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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments Acknowledgments Thanks are due to many people who have helped to make this report what it became. Dr. Muyin Wang, Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington, Seattle, U.S.A. made the IPCC model output for the North Pacific Ocean available to allow us to calculate average SSTs predicted for the 2080s. John Dower (University of Victoria) and his Ph.D. student, Lu Guan, allowed us to report some preliminary results of their ichthyoplankton surveys in the Strait of Georgia. Susan Allen (University of British Columbia) and her student, Jeremy Sklad, kindly provided their reconstructed Sandheads wind speed data for the Strait of Georgia. Jim Gower, Institute of Ocean Sciences, provided Nanoose Bay station hydrographic data for the Strait of Georgia. Michael Lapointe, Pacific Salmon Commission, provided Fraser River sockeye salmon production data and associated biological data and was always helpful with their interpretation. Hokkaido University recently opened their HUFODAT salmon catch and biological database to the public and for that we are very grateful. Much of what is learned about sockeye salmon at sea, particularly on the high seas, would not have been possible without the research initiatives of the (former) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, the Fisheries Research Institute of the University of Washington, and the Fisheries Agency of Japan. The work was improved greatly by comments from Michael Dagg (Louisiana State University), Michael Foreman (Institute of Ocean Sciences), Masa-aki Fukuwaka (Fisheries Research Agency of Japan), Phillip Mundy (U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), and Greg Ruggerone (Natural Resources Consultants, Inc.). In total, about 200 suggestions for revision/clarification were offered and we have endeavoured to consider and address each of them. Finally, the oceanographers of the Institute of Ocean Sciences were generous with their time and understanding when called upon to clarify aspects of ocean ecology, as were the many salmon biologists in the region who were generous with their data and advice. PICES Scientific Report No. 41 129 References References Adkison, M.D., Peterman, R.M., Lapointe, M.F., Gillis, D.M. and Korman, J. 1996. Alternative models of climate effects on sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, productivity in Bristol Bay, Alaska, and the Fraser River, British Columbia. Fish. Oceanogr. 5: 137–152. Anonymous. 1963. Data record of bathythermograms observed in the Northeast Pacific Ocean during the Gulf of Alaska Salmon Tagging Program April to July, 1962. Manuscr. Rpt. Series (Oceanographic and Limnological) 143, 74 p. Arrington, D.A., Winemiller, K.O., Loftus, W.A. and Senol, A. 2002. How often do fishes “run on empty”? Ecology 83: 2145–2151. Babaluk, J.A., Reist, J.D., Johnson, J.D. and Johnson, L. 2000. First records of sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) from Banks Island and other records of Pacific salmon in Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic 53: 161–164. Babcock, J.P. 1918. Salmon fishery of the Fraser River District, pp. 140–153, in Ninth Annual Report of the Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Bailey, R.E., Margolis, L. and Groot, C. 1988. Estimating stock composition of migrating juvenile Fraser River (British Columbia) sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, using parasites as natural tags. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 586–591. Banse, K. and English, D.C. 1999. Comparing phytoplankton seasonality in the eastern and western subarctic Pacific and the western Bering Sea. Prog. Oceanogr. 43: 235–288. Barraclough, W.E. 1967a. Data record: number, size and food of larval and juvenile fish caught with a two boat surface trawl in the Strait of Georgia April 25–29, 1966. Manuscr. Rep. (FRBC) 922, 54 p. Barraclough, W.E. 1967b. Data record: number, size and food of larval and juvenile fish caught with an Isaacs-Kidd trawl in the surface waters of the Strait of Georgia April 25–29, 1966. Manuscr. Rep. (FRBC) 926, 79 p. Barraclough, W.E. 1967c. Data record: number, size composition and food of larval and juvenile fish caught with a two- boat surface trawl in the Strait of Georgia June 6–8, 1966. Manuscr. Rep. (FRBC) 928, 58 p. Barraclough, W.E. and Fulton, J.D. 1967. Data record: number, size composition and food of larval and juvenile fish caught with a two-boat surface trawl in the Strait of Georgia July 4–8, 1966. Barraclough, W.E. and Phillips, A.C. 1978. Distribution of juvenile salmon in the southern Strait of Georgia during the period April to July 1966–1969. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. 826, 47 p. Batten, S. SAHFOS, pers. comm. Batten S.D. and Mackas, D.L. 2009. Shortened duration of the annual Neocalanus plumchrus biomass peak in the Northeast Pacific. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 393: 189–198. Batten, S., Chen, X., Flint, E.N., Freeland, H.J., Holmes, J., Howell, E., Ichii, T., Kaeriyama, M., Landry, M., Lunsford, C., Mackas, D.L., Mate, B., Matsuda, K., McKinnell, S.M., Miller, L., Morgan, K., Peña, A., Polovina, J.J., Robert, M., Seki, M.P., Sydeman, W.J., Thompson, S.A., Whitney, F.A., Woodworth, P. and Yamaguchi, A. 2010. Status and trends of the North Pacific oceanic region, 2003–2008, pp. 56–105, in Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean, 2003–2008, edited by S.M. McKinnell and M.J. Dagg, PICES Special Publication 4: 393 p. Beamish, R.J., Neville, C.E. and Cass, A.J. 1997. Production of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in relation to decadal-scale changes in the climate and the ocean. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 543–554. Beamish, R.J., Sweeting, R.M. and Neville, C.M. 2004a. Improvement of juvenile Pacific salmon production in a regional ecosystem after the 1998 climatic regime shift. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113: 1163–1175. Beamish, R.J., Schnute, J.T., Cass, A.J., Neville, C.M. and Sweeting, R.M. 2004b. The influence of climate on the stock and recruitment of pink and sockeye salmon from the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113: 1396–1412. Beamish, R.J., Riddell, B.E., Lange, K.L., Farley Jr., E., Kang, S., Nagasawa, T., Radchenko, V., Temnykh, O., Urawa, S., Azumaya, T., Brodeur, R., Emmett, R., Imai, H., Ishida, Y., Kaeriyama, M., Kim, S., Klyashtorin, L., Koval, M., Kristianson, G., Lee, C.S., Low, L.-L., Melnikov, I., Moss, J., Mundy, P., Myers, K., Naydenko, S., Nazarov, V., Ruggerone, G., Seeb, J., Seki, J., Seong, K.B., Smith, G., Sviridov, V., Templin, B., Trudel, M., Volobuev, V. and Young, S. 2009. A long-term research and monitoring plan (LRMP) for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the North Pacific Ocean. NPAFC Special Publication 1. Beamish, R., Sweeting, R., Lange, K., Neville, C., Preikshot, D., Thomson, R. and Beacham, T. 2010. An explanation for the poor return of sockeye salmon to the Fraser River in 2009. Presentation to the PSC Workshop Bernard, F.R. 1986. Data record: flying squid drift-net and oceanographic cruise by W.E. Ricker, August–September 1986. Document submitted to the Annual Meeting of the INPFC. Anchorage, Alaska, November 1986. PICES Scientific Report No. 41 131 References Bertram, D.F., Mackas, D.L. and McKinnell, S. 2001. The seasonal cycle revisited: interannual variation and ecosystem consequences. Prog. Oceanogr. 49: 283–308. Bilton, H.T. and Messinger, H.B. 1975. Identification of major British Columbia and Alaska runs of age 1.2 and 1.2 sockeye from their scale characters. Intl. N. Pac. Fish Comm. Bull. 32: 109–129. Birtwell, I.K., Nassichuk, M.D. and Beune, H. 1987. Underyearling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the estuary of the Fraser River, pp. 25–35, in Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) population biology and future management, edited by H.D. Smith, L. Margolis, and C.C. Wood, Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96. Blackbourn, D.J. 1987. Sea surface temperature and pre-season prediction of return timing in Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), pp. 296–306, in Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) population biology and future management, edited by H.D. Smith, L. Margolis, and C.C. Wood, Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96. Boyd, P.W., Law, C.S., Wong, C.S., Nojiri, Y., Tsuda, A., Levasseur, M., Takeda, S., Rivkin, R., Harrison, P.J., Strzepek, R., Gower, J., McKay, R.M., Abraham, E., Arychuk, M., Barwell-Clarke, J., Crawford, W., Crawford, D., Hale, M., Harada, K., Johnson, K., Kiyosawa, H., Kudo, I., Marchetti, A., Miller, W., Needoba, J., Nishioka, J., Ogawa, H., Page, J., Robert, M., Saito, H., Sastri, A., Sherry, N., Soutar, T., Sutherland, N., Taira, Y., Whitney, F., Wong, S.K.E. and Yoshimura, T. 2004. The decline and fate of an iron-induced subarctic phytoplankton bloom. Nature 428: 549–553. Brett, J.R. 1950. A study of the Skeena River climatological conditions with particular reference to their significance in sockeye production. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 8: 178–187. Brett, J.R. 1983. Life energetics of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, pp. 29–63, in Behavioral Energetics: The Cost of Survival in Vertebrates, edited by W.P. Aspey and S.I. Lustick, Ohio State University Press, Columbus. Burgner, R.L. 1991. The life history of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), pp. 1–117 in Pacific Salmon Life Histories, edited by C. Groot and L. Margolis, UBC Press, Vancouver, Canada, 564 p. Carlson, H.R., Farley, E.V., Myers, K.W., Martinson, E.C., Pohl, J.E. and Weemes, N.M. 1998. Survey of salmon in the southeastern Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska and northeastern Pacific Ocean, April–May 1998. (NPAFC Doc. 344) Auke Bay Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, Auke Bay, AK. Clark, T. and Hinch, S.
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