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Alberta Arts District" : Boundaries and Belonging Among Long-Time Residents in a Culturally Changing Neighborhood

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Alberta Arts District Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2005 "Alberta Arts District" : boundaries and belonging among long-time residents in a culturally changing neighborhood Sammy Shaw Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, and the Geography Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Shaw, Sammy, ""Alberta Arts District" : boundaries and belonging among long-time residents in a culturally changing neighborhood" (2005). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4057. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5941 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. THESIS APPROVAL The abstract and thesis of Sammy Shaw for the Master of Arts in Sociology were presented November 3, 2005, and accepted by the thesis committee and the department. COMMITTEEAPPROVALS: //Daniel M~an, Chair 086adin \I Mar gar erett Representative of the Office of Graduate Studies DEPARTMENT APPROVAL: Veronica Dujon, Chair Department of Sociology ABSTRACT An abstract of the thesis of Sammy Shaw for the Master of Arts in Sociology presented November 3, 2005. Title: "Alberta Arts District": Boundaries and Belonging among Long-Time Residents in a Culturally Changing Neighborhood. This study takes a cultural perspective in studying the "Alberta Arts District," a gentrifying neighborhood in Northeast Portland in which bohemian cultural production/consumption has become the dominant and commodified vision of the community. Survey data demonstrates residents' general opinions and levels of participation in the changing neighborhood. Forty long-time residents, black and white, homeowners and renters, are interviewed in-depth regarding their perceptions of change. Long-time residents of gentrifying neighborhoods are often overlooked as a less powerful group that only has to negotiate rising rents and property values. This study approaches the meaning of neighborhood changes for long-time residents who have the potential to react culturally, socially, and economically in a neighborhood where racial and economic differences are structured by segregation and divestment. In the course of identifying positive, negative, and mixed feelings about changes, long-time residents also establish their belonging in the neighborhood as it changes around them. This is often done through constructing symbolic boundaries around newcomers, new businesses, and new cultural events in the neighborhood. This study finds that although most long-time residents perceive changes to be positive, race and homeownership affect different outcomes for different groups. Particularly, long-time black residents may establish belonging as being black in a diminishing black community, whereas long-time white homeowners may establish belonging by being homeowners in the context of positive changes. 2 "ALBERTA ARTS DISTRICT':\BOUNDARIES AND BELONGING AMONG LONG-TIME RESIDENTS IN A CULTURALLY CHANGING NEIGHBORHOOD by SAMMY SHAW " A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS m SOCIOLOGY Portland State University 2005 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Olson Miller, Christina, Pooya, Milena, Kelly, Kerry, Regina, Jonathan, Lailah, Stephan, Malia, Daniel Sullivan, Randy Blazak, Jose Padin, Anna Szemere Thank you TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i LIST OF TABLES IV LIST OF FIGURES v CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II: THEORY AND LITERATURE 5 Gentrification 6 Symbolic Boundaries 9 Race and the Neighborhood 11 Art and the Neighborhood 14 Cultural Participation 21 Research Questions 25 CHAPTER III: BACKGROUND 26 The Rise and Fall ofAlberta Street 26 Forging a Black Community in Portland 28 Rise ofthe "Arts District" 31 Last Thursday 38 CHAPTER IV: METHODS AND DATA 43 Research Site 44 Household Surveys 45 In-depth Interviews 45 Survey and Interview Instruments 47 Data and Operations 49 Survey Sample Representativeness 49 Interview Respondent Characteristics 54 Operations and Analysis 56 Supplementary Data 60 CHAPTER V: OVERVIEW OF OPINIONS OF CHANGE 61 Affordability and Vulnerability 62 General Opinions 65 CHAPTER VI: PERCEPTIONS OF NEW RESIDENTS 74 Black Homeowners and Renters 75 White Homeowners 86 White Renters 93 Summary 99 CHAPTER VII: PERCEPTIONS OF NEW BUSINESSES 102 Grocery Stores 103 The Meaning ofNew Businesses 112 Summary 124 CHAPTER VIII: ART AND LAST THURSDAY ART WALKS 127 Participation in Last Thursdays 128 The Meaning ofArt and Last Thursday 134 Summary 144 CHAPTER IX: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 147 Findings 148 Perceptions ofNewcomers 149 Perceptions and Uses ofNew Businesses 154 Art and Last Thursdays as Cultural Change 157 Assimilation and Resistance 160 Limitations and Future Research 163 REFERENCES: 166 APPENDICES: Appendix A: Survey Questions 174 Appendix B: Interview Questions 177 LIST OF TABLES 4.1 - Survey Respondents vs. Total Alberta Residents 49 4.2 - Demographic Characteristics of Respondents by Length of Residency 51 4.3 - Demographic Characteristics by Racial Group 53 5.1 - Residents Reporting Lack of Affordable Housing as a Problem in the Neighborhood versus Those Feeling Personally Vulnerable 63 5.2 - Resident Opinions of Neighborhood Changes 66 5.3 - Overall Opinion of Alberta as a Place to Live 70 7.1-Percent Shopping New Seasons 105 7 .2 - Determinants of Shopping at New Seasons 107 7.3 -Percent Shopping Alberta St. Co-op 108 7.4 - Determinants of shopping at Alberta Street Co-op 110 8.1 - Percent attending Last Thursday 129 8.2- Determinants of Last Thursday Participation 131 8.3 - Determinants of Frequent Last Thursday Participation 133 LIST OF FIGURES 4.1 - Map and Boundaries of Research Site 44 7.1 -Percent Shopping at New Grocery Stores 105 8.1 - Last Thursday Attendance 128 Chapter I: Introduction Alberta Arts District is a new name for an old neighborhood that has undergone rapid social and cultural changes in recent years. In a short period of time, a booming local economy that revolves around an "Arts District" identity has coincided with an increase in homeownership and escalating property values nearby. The opening of art galleries and studio spaces on Alberta Street has given rise to a monthly art festival known as Last Thursday Art Walks that attract arts and crafts street vendors and art tourists from all over Northwest Oregon. Small businesses and restaurants that fit into this "Arts District" niche - catering to art tourists and incoming residents - thrive as well. "Alberta Arts District" is also a convenient real­ estate slogan which links the "Arts District" identity to a demand for nearby housing and subsequent skyrocketing of residential property values. For many urban academics and bohemian status seekers, the rise of "Alberta Arts District" represents a familiar story of the role of art and production of culture in neighborhoods that gentrify. Gentrification is a contentious and politically loaded issue, framed between the promise of neighborhood vitality on the one hand, and displacement as social injustice on the other. To complicate matters, gentrification often entails residential turnover that revolves on axes of class as well as race, making gentrification particularly contentious for long-time African American residents. For long-time black homeowners, gentrification may present contradictory forces of pressure; 1 increasing property values on the one hand, and the loss of black community (at least at the symbolic level) on the other. Nonetheless, gentrification results - if only temporarily- in racially diverse neighborhoods, calling into question the extent to which residential proximity can lead to stable social integration. This thesis examines how long-time residents react and participate within this new cultural world focusing on blacks and whites, homeowners and renters. Long­ time black residents and long-time homeowners are specified as unique groups in gentrifying neighborhoods, situated between poles of a changing community on the one hand and rising property values on the other. This thesis examines how these long-time residents perceive neighborhood changes that are distinctly cultural; how they perceive newly arriving residents, how they perceive and use new businesses and cultural amenities, and to what extent do long-time residents participate in this new cultural world, using Last Thursday Art Walks as a handle on neighborhood cultural participation. Chapter Two introduces literature that approaches this problem from several angles. The problem of gentrification is discussed, particularly in light of the presence of art and artists in gentrifying neighborhoods. Symbolic boundaries are discussed as a framework of cultural differentiation that may distinguish the relative identity of long-time residents as they establish their fit in their neighborhood in light of the cultural changes taking place. Literature on segregation and neighborhood race relations are considered to examine the roots of racial differences in the context of neighborhood space. Finally, a theory of cultural participation is developed for special application to a demographically changing, gentrifying neighborhood. If arts 2 consumption can be seen as a means of establishing social membership, neighborhood cultural participation assumes that the consumption
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