Rasizam U Vrijeme Nacional-Socijalizma 1933 - 1945

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Rasizam U Vrijeme Nacional-Socijalizma 1933 - 1945 RASIZAM U VRIJEME NACIONAL-SOCIJALIZMA 1933 - 1945. UNIVERZITET U SARAJEVU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET ODSJEK ZA HISTORIJU RASIZAM U VRIJEME NACIONAL-SOCIJALIZMA 1933 - 1945. (Završni magistarski rad) Mentor: Kandidat: Prof. dr. Zijad Šehić Sanida Nuhanović Sarajevo, 2020.godine 1 RASIZAM U VRIJEME NACIONAL-SOCIJALIZMA 1933 - 1945. SADRŽAJ PREDGOVOR.........................................................................................................................4 1.Radikalni nacionalizam: Historija izučavanja i metodološki izazovi........................................................................................................................................9 1.1.Crte mitova nacionalizma..................................................................................................19 1.2.Totalitarizam i rasna politika.............................................................................................20 1.3.Pojam antisemitizma i njegov historijski razvoj.................................................................22 1.4.Rasna politika za vrijeme nacionalsocijalizma u Njemačkoj.............................................23 1.4.1.Arijska klasa i arijanizacija..............................................................................................24 1.4.2.Rasna politika prema Romima - Porajmos – holokaust za Rome-Romski zakoni..............................................................................................................26 1.4.3.Rasna politika prema Poljacima...........................................................................29 1.4.4.Rasna politika prema Rusima..............................................................................30 1.4.5.Rasna politika prema Afro-Germanima...............................................................31 2.Adolf Hitler i nacionalsocijalistički režim u II svjetskom ratu...........................................31 2.1.Dolazak Adolfa Hitlera na vlast..........................................................................................33 2.2.Početak nacističkog režima – Hitlerovi govori i shvaćanje politike...................................36 2.3.Hitlerova članska kartica i NSDAP....................................................................................37 2.4.Ninberški zakoni i nacionalsocijalizam..............................................................................40 2.4.1.Reakcije Jevreja na Nirnberške zakone...............................................................45 2.4.2.Kristalna noć........................................................................................................45 2.5.SS divizija do II Svjetskog rata...........................................................................................48 2.5.1.SS Wiking...........................................................................................................49 2.5.2.Najznačajniji predstavnici SS divizije..................................................................49 2.5.3.Gestapo.............................................................................................................54 3. Holokaust i posljedice holokausta-Holokaust u nacističkoj Njemačkoj............................55 3.1.Holokaust kroz dnevnik Ane Frank...................................................................................58 3.2.Koncentracijski logori i logori smrti.................................................................................60 3.2.1.Auschwitz-Birkenauu..........................................................................................61 3.2.2.Oslobođenje iz koncentracionog logora Aušvic...................................................67 3.3.Broj žrtvava i posljedice holokausta...................................................................................67 3.3.1.Strava i užas Auschwitza, najsmrtonosnijeg koncentracijskog logora II svjetskog rata, Mengele – “Anđeo smrti” iz Auschwitza..............................................................69 2 RASIZAM U VRIJEME NACIONAL-SOCIJALIZMA 1933 - 1945. 3.3.2.Hitlerovih “sedam patuljaka”: Kako je porodica Ovic uspela da preživi Aušvic...........................................................................................................................72 3.3.3.Mengelov ZOO postao noćna mora patuljaka..................................................... 72 3.4.Herta Oberhauzer, doktorka iz Aušvica i Ravenzbrika.......................................................75 3.5.Albanska misija tokom Drugog svjetskog rata: Spašavanje Jevreja..................................76 4.Holokaust i antisemitizam nakon II svjetskog rata 4.Posjeta Aušvicu povodom 75te godišnjice oslobađanja.....................................................77 4.1.Antisemitizam danas...........................................................................................................81 4.2.Dnevnik Ane Frank.............................................................................................................83 4.3.Svjedočanstva preživjelih iz Auschwitza.............................................................................86 4.4.Njemački student kao lovac na naciste............................................................................88 4.5.Posljedice nacističke rasne politike..................................................................................90 ZAKLJUČAK.............................................................................................................................92 KORIŠTENA LITERATURA I POVEZNICE.......................................................................93 3 RASIZAM U VRIJEME NACIONAL-SOCIJALIZMA 1933 - 1945. PREDGOVOR Kada se govori o rasnom nacionalsocijalizmu u Njemačkoj, obično se pod time misli na nacizam i Hitlera kao vođu nacista tokom II svjetskog rata. Nacizam se tretira kao ideologija koja je zahvatila ne samo Njemačku i njemački narod, nego se proširila cijelim svijetom, odnosno svugdje gdje je nacizam naišao na svoje pristalice. U ovome radu, rasni nacinalsocijalizam u Njemačkoj od 1933 do 1945.godine, biće prezentovan kao proces koji je trajao duže od navedenog perioda i bio prisutan geografski i na drugim područjima. Inicijalna pojava za razvoj ovoga procesa biće rezulati I svjetskog rata, odnosno Versajskog poretka po kome je Njemačka proglašena kao isključivi krivac za I svjetski rat. Tada se javila potreba Nijemaca da saperu ,,krivicu“ sa svoga imena i uz veliku ekonomsku krizu koja je uslijedila nakon I svjetskog rata, potom kroz pojavu i razvoj totalitarnih režima, Nijemcima se ukazuje prilika da to i učine. Dolazi do značajnog političkog i propagandnog programa koji će naposljetku imati pojavu nacionalsocijalizma, poznatijeg kao nacizma, na političku scenu Njemačke sa jednim novim konceptom superiornosti jedne rase kojoj je predodređeno da vlada svijetom pri tome ne birajući način kako to postići. Cilj ovoga rada jeste predstaviti i objasniti historijski tok svega onoga što ulazi u pojam rasnog nacionalsocijalizma u Njemačkoj. Bit će predstavljen hronloški slijed događaja od 1933. godine, objašnjeni i definisani najznačajniji pojmovi u sklopu ove teme, kao i najznačajnije ličnosti koje su obilježile period nacionalsocijalizma u Njemačkoj do 1945. godine. U radu će se obratiti i pažnja sa aspekta današnjice na ovaj proces koji je posebno bio agresivan u periodu II svjetskog rata. Posebna pažnja posvećena je kontinuitetu rasne teorije, antisemitizma, kao i primjer tj. koncentracionom logoru Auschwitzu kao svojevrsnom primjeru realizacije rasnih ideja i ove ideologije. Ova nacistička ideologija postala je pokretačka snaga promjena koje su obilježile historiju i nakon II svjetskog rata kada se mislilo da sa završetkom II svjetskog rata nestaje i nacizma. Zadatak rada je i identifikovati odnos stranih država prema nacionalsocijalizmu i šta su poduzele kako bi spriječile realizaciju rasnih ideja odnosno, šta su strane sile učinile na spriječavanju progona Jevreja i drugih naroda koji nisu bile podobne prema rasnim idejema i rasnim zakonima. Tematika rasnog nacionalsocijalizma u Njemačkoj od 1933 do 1945. godine dosta je zastupljena u historiografiji, ali ne i našoj domaćoj historiografiji. Izdanja koja su dostupna jednostrano su predstavljena, što predstavlja svojevrstan problem u izučavanju ove teme. 4 RASIZAM U VRIJEME NACIONAL-SOCIJALIZMA 1933 - 1945. Ovdje su korištena izdanja Zagreba i Beograda. Tražeći literaturu za pisanja rada, ustanovljeno je da se temom rasnih zakona bavilo dosta autora. U svakom se djelu, o trećem Reichu ili o Holokaustu, autori osvrću na rasne zakone, no samo u kontekstu materije kojom se bave. Hitlerov je Weltanschauung (pogled na svijet) bio baziran na djelima Gobineaua, Chamberlaina, Wagnera.1 Nacionalsocijalistička partija je u potpunosti preuzela Hitlerove ideje, koje je on iznio u svojoj knjizi Mein Kampf“, koja je kasnije postala Biblijom nacističke Njemačke. Najvažniji problem kojim se Hitler u toj knjizi bavio (prvi je bio ujedinjenje svih Nijemaca u jednoj državi), jest problem održanja i povećanja jedinki i rase.2 Osnovu je njegovog političkog uvjerenja činio socijalni darvinizam. Po Hitleru je čitav život vezan uz tri temeljne postavke: borba je otac svega vrlina leži u krvi rukovodstvo je primarno i odlučujuće3. Dok je nacistička rasna teorija počivala na sljedećim osnovnim aksiomima: temeljna nejednakost ljudske rase je određena genetski postoje različite ljudske rase postojanje inferiornih rasa, i tzv. anti-rase, Jevreja4 U radu je korištena i strana literatura, kao i
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