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Yoga and the Gastrointestinal System Yoga and the Gastrointestinal System Compiled by: Trisha Lamb Last Revised: April 27, 2006 © 2004 by International Association of Yoga Therapists (IAYT) International Association of Yoga Therapists P.O. Box 2513 • Prescott • AZ 86302 • Phone: 928-541-0004 E-mail: [email protected] • URL: www.iayt.org The contents of this bibliography do not provide medical advice and should not be so interpreted. Before beginning any exercise program, see your physician for clearance. NOTE: See also the “Crohn’s Disease,” “Colitis,” “Constipation,” “Diarrhea,” “Digestion,” “Hemorrhoids,” “Hernia,” “Irritable Bowel Syndrome,” and “Ulcers” bibliographies. Adhyatmananda, Swami. Hyperacidity. In Swami Adhyatmananda, Yoga and Health. The Divine Life Society. Article available online: http://www.divyajivan.org/yoga&health/hyperacidity.htm. Against the wind: Herbs, yoga, diet tips, and other simple solutions for flatulence. New Age Journal, Sep 1996, 12(6). Atreya. Digestive problems. In Atreya, Prana: The Secret of Yogic Healing. York Beach, Me.: Samuel Weiser, 1996, pp. 124-125. Bhajan, Yogi. Constipation; Colon, to cleanse; Digestion, to improve; Digestive problems, emergency; Gas. In Alice Clagett and Elandra Kirsten Meredith, eds., Yoga for Health and Healing: From the Teachings of Yogi Bhajan, Ph.D. Santa Monica, Calif.: Alice B. Clagett, 1994, pp. 53 (see entry for arthritis); 59; 62; 63; 68-69. Bhat, Vasanthi. Acidity. In Vasanthi Bhat, The Power of Conscious Breathing in Hatha Yoga. San Jose, Calif.: Vasanthi Bhat, 1997, p. 218. Bhole, M. V. Gastric tone as influenced by mental states and meditation. Yoga- Mimamsa, 1983, 22(1&2):54-58. Bhumi. Asanas to aid digestion. Australian Yoga Life, 2003, no. 7, pp. 63-66. Biswas, R., A. Paul, and K. J. Shetty. A yoga teacher with persistent reflux symptoms. Intternational Journal of Clinical Practice, Nov 2002, 56(9):723. PMID: 12469992. Bogart, Leslie. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). ESutra mailing list post, 27 Apr 2001. “Your student might first be certain that each breath throughout his or her yoga practice is smooth and deep in every pose (emphasizing the exhale a little more). Your student may have to simplify the practice temporarily in order to ensure that each breath is indeed smooth. “I would not do deep forward bends for a while, and would also be careful with deep twists and backbends where the abdomen/diaphragm is compressed. He or she should not bring her diaphragm below the waist, so that the abdominal contents do not compress the diaphragm, so dog with hands on the wall and ‘half’ forward bends with hands on the legs or supported with blankets would work. 2 “If he or she has to eliminate some postures, re-adding one type (i.e., deep forward bends, or deep twists) at a time will allow the student to see what works and what doesn't. Also cranial osteopathy could help to free the diaphragm over the long run.” The moderator of ESutra, Leslie Kaminoff, also noted that the April 2001 issue of Vegetarian Times magazine contains a very informative article on GERD. Boyko, Chris Erdmann. Yoga poses stimulate digestive system. The Edmonton Sun, N11 Nov 2001, p. H11. Broden, G., A. Dolk, C. Frostell, B. Nilsson, and B. Holmstrom. Voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter. Dis Colon Rectum, May 1989, 32(5):376-378. (Utilized Scandinavian Yoga School anal sphincter exercise.) Chang, Steven T., with Richard C. Miller. Healing the stomach; Constipation; Diarrhea; Overacidity. In Steven T. Chang with Richard C. Miller, The Book of Internal Exercises. San Francisco: Strawberry Hill Press, 1978, p. 78; 133; 133; 135. Christensen, Alice. Improved digestion; Stomach lift; Seated twist; Seated knee squeeze; Folded pose; Seated full bend breath; Full bend twist; Elbow to knee; Shoulder to knee; Gentle full bends; Standing knee squeeze; Sun pose stretch; Seated sun pose; Gentle twist; Knee squeeze; Baby pose. In Alice Christensen, Easy Does It® Yoga. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999, pp. 51; 61-62; 79; 82-83; 84-85; 86-87; 88-89; 89-90; 90-91; 97; 100-101; 110-111; 111-112; 113-114; 116-118; 125-126. Desai, B. P., and M. V. Bhole. Gastric responses to different lengths of vastra dhauti. The Yoga Review, 1982, 2(2):101-108. ___________, and M. V. Bhole. Gastric responses to vastra dhauti and standard test meal—a comparison. The Yoga Review, 1982, 2(1):53-58; Yoga-Mimamsa, 1981, 20(3):13-33. ___________, and M. V. Bhole. Influences of vastra dhauti on gastric secretions in normal subjects. Yoga-Mimamsa, 1983, 22(1&2):63-72. ___________, and M. L. Gharote. Effect of madhya nauli on stomach acidity. Yoga- Mimamsa, 1983, 22(3&4):110-117. Dolk, A., B. Holmstrom, C. Johansson, C. Frostell, and B. Y. Nilsson. The effect of yoga on puborectalis paradox. International Journal of Colorectal Diseases, Aug 1991, 6(3):139-142. d’Orado, Elle. Nirvana Yoga: Practice for better digestion. Living Practice, Jan 2002. URL: http:// www.yogaeverywhere.com/newsletter.html. Easy yoga for elimination. Article available online: http://www.goldentemple.com/Clients/KIIT/GT/Yoga.nsf/AllKriyas. 3 Esutra mailing list. See 10 Dec 1999 thread on ulcerative colitis. To join Esutra, write to the list moderator, Leslie Kaminoff, [email protected]. Farhi, Donna. Constipation. In Donna Farhi, The Breathing Book. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1996, pp. 212-213. Gach, Michael Reed, with Carolyn Marco. Large intestine meridian; Large intestine meridian balancing exercise; Stomach meridian; Stomach meridian balancing exercise; Spleen meridian; Spleen meridian balancing exercise; Small intestine meridian; Small intestine meridian balancing exercise. In Michael Reed Gach with Carolyn Marco, Acu- Yoga: The Acupressure Stress Management Book. Tokyo: Japan Publications, 1981, pp. 1-2; 103-104; 104; 105; 106; 106-107; 108; 109. ___________. Digestion. In Michael Reed Gach with Carolyn Marco, Acu-Yoga: The Acupressure Stress Management Book. Tokyo: Japan Publications, 1981, pp. 74, 104, 105, 106-107, 114-117, 124, 181-189. Garde, R. K. Acidosis; Colitis; Dyspepsia; Gastritis; Peptic ulcer. In R. K. Garde, Principles and Practice of Yoga-Therapy. Bombay, India: D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., 1972, 1984, pp. 50-51; 60-61; 70-71; 71-72; 76. Gharote, M. L. Effect of air swallowing on the gastric acidity: A pilot study. Yoga- Mimamsa, 1971, 14(1&2):7-10. ___________, and P. V. Karambelkar. Influence of danda dhauti on gastric acidity. In S. Digambarji, ed., Collected Papers on Yoga. Lonavla, India: Kaivalyadhama, 1975, pp. 41-47. Gitananda Giri, Dr. Swami. Pain and yoga. Yoga Life, Mar 2001, 32(3):27-34. On release of flatulence-related pain. ___________. The conquest of pain [by yoga]. In Abstracts of the 2nd Annual Symposium of the Indian Academy of Yoga, Dec-Jan 1982-83. Madras: Indian Institute of Technology. Reprinted in Yoga Life, Jan 2003, 34(1):3-10. On the pavana mukta asanas for relieving pain of gastric disorders. Gunde, Dhananjay. Role of yoga as therapy in ano-rectal problems. Bombay Hospital Journal, Apr 2000, 42(2). Available online: http://www.bhj.org/journal/2000_4202_apr00/sp_367.htm. Harrison, Ann. The role of asanas in digestion. Ayurveda Today, 31 Dec 1996, 9(3):10- 11. 4 Hassanagas, Pavlos K. Influence of yoga techniques in the therapy of psychosomatic diseases with gastrointestinal manifestation. Athens, Greece: International Association of Yoga Science Centres, 1997. Email: [email protected], URL: http://www.yoga.org.mk. Herring, Barbara Kaplan. Gut feelings: Applying Ayurvedic wisdom to your yoga practice can help relieve digestive problems. Yoga Journal, Jan/Feb 2001. Article available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/health/119_1.cfm. Hewitt, James. Constipation; Gall bladder disorders; Indigestion; Piles; Wind pains. In James Hewitt, The Complete Yoga Book. New York: Schocken Books, 1977, pp. 366, 367; 368. Intestinal cleansing: Shankprakshalana. Bindu, no. 8. Iyengar, B. K. S. Acidity; Colitis; Constipation; Diarrhoea; Flatulence; Gastritis; Indigestion; Piles. In B. K. S. Iyengar, Light on Yoga. Rev. ed. New York: Schocken Books, 1979, pp. 487; 493; 493; 494; 496; 496; 499-500; 503. ___________. Digestive system. In B. K. S. Iyengar, Yoga: The Path to Holistic Health. London/New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2001, pp. 263-277. (Indigestion, acidity, constipation, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, ulcerative colitis.) Jogdand, S. B. Role of yoga therapy in peptic ulcer: A case study. In H. R. Nagendra, R. Ragarathna, and S. Telles, Yoga Research & Applications: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Frontiers in Yoga Research and Applications. Bangalore, Vivekananda Kendra Yoga Research Foundation, 2000, pp. 233-234. Karmananda Saraswati, Swami, under the guidance of Swami Satyananda Saraswati. Gastro-intestinal tract. In Swami Karmananda Saraswati under the guidance of Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Yogic Management of Common Diseases. Bihar, India: Bihar School of Yoga, 1983, pp. 85-144. (Covers disorders of the digestive system, peptic ulcer, constipation, colitis, acute gastro-enteritis, malabsorption states, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis, obesity.) Keefer, L., and E. B. Blanchard. The effects of relaxation response meditation on the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: Results of a controlled treatment study. Behavior Research and Therapy, Jul 2001, 39(7):801-811. PMID: 11419611. Abstract: In this study, Herbert Benson’s (1975) Relaxation Response Meditation program was tested as a possible treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Participants were 16 adults who were matched into pairs based on presence of Axis I disorder, primary IBS symptoms and demographic features and randomized to either a six week meditation condition or a six week wait list symptom monitoring condition. Thirteen participants completed treatment and follow-up. All subjects assigned to the Wait List were subsequently treated. Patients in the treatment condition were taught the 5 meditation technique and asked to practice it twice a day for 15 minutes. Composite Primary IBS Symptom Reduction (CPSR) scores were calculated for each patient from end of baseline to two weeks post-treatment (or to post wait list).
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