Report 26: Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas In
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Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas in Germany REPORT 26 Titelbild: © istock/Ridofranz Zitierhinweis: P. Weyrich (2016): Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas in Germany. Report 26. Climate Service Center Germany, Hamburg. Erscheinungsdatum: August 2016 Dieser Report ist auch online unter www.climate-service-center.de erhältlich. Report 26 Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas in Germany Master’s Thesis M.Sc. Global Change Ecology University of Bayreuth Supervisors: Dr. Joachim Rathmann, PD Dr. Steffen Bender Mentor: Dr. Jörg Cortekar Author: Philippe Weyrich Department „Climate Impacts and Economics“ at Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) August 2016 Table of content List of figures .......................................................................................................................... 4 List of tables ........................................................................................................................... 5 List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 6 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7 2. Climate change in urban areas in Germany ................................................................. 9 2.1. Observed changes worldwide and in Germany ........................................................ 9 2.2. Projected changes worldwide and in Germany ...................................................... 11 2.3. Climate change in urban areas ............................................................................... 13 3. Climate change adaptation in urban areas ................................................................ 16 3.1. Adaptation and adaptation strategies ..................................................................... 16 3.2. The local scale matters ........................................................................................... 20 3.3. Urban areas are key ............................................................................................... 21 4. Barriers to adaptation .................................................................................................. 24 4.1. Defining key terms .................................................................................................. 24 4.1.1. Adaptation ....................................................................................................... 24 4.1.2. Barriers to adaptation ..................................................................................... 25 4.2. Explanation of the underlying framework................................................................ 26 4.3. Literature review to summarize barriers to adaptation into clusters ....................... 30 4.3.1. Conflicting timescales and conflicts of interest ............................................... 36 4.3.2. Leadership ...................................................................................................... 37 4.3.3. Resources ....................................................................................................... 37 4.3.4. Science/scientific understanding .................................................................... 38 4.3.5. Governance and institutional constraints ........................................................ 38 4.3.6. Lack of awareness and communication .......................................................... 39 4.3.7. Attitudes, values and motivations ................................................................... 39 4.3.8. Politics ............................................................................................................ 40 4.3.9. Adaptation process ......................................................................................... 40 5. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 41 5.1. Setting, context and selection of case studies ........................................................ 41 5.2. Methods .................................................................................................................. 42 5.2.1. Data collection ................................................................................................ 42 5.2.2. Data analysis .................................................................................................. 43 5.3. Introduction to the cases and status of adaptation ................................................. 44 5.3.1. Karlsruhe ........................................................................................................ 45 1 5.3.2. Aachen ............................................................................................................ 45 5.3.3. Essen .............................................................................................................. 46 5.3.4. Saarbrucken (German: Saarbrücken) ............................................................. 47 5.3.5. Bad Liebenwerda ............................................................................................ 47 5.3.6. Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg) .................................................................... 48 5.3.7. Jena ................................................................................................................ 49 5.3.8. Syke ................................................................................................................ 49 5.3.9. Regensburg .................................................................................................... 50 6. Results .......................................................................................................................... 51 6.1. Overall patterns of barriers encountered across all cities ....................................... 51 6.2. Barriers in the nine cities ........................................................................................ 53 6.3. Adaptation barriers by phase and stage in the process.......................................... 57 6.3.1. Barriers to climate change adaptation in the understanding phase ................ 59 6.3.2. Barriers to climate change adaptation in the planning phase ......................... 60 6.3.3. Barriers to climate change adaptation in the managing phase ....................... 62 6.4. Sources of barriers ................................................................................................. 63 6.5. Origins of barriers ................................................................................................... 64 6.6. Aids and advantages to avoid barriers ................................................................... 66 6.7. Strategies used to overcome barriers ..................................................................... 68 7. Discussion .................................................................................................................... 72 7.1. Frequency of types of barriers ................................................................................ 72 7.2. Barriers encountered per stage .............................................................................. 74 7.3. Sources and origins of barriers ............................................................................... 75 7.4. Aids and advantages to avoid barriers ................................................................... 76 7.5. Strategies used to overcome barriers ..................................................................... 77 8. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 78 References ............................................................................................................................ 80 Appendix ............................................................................................................................... 95 A1 Basic information on interviews..................................................................................... 95 A2 Interview script .............................................................................................................. 96 A3 Typologies of barriers, strategies, and aids and advantages ...................................... 100 Barriers ......................................................................................................................... 100 Strategies ..................................................................................................................... 104 Aids and advantages .................................................................................................... 106 2 Statement of Originality ..................................................................................................... 109 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 110 3 List of figures Figure 1: Time series of mean annual temperature in Germany with average temperature for the period 1961–1990, linear trend and 30-year one-sided moving average to illustrate the long term trend from 1880–2013. ........................................................................................... 10 Figure 2: Projected changes of total annual precipitation (%) (left) and annual mean temperature [K] (right) for 2071–2100