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2015. 67-75 © Amurian Zoological Journal. VII(1) © Амурский зоологический журнал. VII(1), 2015. 67-75 Accepted: 19.12. 2012 УДК 595.789 © Amurian zoological journal. VII(1), 2015. 67-75 Published: 31.03. 2015 МЕЖВИДОВЫЕ ВЗАИМООТНОЩЕНИЯ ГОЛУБЯНОК ПОДСЕМЕЙСТВА THECLINAE (LEPIDOPTERA, LYCAENIDAE) В ЮЖНОМ ПРИМОРЬЕ М.М. Омелько, Н.В. Омелько [Omelko M.M., Omelko N.V. Interspecific relationships in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the tribe Theclini in Southern Primorye] Горнотаежная станция ДВО РАН, пос. Горнотаежное, Уссурийский р-н, Приморский край, 692533. E-mail: [email protected] Mountain-taiga station FEB RAS, Gornotaezhnoe vil., Ussuriyski dist., Primorskii krai, 692533 Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Ключевые слова: Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, межвидовые взаимоотношения, Приморский край Key words: Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, interspecific relationships, Primorskii Krai Резюме. Рассматриваются межвидовые взаимоотношения на имагинальной, эмбриональной и личиночной ста- диях развития 24 видов голубянок из 11 родов, включаемых в подсемейство хвостатки. В Южном Приморье 14 видов хвостаток трофически связаны с дубом монгольским (Quercus mongolica), бабочки 12 видов появляются в первой половине июля. У видов, занимающих одну экологическую нишу, отмечена дифференциация времени дневной активности бабочек, разобщение мест кладок яиц, различия в поведении и окраске гусениц. Summary. Interspecific relationships on the imaginal, egg and larval stages of development of 24 Theclini species from 11 genera are discussed. 14 species of Theclini are trophically related to Quercus mongolica; imagoes of 12 species appear in the first half of July. Niche separation in these species is obtained through the differentiation of the day activity pattern, the separation of the egg-laying preferences, the differences in behavior and coloration of the larvae. В большом семействе голубянок (Lycaenidae) видов с ярко выраженным половым диморфизмом подсемейство хвостаток (Theclinae) представле- («зеленые зефиры») активно летают только самцы, но на юге Приморья 35 видами [Дубатолов и др., в полетах многих других видов участвуют и самки. 2005], являясь важной составляющей фауны днев- Летают бабочки в кронах деревьев или в кроны не ных чешуекрылых лесных сообществ. В середине поднимаются, некоторые виды отдают предпочте- лета разнообразные по видовому составу хвостатки, ние участкам лесов на склонах сопок, лесам долин- наряду с другими видами дневных чешуекрылых, ным, либо редколесьям [Омелько, Омелько, 2013]. формируют уникальный облик широколиственных Плеяда зефиров, развивающихся на дубе и кедрово-широколиственных лесов Приморья. Они монгольском. Наблюдения показали, что дневная играют заметную роль в питании пернатых. Зимой активность разных видов зефиров не совпадает по яйца хвостаток поедают поползень, большая сини- времени. Границы дневной активности наиболее ца, черноголовая гаичка, московка, длиннохвостая отчетливы в годы высокой численности бабочек, синица. В мае – июне гусеницы хвостаток входят в что важно для видов близкородственных, зани- рацион питания многих насекомоядных птиц. мающих одну экологическую нишу. В лесах При- В настоящей работе мы рассматриваем 24 вида морья это зефиры рода Favonius, представленные хвостаток из 11 родов, традиционно называемых 7 видами – F. taxila, F. saphirinus, F. jezoensis1, зефирами. Из них 14 видов трофически связаны с F. aquamarinus, F. korshunovi, F. cognatus, дубом монгольским, гусеницы еще 10 видов раз- F. orientalis. По внешним морфологическим при- виваются на орехе маньчжурском, ясене горном, знакам их можно разделить на 3 секции – taxila, яблонях ягодной и маньчжурской, ольхах волоси- orientalis и saphirinus [Shirozu, Yamamoto, 1956]. стой и японской, дубе зубчатом, черёмухе обык- В секции taxila 3 вида – F. taxila, F. сognatus и новенной, сливе домашней, абрикосах сибирском F. jezoensis. У самцов внешний край задних крыльев и маньчжурском, трескуне амурском. с относительно широкой черной каймой. F. taxila – один из самых многочисленных видов. Бабочки появ- 1. Межвидовые взаимоотношения на ляются в начале июля и сразу обращают на себя вни- имагинальной стадии развития мание: самцы держатся у окраин леса, на прогалинах Для большинства видов зефиров характерна и небольших полянах. Здесь они активно летают, не высокая активность бабочек в определенные часы поднимаясь в кроны деревьев. Сидят самцы на траве первой или второй половины дня (табл. 1). В эти и невысоких деревцах, наблюдая за пролетающими часы происходит встреча конспецифических пар- соперниками, а после стремительных преследова- тнеров, а также самки часто откладывают яйца. У ний и многократных облетов своего участка возвра- 1Вид впервые достоверно приводится для фауны Приморья (цвет. таб. VII: 1, 2; рис. 1: 1, 2). 67 В секции orientalis, как и taxila, так же 3 вида – F. orientalis, F. korshunovi и F. aquamarinus. У самцов этой секции черная кайма вдоль внешнего края за- дних крыльев очень узкая. F. orientalis – обычный, но немногочисленный вид, распространённый в долинных широколиственных и смешанных лесах. Активно летающих самцов мы наблюдали в кронах деревьев около прогалин и вдоль просек с 11 часов дня. Они облетали небольшие участки и возвраща- лись на одни и те же ветви. Поведение бабочек F. korshunovi близкое к поведению F. orientalis, но ак- тивны они во второй половине дня: нам приходи- лось наблюдать летающих самцов с 15 часов. Их брачные игры часто смещены на крутые склоны со- пок и оврагов. F. aquamarinus встречается в дубово- Рис. 1. Favonius jezoensis Mtsm., гениталии самца: 1 – вальвы, 2 – эдеагус широколиственных лесах на пологих склонах со- пок, в биотопах, менее характерных для F. orientalis щаются обычно на прежнее место. Пик активности и F. korshunovi. Предположительно, бабочки летают бабочек приходится на утренние часы, а к середине в кронах деревьев во второй половине дня. дня постепенно спадает. F. cognatus, как и F. taxila, В секции saphirinus один вид – F. saphirinus, за- один из самых массовых видов, но самцы держатся метно отличающийся от других представителей рода в кронах деревьев. Летают бабочки над самыми кро- сравнительно небольшими размерами, округлыми нами, возвращаясь на одни и те же ветви после ча- вершинами передних крыльев и очень короткими стых погонь за соперниками. Активны зефиры с 11 хвостиками на задних крыльях. Самцы F. saphirinus часов дня, когда лет самцов F. taxila начинает спадать, летают в кронах деревьев, быстро кружась над от- либо (в особенно жаркие дни) прекращается. Бабочек дельными выступающими ветвями. Летать начина- F. jezoensis мы обычно находили вдоль окраин леса на ют во второй половине дня с 15-16 часов. отдельных выступающих деревьях и в дубовых ред- Neozephyrus brillantinus – единственный предста- колесьях. Зефиры проявляли активность с 15-16 ча- витель большого рода зелёных зефиров Neozephyrus сов и держались в кронах деревьев. в Приморье, развивающийся на дубе монгольском. Таблица 1 Дневная активность зефиров, развивающихся на дубе монгольском Время и продолжительность дневной активности Виды 7ч 8ч 9ч 10ч 11ч 12ч 13ч 14ч 15ч 16ч 17ч 18ч 19ч 20ч 21ч Neozephyrus brillantinus Favonius taxila F. сognatus F. jezoensis F. orientalis F. korshunovi F. aquamarinus F. saphirinus Japonica lutea J. saepestriata Antigius butleri A. attilia Wagimo signata Shirozua jonasi 68 Бабочки активны в ранние утренние часы и во вто- а поведение такое же, как в лесах с дубом монголь- рой половине дня ближе к сумеркам. Утром бабоч- ским. Бабочки F. saphirinus летают в одно время с ки держатся на просеках, около прогалин и полян F. ultramarinus, отличаясь серебристым исподом кры- на древесном подросте, достигающем в высоту 2,5- льев и ранее описанным поведением. Интересно от- 3,5 м. В вечерние часы они летают в кронах дере- метить, что в лесах с дубом зубчатым они крупнее, вьев, хорошо освещенных на заходе солнцем. чем в лесах с дубом монгольским. Из представителей рода Japonica дуб монголь- У зефиров, развивающихся на других древес- ский населяют J. lutea и J. saepestriata. Летают зе- ных породах, дневная активность бабочек также фиры над кронами и не привязаны к отдельным ярко выражена. Нами изучены 8 видов из 6 родов. деревьям. Бабочки J. lutea активны обычно с 17 Виды рода Neozephyrus трофически связаны с че- часов, в особенно жаркую погоду летают с 18 или ремухой обыкновений (N. smaragdinus) и ольхами даже 19 часов, в пасмурные дни и в слабый дождь (N. japonica), рода Thecla – яблонями (T. betulina) активны с 15 часов. В тихие ясные дни отдельных и косточковыми розоцветными (T. betulae), летающих зефиров можно видеть до наступления Ussuriana michaelis и Coreana raphaelis – с ясенем сумерек. Бабочки J. saepestriata появляются в се- горным, Araragi enthea – орехом маньчжурским, редине июля – значительно позже J. lutea. Как и Arthopoetes pryeri – трескуном амурским. у зефира желтого, они летают над кронами дере- Летают бабочки в первой (T. betulina, T. betulae, вьев, но активны в первой половине дня. Числен- Arthopoetes pryeri) или второй (U. michaelis, C. ность J. saepestriata редко бывает высокой, и уви- raphaelis, Araragi enthea, N. japonica) половинах деть активно летающих бабочек можно не часто. дня. Бабочки U. michaelis, как и J. lutea, летают в Бабочки Shirozua jonasi, как и J. lutea, с кото- течение 3-4 недель. В годы высокой численности рыми они сходны и раскраской, летают во второй они везде кружатся над кронами деревьев, то соби- половине дня над кронами деревьев. Но появля- раясь группами (нередко по 10-15 особей), то раз- ются они в конце июля – середине августа. В от- летаясь в разные стороны. В солнечные дни бабоч- дельные
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