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Adoption of Voting Technology Adoption of Voting Technology A Guide for Electoral Stakeholders in Indonesia Adoption of Voting Technology A Guide for Electoral Stakeholders in Indonesia Heroik M. Pratama and Nurul Amalia Salabi © 2020 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance and Perkumpulan Untuk Pemilu dan Demokrasi © 2019 Bahasa Indonesia edition The electronic version of this publication is available under a Creative Commons Licence (CCl)—Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Licence. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the publication as well as to remix and adapt it provided it is only for non-commercial purposes, that you appropriately attribute the publication, and that you distribute it under an identical licence. For more information on this CCl, see: <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/>. International IDEA Strömsborg SE–103 34 Stockholm Sweden Telephone: +46 8 698 37 00 Email: [email protected] Website: <https://www.idea.int> Perludem Jalan Tebet Timur IV A Nomor 1 Tebet, Jakarta Selatan Email: [email protected] Website: <http://www.perludem.org> Editor of Bahasa Indonesia edition: Antony Lee Cover design and illustration by: Eko Punto Pambudi DOI: <https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.26> ISBN: 978-91-7671-316-7 (PDF) Created with Booktype: <https://www.booktype.pro> International IDEA | Perludem Contents Foreword ...................................................................................................................... 6 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 8 1. Introduction to election technology ................................................................... 12 1.1. Definitions of election technologies ................................................................ 14 1.2. Types of voting technologies in polling stations ............................................. 18 1.3. Experiences of voting technology ................................................................... 21 2. Voting and vote-counting technology ................................................................ 56 2.1. Global implementation principles .................................................................. 56 2.2. Cybersecurity principles ................................................................................. 60 2.3. Election principles in Indonesia ...................................................................... 62 3. How to make a decision on voting technology ................................................. 65 3.1. Identifying the problems ................................................................................ 65 3.2. Finding possible solutions .............................................................................. 67 3.3. Legal prerequisites .......................................................................................... 68 3.4. Procurement .................................................................................................. 70 3.5. Implementation ............................................................................................. 74 3.6. Evaluation ...................................................................................................... 76 4. Indonesia’s experiences with election technology .......................................... 78 4.1. Use of technology in electoral stages ............................................................... 78 4.2. Electronic recapitulation in national and local elections (1999–2019) ............ 86 4.3. Electronic recapitulation by civil society ......................................................... 94 4.4. E-voting trials ................................................................................................. 99 4.5. Indonesia’s electoral/cybersecurity context .................................................... 101 5. Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................ 105 References and further reading ............................................................................ 112 Books .................................................................................................................. 112 Journals ............................................................................................................... 114 Thesis documents ................................................................................................ 115 Reports ................................................................................................................ 115 Interviews ............................................................................................................ 117 Unpublished notes .............................................................................................. 117 Online articles ..................................................................................................... 117 Presentations ....................................................................................................... 119 Official websites .................................................................................................. 119 Online news ........................................................................................................ 120 Videos ................................................................................................................. 127 Laws .................................................................................................................... 127 Annex ....................................................................................................................... 128 About the authors ............................................................................................... 128 About International IDEA .................................................................................. 129 About Perludem .................................................................................................. 129 Adoption of Voting Technology Foreword Secure voting is a cornerstone of electoral democracy and in the 21st century a plethora of voting technologies, from voting machines to results transmission systems, have become an inherent part of elections all over the world. Although initially criticized, these technologies have increasingly demonstrated that they can comply with the high standards set by election administrators and other stakeholders. In some cases, these technologies have reduced electoral fraud and increased the accuracy of election results. Results can be made available to the public earlier and in more detail, thereby increasing the credibility of those elections. However, adoption of these technologies has in some electoral systems had the opposite effects: an increasing number of electoral disputes, less transparent and less accepted election results, the undermining of trust, greater electoral violence and an overall weakening of electoral integrity. Although regrettable, these negative outcomes nevertheless serve as valuable lessons for the future. International IDEA has long-standing experience of transforming practitioners’ experiences and lessons learned into general principles, guidelines and methods for improving electoral processes. In the successful use of voting technology, as with any component of democratic elections, the application of general principles in specific countries requires contextualization and adaptation. This can then inform and stimulate domestic debates about which technologies are locally appropriate and acceptable. These debates are essential because voting technologies often fail, and mainly due to a lack of public and stakeholder consensus rather than technical shortcomings. The long-standing cooperation between Perludem and International IDEA has now yielded this Adoption of Voting Technology: A Guide for Electoral Stakeholders in Indonesia. The Guide not only presents relevant country examples and global 6 International IDEA | Perludem Foreword principles, but also connects them to the Indonesian experience and the specific needs of this country’s vast electoral process. I hope this Guide will provide a valuable contribution to the ongoing debate about the future of election technology in Indonesia and further boost the integrity of Indonesia’s democratic process. Kevin Casas-Zamora Secretary-General, International IDEA International IDEA | Perludem 7 Adoption of Voting Technology Abbreviations admins administrators AETA Acting for Transparent and Appeased Elections (Agir pour les Elections Transparentes et Apaisées) AI artificial intelligence AIVD Netherlands’ General Intelligence and Security Service (Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst) AMAN Indigenous Peoples Alliance (Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara) Bawaslu Election Supervisory Agency (Badan Pengawas Pemilihan Umum) BIN State Intelligence Agency (Badan Intelejen Negara) BPPT Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi) BSSN State Cryptography and Cyber Agency (Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara) CENCO The Catholic Bishops Conference CENI Congolese Electoral Commission Comelec Commission on Elections CRG Congo Research Group 8 International IDEA | Perludem Abbreviations DPT the electoral roll (Daftar Pemilih Tetap) DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DRE direct recording electronic EBP electronic ballot printer ECI Election Commission of India ECP Election Commission of Pakistan
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