and unconscious movement,’ the whole of the ‘Metamorphoses’ shows further that Sandys’ percentane, simultaneous in all the literatures of Europe. ‘Waller was writing poems beginning with 1.8 in time first book, gradually increases to 10.8 in the later in distichs * * at least as early as 1623, while Malherbe’s poems did not books; while Wailer’s hater poems do not differ in execution from his first. appear in Paris till 1630.’ Similar statements are made in the same A similar state of things was then found to exist in the poems of Drum- author’s History of Eighteenth Century Literature (1889). mond of Hawthiornden. His ‘Epitaph on Prince Henry’ (1613), and his The article first brings forward facts to show that French influence on ‘Forth Feasting’(1617), were both of them praised by Ben Jonson, though European literature at this period was much greater than Mr. Gosse ‘smelling too much of time schools.’ These piecesexhibit respectively 5, allows. Wailer’s verses ‘Of the Danger His Majesty (being Prince) and 0 per cent. of unstopt couplets. Time history of Drummond’s verse is Escaped in the Road at St. Andero’ nre then examined, and both historical similar to that of Sandys’. Returning from his two years’ stay in France and internal evidence is adduced to show that this piece, upon which Gosse (1606—7), he continued his poetical studies, and produced verse which in mainly relies for establishing the date of Wailer’s first writine in couplets, the main satisfies even fastidious demands of thie new canons then forming. cannot have been written as early as 1623, and was probably produced later In the later poems time strenuous rule is relaxed, and a vigorous couplet is than 1625. Lord Clarendon’s account [Life] is then cited, as showing produced which is very modern in character. This very similar result in that Wailer, born 1605, wa~i ‘near thirty years’ when he began writing the case of both poets poisits to a similar training. Sandys was studious verses, ‘at least that lie was known to do so,’ and that lie was at this time and critical, and Drummond was probably a closer student of foreign poetry introduced to the literary circle which was accustomed to meet at the than any other man in Great Britain. They had both travelled in France, country seat of Lord Falkiand, near Oxford, probably as early as 1627. and may there have come under the influence of the literary movement led For the first time, the attempt is made to trace in detail Wailer’s connec- by Maiherbe, whose strenuous opposition to esejambememt finds an answering tion with this literary coterie. One member of it, Dr. Morley, is known note in the two English poets. The English heroiccouplet is a thoroughly to have lived for a number of years in Wailer’s house, and to have directed national product, arrived at by a slow process of evolution. The develop- the latter’s studies there. A second member was John Earle, Fellow of ment of it can at no time have been violently disturbed by French influ- Merton College,Oxford, whose ‘Microcosmographie’ was published in three ence; but the sudden quickemming of literary consciemmee in Sandys, Drum- editions in 1628. Proof is attempted that this series of ‘Characters’ con- mond, and later in XValler, as to the sin involved in the unstopt couplet, tains references to Wailer. Number 24describes a tippling Poetaster under seems to resist explanation in any other way, and points to the French and the title of ‘Pot-Poet,’ and tells us, among other things, that ‘he is a man to Malherbe. now much imploy’d in commendations of our Navy.’ This points at once to Wailer, whose verses ‘To the King on his Navy’ answer the description. It is shown that the later editors of Wailer have misdated the poem, which Notes on Greek Etymologies. By W. MUSS-AENOLT. in the earlier editions is superscribed 1626. Further proof is furnished by a MS. of this work, discovered at Durham in 1871, in which the colophon [Abstractof a paper read before time University Philological Association, Febrnary 21, 1890.] is found: ‘Ffinis, December, this 14th day, 1627.’ The most unmistak- able hits in the ‘Pot-Poet,’ as given in the MS., are carefully worked over in 1. The distinction between the ~morpem/djs $conAEus and the common mass, the printed editions of the following year, and in one instance they are twice the iroXXoi, the &m’Gpc~nrem, emphasized by the Homeric poet, seems to indicate rewritten. Where the MS. has ‘At more leisur’d times lie makes disticks 3po- -ye’m’emcm).the sameThecontrastlion, whichobservedgrowsin upame-yez4,sin theandmountainous&elpe-yevlswilderness(underlyingis called&m’ on noblemen, which are put under their twopenny pictures that hang in operrtTpempes (mountainbred, Il. 12, 299, etc.) Considering these epithets the bookbinders’ shops,’ the first edition of 1628 substitutes: ‘He is a man &m’Opanres appears to be a compound noun whose second component part is now much imploy’d in commendations of our Navy, and a bitter inneighier ‘rpi4ev; thus &z’Opcerror stands for &m’rpce(~or, this for &v~p&rpwm~os, with against the Spaniard.’ To this last, the second edition of 1628 prefixes: usetathmesisof aspiration and with w as in eTpw4mdw, etc. Bezz. Bt. II, 297. ‘His other Poems are but Briefs in Rime, and like the poore Greekes collec- Brngm. Grundr., I, ~ 314, p. 355; &v6panres is the individual grown up in tions to redeeme from captiuity.’ All three of these passages are extremely clever attacks on Wailer’s poetry, both as to subject and form. The first the society of mankind, an &m’3pciv Op4cfccm, mankind being a omie’rpoq~es 7Ey~, gibe of Earle that ‘the death of a great man’ furnishes his Pot Poet ‘with while Op~~i~ma alone means in most cases the beast, either wild or tamed. We observe here’ the same case of dissimilation as in HXEUTOE’vflS for an argument,’ applies to the verses which come next in Wailer’s volume: flXeme~’remr6e’,cqs, &~.upepemir for &~~n~epemis; ‘re”rpax/mev for re’rpS.~pe~p~ev, after ‘Of his Majesty’s receiving the News of the Duke of Buckingham’s Death.’ the analogy of at~pe~p~ev; ~m~m,mmvem’for ~3mmu’em’ after ~‘id~mp.m’om’( The fact that the lines are neither an elegy nor an epitaph is important. 1d.rpov); The event furnishes the poet with his ‘argussient,’ and this and the preceding A~imi~rs~p for Ammme~#rnp; stipendium for stipipendium, vestibulum — Vestae- piece mark a new departure in English poetry. It is further shown that 2, p. 314 f., ~ 68.) Earle’s poetic tastes ran in the direction of the nobler poetry of the pre- stibulum, templum tempuslum (also see Brugniann, Griech. Gram.’, p. 74, ~ 61;MetathesisGrundr.ofI,aspiration~ 643, p. 483—5is not andinfrequentStoize, inLat.GreekGram.and Latin (cf. Pott. ceding reign, and that Wailer’s themes must have appeared to him unsuited in K. Z., XIX, 16—42; Bezz. Bt., 1, 68 f., IV, 319 f.); ‘rEAXLVES and 8e’X.yemm’ to poetic treatment, and deserving of ridicule. The term Pot-Poet did (K. Z., I, 193; Bezz.Bt., XV, 148ff.); Tiypma(os): Ti not at that time necessarily imply booziness, and we have evidence that 7pms a Greek metathesis Waller’s inequalities of character invited such treatment as lie here re- for AmKpm3, this, again, stands for AmmcXmr (cf. Assyrian Diglat, Hebr. ‘~h~ ceived. Earle is also known to have been witty, facetious, and in every Talmudic fl~l~).i Diglat, again, is a dialectical form for Dignat and this way capable of fine raillery. The conclusion arrived at, from this part of the argument, is that Wailer stands for id-dig-na (id — river, dig — bank and na high) the river with cannot have begun writing in the couplet before the years 1626—7, and that ‘We have the same interchange of r and 1 as in vcni-IcXapoE and ve,hcp3poe, Elean his introduction to the literary circle around Lord Falkiand marks also the XaA6lpmeL and Xap6ips, Arab. riti from the Greek ?mlrpa (Lagarde, Abh. 33, 2), Greek time of his appearance as a poet. X&rpa, again, issaid to bemerely a Sicelo-Greek form of the Roman libra. On the other The question of precedence, as between Wailer and George Sandys, in hand A&pev (Herod., II, 86 and s7) is from the Semitic ~ = virpev (K. Z., 30, 402—3; lb. the habitual use of the ‘classical’ couplet is then discussed. Sandys’ trans- 21, 104); v~rpov is the older form notwithstanding the authority of Liddell and Scott, s. and Rutherford, New Phrynichus, p. 361. 76 JOHNS HOPKINS No. 81.

3srz time a Proper name. This exl)lanation of Kadmos helps us to exj)lain the the high banks. AEpICETCL~, Derceto for Tep7ETW (cf. ~ ‘tf); 7pi3~~ for Kpiij ~~‘?; 4corEIc for r~; ®dtpcocos for TcoPoex; the companions of Xenophon two other names KS.a changed TS4IaXOS — ~ the halting place where the Phoenician caravans 1.LLXOS and Kao~c’iXor, of which the former is ~ my crossed the Euphrates (cf. Assyrian tap~ahu, resting place) into Od#wces on king is God, while Kae~Xos represents ~ij~with a raphieted ~ dli s. the analogy of A4#a,ces. A4oka,ces itself is from the Semitic and means 4. KiAL~, the brother of Kadmos is connected with KLALIC-Lci, Cilicia, and ‘at the ford’; it stands for Ad4iaicos > Acnro-aXos ~ rn~,: at the ford across this is the Hebr. i~ of Ezechiel, 27, 11, as J. Hal6vy and Lagarde have the Hellespont; the initial ~?is the same as in AtXv/3e?ov (Lagarde, Mitth., shown. II, 261). Near Lampsakos was “A/3uaos, which is the Greek rendering of 5. Thebes is the viioes r~iv ~ccocdpwv; 1idiccip is a corruption from rv~+u, ~‘~1~(colonyof slaves, working the gold mines in the vicinity) cf. J. Olshan- Melkart, the Ph6nician name for Heracles. sen, Rhein. Mus., 1852, p. 326. 6. The Romans first heard the name of Africa from the Carthaginians, Another instance of dissimilation is said to be x~ra~v, Ionic ictOc~v, borrowed who were called Afri (whence Africus and Africanus). To the early settlers from the Phoenician: ~ (cf. Bezz. Bt., I, 280, 284, and 299; K. Z., 19, of Carthage, the country to the south seemed to be nothing but dust and so 22). H. Ewald and above all P. de Lagarde (Ges. Abh., 255 f., Agathan- they called it I~YT)1~. This name was adopted by the Romans and passed gelos, 141) have proved that on the whole in earlier Greek Semitic n was over to the Greeks. transcribed by -,-, and ~ by 0: cf ‘Aordpr~~ fl~~’P I3cdruXor — F~ (but 7. ‘A0~VaL, Athens and ‘AOiw7l, the Goddess Athene are merely homonyms. cf. J. Hal~vy in Journ. Asiat., 1881, p. 252) Bi~pures — ~ of which Latin A0iivai is derived from the root &0 — ~.cO (cf. ~c~’eeor— ~c0jor) ‘A0-5~,IciL is a Puteoli is simply the translation; HaXcne-’riv’q~ ~ (cf. Lagarde, Sym., form like ME0-d’v,; the -ai is the locative termination. ‘A0s~vsj is, of course, I, 114, and G. G. Abh., Vol.35.) AEpICETc~~A1-SpyaTLS > ~Q7~; ?u$cwcor-%S a ibm OpLITTLIcLtZ/; the root is &0 and the termination -in’?); hO- stands for — ~~&? (cf. At/3au’ciz’— l5~) EJIO. which arose from iwr- by metathesis of aspiration; b’r. is the Latin On the other hand 0 — to. Punic Name ®op7rJO ~ r~c-tto; KdOwv — sent- preserved in sent-ire the root ‘sent’ meant: to go, to go to one s name of the second harbor of Carthage (cf. also Ka0a’va on Sicily), Mc~X0c~ help, cf. sentire coin aliquo; thus ‘A0-~vij stands for isO-’,)1’?7 — the helper, to; the goddess assisting her worshippers. In later tune, the order was reversed: Semitic n was transcribed by 0 S. A. Mflller (Bezz. Bt., I, 295 f.) was not able to find a satisfactory ety- and to by r; e. g., Septuagint: PoOoAia— ~‘~1~V(Jerome Athalia) whose mology for s-aAXcoci~ nor for Hebr. pillegesh; nor cotdd he establish their

Lord is JahI from a root ~atala to be ruler, Lord, Fo0evn~X— ~‘~‘~Vwith connection. There are three forms in Greek, the mascul. ~rcixxa4, a make-up variant L? for ~; the original form may have been ~ny whose Lord is of late grammarians, and the fem. iraAAaic~ and s-aXXaicis. Demosth.,LlX, God, a case of dissimilation, B’q0Ee-~d: John, V, 2 ~ fl’~ house of grace 122, tells us what the iraXXcoc~ was to the Greeks; into Latin the word or according to Westcott and Hort /3e0~aL0e ~ (olive house) passed under the form paelex, which became pellex, pellices by a popular Mdp0e~ ~ the Lady, Luke, 10, 38, stat. emphaticus to ~7 Lady, the analogy after pellicere, to seduce. All writers, since Lagarde, consider the fem. to ‘7 Lord; ~.mpavaOa, I Cor., 16, 22, the Lord cometh. Ndldeke- Greek ~raXXa is as borrowed from the Hebrew. We believe that the Hebrew Wellhansen read ~.mpaaa0~ i. e., ~.mpcwa:the Lord and oa for &Oa with aphae- form has been borrowed from the Greek xaXXa is. La.garde says, that Hebr. resis of initial ~, a custom not infrequent in those days, as e. g., MaT0ccior — to’~P stands for pallagil; this is exactly the Greek ‘raXXe is. The ‘biogra-

or rather ‘5~ and not (as usually said) — ~ which is Marra0ies phy’ of this word seems to be the following: iraXXa,cij is the earlier Greek or Mwr0ies (see also Neubauer in Studia Biblica, p. 57 and 73. Kautzsch, form; this, again, is ultimately borrowed from the Semitic. The Phoeni- Aram. Gram., p. 174.) cians sold to the Greeks their slaves; xaAXaic~ would be the rendering of a

to became r e.g., Tcq3L0a’~ ~ (cf. Heb. ~, ~ Assyr. sabitu) &pKds form ~___ the fem. to an intensive form like gannabh, thief, etc. rihis Acts 9, 36. TaXt0& Icei4L (var. ico~.u) Aram. ~ fem. to ~ youth, Hebr. pallagah is a derivative of the Semitic verb .t~n to separate, thereby i-I icepdesov Mark, 5, 41 (Lagarde, Arm. Stud., 2229); oaTavas Math., expressing that the bearer of this name was separated from the real family, 4, 10= ~ stat. emph. to 177 (~tctI3oAos). did not belong to it, was a female slave, a concubine. Thus we have: the An interesting example for the difference of transliteration in early and verb ~7 gives the noun ~ this passed into the Greek as xaxxaicl; late Greek is the following: Utica: ‘Ir,i,c~ (in Africa) is the Greek trans- ,raXAci ‘ij became on Greek soil wciAAcocis and returned to the Semites as literation of RuW; it denotes, like Arabic atiq, the old-town in distinction to’A?~, whence Aramean i~I~i7~. from Carthage as the new-town, the Kartha-bada~ta. From the same Semitic verb, in the meaning, to set free, (cf. Lane s. v.), I derive ~&0e~, On Sehah in the Psalms and Habakkuk. which is simply the partc.pass. mfitaqun: a man set free, a libertus. [d0a~ The technical term occurs 71 times in the Psalms and 3 times in the and elegy ofHabakkuk; it is always found at the end of a sentence or a clause. 1d0wz’ have no connection whatsoever; p.ci0e~ belongs to post-classic Every writer on the Psalms says, it is ‘certainly’ a musical term; ‘this is all Greek when n was rendered by 0 and to by T. we know about it,’ remarks C. A. Briggs in Schaff-Lange’s Bible-work, Semitic: ~ and ~ was in earlier Greek Ic e. g. ~l — Kd&S; Id/3a?JAes from Psalms, pf. 31. The Septuagint translates it by ~mdmPcmxFam,of which rendering ~np; ,ciau’ column from P’~; icXwf3~s fr. ~2?; Kiisrpes ; eLIcEpa i. e., oiicpa W. A. Wright (Smith’ Bible-Dict., IV., 2905) says, ‘that it increases tIme from ~E”~’. difficulty, for it does not appear to be the true meaning of sehah, and itsown In Later Greek Semitic ~ was usually transliterated by x e. g., Xo’Xotf3os signification is obscure.’ Vocalization and pronunciation of selahi are cer- (Periplous of the iRed Sea) for ~7; MSAXOS ‘~?‘~, while in earlier Greek tain by the testimonies of Origen (elA) and Jerome (sela); aLd4IaA,J~ first we have MctXuca, TIW HpaIcXE’a, ‘A~.ccc0oiiosoi. Cf. Ethiopic ‘amlfik God occurs in the LXX; for its later use cf Du Cange s. v. diapsalma and (properly plur. to malk king.) 6p and ic~0c6z’ it appears that neither of the Lagarde, Psalterii specimen, p. 10. twoApplyingis the earliestthese rulesGreekto form,xtrc but ics’rc~v, which is said to belong to a 1. Some of the ancient versions translated selak by ‘forever,’ and con- Sicilian dialect. A. Muller’s xLOC~V is entirely out of question. sidered it an integral part of the text; thins tIme translations of Aquila, 2. ‘Aete is not an original Greek word; this is shown by the fact that it Symmachus and the Targums. We know, however, from the Cod. Sin. does not occur in Greek literature before Pindar and Aeschylus. Suidas that it stood always in a separate line and was written in red characters; defines ‘Ae-ta xc~pa as ,‘~ ‘ri~s &vccroxijs, which supports an etymology from the besides, there are many passages where such sense would be nonsense, e. Semitic verb atft to go out, to rise, said of the sun. Erebu ia iamii and ereb Ps. 81, 7; 32, 4 and 7; 68, 7; flab. c. Ill. Others took it as a note of con- samli (sunset), whence Europe, are often classed with as~ la ~amii sit iamii firmation (Jerome); others as — -yfvet-re, or expressing admiration. and a-si-e iam~i (sun-rise); from this I derive the name Asia. The Greek 2. All the modern commentators consider it a musical note, because it name was probably coined in Cyprus and Crete where the Assyrians had was translated by aLd4IaXI.Lcc. (a) According to some it intimates a change flourishing settlements about the year 700 B. c. They were the people who of air, or musical measure (Suidas); (6) others say, it marks the place, at said that they came i~tu mat atie ~am~i from the country of the rising sun. which the singers were required to raise their voices, deriving the word (Cf. Zi-pen, Japan solis origo, Levante). from ~7 to elevate; (c) others, again, deriving it from the same verb, 3. Kadmos, usuallyexplained as the man from the East: ~77~~ is rather refer it to the stronger instrumental music and explain Ps. 9, 17, higgai6n to be compared with Arabicqaddimun: prince,leader. The Semitic settlers selah by music, strike up! (Ewald, etc.); it would thins be forte, fortiss- of Boeotia called their leader a ~~7; the appellative name became in later imo. (d) It means a pause in the singing, during which thie singers are silent and the sound of the musical instruments alone continued, (so UNIVEIThS7TY CIPCULAI?S. MAY, 1890.] 77

Delitzsch, Sommer, etc.). According to these critics the word is derived Aided by these principles we may write: from ~ ~ to he silent, and is equal to our silentium, pause! It can he said however (1) that i~ii does not mean to he silent, hut to he quiet, 2Vp~~’~;2S. po. (2) that ~ never interchanges with ~)except in doubtful words; Ps. 9, 17, aa a 2/3 would now mean: music! pause! Also /3/3/3 6zV. 76S.a/37, 3. Lastly, there have been those who considered it an abbreviation of 777 several words, acabalistic term. Meibomius, and later Th. Murray, Psalms the vectors being non-coplanar; while a determinant of higher order, all of p. 317, takes it for S6bh lema’kthhaiiar return to the beginning singer whose columns are the same, is identically zero. Hence, for any four iDacapo, encore; while others explain it as s5mfin liien6th haqq6l, signum vectors, vertendae vocis. But there is no abbreviationof this sort in Biblical Hebrew. a a a a z~aS./37a+/3S7aa+7S.aI3a~aS.a/370; The main objections against all these explanations are: (1) the etymolo- /3/3/3/3 gies are forced, unnatural; (2) if the word were a musical term we should 7777 expect it above all in the Hallel- Psalms, where it does not occur at all! a a aa In the IV and V book of the Psalms it is found only in Pss. 140 and 143. which is a fundamental theorem in quaternions. It is easy to express as a determinant the derivative with respect to a In Ps. 143 it has been rejected by Griitz and others, while Ps. 140 is a psalm of prayer for the delivery from enemies; (3) the explanation as a musical scalar of any integer power of a vector; e. a __ a, 0, 0, 0,—a term rests solely on that of the obscure aLd4IaX,~a, for which the meaning dt — 0, a, 0, 0,—a ‘interlude’ is but a conjecture. 0, 0, a, 0,—a I believe that the original meaning of selah is prayer. 1. As to the ety- 0, 0, 0, a,—a mology, I consider it a Piel-form; selak stands for sallflh as eh/td for ahhfid da da da da da (so also Haupt after Kimchi); it is derived from the stem ~D, occurring dt’dt’dPdt’ dt frequently in Assyrian; e. g., usalli I prayed, sullfi hassitum, prayer, v. If i, j, k are a rectangular system, the determinant iRawi., 26, 52, ab (written sn(!)-ul-lu-u); sulfi (written su(!)la-a), beseech- xi tJ rk ing, Z. Assyr. IV, 11; silutu, a prayer-mantle,v. IRawi., 14 and 28, etc. 2. The y~ Th~? ak meaning prayer is suitable in all cases, especially so in the later Jewish ,zs vj wk liturgy (pointed out to me by Dr. B. Szold and Dr. Jastrow, Sr.) ; it sig-. possesses the property of being unaltered by any permutation of columns. nified prayer-----loud or silent—interwoven between the chanting of the The vanishing of the determinant aa means that a and /3 are parallel. Psalms. This also gives a good meaning to d4iax~c~ = (a prayer) between /3/3 the psalm. The meaning of selak seems to have been well known to the a a a /3, Greek translators. The first three books must have been the principal books Similarly /3 /3 /3 0 means, analytically, that a, 7 are connected by a for the congregational service ofthe second temple, and therefore thefrequent 777 indication of such prayers, compared with the scarcity in books IV and V. relation with scalar coefficients; and, to take a final example, if The difficult passage in Ps. 9, 17, higgaiSa selab, would thus mean, as a a a /3 /3 /3 a1 a1 a1 /3~ /33 /31 addressed to the congregation: here is a call for meditation and prayer! a2 a2 a2 /3~ /3, /32 (biggaiSa from hag/tb, to meditate.) Lagarde in his famous article on a2 a2 a2 /3, /33 /3, (Vol. 30 of the Giitt. Gelehrt. Abh.), which—by the way—is usually a4 a4 a5 /34 /34 /34 ‘lebendig geschwiegen,’ says that practically we know nothing about the a5 a1 a1 /3~ /35 /3~ worship of the second temple and that any additional light thrown on this vanishes, then the twelve vectors involved are connected by two relations hidden subject will be welcomed by all Old-Testament students. If my with scalar coefficients, in addition to the known relations which they must interpretration of selab is correct, it will prove to have cleared up at least satisfy by virtue of their being vectors. one point. Prof. Geo. F. Moore, of Andover, Mass., also believes that the The solution of the most general linear and vector equation Greek translators were acquainted with the significance of selah, and that p(p) aS. ~p+ /3 S. ‘op +7 S. ~‘p a their translation was not a blundering guess; he thinks that selak might may be expressed as the quaternion quotient of two determinants, viz.: have been borrowed from the Babylonian, which is very probable. a, a, a 77~ — V4~, /3, /3, /3 . ‘7, ‘7 ~‘ V4o,o, 7,a, ,~a, ~a ~7-j I ~ Determinants with Vector Constituents. By C. II. As a further example of the method, it may be noted that the condition CHAPMAN. that two lines pa+X/3, o-= [Abstract of two papers read at the February and March meetings of the University may intersect is Mathematical Society.] 7+ya Let the square array of vectors a—7, a—7, a—7 aii a12 --- - ala /3 /3 /3 =0. a a a

ani aa2 - - - - ann be defined as meaning the sum of all the products which can be formed by On the Identical Vanishing of the Hessian of a Pro- selecting inevery case one and only one vectorfrom each column and row, and duct of Linear Functions. By F. FRANKLIN. prefixing to each product + or — as in ordinary determinants. In forming the products write the vectors in the order of the columns from which they [Abstractof a paper read before the University Mathematical Society, January16,1890.] are taken. If the Hessian of the product of any number ofhomogeneous linear functions of We find, then, that in such an array: r variables vanishes identically, thefunctions are reducible by a linear transforma- To interchange two rows changes the sign of the whole; while this is lion to functions of r —1 variables. For if there be n linear factors we may not true of two columns. If two rows are the same, the value is 0; but not in general if two columns are the same. take r —1 linearly independent ones as the first r —1 of a new set of ... Xr— 1, x,.; then A scalar multiple of any row may be added to any other row. variables, xi, xs, arranging by descending powers of the our Generally, if a determinant of k+ a rows have k rows composed of con- remaining variable x,., product becomes stituents no two of which are alike, and a rows composed of constituents U=Ukx>k+Uk+lxflJ~1 + alike in the same row but not in different rows; then if a > 3 the deter- minant vanishes, but not in general if s < 3. And, arranging the Hessian in descending powers of Xr, it is easily seen that the coefficient of the highest power of Xr in it is JOHNS HOPKINS 78 [No. 81.

in the foregoing paper by Dr. Franklin, the quantic is reducible to a binary (n—k) (n—i) u quantic. k—I k.H(Uk), H ( Uk) being the Hessian of Uk regarded as a function of xi, x 2 ... Zr—i. But

Uk is a product of linear functions of these variables, and r — 1 ofits factors An Extension of Prof. Cayley’s Theorem on the Mu- are linearly independent; if, therefore, the theorem has been proved in tual Distances of Four Points on a Circle. By JOHN P.

the case of r — 1 variables, H( Ua) is not identically 0. Hence in order SPRINGER. that H ( U) 0, we must have k — n i e U has been expressed in terms (Abstract ofa paper read before the University Mathematical Society, April 10, 1890.) of r — 1 variables. Hence, if the theorem is true for r — 1 variables, it is true for r variables. But the theorem is very easily proved for two variables; Multiplying together the determinants hence it is true in general. 1, g~, f~, c 2 —F— Ye’, 2x 2Yi, i 1, g 1 x52 + Ye2, 2x5, 2Ys, i I, g 2y 2, ./~2, c2 and X2 2, 3, f3, c3 x32 ~-t-y 2x3, 2y3, 1 On the Identical Vanishing of the Hessians of Ternary I, g4, f~, c4 x4 4, 2 ~, 4, 1 Quantics. By H. P. MANNING. we obtain

[Abstract ofa paper read before the University Mathematical Society, January 16, 1890.] 2 24, 34, It is obvious that if the Hessian of the equation of a curve vanishes 4, ~5 t identically, the equation must be a product of factors, each of which is where 2 represents the product ofthe segments of a chord through xnye of eIther repeated or is a linear factor. A formula for the Hessian of uv is the circle x2 —I-- y2 + 2 ~mX + 2/my + Cm — 0. if either of the two determi- given by Salmon (H. P. C., Art. 242), viz.: nants first written vanish, ‘we have A — 0. So, if the four circles (gmfsuc~e) 2 ±(rn+n (n—i)2 n311(v) (rn—i)2 have a common orthogonal circle, A — 0; or, if the four points XnYn lie on a H (us) (rn+n—i) circ]e A — 0 When the circles become points, the quantities tern represent (rn—i) ~ the distances between the points Xe~e and (gmfrncm), and we have A — 0 as 1)Q3v~[~uv)~T (rn—i) (n—i) a relation existing between the sixteen linesjoining four points on a circle with four arbitrary points. When the arbitrary points coincide with the It was shown that if n’~ be used instead of n, the formula for H (ukc) may points on a circle, we have Prof. Cayley’s relation connecting the mutual be presented2 (km + n—i)iu the(kmform+ofn—k)a powerv3H(u)of u -I--(viz.termsu3(kcontaining~1)) multipliedu as abyfactor. distances of four points on a circle, viz., k (m—i)~ Hence, if H(u’~v) is identically 0, and v does not contain u, H(n) must 0 , i22, i32, ]42 contain u. But, supposing u indecomposable, this is impossible unless u is 2i2, 0, 23~, 24~ —0 linear. Therefore, if the Hessian ofa ternary quantic vanishes identically, ~t2 ~ 0 — 342 the quantic is a product of linear factors; and hence, by the theorem given 4i2, 422, 432, 0

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Two Cases of Very Pronomuced Disseminate Choroiditis with Turpentine. (American Chemical Josernal, Febremary, 1890. Preservation of Normal Acuteness of Vision. (Archives of Oplhalsaslogy, Vol. XVIII, — and another. The Atomic Weight of Magnesium as determined by the Composition No. 4,1889.1 of its Oxide. (lb., April, 1590.) — The Use of Fluorescein as a Means of Diagnosing Lesions of the Cornea. (Johns CAJORI, F. Difference between Napier’s and Nataral Lo Hopkins hlosp lInt Rulletin, Vol. 1, No. 4); Mild Solutions of Corrosive Suhilmuate in the treatment of Keratitis. (lb.) 0arithns. (Mathematical Maya- RonERs, B. W. Progress in Assyrian Research. (Methodist Review, January, 1890.) sine, Washiceyton, Janeenry, 1890.) — A Jewish Synagogue in the Days of Christ. (Smondag School Joum-nal, March, 1890.) COOK, A. S. Cicero as an Authority for Gosson’s School of Abuse. (Modern Language DR IIooDE, RUnoLpec. A Modification of the Method of Combustion with Lead Chromnate. Notes, April, 1890); Caedmon and the Ruthwell Cross —Review ofCallaway’s Absolute (.4merican Chemnical Journal, April, 1890.) Participle in Anglo-Saxon. (lb., March, 1890.) ROSEwATER, V. An Economic View of Electric Lighting. (The leedependent, N. Y., — (Editor.) Sydney’s Defense of Poesie. (Gisese, 1890.) March 20, May 15, 1890.) DUNCAN, L. Some Tests on the Effipiency of Alternating Current Apparatus. (Read SCAIFE, WALTER B. Origin of the Metric System. (Scientific American Suppleneent, before the American Isestiteels of Electrical Reegineers, March 18, 0890.) October 19, 1889.) ELY, B. T. A Programme for Labor Reform. ((Jentury Magazine, N. Y, April, 1890.) — Law and History. (Notes to Studies in Historical and Political Selence, No. 8.) FRANKLIN, F. On Confocal Bicircular Quartics. (Aenerienee Joureent of Mathematics, — Development of International Law as to Newly Acquired Territory. (Bead before Vol. XII, No. 4.) the Americame Historical Aesociation, December, 1889.) — A Proof ofthe Theorem of Reciprocity for Quadratic Residues. (Messenger ofMath- — Brazil as a Geographical Appellation. (Modeen Lanymeage Notes, April, 1890.) - ematics, Canebrietge, England, March, 1890.) SHAw, ALnEET. The Servian Kingdom. (Chautauquan, Mesy, 1890.) FRoTeuNuecAn, A. L., JR. Christian Art and Theology. (Presbyterian end Reformed — Belgiumn and the Belgians. (Atlantic Monthly, April, 1891).) Review, April, 1890.) 5111FF, C. H. Spanish Pioneer Houses of California. (Magazine of A crican History, GARRAN, 11. A Preliminary Report on the Animals of the Waters of the Mississippi May, 1890.) Bottoms, near Qemincy, Illinois. (Illinois State Laboreetory of Natural JJistosy, 1889.) SIMON, C. B. A Case of Aphasia. (Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, April, 1890.) HERRICK, F. H. Walks under the Sea by a Coral Strand. (Amee-icaee Naturalist, Nose - — and A. Hocec. Physiological Action of Antipyrin. (lb.) bee, 1889.) SMALL, A. W. Beginnings of American Nationality. (Studies in Historical and Political HILLYRE, H. W. A Self-Regulating Gas Generator on a New Principle. (A orison Science, Jamemeary—February, 1890.) Chemical Journal, April, 1890.) HUSSEY, G. B. On the Use of Certain Verbs of Saying in Plato. (Anerican Journal of Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Johns Hopkins University. Philsl6gy, December, 1889.) TAnEE, H. On the Theory of Matrices. (American Journal ~fMathesoatics, Vol. XIl, No. 4.) HuTcnINsoN, C. T. Electric Tramway Data. (Electrical Esegineer, April 16, 1890.) Woon, HENRY. The Beginnings of the Classical Heroic Couplet in England. (Amer- JASTROw, P. Psychology in Germany. (Christian Union, N. Y., April 17, 1890.) ican Journal of Philology, Vol. XI, No. 1, April, 1890, 2lpp., So.) KEISEE, B. H. On the Synthesis of Fumaric Acid. (American Chemical Journal, Feb- ruary, 1890.) MAY, 1890.] UNIVERSITY CIRCULAI?S. 79

SYNOPSIS OF RECENT JOURNALS. American Journal of Philology. Edited by Professor In the Reviews and Book Notices B. L. G.discusses F. W. Schmidt’s Ki’itische GJLDERSLEEYE. Vol. X, No. 1. Whole No. 37. Studien zu den griechischen Dramatikern, Professor EUGEN WILHELM com- mends Mills’s Zend-Acesta and Professor GARNETT takes up the Philologi- Article L—Lauafai (Rawlinson Version.) By GEORGE LYMAN KITTEEDGE. cal Society’s English Dictionary, Part IV, Sections 1 and 2, Skeat’s Minor Poems The iRawlinson Launfal, noticed as long ago as 1839 by Sir Frederic of Chaucer, Hall’s Poems of Laurence Minot, and Mayhew and Skeet’s Concise Madden, has been pretty generally neglected, although it is of great value Dictionary of Middle Englishfrom A. D. 1150—1580. in determining the text of the poem and in settling the genealogy of the In the Reports are summarized Neme Jahrbiicher fur Philologie u. Paeda- different versions; for the iRawlinson version is older than any other copy gogik, Rheinisches Museum and Romania. of the short versions extant, except F = Cambridge University Library, Brief Mention is made of Jebb’s new edition of his Selections from the Attic MS. Kk. 5, 30, leaf 11, a short fragment of 90~ lines. Orators. The discussion of the family relations of the different MSS. is then fob Recent Publications. Books Received. lowed by the Rawlinson text itself. Article IL—The Latin Adjective. By FREDERICK HANSSEN. In this paper Professor Hanssen continues his study of the adjective and Vol. X. No. 2. Whole No. 38. illustrates his position that there is no essential difference between the adjective and the verb. The assumption of the case-endings of the noun is, Article 1.—Speech Mixture in French Canada: English and French. By on the part of the adjective, only a process of external assimilation, and A. M. ELLIOTT. while voice, tense, and mood are more sharply emphasized in the verb The Indian idiom is confined to so limited a range of ideas and is so than in the adjective, they are by no means foreign to the adjective. insignificant in amount that it has failed to exert any perceptible influence The genera verbi, according to Professor Hanssen, consist of, (1) the active on either the morpholo~y or the syntax of the Gallic tongue, whereas the proper, in which the subject is considered as the independent source of the effects of the meeting of French and English have been much more serious, action, (2) the instrumental active, in which the subject serves only as an still more serious, however, for the former than for the latter, as the natural instrument, (3) the neutral passive, as shown in those verbs which express resultant of the political, social, and psychological forcesat work in Canada. a condition and which, despite their active form, are nearer to the passive After discussing the general subject of the rise of neologisms and the process than to the active, and (4) the passive proper, sufficiently well known. Now and progress of amalgamation ofFrench with English in Canada, Professor these categories are not only applicable but quite necessary to the adjective. Elliott addresses himself especially to the matter of the importation of Adjectives in -bilis show categories 2, 3 and 4, vincibilis 2, durabilis 3, invendi- English words into French. Sometimes the words are transferred bodily— bilis 4. Adjectives in -tivus and -ticius, in -torius and -sorius have the same a very numerous class—showing the hold that English has, or had, on extent, no more. Adjectives in -anus have all four. The adjectives in -ax mercantile life and legal business. There is a long list of substitutions of and in -lus belong to the first three categories with occasional transfers to English for French names in the everyday industries extending from allspice the fourth. As, therefore, we have voices in the adjective, so we have and baking powder, to wind, wrench, and yeast. Sometimes there is a modifi- temporal relations—praeterito-present adjectives and future adjectives, future cation in the forms in imitation of the English source, dame (‘dam’ Fr. adjectives like those in -lis and -bilis, and practerito-present adjectives in digne)—pine (‘pin’ Fr. cheville). Many words in English -er take French which, however, the present signification is generally the only one that is -eur, jobbeur, ronneur, lofeur, groceur. English flexional -p becomes -ic, felt, though Scipio Aemilianus means ‘Scipio who was formerly in the gens grocerie. English -ng is disposed of now by substituting the simple dental Aemilia.’ In the adjective we have further the moods of the verb, usually nasal with prolongation of the vowel, now by introducing the palatal -gn: assertive (indicative), comprising the great majority, but also the problematic ‘shirting’ becomes cheurtine, hut ‘sling’ sligne. Then genuine French verbs (potential), as the adjectives in -bilis, -tilis, -tis, -ris and the apodictic (impera- are widened so as to cover the characteristic significance which they bear tive), as the adjectives in -ndus. in English—appeler ‘to call’ (a meeting), appointer, approprier, charger le jury, je ne vous ehargerai rien, forger l’icriture, ordonner le diner, etc. Article 111.—The Timaeus of Plato. II. By PAUL SHOREY. Professor Shorey’s previous article had to do with the interpretation of Article IlL—The Asuri-Kalpa: A Witchcraft Practice of the Atharva- Veda. the Timaeus as a whole. In this paper the writer discusses a number of By H. W. MAGouN. special points, with reference to the recent edition of Mr. Archer-Hind, and This article gives an introduction to the Asuri-Kalpa, text, critical notes, in a way that does not admit of a summary. extracts from the schohiast, translation and commentary. For an account of the Asuri-Kalpa see Johns Hopkins University C~irculars, Vol. VII, No. Article IV—The Relation of PH4.I~MATA to NOMOI at Athens in the Fgth 66, p. 81. and Fourth centuries B. U. By FRANK B. TARBELL. The important conclusion reached by Profestor Tarbell is the shift of Article IV—Association in Substitution and Rotation. By MORTON W. powers in the Athenian state. By the institution of the Nomothesia in the EASTON. archonship of Enkleides, the Ekklesia was deprived of its sovereign char- An abstract of Professor Easton’s views will be found in the Johns Hopkins acter and became, to speak in modern terms, subject to a written constitu- University Circulars, Vol. VIII, No. 75, p. 102. tion, though it is not impossible that, at a later period, the Nomothetae In the Notes Professor iRoBINSoN ELLIS reads Lydia 40: Inqtie nicem became degraded into mere instruments for recording thewill of the general Phoebae coiens atque aureus orbis and Dirae 96: Sine ens et si non mea assembly. But for at least half a century the Nomothetae were, in theory, commorieris, utrumque. On Thuc. III, 10, 31 Professor CHARLES FORSTER and probably in practice, a truly soverei~n body. The Ekklesia might SMITH advocates construing the sentence as if the main clause had read: 3aLOL ~L7VOPTcZL 0t’TE ICOLVWI/Ld 7rOXELS iv GEl’ prevent but could not force the repeal of an old law or the passage of a new ELa&ES &rL OtJ’TE c/7dAOL LaLwTaL f3E/ one. Yet even in this period the Ekklesiawas not inhibited from enacting so that we are to supply pLAOL or piAO~ Kcd ,cowwvoi after -yi-yvowro. c. 20, 19: general decrees, provided they did not conflict with existing laws. But the ES ~ is to be construed with 6pav to be supplied from icaOopwp~z’ov. c. 30, 3 picture, which it has been the fashion with modern authorities to draw of ... i~ciz’ ~ aAKh~ ‘rv-YXdVEL AaiXLoTa oiioc~ ‘wherein we mostly act on the the Ekklesia, unconditionally arrogating to itself the function of general defensive’ c. 68, 4: for ks olne i~l~ca”ro read obb’ hr legislation to the exclusion of the lNomothetae, does not seem to have any In the Reviews and Book Notices Professor PLATNER examines in detail good basis of evidence. Greenough’s Horace and though the tone of the criticism is not favorable, the conclusion is reached that Greenough’s is the best available American Notes. Plautus, Trin. 493, CHARLES W. BArN would read vitellam (from edition for college work. Professor HENRY WOOD’S review of the fourth vita) et animam for vatillum (Loewe) anima’i, and Professor A. V. WILLIAMs edition of Kluge’s Etymologisehes Wiirterbuch der deutschen Sprache notes the JACKSON comments on Avesta f original pv. 80 JOIINS IIOPIUNS [No. 81.

improvements made in this valuable book and specifies a number of errors in puts it much later than Kdhbing does, regarding its dialect as a later detail. A. Ficic’s Jainistisehe Bearbeitung der Sagara-Sage is corrected ina va- forum of the East Midland and maintainin~ that the language is certainly riety of points by Enwix W. FAY, and Professor M. W. HUMPUREYS misses later thamm that of Chaucer. Professor SHOREY characterizes Windelband’s in Tisciall’s heroic hexameter a due acquaintance with the various theories Geschichte der alten Philosophic as a well-composed, lucidly-arranged reper- thus far propounded, and criticises what he considers the unsound links of toriumn of the external facts of Greek Philosophy, which will doubtless be Tisdall’s arguments. According to Professor BLOOMFIELD, Simon’s Beitrdge very serviceable to young Gerusan candidates who have no time to read im Ke’nntsviss der vedisehen Schulen is a piece of good work showing excellent their Zeller.’ ‘But to those who read for insight,’ adds Professor Shorey, udgment and great care as to every detail. ‘(Windelband’s book) offers nothing comparstble to the masterly account of The Reports embrace Zeitschrift dar deulsehen morgenliiudisehen Cesellschaft the isiteilectual history of Kant in tile author’s Modern Philosophy, or to (W. M. ARKOLT), Rheinisches Museum (Tv-sE SAME), Neue Jehrb’iicher fur the chapters on Plato, Aristotle, and Plotinus in the generally-ignored or Ph’ilologie stud Paedogogih (B. B. CLAUP and W. B. WAvEus), hi~rmes (B. disparaged work of Mr. Bents.’ At the same tinve his ‘philosophic acumen G. SIRLER). makes isis arrangement and reflections sug~estive and worthy of the Recent Publications. Books Received. student’s attention,’ and Professor Shorey’s detailed review shows that there is no lack of interestimsg niatter in this new presentation of a well- worn theme. The Reports comprise Germania (C. F. RADDATZ), Rheinisehes Museum (W. Vol. X, No. 3. Whole No. 39. M. ARNOLT), Jahrbiicherfiir Philolog-ic u. Paedagogik (W. B. WATERS), and Article L—On the Conception of Low Gomeety in Aristophanes. By ALFRED Hermes (B. G. SIHLER). EMERSON. Under tive head of Brief Mention, the EDITOR has something to say of In this paper 1~rofessor Emerson has gathered up the various passagcs of Brugmann’s Griechisehe Grammatik, new ed., in the Handbuch der klassis- Aristophanes tha.t convey his theory of dramatic art and show what he cheit Altertumnswissenschaft, of Griluenwald’s Der freicforaselhafte Infinitis, of considered low in comedy. True, we cannot take Aristophanes too seri- Oi’usius’s new interpretation of (ik) ‘in-pine ~T’qe-m~~pev,of the Agon in Aristo- phsanes and of Mayor’s Latin Ikptateuch. ously oven when he is most serious, but he kept a conscious ideal laboriously in view despite his own deviations into old jests and vulgar jokes. Recent Publicatiosss. Books Received. Article Ii —Notes in Verbal Morphology. By J.H. MOULTON. Mr. Moulton calls attention (1) to some types of dissyllabic roots, the theory of which has been given by de Saussure and Hiibschmann, but con- Vol. X, No. 4. Whole No. 40. cludes by saying that ‘it is probably unsafe to pry further into the As-tide IL— On the Sentence-Question in Plautus and Terence. Fis-st Paper. construction of roots. Abstufung will provide a conjectural analysis of any root. But this means examining a prehistoric I. E. speech and for this task By B. P. MoRRIs. we have no tools. (2) The -na- class of unthematic verbs (an endeavor to Professor Morris’s elaborate amsd valuable article will extend through trace the normal forms). (3) The suffix of the subjunctive, which is three nunibers of the Journal,-and the table of contents is herewith appended explained by giving the mood a single word, for (d) like the optative, in order to show the analysis which has been followed. whose mood sign is ~i. (4) The formation of the sigmatic aorist (an Introductory. IV. Questions without particle. explanation of the ‘vrddhi’ form which appears in the Skt. s-aorist). I. Questiomis with ne. A. Idioms. (5) The reduplication-voweli, the original parent of which is sought in A. with verb. -B. Repetitions. the curious Greek type of intensives, ~SL~dXXW, xaupdoww, 7m-Om~o-O~W. B. pronoun. C. rogas, &c. C. noun. D. non. Article hIL—The Pennsylvania German Dialect. V. English Mixture. By D. adj. B. etiam, iam. M. D. LEARNED. B. - adv. F. continuations and supphe- The present chapter in Dr. Learned’s work is designed to set forth the F. itane. ments. nature and causes of the infusion of English and the laws which governthis G. Latin. G. verb early. mixture ofspeech-elenvents. The quantity of the English infusion differs H. potin. H. verb hate. according to sphere and according to section. Th~ average prose in the I. nonne. V. Exclamations, ut and Infin. south-western section is one English to 112 German words, for poetry in the K. relatives. VI. an and disjunctive questions. the same region one to 160; in the north-eastern section very nearly 1:301 Oss ne nonne. Imperative questions. for prose, and 1:78 for poetry. As to the character of the admixture we II. num, numquid. History of questions. have a list of the most important words that are transferred bodily to Ger- III. ecquis. Questions as to their functions. man, even the accent being generally retained. Then we have German In the present paper after the brief’Introductory,’ we have the sections prefix and English root, German root + English root, English root + from I. Questions with -vie to the end of 1-I. potin. German root or suffix, English idea expressed in Germnan. Lists of words and phrases are given by way of illustration. The causes are: (1) The Article IL—On the Use of Certain Verbs ofSayissg in Plato. -By GEORGE B. unintelligibility of German to the English speaker, (2) The recognitioms of HUsSEY. English as the only official speech, (3) The loss of puristic speech-con- Dr. Ilussey’s paper considers only those forms of verbs of saying that are sciousmiess by the decline of the German pulpit and schools, (5) The employed for the special purpose of citing some previous passage in the inclination to depose the P. G. vernacular. The article closes with a sum- argument of ~ dialogue. The occurrence of these verbs for the purpose of mary of the laws underlying the speech mixture. reference is not due to the form of the dialogue or to any other accidental Article hV.—The Absolute Participle in Anglo-Se on. By MORGAN CAL- circumstances, so tivat any changes that are found must be (hue to alterations LAWAY, JR. in Plato’s style. Of course, in determining the frequency of any given For an abstract ofthis article see Johns Hopkins University (Jirculars, Vol. form of citation in dialogues so different from one another as the Sym- posium, Gorgias, and Timaeus, a standard such as the numberof pages cov- VIII, No. 72, p. 64. ered by tise dialogue will not give ajust relative proportion, and hence what Under the head of Notes Professor A.. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON discusses seems to be a truer measure has been taken, viz: the total number of refer- Avesta pairiabtr5u4 (vie), nor5u4, str5ui. ences found in each dialogue. The result of the investigations is suffici Reviews and Book Notices. Kiilbing’s Ipomedon (J. M. GARNETT) ‘one of enthy curious, and is herewith appended. the most important Middle-English romances that have been published.’ Professor Garnett takes exception to Kdlbing’s view of the version C, and 5 It ought to he added in all fairness that Windeihand himself declares that he would not have undertaken this compendium if he had known that Zeller had purposed to 51 have corrected the slip on p. 294 clue to the repetitiou of the figures 15 to 1.—B. L. G. prepare an ahridgment of his great work.—B. L. G. MAY, 1890.] UNIVERSITY CJRCULAI?S. 81

0 ~0 preserved intact in a dozen curse inscriptions from the temple of Demeter 0 ‘~O O~(D • 0 ~n -.~d (V~0 ~ 0 at Cnidos. ~ 00 0~ 0000~ 0~CI)~ ~ Cj2~11Cj2 Article IV.—~TAAOPI~MoI E~ THO®E~E&~ in Aristotle. By PAUL 0 Ci2~ 0 SHOREY. The conclusion reached is that Aristotle’s proposal to classify syllogisms ~ &woOfo~ws is merely a (lesign to classify the hypothesis habitually or fre- quently used by Athenian disputants. But A. got no further than the tentative proposal of the terms ,ca’rk AL’J-axv4Jw and wr& 7re,~T-q’,-a, which were suggested to him by the Platonic loci from which he took the entire CO [0 C12 CO ~o ~ m CO [0 ~ CO ~ [0 [0 ~ ~ collection. 4~ 0) ~O CO Oi ~o CO ~ 0 CO Q~ 0) o ~ ;~ -~ Article V.—On theforms APTEMI~, APTAMI~. By CARL D. BUCK. In this article the author shows that the form ‘ApTa~c. has but a small

0) 0 representation as compared with ‘ApTEAL-, and maintains that we are not ~ ~ 4~ ~—1[0 0) —1 [0 ~0 0) X) justified in regarding the former as original, and building an etymology on it, as Roberts does in the last ition of Preller’s Griechische Mythologie. .~ -~ C) ~ o n In the Notes R. C. SEATON discusses two passages of Apollonius Rhodius. In 3, 745 he admits that vaii’,-cCL cannot stand on accountof the quantity (-as long before a vowel), Weil’s ,‘,%‘,-aAeL ‘drowsy’ does not fit the situation of [0I—~ sailors on the watch, whose business it is to be wide awake, so that we have 0) .~ 0) ~0 —1 fr-1 CO 4~ fr~ fr~ 0) [0 [0 fr~ fr~ ) ~ to fall back on the Merkel-Porson VcCU’I-iAOL (misprinted in the Journal va~rAot). In 2, 205 we are to retain &3~uj~p~ and not read &f3A/~ypcp, and C) 0011 we are not to give ourselves auy trouble about f3A-qxp$s=brxvp~s inasmuch o ~-I-~’•O ~1 CII as hflxnxp~s~l3x’ij~p&s. I Under Reviews and Book Notices B. L. G. gives a full abstract of C’onstan- ~ t’in Bitter’s Untersuchungen fiber Plato,’ and Professor B. P(ERRIN). pro- I nounces Reichert, Ueber den sweiten Teil der Odyssee a suggestive book that go ~ promises to be fruitful. ~ 01 Reports. Archis fur Lateinisehe Lexicographie u. Grammatik (E. M. PEASE), Journal Asiatique (W. MUSS-ARNOLT), and Anglia (JAMES W. ~II BRiGHT. 0-I Brief Mention is made of two new volumes in the White-Seymour series, I c~ o-~ Towle’s Protagoras and Flayg’s Iphigenia Taurica. Recent Publications. Books Received.

0 ~ The close of the tenth volume of the Journal has been signalized by the o ~ 0 ~ ~ ~cr0 publication of a general Index of 44 pages, which is incorporated in No. 40. The list of contributors shows an array of 137 writers, among them ~ ~ ~ CI))) 0 European scholars of eminence, and in the index of subjects those contribu- tors are known by the numbers affixed to their names. This is a familiar ~ ~ 0 ~•0 ~ ~ o~o n~n~ no o~o method of saving space which did not originate in America, as has been recently asserted. The compiler, Dr. ARNOLT, has spared no pains to make ~ I.*~~l•0~0CI0 oco the index complete, and has not contented himself with consolidating the special indexes to the preceding volumes, but has gone throu0h all the 0 0 volumes independently, with results that have met with hearty recognition. Some dialogues at the upper end of the list are known by tradition to be All the words, all the passages that have come within the scope of the early and some at the lower end are known to be late. Hence the most Journal have been registered. ‘Greek’ fills four solid columns of nonpareil natural thing is to conclude that the table shows approximately the order and Latin even more, and the articles ‘Cicero, ‘Euripides,’ ‘Plato,’ of composition of those of the dialogues about which there is no tradition ‘Sophocles,’ ‘Thucydides’ will show the usefulness of the Index to special- remainin ists. In short, the value of the set has been indefinitely enhanced by the 0. This is the well-known Dittenberger method, followed by Index, and the Editor has only done justice in thanking Dr. Arnolt pub- Schanz and Ritter. licly for his ‘indefatigable diligence and generous self-sacrifice.’ The Index goes with the volume but not with the number, which is not sold Article 111.—The Duenos Inscription. By Th SEYMOUR CONWAY. separately, and a small special edition of the Index has been printed, the The puzzling Duenos inscription is again attacked, this time with the proceeds of which will be set apart for the compiler. help of a number of Greek cursing inscriptions which show that we have 5 Ritter’s statistics oughtto be overisauled, and one of my students is at work on the embedded in these riddlesome lines a literal translation of a Greek formula task now—B. L. G.

• PUBLICATION AGENCY OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. I. American Journal of Mathematics. S. NEWCOMB, Editor, a.nd VI. Johns llopkins University Circulars. 4to. Vol. IX in progress. T. CRAIG, Associate Editor. Quarterly. 4to. Volume XII in pro- $1 per year. gress. $5 per volume. VII. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 4to. Monthly. $1 per year. II. American Chemical Journal. I. REMSEN, Editor. 8 nos. yearly. VIII. Johns hopkins Hospital Reports. 4to. Monthly. 5 per year. Svo. Volume XII in progress. $4 per volume. IX. Contributions to Assyriology, etc. Vol I, Part I now ready. $0. III. American Journal of Philology. B. L. GILDERSLEEYE, Editor. X. Annual Report of the Johns hopkins University. Presented Quarterly. 8vo. Volume XI in progress. $3 per volume. by the President to the Board of Trustees. IV. Studies from the Biological Laboratory. H. N. MARTIN, XI. Annual Register of the Johns Hopkins University. Giving Editor, and W. K. BROOKS, Associate Editor. Svo. Volume IV in progress. $5 per volume. the list of officers and students, and stating the regulations, etc. Published ot the close of the academic year. V. Studies in Historical and Political Science. H. B. ADAMS, Editor. Monthly. 8vo. Vol. VIII in progress. $3 per volume. 82 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 81.

LIST O~ BOOKS RELATING TO THE EAST IN THE ENOCH PRATT FREE LIBRARY. The increasing interest in the results of Oriental studies has created a demand for general information on the subject. A good collection in this field has been secured by the Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore. To render these works more accessible to students and others interested in Oriental topics the following list has been compiled by Dr. CYRus ADLER, with the co-operation of the officers of the Library. The year of publication is given in parenthesis, followed by the Library catalogue nnmber.

ABBOTT, J. History of Genghis Khan. (1860.) K 1855. BURTON, I. A. Arabia, Egypt and lildia. (1879.) L 1958. — History of Darius the Great. (1871.) K 1334. BURTON, B. F. and DRAKE, C. F. T. Unexplored Syria. 2 vols. (1872.) K 1218. — History of Xerxes tlse Great. (1878.) K 133. BUTLER, A. J. Court Life in Egypt. (1887.) K 5018. — History of Cyrus the Great. (1878.) K 1333. BY-PAThS Os’ BIBLE KNOWLEDGE. Religious Tract Society, London. 12 vole. (1854 — History of Cleopatra. (i879.) K 5003. and later.) ABOUT, E. F. V. The Fellah. (1870.) K 5107. CADDY, FLORENCE. To Siam and Malaya in the Duke of Sutlserland’s Yacht “Sans Anxscs, H. CADWALLADER. History of the Jews. (1887.) K 970. Peur.” (1889.) IL 794. AnAses, XV. H. D. Egypt Past and Present. (1885.) K 5104. CAMPBELL, J. G., E. H. D. S., MARQUIS OP LORNE. The Book ofPsalms. (1877.) XV Gil. ADLER, C. Catalogue of a Hebrew Library. (1887.) X Ref. CARPENTER, XV. The Israelites found in the Anglo-Saxoess. (1874.) K 408. ARMED, KILAN IIAHADOR. Syed. Life of Mohammed, Vol. 1. (1870,) W 9506. CARRINCTON, H, B. The Obelisk. (1887.) H 6762. — Life and Work. By Gralsam. (3885.) G 7331. CARTER, J. P. Elements ofGeneral history. (1871.) K 277. AL AEAWIYAH. Tales of the Caliph. (1887.) B 218. CASSELL, D. Jewish History and Literature. (1882.) K 950. ALEXANDER, J. A. Isaiah. 2 vols. (1851.) W 691. CAUNTER, J. H. Poetry of the Pentateuch. 2 vole. (1839.) XV 538. ALl Azsz EFENDI. The Story of Jewad. (1888.) A 93. CHAMBERS, TALBOT XV. Moses and Isis recent Critics. (1889.) XV 514. ALLEN, CHARLEs GEANT. The Tents of Shem. (1889.) A 94. CHANDLER, B. Abyssinia. K 5400. ALLEN, H. F. Korean Tales. (1889.) W 9936. CHARMES, G. Egypt. (1883.) K 5105. ALLEN, J. H. Hebrew Men and Times. (1883.) K 981. CHRYNE, T. K. Job and Solomon. (1887.) XV 582. AMEER ALL, H. Syed. Life and Teacisings of Molsammed. (1873.) W 9478. — Jeremiah, his Life and Times. XV 730. Aancss, F. DE. Constantinople. (1878.) I 3031. CHURCH. Story ofthe Nations. Carthage. (1886.) K 5230. — Morocco; its People and Places. (1882.) K 5229. CHUEcInLL, C. H. Life ofAbdel Kader. (1867.) K 5226. ANDERSON, C. Annals of the English Bible. 2 vole. (1845.) XV 248. CLARK. History of Turkey. (1878.) I 2993. ANDREW, XV. P. India and her Neighbors. (1878.) K 1348. CLARK, F. IL. Israel in Egypt. (1874.) K 5070. ARABIAN NIOHTs. Translated by Burton. 6 vols. (1886—7.) D 5461. — The Arabs and the Turks. (1875.) I 2971. ARBUTLINOT, F. F. Persian Portraits. (1887.) D 140. CLEMENT. Ihistory of Egypt. (1881.) K 5012. ARNOLD, A. Through Persia hy Caravan. K 1386. COCHRAN, XV1LLIAM. Pen and Pencil in Asia Minor; or, Notes from thee Levant. (1888.) AVESTA. The Religions Books of the Parsees. From F. von Spiegel’s German transla- IL 9782. tion of tlse original manuscripts. By A. H. Bleek. (1864.) W 9462. COLENSO. Lectures on the Pentatenehs. (1873.) W 545. AYERST, W. The Jews of the 19th Century. (1848.) K 991. COLES, A. The Hebrew Psalms in English Verse. (1888.) XV. 608. BABELOLe, ERNEST. Manual of Oriental Antiquities. Translated by B. T. A. Evetts. CONANT, H. C. The Engliels Bible. (1856.) XV 337. (1889.) Q 4329. CONnER. C. B. Judas Maccabseus. (1879.) K 983. BADLEY, B. II. Tulsipur Fair. Glimpses of Life in North India. 2nd edition. B 411. — Syrian Stone Lore. (1886.) K 1018. BALLANTINE, H. Midnight Marches through Persia. (1879.) L 1932. — Altaic llieroglyphs. (1889.) K 1019. BALLARD, B. Pyramid Problem. (1883.) K 5097. CORY, I. P. Ancient Fragments. (1876.) K 581. BARCLAY, JOSEPH. The Talmud. (1878.) XV 1837. COSTA, I. DA. Israel and the Gentiles. (3850.) K tun. BARNARD, F. A. P. Metrological System of the Great Pyramid. (1884.) N 5348. Cox, S.S. Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey. (1887.) 1 3064. BARNES, ALnERT. On the Psaisses. 3 vols. (1880.) W 610. CREASY, SIR F. S. history ofthe Ottoman Turks. (1878.) I 2970. — Notes on Job. 2 vols. (1881.) W 570. CROSBY, H. The Bible View of thee Jewish Church. (1888.) XV 1820. — Notes on Isaiah. 2 vole. (1881.) XV 690. CROSSKEY, H. XV. The Method of Creation. (Biblical Manuals.) (1889.) H 3, — Notes on Daniel. (1881.) W 711. CRUDEN, A. Concordance. (1879.) X Ref. BARTLETT, E. J. and PETERS, J. P., Editors. Scriptures: hebrew and Christlais, Arranged CURIOSITIES OP THE BIBLE. (1884.) XV 336. as an introductioss to the study of the Bible. (1886.) XV 282. CUEZON, F. Armenia. (1854.) IL 1925. BARTLETT. :Foity Days inthe Desert. K 1272. DARMESTETEE, J. The Mabdi. (1885.) XV 9201. BASSETT. Persia, the Land ofthe Imains. (1886.) K 1389. DAVIS, N. Carthage and her Remains. (1861.) K 5247. BELL, C. and MABEELY, F. From Pharaoh to Fellah. K 5050. DAWES, A. L. The Modern Jew. (1886.) K 980. BELL, C. D. A XVinter on tise Nile. (1888.) IL 1746. DAweoN, SIR J. XV. Egypt and Syria. (1885.) L 1715. BENJAMIN, S. G. W. Persia and the Persians. (1887.) K 1410. — Modern Science in Bible Lands. (1888.) M 6241. — Story ofthe Nations. Persia. (1887.) K 1355. DEANE, XV. J. Abraham; his Life and Times. XV 549. BENNET, SIR R. Diseases of the Bible. V 2526. — David; his Life and Times. XV 623. BENNY. Criminal Code of the Jews. W 1816. — Samuel and Saul; their Lives and Times. XV 552. BRERLEY. The Pharaohs and their People. K 5035. DEATH, J. The Beer ofthe Bible. (1887.) XV 359. BESANT, XVALTER. Life of Edward Henry Palmer. (1883.) G 6115. DR GROOT, N. G. Israelites and Judacans. 2 vole. (1879.) K 954. BSaLE. Old Testament Psalms of David. Translated by Cradock. (1754.) XV 638. DELITZSCH, F. Jewish Artisan Life. (1883.) K 976. — Speaker’s Commentary. 2 vols. X Ref. — System of Biblical Psychology. (1885.) XV 7275. — Apocrypha. Ed., Wace. (1888.) X Ref. — A Day in Capernaum. (1887.) XV 2129. BIBLE OP EVERY LAND. (1860.) W 408. — Behold the Man! Translated by C. Vincent. (1889.) XV 2102. BIBLE MYTHS AND PARALLELS IN OTHER BELsecoNs. XV 9695. DICK, C. and CRRSWELL, J. David and Batheheba. (1887.) A 1710. BIBLE FOLK-LORE. (1884.) XV 9946. DICKSON, WALTER G. Gleanings from Japan. (1889.) K 2140. BIRCH, S. Ancient Pottery. (1873.) Q 2487. DoDs, MARCUS. The Book of Genesis. XV 533. — Records of the Past, 12 vols. 5 405. DOER, J. B. Old Bibles. (1876.) X Ref. BISSELL, F. C. historic Origin ofthe Bible. (1871.) XV 350. DRIVER, S. B. Isaiah; leis Life and Times. XV 692 — The Peutateuch, its Origin and Structure. (1885.) XV 535. DUNCKER, H. XV. Ihistory ofAntiqtmity. 6 vole. (1877—82.) K 578. — Biblical Antiquities. (1888.) W 351. FaRES, G. M. Egypt; Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque. 2 vole. (1887.) Q 8082. BLACEWOOD, LADY A. Residence on the Bosphorns. (1881.) I 581. EDEN, F. The Nile without a Dragomame. (1873.) IL 3014. BLAKE, S. L. The Book; or, When and by Whom the Bible was XVritten. (1886.) XV 129. EDRRSIIEIM, A. History of Israel aced Judab. (1880.) XV 457—7. BLEEK, F. Introduction to the Old Testament. 2 vols. (3875.) XV 455. — Prophecy and History in relation to the Messiah. (Warblerton Lectures.) (3885.) BLUNT, LADV ANNE. Pilgrimage to Nejd. 2 vole. (3881.) K 1299. XV 364. BLUNT, J. F. History of the Jews in England. (1830.) K 999. EDWARDS, AMELIA B. A Thousand Miles up the Nile. (1889.) L 3070. BoNoan, JOSEPH. Nineveb. (1878.) K 1180. — Untrodden Peaks and Unfrequented Valleys. (1890.) I 1559. BONYALOT, GABRIEL. Through the Heart of Asia. (3889.) L 1997. ERA (Pseud.) Behind the Bungalow. (1889.) K 1567. BOYRT. Egypt, Palestine and Phoenicia. (1883.) L 1753. ENGEL, C. Music of the most Ancient Nations. (1870.) Q 6227. BRARSTON, SI. Judaca and her Rulers. K 955. ETHERIDGE, SIR J. XV. The Syrian Churches, with a translation of the Four Gospels, BRIDeS, C. A. Biblical Study. (3884.) W 358. from the Peshito. (1846.) XV 3426. BROOKE, SIR J. Baja ofSarawak. 2 vols. (1876.) G 1979. — Jerusalem and Tiberias. (1856.) D 116. BROWN, F. Assyriology; its Use and Abuse. (1885.) W 470. FAIRBANKS, LI. F. A Visit to Europe and the Iloly Land. (1888.) L 1519. BUDOE, F. A. XV. Babylonian Life and History. (188.4.) K 1186. FAIRtsoLr, F. XV. Up the Nile. (3862.) IL 3033. — The Dwellers on the Nile. (1885.) K 5029. FARLEY. Egypt, Cyprus and Asiatic Turkey. (1878.) L 1784. — The Sarcophagus ofAuchnesraneferab. (1885.) Q 4550. FARRAR, F. XV. Solomon; his Life aced Times. XV 655. BURNABY, F. J. On Ilorseback through Asia Missor. (1877.) L 1779. FEROUSSEN, J. Vise Temuleles (efthe Jews. (1878.) Q 1176. — Bide to Khiva. K 1428. FIELD, I-hENRY MARTYN. 0mm the Desert; with a brief review of recent events in Egypt, BURT, N. C. The Land and its Story. (1869.) K 1048. (1888.) IL 1770. MAy, 1890.] UNIVERSITY CIIWULARS. 83

FIELD, HENRY MARTYN. From Egypt to Japan. (1889.) L 1769. LANG, R. H. Cyprus. (1878.) I 3126. FINN, J. Sephardim. (1841.) K 993. LATCH, EDWARD B. Indications of the Book of Job. (1889.) W 568. FOSTER, ARNOLD. Christian Progress in China. (1889.) W 6003. LATARD, A. H. Babylon and Nineveh. (1875.) K 1199. FRADENBUEGH, J. N. Witnesses from the Dust. (1886.) XV 338. — Nineveh and Babylon. (1882.) K 1198. ~FREEMAN, E. A. History and Conquests of the Saracens. (1877.) K 1380. LELAND, C. G. Egyptian Sketch Book. (1873.) K 5162. FREEMAN, J. M. Bible Manners and Customs. (1874.) W 322. LENORMANT, F. Manual of Ancient History ofthe East. 2 vole. (1869—70.) K 513. GAUTIER. Constantinople. I 3017. — Chaldean Magic. (1877.) R 2759. GEIKIE, C. Old Testament Characters. (1885.) W 462. — Beginnings of History. (1883.) K 520. — The Holy Land and the Bible. 2 vols. (1887.) K 1237. LEPSIUS, K. R. Sinai. (1853.) L 1711. — A Short Life of Christ. (1888.) W 2020. LEWIS, F. HAYTER. The Holy Places of Jerusalem. (1888.) 0 1148. GELDER, JANE TRILL VAN. The Store-houses of the King; or, The Pyramids of Egypt, LINDLEY, A. After Ophir. L 3078. what they are and who built them. (1885.) K 5092. LINDSAY, A. W. C., EARL OF CRAWFORD. Letters on Egypt, Mom and the Holy Land. GIBsoN, J. M. The Mosaic Era. (1881.) W 320. (1866.) L 1710. GILL, J. Notices of the Jews. (1872.) K 968. LOEHER, F. W. Cyprus; Historical and Descriptive. (1878.) I 3120. GILMAN, A. The Story of the Saracens. (1887.) K 551. LOFTIE, WILLIAM JOHN. A Ride in Egypt. (1886.) K 5101. GLASS, H. A. The Story of the Psalters. (1888.) XV 634. — Scarabs. Q 4733. GOLDEIHER, I. Mythology among the Hebrews. (1877.) W 9661. LOYT, E. Harem Life in Egyptand Constantinople. 2 vols. (1866.) K 5102. GORDON, L. A., LADY DUFF. Last Letters from Egypt. (1877.) L 172i. LUZATTO, MOSES CHAlK. Modern Hebrew Poet, by Isaacs. (1878.) G 5250. GORRINGE, H. H. Egyptian Obelisks. (1882.) Q 8135. LYALL, C. J. Ancient Arabian Poetry. (1885.) C 513. Gouou, EDWARD. The Bible True from the Beginning. (1889.) XV 250. LYNCH, W. F. Expedition to the Dead Sea and the Jordan. (1849.) K 1049. GOULD, S. B. Legends of the Patriarchs and Prophets. W 9626. MACKINTOSH, MRS. Damascus and its People. (1883.) K 1184. GREEN, W. H. The Hehrew Feasts. (1885.) W 1817. MACLAY, ARTHURCOLLINS. Mito Yashiki. A Tale of Old Japan. (1889.) A 4857. GREENE, J. B. The Hebrew Migration from Egypt. (1883.) W 1836. MCCLINTOCK & STRONG. CyclopHdia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Litera- GREENWOOD, FRANCIS W. P. LWes ofthe Twelve Apostles. (1829.) W 2353. ture. 10 vols. (1880—5.) X Ref. GREY, T. Visit to Egypt, Constantinople, etc. (1869.) L 1777. MACOAN. Egypt as it is. (1882.) K 5020. GRIFFIS, WILLIAM ELLIOT. The Lily among Thorns. A study of the Biblical Drama MADDEN, R. R. The Turkish Empire. 2 vols. (1862.) I 2996. entitled the Song ofSolomon. (1890.) W 663. MAGNUS, LADY K. Outlines of Jewish History. (1886.) K 978. GROSER, W. H. Scripture Natural History.. (1888.) M 1440. — Jewish Portraits. (1888.) D 7435. GROSSMANN, LOUIS. Some Chapters on Judaism and the Science of Religion. (1889.) MALCOLM, SIR JOHN. History of Persia. (1888.) K 1420. W 1821. MANNING, ANNE. The Adventures of the Caliph Haroun Alrashid. (1885.) A 4957. GUENNE, ABBE~ Letters of Certain Jews to Voltaire. 2 vols. W 1830. MANNING, S. Land of the Pharaohs. Q 8044. GUTERIE, THOMAS. Christ and the Inheritance of the Saints. (1858.) XV 8853. MANOUCHI. History of Tamerlane the Great, Emperor of the Mongols and Tartars, and HALE, E. E. and S. Family Flight Over Egypt and Syria. (3882.) L 1790. his successors, with the Life of Orangzeb. From the Italian, (1722.) K 1523. HALEY, J. W. Alleged Discrepancies of the Bible. (1881.) W 340. MARCH, D. The Firat Khedive. (1887.) W 515. HARMAN, H. M. Journey to Egypt and the Holy Land. (1873.) L 1760. MAREENS, I. The Hebrews in America. (1888.) G 361. HART, H. C. Animals mentioned in the Bible. (1888.) M 3715. MARKHAM, C. iR. History of Persia. (1874.) K 1370. HART, V. E. Western China. (1888.) MATMERS, 5. 1. M., Editor. Key ofSolomon the King. (1889.) R 2793. HAUSRATH, N. History of the New Testament Times. 2 vols. (1878.) XV’ 928. MATHESON, G. The Psalmist and the Scientist. (1887.) W 7047. HAWKS, F. L. Monuments of Egypt. (1850.) K 5066. MEMBERT, J. I. A Hand-book ofthe English Versions of the Bible. (1883.) W 226. HAYDN, Jos. Bible Dictionary. X Ref. MENDELSSOHN, M. Memoirs; by Samuels. (1825.) G 5550. HAYGOOD,ATTICUS G. The Man ofGalilee. (1889.) W 2010. MENDENMALL, J. W. Echoes from Palestine. (1883.) K 1157. HEEHEN, A. H. L. Historical Researches—Carthaginians, Ethiopians and Egyptians. MERRILL, S. Galilee in the Time ofChrist. (1885.) K 1087. 2 vols. (1832.) K 5242. MILES, G. H. Mohammed, the Arabian Prophet. (1850.) C 2851. HENRY, M. Book of the Psalms. (1866.) XV 605. MILLER, D. L. Europe and Bible Lands. (1887.) L 1526. HERDER, JOHANN GOTYFRIRD VON. The Spirit of Hebrew Poetry. Translated by J. MILLIGAN, W. Elijah, his Life and Times. W 558. Marsh. (1833.) D 123. MILLS, J. The British Jews. (1862.) K 953. HERSEON, P. I. Treasures of the Talmud. (1882.) W 1825. MITCHELL, L. M. History of Ancient Sculpture. 2 vole. (1888.) Q 2067. — Genesis, with a Talmudical Commentary. (1883.) W 1826. MITCHELL, MRS. MURRAY. In Southern India. (1885.) L 2036. — A Rabbinical Commentary on Genesis. (1885.) W 1827. MOHAMMED. Life. By Sir W. Muir. (1877.) W 9505. HEEZOG. Real-Encyklopaedie for Theologie und Kirche. 22 vols.. (18 4.) X Ref. — Speeches. Translated by Poole. (1882.) W 9463. HILL, S. S. The Tiara and the Turban. (1845.) 1 4089. — Life. By W. Irving. (1884.) W 9485. HOLCOHB, HELEN H. Bits about India. (1888.) K 1615. MONSER, J. W. Types and Metaphors ofthe Bible. W 343. HOME AND SYNAGOGUE OF THE MODERN JEW. K 985. MONTEFIORE, SIR MOSES. Story ofhis Life. By Wolf. G 5652. HOPLEY, H. Under Egyptian Palms. (1869.) L 3028. — Story of his Life. By Weston. G 5651. HOTTEN, J. C. Ahyssinia and its People. (1868.) K 5380. MOORE, G. The Lost Tribes. (1861.) W 9258. HOWITY, WILLIAN. Pantika; or, Traditions ofthe most Ancient Times. (1835.) A 3790. MoRAls, H. S. Eminent Israelites ofthe 19th Century. (1880.) G 373. HUGHES, N. COLLIN. Genesis and Geology. (1887.) W 7026. MosEs, BEN MAIMON. Laws of the Hebrews. (1840.) K 973. HUGHES, T. P. Dictionary of Islam. (1885.) X Ref. — Guide ofthe Perplexed. 3 vols. (1885.) W 2770. HUISH, MARCUS B. Japan and its Art. (1889.) 0 74. Moss, CELIA and MARION. 1. The Romance ofJewish History. (1840.) A 5373. 2. Tales HUMPHREY, E. P. Sacred History from the Creation to the giving of the Law. (1888.) of Jewish History. (1843.) A 5376. W 298. MoUscoT, A.H. Travels in Indo-China. 2 vole. (1864.) L 2045. HUNTER, XVILLIAH C. Bits ofOld Chies. (1885.) K 1896. MUIR, SIR WILLIAM. Annals of the Early Caliphate. (1883.) XV 9511. JACOB, G. A., Editor. A Manual ofHindu Pantheism. The Vedlutaslra. (1888.) W 7255. — Mahomet and Islam. W 9476. JACOX, F. Bible Music. (l872t~ Q 6193. MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE. Turkey: being Sketches from Life. (1877.) JAHN, J. ArchHologia Biblica. (1836.) W 378. I 3002. JOHNSTON, C. Travels in Southern Ahyssinia. 2 vols. (1844.) L 3085. MURRAY, T. C. Origin and Growth of the Psalms. (1880.) W 613. KALIDASA. Sakuntala, a Sanskrit Drama. (1853.) C 2506. MUTCHMORE, SAMUEL A. A Visit of Japhet to Shem and Ham. (1889.) L 1537. KEANE, J. F. Journey to Medinab. (1881.) K 1309. MYRE, I. Qabbalah. (1888.) W 9298. — Meccab. (1881.) K 1310. MYERS, A. B. R. Life with the Hamran Arabs. (1876.) K 5413. K ‘II., CARL FRIEnRICH. Manual of Biblical ArebMology. (1887.) XV 382. NATMAN, BEN JECRIEL. Aruch completum sive lexicon, vocabula et res, qu~ in libris KELLOGG, A. H. Abraham, Joseph and Moses in Egypt. (i887.) K 5138. Targumicis, Talmudicis et Midraschicis continentur, explicans. Edidit A. Kohut. KENRICK, J. Ancient Egypt. 2 vols. (1858.) K 5055. (1878—89.) X Ref. KHRDIVES AND PASHAS. (1884.) G 189. NEWMAN, J. P. Babylon and Nineveh. (1876.) K 1260. KING, E. G. Akkadian Genesis. (1888.) W 542. — From Dan to Beersheha. K 1108. KING, J. Cleopatra’s Needle. (1884.) 5 413. NEWTON, R. HEBER. Book of the Beginnf?mgs. (1884.) W 505. KLUNZINGER, C. B. Upper Egypt. (1878.) K 5125. NIEBUHR, B. G. Lectures on Ancient History. 3 vole. (1852.) K 583. KNORE VON ROSENROTH, C., BARON. The Kabbalab Unveiled. Translated by Mathers. NIRBUHE, B. G. Ancient Ethnography and Geography. 2 vols. (1853.) K 50. (1887.) W 9242. NIEBUHE. Life and Letters of,— (1854.) G 5952. KNOX, T. W. Overland through Asia. (1870.) L 1964. NOSTITE, P. H. Travels in Syria, etc. 2 vole. (1878.) L 1556. KOELLE, S. W. Mohammed and Mohammedanism Critically Discussed. (1889.) XV 9507. OCKLET, S. History ofthe Saracens. (1883.) K 1343. KOHUT, A. Ethics ofthe Fathers. (1885.) W 1808. OLD TESTAMENT. Psalms; Book ofWisdom and Canticle of Canticles. Translated by F. KRUMMACHRR, F. W. Elijah the Tishblte. (1838.) W 555. P. Kenrick. (1857.) X Ref. — Elisha. (1838.) W 565. — Job and the Prophets. Translated by F. P. Kenrick. (1859.) X Ref. — David, King of Israel. (1868.) W 620. — Historical Books. Translated by F. P. Kenrick. (1860.) X Ref. LADD, G. T. What is the Bible? (1888.) W 222. — Pentateuch. Translated by F. P. Kenrick. (1860.) X Ref. LAMARTINE. Holy Land. 3vols. (1835.) K 1113. OLIN, S. Travels in Egypt, etc. 2 vols. (1843.) L 1773. LANE, E. W. Modern Egyptians. 2 vols. (1871.) K 5111. OLIPHANT, L. Land ofGilead. (1880.) K 1147. — Arsbign Society. (1883.) K 1283. OMAN, JOHN CAMPBELL. Indian Life; Religious and Social. (1889.) K 1622. 84 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 81.

OMAR KHAYY.&M. Strophes. Translated, with notes, by J. L. Garner. (1888.) C 3111. SIMON, D. W. The Bible an Outgrowth of Theocratic Life. (1886.) W 326. OSBORN, H. S. Ancient Egypt. (1881.) K 1040. SMITH. Dictionary of the Bible. 4 vols. (1885.) X Ref. OSBOLIN, 11. D. Islam under the Arabs. (1876.) XV 9510. SMITH, A. C. The Attractions of the Nile. 2 vols. (1868.) L 3034. OUR WORK IN PALESTINE. (1873.) K 1013. SMITH, C. P. Life and Work at the Great Pyramid. 3 vols. (1867.) K 5094. OXFORD, A. W. History of Ancient Israel. (1887.) K 413. — Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid. (1880.) K 5087. OXLEY, XV. Egypt. (1884.) K 5033. SMITH, D. Cuneorum Clavis. (1875.) 5 440. PALMER, E. 11. Desert of the Exodus. (1872.) K 1206. SMITH, G. Assyrian Eponym Canon. K 94. — Haroun Airasehid. (1881.) K 1340. — Chaldean Account of Genesis. (1880.) W 540. PALMER, G. The Migration from Shinar. (1879.) 511 6442. — Assyrian Discoveries. (1883.) K 1215. PALMER, H. L. Home Life in the Bible. (1881.) W 400. — I’ve Been a Gypsying. (1885.) I 8012. PATON, ANDREW ARCHIBALD. History of the Egyptian Revolution, from the Period of SMITH, J. V. C. Pilgrimage to Egypt. (1852.) L 1743. the Mamelukes to the Death of Mohammed All. (1863.) K 5126. SalIrN, P. Ancient History of the East. (1883.) K 555. PEARS, E. The Fall of Constantinople. (1883.) 1 2986. SMITH, R. B. Carthage and the Carthaginians. (1878.) K 1214. PEROWNE, J. J. S. Book of Psalms. (1883.) W 613. SMITH, W. R. The Prophets ofIsrael. (1882.) W 1819. PERROT and CHIPIRZ. Art in ChaidMa and Assyria. 2 vols. (1884.) Q 99 SMYTHE, E. A. B. Egyptian Sepulchres. 2 vols. (1861.) L 1756. — Art in Phcenicia. 2 vols. (1885.) Q 98. SOUTHOATE, HORATIO. Narrative of a Tour through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and PETRIE,W. M. F. Pyramids and Temples of Gizeb. (1885.) K 5099. Mesopotamia. (1840.) L 1930. PICART, BERNARD. Ceremonies and Religious Customs of Yarions =4ations. Translated. ST. JOHN, J.A. Isis; an Egyptian Pilgrimage. 2 vols. (1853.) K 5110. 6 vols. (1733—7.) X Ref. STACK, E. Six Months in Persia. 2 vols. (1882.) K 1390. PIGGOT, J. Persia. (1874.) K 1353. STANLEY, A. P. Sinai and Palestine. (1885.) K 1221. POOLE, 11. S. Cities of Egypt. (1882.) K 5031. STANLEY, H. Pilate and Herod. (1853.) A 7533. POOLE,S. L. The People of Turkey. 2 vols. (1878.) I 30~l6. STAPPEE, E. Palestine in the time of Christ. (1885.) K 1120. — Art of the Saracens in Egypt. (1886.) Q 82. STEARNS, 0. 5. Introduction to the Books ofthe Old Testament. (1889.) XV 466. — Story of the Nations. Turkey. (1888.) I 2963. STEBBINS, R. P. Common Sense View of the Books of the Old Testament. (1885.) W 458. PORTER, J. L. Glaist Citiesof Bashan. (1884.) K 1192. STEINMETE, ANDREW. Japan and her People. (1860.) K 2109. — Jerusalem, Bethany and Bethlehem. (1887.) Q 8014. STEEN, HENRY A. The Captive Missionary; an Account of the Country and People of PRIME, W. Fifteenth Century Bibles. (1888.) W 255. Abyssinia. K 5401. PRIME, W. C. Tent Life in the Holy Land. (1857.) K 1104. STRACHEY, SIR E. Jewish History and Politics. (1874.) K 971. PROCTER, R. A. The Great Pyramid. (1883.) K 5079. STRONG, J. The Tabernacles ofIsrael in the Desert. (1888.) W 1846. PUSEY, E. B. Daniel the Prophet. (1885.) ~V 725. SYMES, MICHAEL. Account ofan Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava, 1795. [With] a Nar- RAOoZIN, Z. A. Story of Chaldes. (1886). K 550. rative of the Military and Political Operations in the Burmese Empire. (1829.) D — Story of Assyria. (1887.) K 1187. 2200—8—9. — Media, Babylon and Persia. (1888.) K 1201. TAYLOR, I. History of the Transmission of Ancient Books, etc. f1879.) D 1463. RANDALL, D. A. Ham-Mishkan, the XVonderful Tent. (1886.) W 348. THOMAS, E. Early Sassanian Inscriptions, etc. (1868.) Q 4540. RATTRAY, H. Country Life in Syria. (1876.) K 1108. THOMPSON, AUGUSTUS C. Foreign Missions. (1889.) W 6043. RAWLINSON, G. Origin ofNations. (1877.) K 510. THOMPSON, J. H. From Acadia to Machpelah. (1885.) K 1081. — Ancient Monarchies. 3 vols. K 590. THOMSON, A. In the Holy Land. (1882.) K 1129. — Sixth Oriental Monarchy. K 591. THOMSON, W. H. Southern Palestine and Jerusalem. (1880.) K 1052. — Ancient History. (1880.) K 589. — Central Palestine and Phcenicia. (1882.) K 1053. — Seventh Oriental Monarchy. 2 vols. (1882.) K 592. THOENMILL, MARK. Indian Fairy Tales. B 6515. — History of Ancient Egypt. 2 vols. (1882.) K 5060. TIELE, C. P. Egyptian Religion. (1882.) W 9540. — Egypt and Babylon. (1885.) K 5041. TILLOTSON, J. Palestine. K 1143. — Story of Ancient Egypt. (1887.) K 5112. TOWNSEND, L. T. The Bible in the 19th Century. (1886.) W 300. — Moses, his Life and Times. (1887.) W 517. TOY, C. H. Religion of Israel. (1886.) W 1810. — Kings of Israel and Judah. (1889.) W 672. TRISTRAM, H. B. Land of Israel. (1882.) K 1135. — The Story of Phcenicia. (1889.) K 549. — Bible Places. (1884.) K 1083. REBER, F. v. History of Ancient Art. (1882.) Q 40. TROTTER, LIONEL JAMES. History of India under Qteeen Victoria. (1886.) K 1536. REMAN, J. E. History of the People of Israel. 2 vole. (1888.) K 964. TRUMBULL, H. C. Kadesh-Barnes. (1884.) K 1265. RENOUF, P. LE P. Religion of Ancient Egypt. (1884.) W 9218. — The Blood Covenant. (1885.) W 7747. REUSCE, F. H. Nature and the Bible. 2 vole. (1886.) XV 7091. TUCKER, CHARLOTTE. Rescued from Egypt. (1868.) A 8147. REUssEGE. History of the Canon of the Holy Scriptures. (1884.) W 7135. TUGNOT BELANOYR. Egypt 3300 Years Ago. (1872.) K 5028. RHIND, A. H. Thebes; its Tomhs and their Tenants. (1862.) K 5072. TWINING, L. Types and Figures of the Bible. (1855.) Q 147. RITTEE, K. Geography of Palestine. 4 vols. (1866.) K 1040. UBLEMANN, H. Three Days in Memphis. (1858.) K 5223. ROBINSON, C. S. The Pharaohs ofthe Bondage and the Exodus. (1887.) W 6717. UPHAM, EDWARD. History of the Ottoman Empire, from the Establishment till 1828. ROBINSON, P. Noah’s Ark. M 3718. (1829.) D 2200—40—41. ROGERS, H. The Superhuman Origin ofthe Bible. (1877.) XV 334. VALLINGS, J. F. Jesus Christ, the Divine Man. His Life and Times. W 2011. ROGERS; M. E. Domestic Life in Palestine. (1863.) K 1017. VAN DYKE, H. The Story of the Psalms. (1887.) W 635. ROLLIN, C. Ancient History. 8 vols. (1821.) K 582. VAN LENNEP. Travels in Asia Minor. 2 vols. (1870.) K 1015. ROSETTA STONE. Translation ofthe Inscription. (1858.) Q 8005. VAUX, W. S. W. Nineveh and Persepolis. (1850.) K 1189. — An authentic description of the Universal Deluge by one who was in the Ark. De- VILLANEUVA, J. L. Phcenician Ireland. (1833.) I 7519. ciphered into Greek and English by Captain Renczynski. (1882.) 5 422. Vos, G. Mosaic Origin ofPentateuchal Codes. (1886.) W 510. ROYSSELET, LoUIs. India and its Native Princes. (1882.) K 1658. VYSE, HOWARD. Operations carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeb in 1837. (1840.) Q 8260. RUDOLPH, PRINCE OF AUSTRIA. Travels in the East. (1884.) L 1805. W. G. E. Songs of the Semitic in English Verse. (1877.) C 4838. SAUNDERS, T. Survey ofWestern Palestine. (1881.) K 1153. WALSH,W. P. Echoes ofBible History. (1887.) W 268. SAYCE, A. H. Empires of the East. (1884.) K 519. WARNER, C. D. Mummies and Moslems. (1875.) L 1788. — Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments. (1885.) 5 415. WATSON, C. F. Darius the Median Identified. K 1348. — Assyria. (1885.) K 1185. WATSON, R. G. History of Persia. (1866.) K 1365. — Religion of the Ancient Babylonians. (1887.) W 9263. WELLHAUSEN, J. History of Israel. (1885.) W 1840. — The Hittites. (1888.) K 1079. WETTE, W. H. L. DR. Introduction to the Old Testament. 2 vols. (1859.) W 495. — Records of the Past. New Series. (1888.) 5 406. WHITNEY, G. H. Hand-book ofBible Geography. (1871.) X Ref. — Life and Timei of Isaiah, as illustrated by Contemporary Monuments. (1889.) WILKINS, A. S. Phesnicia and Israel. (1871.) K 418. W 689. WILKINSON. Ancient Egyptians. 3 vols. (1883.) K 5059. SCseAFY, P. Through Bible Lands. (1878.) L 1736. WILLIAMS, SIR M. H. The Holy Bible and the Sacred Books of the East. (1887.) W 9203. SCHINDLER, S. Diesolving Views of Judaism. (1888.) W 1815. — Modern India and the Indians. (1887.) K 1569. SCHLEIDEN, H. Y The Sciences among the Jews during the Middle Ages. (1883.) K 949. — Buddhism, in its connection with Brlbmanism and Hinduism, and its contrast with SCHUMACHER, G. Across the Jordan. (1886.) K 1201. Christianity. (1889.) W 9449. SEISS, J. A. Miracle in Stone. (1877.) K 5082. WILLS, C. J.’ Persia asitis. (1886.) K 1352. SENIOR, H. W. J. The British Israelites. I 6360. WILSON, C. W. and WARREN, C. Recovery of Jerusalem. (1871.) K 1041. SEWELL. Ancient History of Egypt. (1878.) K 508. WILSON, E. Cleopatra’s Needle, etc. (1877.) K 5089. SNARPE, SAMUEL. The Decree of Canopus. In Hieroglyphics and Greek, with transla- — The Egypt ofthe Past. (1882.) K 5044. tion. (1875.) 5 438. WILSON, R. F. Egypt. (1803.) K 5121. — The Rosetta Stone, in Hieroglyphics and Greek, with translations and appendix of Woon, H. Shores of Lake Aral. (1876.) K 1454. kings’ names. (1871.) S 439. WORTABET, J. Religions ofSyria. (1860.) W 9239. — History of Egypt. 2 vols. (1876.) K 5006. WRATISLAW, BARON WENCESLAS. Adventures in Constantinople. (1862.) I 8004. SHEFARD, H. The Great Cities ofthe Ancient World. (1885.) K 467. WRIGHT, T. Early Travels in Palestine. (1848.) K 1080. SMIGEMI, SHIUKICHI. A Japanese Boy. (1889.) G 7087. WRIGHT, W. Empire of the Hittites. (1884.) K 1165. SHOWERS, CHARLES LIONEL. A MissingChapter of the Indian Mutiny. (1888.) K 1573. XVYLIE, J. A. Over the Holy Land. (1883.) K 1085. SIMON, B. A. Ten Tribes of Israel Identided. (1836.) K 997. YOUNG, R. Analytical Concordance. (1885.) X Ref. MAY, 1890.] UNIVERSITY CIRCULARS. 85

BRIEF ANNOUNCEMENTS. Nos. 3 and 4 of Vol. XII (March and July, 1890) of the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS are now ready. They contain: Sur les Equa- An annual prize of $50, for a period of three years, has been offered bya tions aux D~riv~es Partielles de la Physique Math6matique, Par H. Poin- member of the Baltimore bar to that member of the Job ns Hopkins Uni- car~.—Singular Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations, By Henry B. versity who shall make the best contribution to institutional or legal his- Fine.—On Confocal Bicircular Quartics, By F. Franklin—On the Theory tory. The field is not restricted to American or English laws and institu- of Matrices, By Henry Taber. tions, but is extended to the history of early society. 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MORNING. the celebration of the six hundredth anniversary of the University of Chemistry: Minor. French: Minor. Montpellier, France, May 22. Chemistry: Major. French: Major. Greek Historians. AFTERNOON. The SEVENTEENTH NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHARITIES AND CoR- AFTERNOON. English: Major. REcTION was held in Levering Hall, May 14—21. Latin: Minor. English: Minor. Greek: Major. History: Major. The examinations for the degree of DocToR OF PHILOSOPHY began May Biology: Major. Italian. 12, and will continue till June 3. Thursday, May 29. Thursday, June 5. The volume of Professor GILDERSLEEVE’S EssAYs and STUDIES is now MORNING. MORNING. Chemistry: Minor. ready. Less than one hundred copies of the small limited edition remain French: Minor. Chemistry: Major. French: Major. unsold. Price $3.50. AFTERNOON. AFTERNOON. Political Science: Minor. The ANNUAL REGISTER of the University for the academic year 1889—90 Physics: Major. Psycholo~y and Ethics. 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Vol. XII, No. 5 (May 1890), of the AMERICAN CHEMICAL JOURNAL is now ready. It contains: Matriculation Examinations, 1890. Contributions from the Chemical Laboratory of Harvard College.: On Monday, June 9, and Wednesday, October 1. Tetrabromdinitrobenzol, By C. Loring Jackson and W. D. Bancroft; General Considerations in regard to Certain Compounds prepared from 9—10.30 a. in—English. 11.30—1230 a. ni.—Science. Bromnitrobeuzols, By C. Loring Jackson; On Certain Derivatives of 10.30—11.30 a. in—History. 3 p. m.—Latin. Furfuracrylic Acid, By H. B. Gibson and C. F. Kahuweiler; On the Tuesday, June 10, and Thursday, October 2. so-called Dioxymaleic Acid, By W. S. Hendrixson.—The Electrolysis of Metallic Phosphates in Acid Solution, By Edgar F. Smith.—A Method ~ a. in—Arithmetic and Algebra. 3 p. in—Geometry. for the Estimation of Albumen in Urine, By T. C. Van Nilys and R. E. Wednesday, June ii, and Friday, October 3. Lyons.—Parapropionic and Metapropionic Aldehydes, By W. R. Orudorif. —Contribution from the Laboratory of General Chemistry, University of 9 a. m.—Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry. Michigan: The Action of Sodium on Acetone, By Paul C. Freer.—Reviews 3 p. m.—Greek. and Reports. 3 p. in—French and German. The General Inder to Volumes I—X of the American Chemical Journal pre- pared by XV. R. OrndorW Ph. D., is ready. 88 pp., So. Price $1.00. Degrees will be conferre4 on Thursday, June 12. 86 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVEI?SITY CI1?CULAJ?S. [No. 81.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Scientific Association. Mr. J. H. BRUMMEL reported finding Caitha palustris var. minor and the simpler form of Viola odorata. March 12—Ninety-fourth regular meeting. Dr. Williams in the chair. One hundred Dr. B. W. BARTON described some modified forms taken by roots growing among and thirty members present. rocks, and spoke of the power of growth as shown by plants. Paper read: April 16.—Dr. B. W. Barton in the chair. Water Filtration and Water Bacteria, by W. H. WELCH. Mr. E. G. CONKLIN gave an account of the geological results of a recent trip down the April 21.—Ninety-fifth regularmeeting. Dr. Williams in the chair. One hundred and Potomac river. fifty members present. Mr. G. L. SMITH called attention to some errors in the last edition of Gray’s Botany. Papers read: Dr. B. W. BARTON spoke of the wilting of plants on a sunny day following several The Spectraof the Elements, hy H. A. ROWLAND. cloudy ones, and the probable cause of this. The BacteriaAssociated with Yellow Fever, by G. M. STEENBERG. May 21.—Dr. B. W. Barton in the chair. Dr. E. A. ANDREWS described the breeding habits of the Salamander, Toad, and a Philological Association. worm allied to Tubifex. Dr. S. WATASE described the “eye spots” of some Protozoa and of Zoospores, and March 21.—One hundred and first regular meeting. Professor Gildersleeve in the discussed their probable function. chair. Twenty-nine memkers present. Mr. J. H. BRUMMHL showed specimens of a number of plants not given in the check Papers read: list as found near Baltimore. On some Assyrian Oracles, by C. JOHNSTON, Jr. Studies in the Epic Poet Apollonius Rhodius, by C. J. GOODWIN. (Abstract enp. 73.) April 18.—One hundred and second regular meeting. Professor Gilderslceve In the Hopkins “House of ~ chair. Sixty members present. January 13.—A committee was appointed to take measures to increase the membership Papers read: of the House, and to consider the advisability of changing the time of meeting. Uncle Remus and the Roman de Renard, by F. M. WARREN. (Abstract en p. 73.) The act to license the retail liquor traffic in Baltimore,was lost on its second reading. A Study in the Sautra Mantras, hy E. W. FAY. (Abstract en p. 74.) .Januery 27.—A resolution, offered as an amendment to Article I, 1, ofthe by-laws, to May 16.—One hundred and third regularmeeting. Professor Gildersleeve in the chair. change the day of meeting to Tuesday, was passed through its first and second Thirty-two memhers present. readings. Papers read: Febrseary 4.—The third reading of the amendment to Article I, 1, of by-laws was On the Dramatic and-Mimetic Features ofthe Gorgias ofPlato, by B. NEWHALL. carried. On Some Points in Modern French Phonetics, by A. M. ELLIOTT. February 11.—After appointment of the new Prime Minister, Mr. I. L. Straus, the House proceeded to the election of a Speaker. Mr. Zeigler was elected Speaker for Mathematical Society. the ensuing term. March 13. February 18.—The ministry gave notice ofthe introduction of Bill No. 33, entitled “An Act to provide for the continuance ofour present banking system,” and ofBill No. Papers read: 54, entitled “An act to provide for the celebration of the quadricentennial of the A Note on the Independence ofn functions ofn variables, by W. C. L. GORTON. landing of Columbus in 1492.” Systemsof Rays, by W. C. L. GORTON. Determinants formed of Vectors (second paper), by C. H. CHAPMAN. (See p. 77.) April 22.—The House adjourned until the second Tuesdayin October, 1890. April 10. The members of the House of Commons hope that, when the House again meets in October, 1890, the students of the University will rally to its support, and not allow it Papers read: to suffer from their lack of interest. Determinants formed of Vectors (third paper), by C. H. CHAPMAN. (See p. 77.) Systems of Points and Circles, by J. F. SPRINGER. (Seep. 78.1 May S. Young Men’s Christian Association. Papers read: March 21.—The Librarian reported 778 books in the Library. It was resolved that all Note on Mr. Springer’s Extension of Cayley’s Theorem upon Four Points in a Circle, expenses, before being incurred by the committees, must be approved by the by Was. WOOLSEY JOHNSON. Treasurer ;—and that all publications, before being issued, must be submitted to Note on Determinants, by F. FRANKLIN. the Executive Council. May 2.—It was decided to continue the use of topics in the devotional meetings. A Historical and Political Science Association. change in the time of the meetings was considered. A thorough revision of the hand-book and the insertion of some new features was recommended to the publi- March and April Meetings—Dr. H. B. Adams in the chair. cation committee. Papers read: The Association was visited and addressed on March 8 and 9 by Mr. J. R. Mott, Inter- University Opportunities, by Was. T. HARRIS, Commissioner of Education. national College Secretary, and on March 24 by Mr. J. B. Reynolds, who has been Geographical Work of the U. S. Government, by W. B. ScAsFss. organizing Y. M. C. A.’s in European universities. On May 4, Mr. George T. Files, EducationalValue of the U. S. National Museum, hy OTIS T. MASON, of the Museum. Delegate to the Intercollegiate Deputation Convention at Albany, made his report, Survival of the First Settlement of Raleigh. by S. B. WEEKS. Early Presbyterianism In Maryland, by R. MOILVAINE. and explained the deputation movement assd other features of college Y. M.C.A. A Revolutionary Manuscript, by F. J. RATHER. work. On May 18, a meeting was held to present the claims and advantages of the Summer Schools for Bible Study to be held at Northfield, Mass., Chautauqua, May Meetings—Dr. Adams in the chair. N. Y., and Lake Geneva, Wis. Thevolume of lectures by Dr. Broadus given before TheYazoo Land Companies, by C. H. HAsKINs. the Association, March 27—31, has now been published. Progress of the Negro in Maryland since the war, by J. R. BRACKETT. Lectures have been given before the Association during the second half-year as follows: Baltimore Naturalists’ Field Club. February 2.—Pascal, by Dr. F. M. WARREN. March 2.—Bossuet, by Dr. A. M. ELLIOTT. March 19.—Dr. B. W. Barton in the chair. March 16.—John Knox, by Rev. M. D. BABCOCK. Mr. T. H. MORGAN reported that cards fos~detached observations had been obtained March 30.—Bishop Butler, by Professor E. H. GRIFFIN. and placed in the Library. April 13.—George Fox, by Dr. JAMES CAREY THOMAS. Mr. B. SOLLERS gave estimates for botanical cases. He also enumerated a number of April 27.—The Cambridge Platonists, by Dr. G. H. EHMOTT. plants as blooming earlier than usual this year. May11.—The CuneiformInscriptions and theBible, by Dr. CHRISTOPHER JOHNSTON, JR.

CONTENTS.

PAGE. PAGE. SCIENTIFIC NOTES: Determinants with Vector Constituents. By C. 11. Chapman, - / Third Annual Geological Expedition into Sonthern Maryland. By On the Identical Vanishing of the Hessians of Ternary Quantics. W. B. Clark By II. P. Manning 78 An Outline of Meteorology. By We Al. Davis 71 An Extension of Prof. Cayley’s Theorem on the Mutual Distances of Photo-Micrography by Gas Light. By f~. Al. Steinberg, - - 72 Four points on a Circle. By John F. Springer, - - - 78 Uncle Remus and the Roman de Renard. By F. Al. Warren, - 73 Recent Publications, 78 The Similes of Apollonius Rhodius. By C. 1. ~oodwin, - - 73 Synopsis of Recent Journals: The Treatment ofVedic Mantras inthe Grhya Sfitras. By E.W.Fay, 74 American Journal ofPhilology, 79—81 Beginnings ofthe Classical Heroic Couplet in English. By II. Wood, 75 Lists of Books relating to the East in the Enoch Pratt Free Library, 82—84 Notes on Greek Etymologies. By W. Al. Arnolt, - - - 75 Brief Announcements, 85 On the Identical Vanishing of the Hessian of a Product of Linear Schedule of Dates of Examinations, 85 Functions; By F. Franklin, 77 Proceedings of Societies, 86

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