DOCSLIB.ORG

Broken Order

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Broken Order Broken Order Shapeshifting as Social Metaphor in Early Medieval England and Ireland Gwendolyne Knight Academic dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at Stockholm University to be publicly defended on Friday 18 January 2019 at 10.00 in hörsal 7, hus D, Universitetsvägen 10 D. Abstract Shapeshifting narratives appear in cultures all over the world, throughout human history. At each point, these narratives give expression to culturally contingent anxieties and preoccupations. This study examines shapeshifting narratives in early medieval England and Ireland in order to uncover what preoccupations informed the meaning of 'shapeshifting', and also what social functions these shapeshifting narratives could serve. It begins with a lexical analysis of the verbs and nouns most associated with shapeshifting narratives; then, it examines shapeshifting narratives on the one hand, and comparisons between humans and animals on the other; finally, the study turns to the sociocultural role of shapeshifting narratives. It demonstrates that, although shapeshifting manifests differently in English and Irish contexts, the importance of performance, in particular the proper performance of in-group behaviour, is a consistent theme between them. Often, shapeshifting narratives visually confirm or demonstrate changes that have already taken place. Although the transformation of a human into something else would appear to break the natural order, such a wondrous disruption ultimately reveals divine power, and reinforces the divine order. Keywords: Anglo-Saxon England, Early Christian Ireland, Shapeshifting, Historical Anthropology, Early Medieval European History. Stockholm 2019 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-162270 ISBN 978-91-7797-482-6 ISBN 978-91-7797-483-3 Department of History Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm BROKEN ORDER Gwendolyne Knight Broken Order Shapeshifting as Social Metaphor in Early Medieval England and Ireland Gwendolyne Knight ©Gwendolyne Knight, Stockholm University 2019 ISBN print 978-91-7797-482-6 ISBN PDF 978-91-7797-483-3 Cover image: "Werewolves of Ossory", ca. 1196-1223; Public domain, from "Topographia Hiberniae", London, British Library, MS Royal 13 B VIII, ff 1r-34v at 18r. Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm 2018 For Marsha Contents Acknowledgements..................................................................................... 1 Abbreviations .............................................................................................. 3 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................... 6 Background .................................................................................................................. 6 Research Aims and Questions ................................................................................... 11 Previous Research ..................................................................................................... 13 Discourses of the Body ......................................................................................... 13 Shapeshifting and Werewolf Studies ..................................................................... 16 Theology and History of Religion ........................................................................... 23 Theory and Methodology ............................................................................................ 24 ‘Eine Geschichtswissenschaft in anthropologischer Zielrichtung’ .......................... 26 Comparison between Early Medieval England and Ireland ................................... 32 Source Material and Source Criticism ......................................................................... 33 Works of Wonder and Philosophy ......................................................................... 36 Hagiography and Related Religious Narrative ....................................................... 38 Epic Narrative and Poetry...................................................................................... 41 Implications ........................................................................................................... 43 Disposition and Presentation ...................................................................................... 45 Chapter 2: Transformations of Spirit and Body ...........................................47 Verbs of Transformation ............................................................................................. 50 Nouns Transforming ................................................................................................... 72 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 82 Differentiation of Concepts and Semantic Overlaps .............................................. 82 Turning, Conversion, and Metaphor ...................................................................... 82 Shape, Form, and Natura ...................................................................................... 83 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 84 Chapter 3: Humans and Animals, Humans as Animals ...............................87 Animals in Early Medieval England and Ireland ..................................................... 89 Humans into Animals .................................................................................................. 96 Serial Shapeshifting ............................................................................................ 106 Where Wolves? ................................................................................................... 107 Souls of the Dead as Birds .................................................................................. 112 Animals into Humans ................................................................................................ 115 Secular Transformation ....................................................................................... 115 Transformations in Religious Narratives .............................................................. 116 Animals into Animals ................................................................................................ 117 Shapeshifting in verbis.............................................................................................. 118 Implied Metamorphosis ....................................................................................... 118 Behavioural Transformations............................................................................... 120 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 124 Loss and Gain of Human Status .......................................................................... 124 Wild vs. Domestic Animals in Transformation ...................................................... 126 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 126 Chapter 4: Marginality of Metamorphosis .................................................128 Disability and Body Theory .................................................................................. 129 Monster Theory ................................................................................................... 131 Social Identity Theory .......................................................................................... 133 Change of Social Status ........................................................................................... 135 Performance of Human Status.................................................................................. 138 Educating Religious Behaviour ................................................................................. 141 Physical and Abstract Transformation ...................................................................... 143 It’s an Illusion! Perception and Society ..................................................................... 144 Normalized Boundary Transgressions ...................................................................... 146 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 147 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 151 Chapter 5: Breaking Order to Reveal Order .............................................152 Shapeshifting Narratives as Conversion Narratives .................................................. 157 Human Transformations and the Performance of Human Status .............................. 158 Transformation and Concepts of Change ................................................................. 160 Cultural Significances: Why Write about Shapeshifting?........................................... 162 Methodological Evaluation ........................................................................................ 163 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................ 163 Appendix 1: List of Transformations .........................................................167 Table 1: Transformations of Humans ........................................................................ 167 Table 2: Transformations by Humans ......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mythlore Index Plus
    MYTHLORE INDEX PLUS MYTHLORE ISSUES 1–137 with Tolkien Journal Mythcon Conference Proceedings Mythopoeic Press Publications Compiled by Janet Brennan Croft and Edith Crowe 2020. This work, exclusive of the illustrations, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Tim Kirk’s illustrations are reproduced from early issues of Mythlore with his kind permission. Sarah Beach’s illustrations are reproduced from early issues of Mythlore with her kind permission. Copyright Sarah L. Beach 2007. MYTHLORE INDEX PLUS An Index to Selected Publications of The Mythopoeic Society MYTHLORE, ISSUES 1–137 TOLKIEN JOURNAL, ISSUES 1–18 MYTHOPOEIC PRESS PUBLICATIONS AND MYTHCON CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS COMPILED BY JANET BRENNAN CROFT AND EDITH CROWE Mythlore, January 1969 through Fall/Winter 2020, Issues 1–137, Volume 1.1 through 39.1 Tolkien Journal, Spring 1965 through 1976, Issues 1–18, Volume 1.1 through 5.4 Chad Walsh Reviews C.S. Lewis, The Masques of Amen House, Sayers on Holmes, The Pedant and the Shuffly, Tolkien on Film, The Travelling Rug, Past Watchful Dragons, The Intersection of Fantasy and Native America, Perilous and Fair, and Baptism of Fire Narnia Conference; Mythcon I, II, III, XVI, XXIII, and XXIX Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Janet Brennan Croft .....................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Luigne Breg and the Origins of the Uí Néill. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature, Vol.117C, Pp.65-99
    Gleeson P. (2017) Luigne Breg and the Origins of the Uí Néill. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature, vol.117C, pp.65-99. Copyright: This is the author’s accepted manuscript of an article that has been published in its final definitive form by the Royal Irish Academy, 2017. Link to article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3318/priac.2017.117.04 Date deposited: 07/04/2017 Newcastle University ePrints - eprint.ncl.ac.uk Luigne Breg and the origins of the Uí Néill By Patrick Gleeson, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Newcastle University Email: [email protected] Phone: (+44) 01912086490 Abstract: This paper explores the enigmatic kingdom of Luigne Breg, and through that prism the origins and nature of the Uí Néill. Its principle aim is to engage with recent revisionist accounts of the various dynasties within the Uí Néill; these necessitate a radical reappraisal of our understanding of their origins and genesis as a dynastic confederacy, as well as the geo-political landsape of the central midlands. Consequently, this paper argues that there is a pressing need to address such issues via more focused analyses of local kingdoms and political landscapes. Holistic understandings of polities like Luigne Breg are fundamental to framing new analyses of the genesis of the Uí Néill based upon interdisciplinary assessments of landscape, archaeology and documentary sources. In the latter part of the paper, an attempt is made to to initiate a wider discussion regarding the nature of kingdoms and collective identities in early medieval Ireland in relation to other other regions of northwestern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reform Treatises and Discourse of Early Tudor Ireland, C
    The Reform Treatises and Discourse of Early Tudor Ireland, c. 1515‐1541 by Chad T. Marshall BA (Hons., Archaeology, Toronto), MA (History and Classics, Tasmania) School of Humanities Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania, December, 2018 Declaration of Originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Signed: _________________________ Date: 7/12/2018 i Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Signed: _________________________ Date: 7/12/2018 ii Acknowledgements This thesis is for my wife, Elizabeth van der Geest, a woman of boundless beauty, talent, and mystery, who continuously demonstrates an inestimable ability to elevate the spirit, of which an equal part is given over to mastery of that other vital craft which serves to refine its expression. I extend particular gratitude to my supervisors: Drs. Gavin Daly and Michael Bennett. They permitted me the scope to explore the arena of Late Medieval and Early Modern Ireland and England, and skilfully trained wide‐ranging interests onto a workable topic and – testifying to their miraculous abilities – a completed thesis. Thanks, too, to Peter Crooks of Trinity College Dublin and David Heffernan of Queen’s University Belfast for early advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Hirah, the Nasrids, and Their Legacy: New Perspectives on Late
    Al-Ḥīrah, the Naṣrids, and Their Legacy: New Perspectives on Late Antique Iranian History Isabel Toral-Niehoffand Jesús Lorenzo Jiménez Abstract This paper argues that the famous conqueror ofal-Andalus, Mūsā ibn Nuṣayr, who originally came from ʿAyn al-Tamr, a town under the hege- mony ofNaṣrid al-Ḥīrah, transmitted aspects ofSasanian administrative practice to al-Andalus and hence to Europe, as evidenced by the taxation terms tasca and kafiz attested in Latin and Romance texts. This specific argument is embedded in a larger argument about cultural hybridity centering on the city ofal-Ḥīrah as a pre-Islamic and Islamic contact zone among cultures—Roman, Iranian, Arab; Christian, Muslim; tribal and urban. It thus links the processes oftransculturation observable in al-Ḥīrah with developments in the far edges ofthe Islamic world through the person ofthe conqueror Mūsā b. Nuṣayr. doi: 10.17613/3ty6-9y21 Mizan 3 (2018): 123–147 124 Isabel Toral-Niehoffand Jesús Lorenzo Jiménez Introduction Over the last decades, Late Antiquity has been increasingly appre- hended as a temporal category having its own significance, defined by the binding elements of empire and monotheism, and less as a period interpreted under the sign of antique decadence, as it was before.1 This reconceptualization has caused its timeline to be gradually extended right into the third/ninth and even the fourth/tenth century, leading to the inclusion of the Umayyad and (partially) the Abbasid Caliphate, to now be interpreted as forms of late antique monotheistic empire.2 Furthermore, the geographical focus has shifted towards including the areas located at the eastern and southern peripheries of the Roman Empire, whose peoples regularly interacted with Greco-Roman culture and participated in the gradual conversion to monotheistic religions.
    [Show full text]
  • Fleming-The-Book-Of-Armagh.Pdf
    THE BOOK OF ARMAGH BY THE REV. CANON W.E.C. FLEMING, M.A. SOMETIME INCUMBENT OF TARTARAGHAN AND DIAMOND AND CHANCELLOR OF ARMAGH CATHEDRAL 2013 The eighth and ninth centuries A.D. were an unsettled period in Irish history, the situation being exacerbated by the arrival of the Vikings1 on these shores in 795, only to return again in increasing numbers to plunder and wreak havoc upon many of the church settlements, carrying off and destroying their treasured possessions. Prior to these incursions the country had been subject to a long series of disputes and battles, involving local kings and chieftains, as a result of which they were weakened and unable to present a united front against the foreigners. According to The Annals of the Four Masters2, under the year 800 we find, “Ard-Macha was plundered thrice in one month by the foreigners, and it had never been plundered by strangers before.” Further raids took place on at least seven occasions, and in 941 they record, “Ard-Macha was plundered by the same foreigners ...” It is, therefore, rather surprising that in spite of so much disruption in various parts of the country, there remained for many people a degree of normality and resilience in daily life, which enabled 1 The Vikings, also referred to as Norsemen or Danes, were Scandinavian seafarers who travelled overseas in their distinctive longships, earning for themselves the reputation of being fierce warriors. In Ireland their main targets were the rich monasteries, to which they returned and plundered again and again, carrying off church treasures and other items of value.
    [Show full text]
  • Gleeson P. Kingdoms, Communities and Óenaig: Irish Assembly Practices in a Northwest European Context
    Gleeson P. Kingdoms, communities and óenaig: Irish assembly practices in a northwest European context. Journal of the North Atlantic 2015, Special Volume 8, 33-51. Copyright: This is the published PDF of the article and is posted here in accordance with the journal’s green open access policy, which allows authors to post the pdf reprints of their articles on their own website or within the repository of their affiliated institution. The publisher, Eagle Hill Institute, reserves the copyright to all its publications. Any reproduction, other than for an individual's own personal and private use, or distribution of journal content is prohibited without written permission from Eagle Hill Institute (http://www.eaglehill.us/). DOI link to article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3721/037.002.sp801 Date deposited: 09/10/2015 Newcastle University ePrints - eprint.ncl.ac.uk Kingdoms, Communities, and Óenaig: Irish Assembly Practices in their Northwest European Context Author(s): Patrick Gleeson Source: Journal of the North Atlantic, 8():33-51. Published By: Eagle Hill Institute DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3721/037.002.sp801 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3721/037.002.sp801 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use.
    [Show full text]
  • 'From Jammet's to Guilbauds': the Influence of French Haute Cuisine on the Development of Dublin Restaurants
    Dublin Institute of Technology ARROW@DIT Books/Book Chapters School of Culinary Arts and Food Technology 2014-5 'From Jammet's to Guilbauds': The nflueI nce of French Haute Cuisine on the Development of Dublin Restaurants Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire Dublin Institute of Technology, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://arrow.dit.ie/tschafbk Part of the Cultural History Commons, Oral History Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Mac Con Iomaire, M. (2014). 'From Jammet's to Guilbauds': The nflueI nce of French Haute Cuisine on the Development of Dublin Restaurants. In: Mac Con Iomaire, M. and E. Maher (eds.) 'Tickling the Palate': Gastronomy in Irish Literature and Culture. Oxford: Peter Lang. pp. 121-141. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Culinary Arts and Food Technology at ARROW@DIT. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books/Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of ARROW@DIT. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. ‘From Jammet’s to Guilbaud’s’ The Influence of French Haute Cuisine on the Development of Dublin Restaurants Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire Gastronomy, fashion and philosophy are probably what most immediately capture the public imagination globally when one thinks of France. The most expensive and highly renowned restaurants in the western world are predominantly French whereas, historically, Ireland has not traditionally associated with dining excellence. However, in 2011, the editor of Le Guide du Routard, Pierre Josse, noted that ‗the Irish dining experience is now as good, if not better, than anywhere in the world.‘ Nonetheless, Josse reminds us that ‗thirty years ago, when we first started the Irish edition, the food here was a disaster.
    [Show full text]
  • Outlawry, Liminality, and Sancity in the Literature of the Early Medieval
    THE EARLY MEDIEVAL NORTH ATLANTIC DeAngelo Literature ofLiterature the Early Medieval North Atlantic andOutlawry, Sanctity Liminality, in the Jeremy DeAngelo Outlawry, Liminality, and Sanctity in the Literature of the Early Medieval North Atlantic Outlawry, Liminality, and Sanctity in the Literature of the Early Medieval North Atlantic The Early Medieval North Atlantic This series provides a publishing platform for research on the history, cultures, and societies that laced the North Sea from the Migration Period at the twilight of the Roman Empire to the eleventh century. The point of departure for this series is the commitment to regarding the North Atlantic as a centre, rather than a periphery, thus connecting the histories of peoples and communities traditionally treated in isolation: Anglo-Saxons, Scandinavians/Vikings, Celtic communities, Baltic communities, the Franks, etc. From this perspective new insights can be made into processes of transformation, economic and cultural exchange, the formation of identities, etc. It also allows for the inclusion of more distant cultures – such as Greenland, North America, and Russia – which are of increasing interest to scholars in this research context. Series Editors Marjolein Stern, Gent University Charlene Eska, Virginia Tech Julianna Grigg, Monash University Outlawry, Liminality, and Sanctity in the Literature of the Early Medieval North Atlantic Jeremy DeAngelo Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: A section of the Kerry Way along Dingle Bay in County Kerry, Ireland Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6298 408 0 e-isbn 978 90 4853 459 3 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789462984080 nur 684 © Jeremy DeAngelo / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2019 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalist Adaptations of the Cuchulain Myth Martha J
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations Spring 2019 The aW rped One: Nationalist Adaptations of the Cuchulain Myth Martha J. Lee Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Lee, M. J.(2019). The Warped One: Nationalist Adaptations of the Cuchulain Myth. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/5278 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Warped One: Nationalist Adaptations of the Cuchulain Myth By Martha J. Lee Bachelor of Business Administration University of Georgia, 1995 Master of Arts Georgia Southern University, 2003 ________________________________________________________ Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2019 Accepted by: Ed Madden, Major Professor Scott Gwara, Committee Member Thomas Rice, Committee Member Yvonne Ivory, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Martha J. Lee, 2019 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION This dissertation and degree belong as much or more to my family as to me. They sacrificed so much while I traveled and studied; they supported me, loved and believed in me, fed me, and made sure I had the time and energy to complete the work. My cousins Monk and Carolyn Phifer gave me a home as well as love and support, so that I could complete my course work in Columbia.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Supernatural and the Limits of Materiality in Medieval Histories, Travelogues, and Romances From William of Malmesbury to Geoffrey Chaucer Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9ck303t5 Author McGraw, Matthew Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE The Supernatural and the Limits of Materiality in Medieval Histories, Travelogues, and Romances From William of Malmesbury to Geoffrey Chaucer A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English by Matthew Theismann McGraw December 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. John M. Ganim, Chairperson Dr. Deborah Willis Dr. Andrea Denny-Brown Copyright by Matthew Theismann McGraw 2013 The Dissertation of Matthew Theismann McGraw is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Supernatural and the Limits of Materiality in Medieval Histories, Travelogues, and Romances From William of Malmesbury to Geoffrey Chaucer by Matthew Theismann McGraw Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in English University of California, Riverside, December 2013 Dr. John M. Ganim, Chairperson The supernatural, broadly defined as magic, marvels, wonders, and miracles, might at first seem to be wholly separate from material goods and the cultural practices surrounding material objects; miracles occur solely through divine grace, and magic would logically seem to involve making things happen without using physical force. Yet, in the depiction of the supernatural in medieval texts, miracles, marvels, wonders, and magic all depend in some way or another upon material goods. At the same time, the supernatural has a recursive effect upon materiality in the texts in this study; it functions as an amplifier of signification.
    [Show full text]
  • ML 4080 the Seal Woman in Its Irish and International Context
    Mar Gur Dream Sí Iad Atá Ag Mairiúint Fén Bhfarraige: ML 4080 the Seal Woman in Its Irish and International Context The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Darwin, Gregory R. 2019. Mar Gur Dream Sí Iad Atá Ag Mairiúint Fén Bhfarraige: ML 4080 the Seal Woman in Its Irish and International Context. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42029623 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Mar gur dream Sí iad atá ag mairiúint fén bhfarraige: ML 4080 The Seal Woman in its Irish and International Context A dissertation presented by Gregory Dar!in to The Department of Celti# Literatures and Languages in partial fulfillment of the re%$irements for the degree of octor of Philosophy in the subje#t of Celti# Languages and Literatures (arvard University Cambridge+ Massa#husetts April 2019 / 2019 Gregory Darwin All rights reserved iii issertation Advisor: Professor Joseph Falaky Nagy Gregory Dar!in Mar gur dream Sí iad atá ag mairiúint fén bhfarraige: ML 4080 The Seal Woman in its Irish and International Context4 Abstract This dissertation is a study of the migratory supernatural legend ML 4080 “The Mermaid Legend” The story is first attested at the end of the eighteenth century+ and hundreds of versions of the legend have been colle#ted throughout the nineteenth and t!entieth centuries in Ireland, S#otland, the Isle of Man, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Norway, S!eden, and Denmark.
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Landscape Names
    Irish Landscape Names Preface to 2010 edition Stradbally on its own denotes a parish and village); there is usually no equivalent word in the Irish form, such as sliabh or cnoc; and the Ordnance The following document is extracted from the database used to prepare the list Survey forms have not gained currency locally or amongst hill-walkers. The of peaks included on the „Summits‟ section and other sections at second group of exceptions concerns hills for which there was substantial www.mountainviews.ie The document comprises the name data and key evidence from alternative authoritative sources for a name other than the one geographical data for each peak listed on the website as of May 2010, with shown on OS maps, e.g. Croaghonagh / Cruach Eoghanach in Co. Donegal, some minor changes and omissions. The geographical data on the website is marked on the Discovery map as Barnesmore, or Slievetrue in Co. Antrim, more comprehensive. marked on the Discoverer map as Carn Hill. In some of these cases, the evidence for overriding the map forms comes from other Ordnance Survey The data was collated over a number of years by a team of volunteer sources, such as the Ordnance Survey Memoirs. It should be emphasised that contributors to the website. The list in use started with the 2000ft list of Rev. these exceptions represent only a very small percentage of the names listed Vandeleur (1950s), the 600m list based on this by Joss Lynam (1970s) and the and that the forms used by the Placenames Branch and/or OSI/OSNI are 400 and 500m lists of Michael Dewey and Myrddyn Phillips.
    [Show full text]