Original Article

한국양봉학회지 제25권 제2호 (2010) Journal of Apiculture 30(3) : 191~201 (2015)

Diversity of Pollinators in Different Agricultural Crops and Wild Flowering in Korea: Literature Review

Sei-Woong Choi and Chuleui Jung1*

Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, 1Andong National University, Andong, Kyungbuk, South Korea

(Received 10 September 2015; Revised 25 September 2015; Accepted 28 September 2015)

Abstract |

Insect is an important ecosystem process for increased agricultural crop yield as well as for enhancing ecosystem production. We analyzed insect pollinators visiting fruits and flowers in different orchards and wild fields across Korea during the last three decades, published in scientific journals in Korea. A total of 368 in 115 families of 7 orders were recorded to serve as pollinators in 43 different agricultural crops and wild flowers. The most diverse insect pollinators were the species of followed by Diptera and Coleoptera. The dominant insect pollinator was the honey (Apis melliferas) followed by Eristalis cerealis, Tetralonia nipponensis, Xylocopa appendiculata, Eristalis tenax, Helophilus virgatus and Artogeia rapae. Study methods employed for diversity of pollinators were mostly sweep netting, but trapping was mostly employed for bee diversity and direct observation for lepidopteran diversity. Bee diversity was higher in orchards while insect order level diversity was higher in wild pollinators, suggesting the important roles of wild flowers for conservation of insect pollinators.

Key words: Apis melliferas, Eristalis cerealis, Tetralonia nipponensis, Xylocopa appendiculata, Eristalis tenax, Helophilus virgatus, Artogeia rapae

INTRODUCTION diverse species of Hymenoptera (, solitary species, , and ants), Diptera (bee , -mediated pollination plays an important functi- houseflies, hoverflies), ( and moths), onal role in most terrestrial ecosystems and provides a key Coleoptera (flower ), and other . Although ecosystem service vital to the maintenance of both wild managed bee hives are increasing worldwide, insect and agricultural plant communities as most angiosperms pollinators are considered to be in a state of decline due to are pollen-limited and rely on for sexual reproduc- a range of recent and projected environmental changes, tion (Potts et al., 2010; Albrecht et al., 2012). A large such as habitat loss and climate change, with unknown proportion of the human diet depends directly or indirectly consequences for pollination service delivery (Potts et al., on animal pollination (Klein et al., 2007; Albrecht et al., 2010). 2012; Garibaldi et al., 2013). In Korea, Ko et al. (1977) first examined the diversity Insects are the primary animal-mediated pollinators of and frequency of insect pollinators visiting apple, pear and 80% of all plant species in Europe, including most fruits, peach in Seoul and Suwon and reported 26 insect species many vegetables and some biofuel crops and include in three orders and honey bee (Apis mellifera) was the most

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

191 192 Sei-Woong Choi and Chuleui Jung dominant species to visit fruits. Woo et al. (1986a, b) peer-reviewed scientific journals in Korea (Korean journal surveyed visiting insects to apple, pear and peach in 4 areas of Apiculture, Korean Journal of Environmental Ecology) across Korea and reported different insect diversity published since 1977. We recorded the diversity of insect depending on fruits: 12 families and 22 species of Hyme- pollinators and their visiting fruits and flowers. Fourteen noptera and 10 families and 17 species of Diptera visited papers were retrieved mostly from fruit crops and apple flowers; 13 families and 17 species of Hymenoptera horticultural crops (12) and wild plants (2), respectively and 10 families and 22 species of Diptera visited pear (Hong et al., 1989; Kang et al., 2003; Kang et al., 2009, flowers; and 13 families and 19 species of Hymenoptera Kim et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2012, 2013; and 9 families and 16 species of Diptera visited peach Ko et al., 1977; Kwon et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2000; Lee et flowers. Lee et al. (2000) reported 68 insect species in 27 al., 2007; Lee et al., 2008; Woo et al., 1986a, b). Fruit cr- families and 6 orders that visited apple flowers in Gyungs- ops include apple, pear, peach, persimmon and wild berry, angbuk-do province and the Hymenoptera comprised more horticultural crops include strawberry, tomato and than half (51.2%) of the total insects and honey bee was sunflower, while the wild plants include 30 wild flowers. the dominant pollinator. Kim and Hwang (2009) recorded Occurrence of each flower visiting insects on each crop insect pollinators visiting peach and pear in Jeonju, was marked as record. Different sampling methods were Jeollabuk-do province: 11 species in 6 families and 4 employed but we grouped those into direct observation, orders visiting peach and 17 species in 11 families and 5 sweep net collection and trapping with pollinator trap or orders visiting pear and identified Apis mellifera as the water pan trap. major insect pollinator. Recently Kim et al. (2012, 2013) reported insect pollinator diversity visiting flowers of , Labiatae and Umbelliferae. RESULTS We reviewed insect pollinators visiting fruits and flowers A total of 368 identified species in 115 families of 7 in different orchards and wild fields across Korea during orders were recorded to serve as pollinators in 43 different the last three decades. The purpose of the study was to see fruits and flowers in orchards and wild fields (Fig. 1, the pattern of diversity of insect pollinators and interactions Appendix 1 include all listed species including unidentified between insects and plants. We hope that this review can species). The most diverse insect pollinators were the be the baseline data to set up research plans on ecology and species of Hymenoptera (110 species, 373 records), conservation of insect pollinators in Korea. followed by Diptera (104 species, 219 records), Coleoptera (88 species, 111 records) and Lepidoptera (47 species, 97 MATERIALS AND METHODS records). The dominant insect pollinator was the honey bee (Apis mellifera, 34 records) followed by Eristalis cerealis We searched the literatures dealing with the diversity of (Diptera, 26 records), Tetralonia nipponensis (Hymen- insect pollinators in domesticated and wild plants in the optera, 12 records), Xylocopa appendiculata (Hymenopte-

Table 1. Dominant flower visiting insect species ra, 12 records), Eristalis tenax (Diptera, 11 records), Helo- Species (Order) Records philus virgatus (Diptera, 11 records), and Artogeia rapae Apis mellifera (Hym) 34 (Lepidoptera, 10 records) (Table 1). Detailed lists were Eristalis cerealis (Dip) 26 provided with Appendix 1 and 2. The main insect poll- Tetralonia nipponensis (Hym) 12 inators are bees (Hymenoptera) since bees spend most of Xylocopa appendiculata (Hym) 12 their life in collecting pollen, a source of protein that they Eristalis tenax (Dip) 11 Helophilus virgatus (Dip) 11 feed to their developing offspring and , a Artogeia rapae (Lep) 10 concentrated energy source (Aizen and Harder, 2009). Bombus ignitus (Hym) 9 Honey bee is the best known and widely managed Allograpta balteata (Dip) 9 pollinator. In addition there are hundreds of other species Diversity of Insect Pollinators in Different Agricultural Crops and Wild Flowering Plants in Korea: Literature Review 193

Flower visiting insects 350 Hymenoptera 300 Fruit tree Diptera 250 Coleoptera Horticultural crop 200 Lepidoptera Heteroptera 150 Wild plant Thysanoptera 100 Neuroptera Frequency of records 50 Homoptera 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 Records Species Families Diptera Hemiptera Lepidoptera ColeopteraHomoptera Neuroptera Fig. 1. Distribution of pollinating insect order in , species HymenopteraThysanoptera (identified and unidentified species) and record levels from the literature review. Fig. 3. Frequency distribution of insect orders on different types of plants: fruit tree, horticultural crops and wild plants.

Flower visitors 400 250

300 200 Observation Sweep net 150 200 Trapping 100 100 Frequency of records 50 0 0 Frequency of sampling method Pear Apple Peach Tomato PersimmonStrawberry Diptera HemipteraColeopteraHomoptera Neuroptera Rubus coreanusAngelica gigas Lepidoptera annuus Agastache rugosa HymenopteraThysanoptera

Eupatorium japonicum Fig. 4. Frequency distribution of sampling methods of each Fig. 2. Frequency distribution of flower visiting insects along flower visiting insect order. with different crops and wild plants. Plants with lower fr- equency were excluded.

Pipiza, Sphaerophoria, and Syrphus, respectively. Droso- of bees, mostly solitary ground nesting species, that philidae have been associated with pollination of contribute some level of pollination services to crops and Genoplesium (Orchidaceae) in Australia (Bishop 1996; are very important in natural plant communities (Garibaldi Larson et al., 2001). In addition Drosophilidae and et al., 2013). Among bees, the diversity at the genus level sympatric Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) are known to vector showed that Andrena was the most diverse with more than yeasts between flowers of many Convolvulaceae, Hibiscus, 21 species, followed by 14 species of Lasioglossum, 8 and other plants that possess campanulate flowers in the Bombus, 6 Nomada, and 5 Osmia species. Nearctic, Neotropical, and Australo-Pacific regions Flies are considered to be the second most important (Lachance et al., 2001; Larson et al., 2001; Defra, 2014). insect order for both flower visiting and pollination (Larson Beetles were the third diverse flower visiting insects et al., 2001). A number of dipteran insects are used group (Fig. 1). Beetles are the largest insect group and commercially around the world as pollinators for specific pollinate a wide range of plant species with various crops, including the use of Eristalis hoverflies on peppers, reproductive characters, pollinating 88% of the 240,000 and calliphorid flies on canola, sunflower, buckwheat, flowering plants (Endress, 1994). In Australia, 23% of the garlic, lettuce and peppers, and other crops (Larson et al., families (28 families) include the flower visiting 2001; Defra, 2014). In Korea, the dominant dipteran genus insects, while 51% of the dipteran families (44 families) was Drosophila with 5 species followed by 4 species of comprise the flower visiting insects (Armstrong, 1979). In Paragus and 3 species of Calliphora, Eristalis, Helophilus, Korea about 71 species in 27 families were identified as 194 Sei-Woong Choi and Chuleui Jung

Appendix 1. List of flower visiting insects of Hymenoptera and Diptera on different types of plants (F, H, and W denote fruit crop, horticultural crop and wild plants) Hymenoptera Diptera Family Species F H W Family Species F H W

Andrenidae Andrena benefica 100Agromyzidae Phytomyza horticola 010 Andrena benifica 100Anthomyiidae Anthomyiidae sp. 100 Andrena dentata 600 Helina uliginosa 100 Andrena fukuokensis 100Asilidae Neoitamus angusticornis 110 Andrena haemorrhoa Bibio pseudoclavipes 100 100 japonibia Bibio rufiventris 200 Andrena halictoides 300 Bibionidae sp. 100 Andrena hikosana 200 Penthetria 100 Andrena japonica 010 500 Andrena kaguya 200 Bombyliidae sp. 100 Andrena kunthi 300 Bombylius shibakawae 400 Andrena longitibialis 200Calliphoridae Aldrichina sp. 100 Andrena mediocalens 100 Calliphora lata 100 Andrena mikado 200 Calliphora vicina 100 Andrena okinawana 100 Calliphora vomitoria 100 Andrena opacifovea 100 Hemipyrellia ligurriens 110 Andrena prostomias 010 Lucilia ampullacea 100 Andrena pruniphora 500 Lucilia caesar 710 Andrena sp 201Cecudimyiidae Diarthronomyia hypogaea 010 Andrena sp. 6111Ceratopogonidae Culicoides amamiensis 010 Andrena yamato 100 Dasyhelea scutellata 020 Panurainus crawfordi 100 Forcipomyia albiradialis 010 Andrena koma 100 Microchrysa flaviventris 010 Andrena koreana 100 Palpomyia distincta 010 Andrena maetai 100 Ptecticus matsumurae 010 Anthophoridae Amegilla florea 300Chironomidae Cricotopus metatibialis 100 Amegilla quadrifasciata 100 Cricotopus trifasciatus 010 Anthophora florea 300 Tanypus punctipennis 010 Apis cerana 202 Tanypus punctipennis 010 Apis mellifera 22 1 11 Asiconops opinus 200 Apis sp. 300 Mxopa testacea 200 Bombus ardens 602 Diptera sp. 100 Bombus ardens 100Dolichopodidae Dolichopus nitidus 020 Bombus consobrinus 003Drosophilidae Drosophila bifasciata 010 Bombus hypocrita 001 Drosophila busckii 020 Bombus ignitus 603 Drosophila melanogaster 010 Bombus pascuorum Drosophila quadrivittata 300 100 flavobarbatus Drosophila sp 100 Bombus sp 101 Drosophila trilineata 020 Bombus terrestris 200 Leucophenga orientalis 010 Bombus tersatus 001 Lordiphosa clarofinis 010 Bombus ussuriensis 206 Mycodrosophila planipalpis 020 Ceratina flavipes 200 Scaptodrosophila coracina 020 Ceratina sp. 100 Scaptomyza graminum 010 Crocisa emarginata 201Dryomyzidae Stenodryomyza formosa 100 Eucera spuratipes 201Empididae Empididae sp. 102 Diversity of Insect Pollinators in Different Agricultural Crops and Wild Flowering Plants in Korea: Literature Review 195

Appendix 1. Continued

Hymenoptera Diptera Family Species F H W Family Species F H W Hylaeus sp. 100 Hybos japonicus 200 Lassioglossum sp. 100Muscidae Fannia prisca 100 Melecta sinensis 100 Musca domestica 210 Nomada issikii 100 Muscidae sp. 306 Nomada pyrifera 100 Muscina stabulans 400 Nomada hakonensis 200 Ophyra leucostoma 010 Nomada issikii 200 Orthellia coerulea 010 Nomada japonica 200 Polietes lardaria 010 Nomada pyrifera 200 Pyrellia vivida 010 Nomada sp. 001Mycetophilidae Monoclona braueri 010 Nomada sp. 1 100 Symmerus antennalis 200 Nomada sp. 2 100Nemestrinidae Hirmoneura orientalis 200 Nomada sp. 3 100Phoridae Phoridae sp. 100 Nomada sp. 4 100Pipunculidae Pipunculus kumamotoensis 010 Panurginus crawfordi 100Psychodidae sp. 100 Panuriginus crawfordi 510Pyrgotidae Eupyrgota fusca 100 Tetralonia nipponensis 804Sarcophagidae Helicophagella melanura 001 Xylocopa appendiculata 903 Parasarcophaga albiceps 300 Argidae Arge nipponica 500 Parasarcophaga harpax 300 Braconidae Braconidae sp. 100 Pierretia josephi 100 Callimonidae Callimonidae sp. 100 Ravinia striata 500 Cerceridae Cerceris hortivaga 100 Sarcophagidae sp. 100 Cimbicidae Orietabia sp. 100Sauxaniidae Sauxaniidae sp. 100 Colletidae Hylaeus paradifformis 100Scathophagidae Scatophaga stercoraria 100 Crabronidae Pemphredon sp. 100Sciaridae Sciaridae sp. 100 Tachytea montiola 200Sepsidae Sepsidae sp. 100 Cynipidae Cynipidae sp. 200Syriphidae Helophilus virgatus 100 Eulophidae Eulophidae sp. 100 Syrphidae sp. 89 9 42 Eumenidae Eumenidae sp. 100 Allograpta balteata 316 Symmorphus captivus 200 Baccha maculata 100 Formicidae Camponotus atrox 001 Cheilosia sp. 100 Camponotus japonicus 200 Chrystoxum sp. 100 Crematogaster osakensis 200 Dasysyrphus albostriatus 100 Formica japonica 401 Didea alneti 100 Formicidae sp. 100 Eristalinus sepulchralis 010 Lasius alienus 003 Eristalis arbustorum 301 Lasius niger 402 Eristalis cerealis 528 Myrmica sp. 001 Eristalis sp. 001 Paratrechina flavipes 101 Eristalis tenax 218 Polyrhachis sp. 001 Eupeodes frequens 100 Tetramorium caespitum 200 Helophilus eristaloidea 400 Halictidae Halictus aerarius 800 Helophilus sapporensis 100 Lasioglossum amamiense 200 Helophilus sp 100 Lasioglossum apristum 011 Helophilus virgatus 802 Lasioglossum calceatum 200 Lathyrophthalmus viridis 300 Lasioglossum discrepans 500 Mallota tricolor 001 196 Sei-Woong Choi and Chuleui Jung

Appendix 1. Continued

Hymenoptera Diptera Family Species F H W Family Species F H W Lasioglossum duplex 400 Melangyna compositarum 100 Lasioglossum exiliceps 200 Melanostoma scalare 620 Lasioglossum japonicum 200 Merodon sp 100 Lasioglossum laeviventre 100 Mesembrius flaviceps 010 Lasioglossum mutillum 101 Metasyrphus corollae 100 Lasioglossum occidens 001 Metasyrphus frequens 402 Lasioglossum proximatum 200 Microdon caeruleus 200 Lasioglossum scitulum 100 Monoceromyia pleuralis 003 Lasioglossum sp. 202 Paragus coreanus 001 Lasioglossum taeniolellum 200 Paragus joznus 100 Lasioglossum transpositum 200 Paraqus tibialis 200 Sphecodes sp. 200 Paraus politus 010 Ichneumonidae Coccygomimus luctuosa 100 Phytomia zonata 100 Coccygomimus nipponicus 100 Pipiza austriaca 100 Ichneumonidae sp. 601 Pipiza flavimaculata 300 humilis 400 Pipiza inornata 200 Megachile nipponica 301 Sphaerophoria cylindrica 100 Megachile rixator 100 Sphaerophoria javana 200 Megachile sp 200 Sphaerophoria menthastri 600 Megachile sp. 100 Sphaerophoria sp. 001 Megachile spissula 200 Syritta pipiens 001 Megachilie sp. 200 Syrphidae sp 001 Osmia cornifrons 710 Syrphidae sp.103 Osmia imaii 100 Syrphus serarius 200 Osmia orientalis 100 Syrphus torvus 200 Osmia pedicornis 700 Syrphus vitripennis 400 Osmia sp 100 Volucella jeddona 001 Osmia taurus 200 Volucella pellucens 001 Pamphiliidae Pamphiliidae sp. 100 Volucella sp. 001 Pompilidae Anoplius samariensis 100Tabanidae Tabanus chrysurus 100 Pteromalidae Pteromalidae sp. 200Tachinidae Dexia flavipes 100 Scolidae Campsomeris annulata 100 luteola 004 Scoliidae Campsomeris annulata 501 sp. 100 Scolia oculata 200Tephritidae Bactrocera dorsalis 010 Scollidae Campsomeris prismatica 100 Dacus depressus 020 Sphecidae Ammophila sabulosa 101 Ensina sonchi 210 Crossocerus sp. 100 Tephritidae sp. 100 Passaloecus monilicornis 300Therevidae Dialineura albata 100 Sphecidae sp. 500Tipulidae Tipula nova 100 Sphecodes sp 200 Tipula patagiata 110 Tenthedinidae Tenthredo analis 200 Tenthredinidae Aglaostigma nebulosa 100 Athalia lugens 110 Athalia proxima 200 Athalia rosae 300 Dolerus ephippiatus 100 Diversity of Insect Pollinators in Different Agricultural Crops and Wild Flowering Plants in Korea: Literature Review 197

Appendix 1. Continued

Hymenoptera Family Species F H W Dolerus sp. 200 Hoplocampa coreana 200 Strongylogaster filicis 200 Strongylogaster secundus 100 Tenthredinidae sp 301 Tenthredo analis 400 Tenthredo mortivaga 100 Tiphiidae Tiphiidae sp. 200 Trypoxtlidae Pison punctifrons 100 Vespidae Dolichovespula media 110 Polistes jadwigae 100 Polistes mandarinus 201 Vespa analis parallela 200 Vespa crabro flavofasciata 301 Vespa mandarinia 100 Vespula flaviceps lewisii 100 Xyelidae Xyelidae sp. 200 Xylocopidae Xylocopa amamensis 400

Appendix 2 List of flower visiting insects of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and other orders on different types of plants (F, H, and W denote fruit crop, horticultural crop and wild plants) Lepidoptera Coleoptera Family Species F H W Family Species F H W

Adelidae Nemophora staududingerella 002Anthribidae Gibber nodulosus 100 Geometridae Baptria tibiale 001Attelabidae Rhynchites heros 100 Obeidia tigrata 001Buprestidae Agrilus asiaticus 100 Hesperiidae Bibasis aquilina 001 Agrilus cyaneoniger melanopterus 100 florinda 001 Agrilus pilosovittatus 100 Lobocla bifasciata 004 Agrilus rotundicollis 300 Ochlodes venatus 002 Agrilus sp 100 Thymelicus leoninus 003 Anthaxia reticulata 100 Celastrina argiolus 200 Anthoxia proteus psiittacina 100 Japonica lutea 200Cantharidae Athemellus oedemeroides 100 Lycaeides argyronomon 400 Athemus suturellus suturellus 100 Lycaena phlaeas 001 Athemus vitellinus 200 Maculinea teleus 100 Cantharis pallida 100 Pseudozizeeria maha 100 Podabrus temporalis 200 caerulea 101 Wittmercantharis vulcana 100 Nymphalidae Araschnia burejana 005Cephaloidae Cephaloon pallens 100 Argynnis paphia 007Cerambycidae Carilia virginea 100 Argyronome ruslana 002 Chlorophorus motschulskyi 001 Brenthis ino 003 Chlorophorus yedoensis 100 Clossiana selene 002 Corymbia rubra 004 Cyntia cardui 001 Demonax transilis 100 Fabriciana pallescens 004 Dere thoracica 100 198 Sei-Woong Choi and Chuleui Jung

Appendix 2 Continued

Lepidoptera Coleoptera Family Species F H W Family Species F H W

Kaniska canace 100 Leptura arcuata 002 Limenitis camilla 102 Moechotypa diphysis 100 Melanargia epimede 001 Oedemera lurida 001 Mimathyma schrenckii 001 Phytoecia rufiventris 100 Neptis sappho 002 Pidonia gibbicolis 004 Parantica sita 001 Pidonia puziloi 001 Polygonia c-aureum 511 Purpuricenus lituratus 200 Ypthima argus 001Cetoniidae Gametis jucunda 102 Ypthima motschulskyi 001 Nipponovalgus angusticollis 100 Ypthima amphithea 001 Trichius succinctus 008 Papilionidae Atrophaneura alcinous 001Chrysomelidae Agelasa nigriceps 100 Papilio maackii 002 Chrysolina aunchalcea 100 Papilio macilentus 200 Phratora inhonesta 200 Papilio xuthus 410 Chrysomelidae 101 Pieridae Anthocharis scolymus 100 Nonarthra cyanea 001 Artogeia canidia 001 Paropsides duodecimpustulata 100 Artogeia melete 301Cleridae Thanassimus lewisi 100 Artogeia napi 012 Coccinellidae 17 0 0 Artogeia rapae 811 Aiolocaria hexaspilota 200 Colias erate 200 chilocorus kuwanae 100 Eurema laeta 100 Coccinella septempunctat 100 Gonepteryx aspasia 002 Harmonia axyridis 300 Gonepteryx rhamni 001 Henosepilachna 200 Leptidea amurensis 101 vigintioctomaculata Zygaenidae Alataea octomaculata 001 Hyperaspis asiatica 100 Hemiptera Hyperaspis sp 300 Cydnidae Chilocoris confusus 100 Prophylea 400 Lygaeidae Arocatus melanostomus 100 quatuordecimpunctata Nyslus plebejus 100Curculionidae Baris dispilota 100 Paradieuches dissimilis 100 Lixus impressiventris 100 Pentatomidae Dolycoris baccarum 500 Otiorthynchinae sp. 100 Rhopalidae Liorhyssus hyalinus 100 Dermestidae 100 Rhopalus maculatus 200 Anthrenus pimpinellae 100 Tingidae Stephanitis nashi nashi 300Elateridae Ampedus carbunculus 100 Urostylidae Urochela quadrinotata 100 Ampedus puniceus 100 Homoptera Melanotus cribricollis 100 Aphrophoridae Aphrophoridae sp. 100 Paracardiophorus pullatus 300 Cicadellidae Bothrogonia japonica 100Harpalidae Chlaenius naeviger 100 Thysanoptera Cyrtonotus giganteus 100 Phlaeothripidae Haplothrips chinensis 120 Harpalidae sp. 100 Thripidae Frankliniella intonsa 200 Parena nigrolineata nipponensis 100 Megalurothrips distalis 100 Laemophloeidae 100 Microcephalothrips abdominalis 110 Leptophloeus convexiusculus 100 Thrips hawaiiensis 110Lagriidae Luprops orientalis 100 Thrips tabaci 010Lycidae Calochromus rubrovestitus 100 Chrysopidae Chrysopa intima 001 Dictyopterus aurora 010 Chrysopa sp. 100 Lyponia delicatula 100 Diversity of Insect Pollinators in Different Agricultural Crops and Wild Flowering Plants in Korea: Literature Review 199

Appendix 2 Continued

Lepidoptera Coleoptera Family Species F H W Family Species F H W

Corydalidae Neutroptera sp. 100Melyridae Attalus sp 200 502 aculeata 100 101 100 Mordella truncatoptera 100 Mordellidae sp.001 comes 100 Nitidulidae Bpuraea paulula 100 Epuraea parlis 200 Oedemeridae Ditylus laevis 100 Eobia cinereipennis cinereipennis 100 Icschnomera subrugosa 100 Oedemeridae sp. 100 Oedemerina robusta 001 Oedemeronia testaceithorax 200 Pyrochroidae Pseudopyrochroa rubricollis 100 Pseudopyrochroa rufula 500 Rutelidae Anomala cpustulata 100 Anomala octiescostata 100 Anomala rufocuprea 100 Anomala sieversi 100 Blitopertha conspurcata 100 Oxycetonia jucunda 500 Popillia flavosellata 001 Proagopertha pubicollis 500 Scolytidae Xyleborinus saxeseni 100 xyleborus apicalis 100 xyleborus validus 100 Xylosandrus germanus 100 Staphylinidae Staphylinidae sp. 100 Tenebrionidae Tarpela cordicollis 100 Trachyscelis sabuleti 100 the flower visiting beetle species. the insect pollinators on wildflowers were relatively In the present review 43 butterflies visited flowers of uncommon, except an exotic herb, Erigeron annuus (Fig. diverse crops and wild plants. In addition only four species 2). This does not exactly reflect the field condition, but of moths (Adelidae, Geometridae and Zygaenidae) were more the study intensity because this review was confined recorded (Appendix 1). Many sphingid and noctuid moths to the record counting rather than density estimation. Based that visit flowers of wild plants during daytime were, on plant types, record frequency of Hymenoptera was however not included in the studies that we surveyed. highest in fruit crops (Fig. 3) indicating that diversity of Among the plants, most pollinators were observed as bee pollinators on fruit crops is higher than horticultural visiting major fruits such as apple, pear, and peach, crops or wild plants. From wild plants, higher frequencies followed by some horticultural crops (Fig. 2). Meanwhile of Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera as well as 200 Sei-Woong Choi and Chuleui Jung

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