The Twentieth Century in European Memory <UN> European Studies An Interdisciplinary Series in European Culture, History and Politics Series Editor Menno Spiering (University of Amsterdam) Board Members Robert Harmsen (Université du Luxembourg) Joep Leerssen (University of Amsterdam) Thomas M. Wilson (Binghamton University, State University of New York) volume 34 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/es <UN> The Twentieth Century in European Memory Transcultural Mediation and Reception Edited by Tea Sindbæk Andersen Barbara Törnquist-Plewa LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the cc-by-nc License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This book is based upon work from cost Action In Search of Transcultural Memory in Europe, supported by cost (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). cost (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a funding agency for research and innovation networks. Our Actions help connect research initiatives across Europe and enable scientists to grow their ideas by sharing them with their peers. This boosts their research, career and innovation. www.cost.eu Funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1568-1858 isbn 978-90-04-35234-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-35235-3 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by the Editors and Authors. This work is published by Koninklijke Brill nv. 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This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. <UN> Contents Preface vii List of Illustrations viii Notes on Contributors x 1 Introduction: On Transcultural Memory and Reception 1 Barbara Törnquist-Plewa, Tea Sindbæk Andersen and Astrid Erll Part 1 Actors and Practices in Transcultural Transmission and Reception 2 Cross-Border Collaboration and the Construction of Memory Narratives in Europe 27 Sara Jones 3 The Polish Elites’ Struggle for Recognition of the Experience of Communism in the European Union 56 Magdalena Góra and Zdzisław Mach 4 Answering Back to Presumed Accusations: Serbian First World War Memories and the Question of Historical Responsibility 83 Ismar Dedović and Tea Sindbæk Andersen 5 Beyond Local Memories: Exhumations of Francoism’s Victims as Counter-discourse during the Spanish Transition to Democracy 104 Zoé de Kerangat 6 Double Victims and Agents of Change in Europe’s Margins: Estonian Emigrants Sharing ‘Their’ Repressive Soviet Past in the Netherlands 122 Inge Melchior Part 2 Content and Media in Transcultural Transmission and Reception 7 Commemorating a War That Never Came: The Cold War as Counter-factual War Memory 149 Rosanna Farbøl <UN> vi Contents 8 Jews and the Holocaust in Poland’s Memoryscapes: An Inquiry Into Transcultural Amnesia 170 Slawomir Kapralski 9 Neither Rupture nor Continuity: Memorializing the Dawn of the Space Age in Contemporary Russian Cinematography 198 Natalija Majsova 10 Literary Mediation and Reception of Memories of War: Hallgrímur Hallgrímsson’s ‘Under the Republic’s Flag’ 220 Daisy Neijmann and Gunnthorunn Gudmundsdottir 11 The Italian Hall Tragedy, 1913: A Hundred Years of Remediated Memories 240 Anne Heimo 12 How Does This Monument Make You Feel? Measuring Emotional Responses to War Memorials in Croatia 268 Vjeran Pavlaković and Benedikt Perak 13 Transnational Holocaust Memory, Digital Culture and the End of Reception Studies 305 Wulf Kansteiner Index 345 <UN> Preface This volume is the final outcome of the research network In Search of Trans- cultural Memory in Europe (istme) which ran from 2012 to 2016. Funded by the eu cost (Cooperation in Science and Technology) programme, the network was able to bring together scholars from 33 European countries and a variety of disciplinary backgrounds. The goal of the network was to go beyond what we saw as tendencies within memory studies to be too nationally orientated and to reify the bonds between culture, nation and memory. The ambition was to investigate transcultural dynamics of memory in Europe with special attention paid to memories of the troubled twentieth century, and how they have been transmitted and received across the continent. Moreover, the network aimed to develop European memory studies theoretically and methodologically by focusing on transculturality and reception. It is why this volume is centred on these issues. We would like to express our gratitude to the eu cost programme for its generous support, both during the four years of our network’s activities and for the special grant that made the publication of this book possible. We also want to thank all our colleagues across Europe who helped us run the project, especially the leaders of the Working Groups, the members of the stsm-committee, and last but not least, the local organizers of our con- ferences, workshops and PhD courses in Krakow, Skopje, Budapest, Kaunas, Dubrovnik, Sofia and Dublin. Many thanks for your commitment! Barbara Törnquist-Plewa and Tea Sindbæk Andersen Chair and Vice-chair of istme Lund – Copenhagen, 2017 <UN> List of Illustrations Figures 5.1 Arnedo (La Rioja, Spain), 4 May 1980 110 5.2 Arnedo (La Rioja, Spain), 4 May 1980 111 6.1 Remembering the Soviet deportations on the Dam square in central Amsterdam, 25 March 2011 139 11.1 [S]howbet’s YouTube video also includes clippings from local newspapers. Family and friends of Finnish victims held their funeral service at the local Finnish church 247 11.2 Several photos of the Italian hall memorial have been published on TripAdvisor 252 11.3 Search words “italian hall 1913” offer a variety of different types of videos concerning the tragedy 258 11.4 The tragedy continues to be discussed on various Facebook sites 261 12.1 The Jasenovac monument by Bogdan Bogdanović during a commemoration in 2014 279 12.2 Cover of right-wing weekly Hrvatski tjednik referring to the Jasenovac commemoration as a ‘Demonic Dance of Red Bandits’ 282 12.3 Image of the Jasenovac monument used to elicit reactions in subjects 286 12.4 Igor Vukić 289 12.5 Zoran Milanović 289 12.6 Aleksandar Vučić 289 Tables 2.1 Top nine actors in Hohenschönhausen network (excluding Hohenschönhau- sen) according to degree centrality 37 2.2 Top nine actors in BStU network (excluding BStU) according to degree centrality 39 2.3 Top five actors in BStU ‘Arab Spring’ component according to degree centrality 40 8.1 Changing perception of Auschwitz-Birkenau in Polish society 184 12.1 The structure of the participants in the Jasenovac study 284 12.2 The results of emotional engagement and cognitive appraisal elicited by the Jasenovac monument representation 287 <UN> List of Illustrations ix 12.3 The aggregate mean results for all three groups (Milanović, Vukić, Vučić) after exposing the subjects to the illustration of the Jasenovac monument 288 12.4 Attitudes towards the speaker and the message expressed in measures of mean and standard deviation (sd) 291 12.5 Effects of affective engagement and cognitive appraisal after the speeches by Milanović, Vukić and Vučić, as well as their aggregate effects 295 12.6 An illustration of the effects after the speeches by Milanović, Vukić, and Vučić as measured by t-test 296 12.7 Statistically significant effects sizes after Milanović’s speech 298 12.8 Statistically significant effects sizes after Vukić’s interview 299 12.9 Statistically significant effects sizes after Vučić’s speech 299 12.10 Statistically significant effects sizes after the speeches for the aggregate data set 299 <UN> Notes on Contributors Barbara Törnquist-Plewa is professor of Eastern and Central European Studies and head of the Centre for European Studies at Lund University in Sweden. Her research focuses on nationalism, identity and collective memories in Eastern and Central Europe. She has participated in numerous international research projects, most recent- ly (2012–2016) as chair of the European research network “In Search for Trans- cultural Memory in Europe” (financed by the eu’s cost-programme). Among her recent publications are: Whose Memory? Which Future? Remembering Eth- nic Cleansing And Lost Cultural Diversity in Eastern, Central and Southeastern Europe (Berghahn 2016) and The Europeanization of Heritage and Memories in Poland and Sweden (edited with Krzysztof Kowalski) Krakow 2016. Tea Sindbæk Andersen is Assistant Professor of Balkan Studies at the Department of Cross-cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen. Tea’s research focuses on the contemporary history of Southeastern Europe, especially on issues related to uses of history, cultural memory, identity politics and popular culture in the Yugoslav area. 2012–2016 she acted as vice-chair of the European research net- work “In Search for Transcultural Memory in Europe” (financed by the eu’s cost-programme). She is the author of Usable History? Representations of Yugoslavia’s difficult past from 1945 to 2002 (Aarhus University Press 2012) and, with Barbara Törnquist-Plewa, editor of Disputed Memory. Emotions and mem- ory politics in Central, Eastern and South-eastern Europe (De Gruyter 2016). Astrid Erll is Professor of Anglophone Literatures and Cultures at Goethe-University Frankfurt (Germany). She has worked on memories of the First World War, the Spanish Civil War, British colonialism in India, the Iraq wars, and the Viet- nam war.