Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease Victor R. Preedy Editor

Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease

123 Editor Victor R. Preedy Department of Nutrition & Dietetics Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division School of Medicine King’s College London London SE1 9NH, UK

Printedin3volumes ISBN 978-1-4419-1794-2 ISBN 978-1-4419-1795-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011939068

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface

Growth entails the development of parts or all of a living being, from conception to maturity. The pattern of growth is not uniform and each body region has its own distinct growth characteristics. This is clearly illustrated by the typical growth spurts in boys and girls, driven by the endocrine changes accompanying puberty. However, patterns of growth are perturbed when there are changes in metabolism or physiology as well as adverse conditions such as disease, malnutrition, and overt endocrine imbalance. In some populations the general prevailing patterns of growth and development are quite distant from the normal ranges documented by interna- tional organizations. Superficial interpretation may indicate that such apparent adverse patterns may be environmental in origin, but genetic predisposition may also impact on growth. Thus a significant number of factors are responsible for the differences between how children should grow and how children actually grow into mature adults. The human body has an inherent capacity to compensate for abnormalities by “catch- up growth” to predetermined levels. However, this realignment to normality does not occur in every individual, and perturbations in growth may have long-term or life- long implications. Because of these implications, abnormalities in organ, tissue, or whole-body development need to be characterized, measured, defined, and treated. There is also cross-transferable information to be applied from one country or dis- ease to another country or disease. In other words, information on growth is uniquely applicable across many spheres. However, specific information about, characteristics of, and methods for monitoring and describing normal and abnormal growth must be highly detailed, preferably in a cohesive reference. Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease was designed to address these needs. All facets and features of growth are described in 15 sections. The chapters are written by national or international experts who are specialists in their field. Each chapter is self-contained. Sometimes experts in one field are novices in another. To bridge this knowledge divide the authors have incorporated sections on applications to other areas of health and disease, practical methods and tech- niques, guidelines, and key points or features. The summary points presented in bullet form are designed for easier intellectual digestion. This book is for clinical scientists, researchers, doctors, nurses, physiologists, nutritionists and dietitians, public health scientists, epidemiologists, health workers and practitioners, exercise physiologists, physiotherapists, university faculty, undergraduates, and graduates. It is also designed for policy makers and health economists.

v Contents

Volume 1

Part I Normative Features of Growth 1 The Concept of the “Size Set Point” and Implications for Organ Size During Growth ...... 3 Ben Z. Stanger 2 The Concept of Phenotypic Induction (‘Programming’) and Implications for Growth ...... 13 Jonathan C.K. Wells 3 Adult Height Prediction Models ...... 27 Hans Henrik Thodberg, Anders Juul, Jens Lomholt, David D. Martin, Oskar G. Jenni, Jon Caflisch, Michael B. Ranke, and Sven Kreiborg 4 Twin Studies on Anthropometrics: Exploring the Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors ...... 59 Karri Silventoinen, Yoshie Yokoyama, and Finn Rasmussen 5 Endocrine Control and Regulation of Growth Hormone: An Overview ...... 73 R. Coutant and N. Bouhours-Nouet 6 Intrauterine Growth Standards ...... 93 Mira A. Wehbe, Lama Charafeddine, and Khalid A. Yunis 7 Legal and Ethical Issues in Infant Growth ...... 115 Akash Bang, Satish Tiwari, and R.K. Agarwal

Part II Intrauterine Growth Retardation, Low and Very Low Birth Weight Full-Term Infants 8 Non-placental Causes of IUGR ...... 133 Nancy Hendrix and Vincenzo Berghella

vii viii Contents

9 Intra-uterine Growth Restriction in Developing Countries: Impact on Child Mental Development and Behavior ...... 147 Susan P. Walker and Susan M. Chang 10 Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes in Developed Countries: Role of Intrauterine Growth Restriction ...... 159 Pooja Bansil and Elena V. Kuklina 11 Children Born with Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Neuropsychological Outcome ...... 177 Ronny Geva 12 Children Born with Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Neurodevelopmental Outcome ...... 193 Ronny Geva, Yael Leitner, and Shaul Harel 13 Lipid Profile in Intrauterine Growth Restriction ...... 209 Irene Cetin and Gioia Alvino 14 Obesity in Pregnancy: Implications for Fetal and Postnatal Growth ...... 221 Alexis J. Hure and Ian M.R. Wright 15 Drug Exposure and Intrauterine Growth ...... 235 Sabrina D. Diaz and Lynne M. Smith 16 Brain Lesions in Intrauterine Growth Restriction Assessed by Ultrasound Imaging: Focus on US Technique and Periventricular Lesions ...... 263 Nelly Padilla, Goya Enriquez, Edgar Hernandez-Andrade, Angela Arranz, Ruthy Acosta-Rojas, and Eduard Gratacos 17 Cardiovascular Changes in IUGR ...... 275 Giancarlo Mari, Brian Brocato, and Roopali V. Donepudi 18 The Placenta in Noninfectious Causes of Fetal Intrauterine Growth Retardation: A Focus on Clinical Features and Placental Pathology ...... 299 Valerie A. Fitzhugh and Debra S. Heller 19 Low Birth Weight, A Marker of Intrauterine Stress and Adult Disease ...... 325 Paolo F. Rinaudo, Luisa Delle Piane, and Alberto Revelli 20 Low Birth Weight in the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes: A Focus on Metabolic and Epigenetic Aspects ...... 343 Charlotte Brøns and Allan Vaag 21 Postnatal Weight Increase and Growth Velocity of Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Perspectives on Absolute Velocity Charts ...... 365 Enrico Bertino, Luisa Boni, Alessandra Coscia, Luciana Occhi, and Silvano Milani Contents ix

22 Zinc and Low Birth Weight and Subsequent Growth ...... 377 Rafael Jiménez and Ronoel Peñalver 23 Artificial Nutrition in Very Low Birth Weight Newborns and Impact on Growth: Practical Methods to Avoid and Treat Malnutrition in Stable and Unstable Neonates ...... 387 Gianluca Terrin and Annalisa Passariello 24 Anaemia in Defects in Growth Exemplified by Very Low Birth Weight Infants ...... 421 Heike Rabe, Fiona Ringholz, and Phil Amess 25 Cerebral Metabolism in the Very Low Birth Weight Infant ...... 435 Eugene M. Dempsey

Part III Preterm Infants 26 The Relationship Between Growth and Perinatal Factors in Preterm Infants ...... 451 Monique Rijken 27 Monitoring the Growth of Preterm Infants During and After Their Stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units: A Focus on WHO Growth Curves After Discharge ...... 465 Shripada C. Rao and Sanjay Patole 28 Early and Aggressive Nutritional Strategy in the Very Low Birth Weight Premature Infants: Preventing Extrauterine Growth Restriction ...... 481 Néstor Alejandro Dinerstein, Claudio Solana, Ricardo Nieto, Gastón Perez, and Horacio Osiovich 29 Development of Oral Feeding Skills in the Preterm Infant ...... 499 Chantal Lau 30 Iodine and the Effects on Growth in Premature Newborns: A Focus on the Role of Thyroid Hormones in Neurodevelopment and Growth ...... 513 Susana Ares, Belen Saenz-Rico, José Quero, and Gabriela Morreale de Escobar 31 Development of Cerebral Cortex in Prematurely Born Infants: Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Maturation of Neurons and Myelination in the Archi- and Neocortex ...... 523 Hajnalka Ábrahám 32 Visual and Visuocognitive Development of Children Born Very Prematurely ...... 543 Janette Atkinson and Oliver Braddick 33 Effect of Necrotizing Enterocolitis on Growth and Development in Preterm Neonates ...... 567 Sanjay Patole and Girish Deshpande x Contents

Part IV Postnatal and Infant Growth in Normal and Abnormal Situations 34 The New WHO Growth Reference in the First 6 Months of Life and Breastfeeding ...... 587 Colin Binns and Mi Kyung Lee 35 Optimal Infant Feeding and Its Effects on Growth: An Indian Perspective ...... 597 R.K. Agarwal, Akash Bang, and Satish Tiwari 36 Postnatal Growth Failure and Z-Score ...... 611 Haydi Al-Wassia and Prakesh S. Shah 37 Defining the Expected Growth of the Preterm Infant ...... 625 William R. Riddle and Susan C. DonLevy 38 Postnatal Hippocampal Growth in Health and Prematurity: Modulation and Implications ...... 643 Deanne K. Thompson 39 The Postnatal Endocrine Surge and Its Effects on Subsequent Sexual Growth ...... 663 Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg and Jennifer Boyce 40 Child Growth in Karamoja, Uganda: Effects of Armed Conflict, Subsistence Change, and Maternal Behavior ...... 681 Sandra Gray 41 The Growth of Children in Institutions ...... 709 Laurie C. Miller 42 Psychological Adjustment and Quality of Life in Impaired Growth . 721 Meinolf Noeker, John Eric Chaplin, and Monika Bullinger 43 Postnatal Immune Dysfunction and Its Impact on Growth Parameters ...... 741 Jamie C. DeWitt and Rodney R. Dietert 44 Environmental Pollutants and Postnatal Growth ...... 757 Peter D. Sly 45 Blood Pressure and Postnatal Growth in Preschool Children: Korean Perspectives ...... 769 JungWon Min and Hyesook Park 46 Relationship Between Birth Weight and Cardiovascular Risk in Childhood ...... 783 Patricia Helen de Carvalho Rondó 47 Idiopathic Short Stature ...... 797 Meinolf Noeker, Ingo Franke, and Joachim Wölfle 48 Height Velocity Curves in Normal and Abnormal Situations: Relationships Between Diseases – Achondroplasia, Cystic Fibrosis, Growth Hormone Deficiency and Hypothyroidism ..... 813 Julie Hoover-Fong, Kerry Schulze, and John McGready Contents xi

Part V Catch-Up Growth 49 Catch-Up Growth and Supine Length/Height in Very Low Birth Weight, Small for Gestational Age Preterm Infants ...... 831 Ingeborg Brandt, Elisabeth J. Sticker, Ruth Gausche, and Michael J. Lentze 50 Testicular Catch-Up Growth ...... 851 Nicola Zampieri 51 Cholestatic Syndromes in Childhood and Catch-Up Growth ...... 863 Joanna Pawlowska, Piotr Socha, and Irena Jankowska 52 Catch-Up of Bone Mineral Density in Osteoporosis- Pseudoglioma Syndrome ...... 881 Régis Levasseur 53 Catch-Up Growth and Corticosteroids: A Focus on Mechanisms and Clinical Conditions ...... 893 Raimo Voutilainen and Sirpa Tenhola 54 Thyroid Function During Catch-Up Growth: A Focus on the Growth Plate ...... 905 Seminara Salvatore, Stagi Stefano, and Nanni Laura 55 Pharmacogenomics of GH-Induced Catch-Up Growth in Prepubertal Short Children. The Role of the Exon 3-Deleted/Full-Length Growth Hormone Receptor Polymorphism .. 917 Antonio Carrascosa and Laura Audí 56 Catch-Up Growth: Role of GH–IGF-I Axis and Thyroxine ...... 935 Ashraf T. Soliman and Ahmad ElAwwa 57 Catch-Up Growth in Patients with Congenital or Acquired Growth Hormone Deficiency After GH Replacement: Clinical Features and Hypothalamic–Pituitary Imaging ...... 963 Luciani R. Carvalho, Ivo J.P. Arnhold, Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca, Everlayny Fiorot Costalonga, Aline Pedrosa Otto, Claudia da Costa Leite, Leandro Tavares Lucato, and Mirella Maccarini Peruchi 58 Serum Adiponectin Levels, Insulin Resistance, and Lipids in Catch-Up and No Catch-Up Growth ...... 987 Vasileios Giapros and Styliani Andronikou 59 Inhaled Corticosteroids and Catch-Up Growth in Children with Asthma ...... 1007 Markku Turpeinen 60 Weight Requirements for Catch-Up Growth in Adolescent Girls with Eating Disorders ...... 1015 Ingemar Swenne xii Contents

61 Nutritional-Induced Longitudinal Catch-Up Growth: A Focus on the Growth Plate, Growth-Related Genes, Autophagy, mTOR, and microRNAs ...... 1029 Galia Gat-Yablonski and Moshe Phillip 62 Foot Catch-Up Growth in Prader–Willi Syndrome: A Model for Foot Growth Regulation in Normal Children ...... 1045 Urs Eiholzer and Udo Meinhardt

Volume 2

Part VI Sexual Maturation, Gender, and Adolescence 63 Genetic Regulation of Pubertal Timing: Implications for Growth ..1057 Elisabeth Widén 64 Issues in Sexual Growth: The Sebaceous Glands and Adrenocortical Growth and Development ...... 1075 Constantine A. Stratakis and Paraskevi Xekouki 65 Fat Storage in Women: From Puberty to the Menopause ...... 1087 Anthony J. O’Sullivan 66 Pubertal Growth and Sexual Maturation in Healthy Japanese Girls: Reference Values of Puberty After Cessation of Secular Trend and Relation Between Puberty and Growth .....1103 Toshiaki Tanaka 67 Disorders of Sexual Maturation ...... 1117 Dushyant Maharaj 68 Impact of Disorders of Gonadal Function in Childhood and Adolescence on Growth Patterns and Outcomes ...... 1137 Margaret Zacharin 69 Phthalates and Sexual Maturation and Growth: A Focus on Effects of Phthalates Exposure ...... 1163 Yen-Yin Chou, Chung-Yu Chen, Ching-Chang Lee, Shou-Yen Chen, Meng-Che Tsai, I-Shou Lin, and Shio-Jean Lin 70 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists and Sexual Growth in Precocious, Early, and Normal Puberty ...... 1181 Liora Lazar and Moshe Phillip 71 Peripheral Precocious Puberty: Interventions to Improve Growth ...... 1199 Nadine G. Haddad and Erica A. Eugster 72 Brain Development During Adolescence ...... 1213 Manzar Ashtari and Laura Cyckowski 73 Bone Growth in Rural Chinese Males and Females Aged 6–17 Years: A Prospective Twin Study ...... 1231 Lester M. Arguelles, Fengxiu Ouyang, and Xiaobin Wang Contents xiii

74 Growth Aspects of HIV-Infected Adolescents in South America ...... 1247 Cristina B. Hofer

Part VII Cells and Tissue Growth 75 Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells (VSELs) and Importance in Growth ...... 1257 Dong-Myung Shin, Izabella Klich, Janina Ratajczak, Magda Kucia, and Mariusz Z. Ratajczak 76 The Role of Human Postnatal Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Importance in Growth, Spinal Cord Injury and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders ...... 1273 Cecile King, Shyam A. Patel, and Pranela Rameshwar 77 The Role of Satellite Cells and Stem Cells in Muscle Regeneration ..1289 Yoh-ichi Kawabe and Michael A. Rudnicki 78 Growth of the Normal Human Heart ...... 1305 Vidu Garg 79 Peak Bone Mass and Peak Bone Strength ...... 1317 Qingju Wang 80 The Epiphyseal Growth Plate: The Engine That Drives Bone Elongation ...... 1331 Vickram Srinivas and Irving M. Shapiro 81 Postnatal Maturation and Growth of the Neonatal Oesophagus: Implications for Neonatal and Infants’ Feeding Problems ...... 1351 Sudarshan R. Jadcherla

Part VIII Sensory Growth and Development 82 Language Development in Normal Children and in Disease – An Interactional Approach to Typical Language Development and Children with Language Impairment ...... 1363 Charlotta Plejert and Christina Samuelsson 83 Development of Visual Sensorimotor Systems and Their Cognitive Mediation in Autism ...... 1379 Yukari Takarae, Beatriz Luna, and John A. Sweeney 84 Impaired Sensorineural Hearing Development in Infectious Disease: Congenital and Pediatric Infections ...... 1395 Brian D. Westerberg, Justin Chau, and Frederick K. Kozak 85 Growth Factors in Olfaction ...... 1417 R.I. Henkin xiv Contents

86 Hearing Growth Defects in Turner Syndrome ...... 1437 Rosalba Bergamaschi, Cristina Bergonzoni, Laura Mazzanti, Emanuela Scarano, Francesca Mencarelli, Valentina Rosetti, Francesca Messina, Lorenzo Iughetti, and Alessandro Cicognani

Part IX Country and Regional Aspects of Growth and Growth Monitoring 87 Infant Feeding in 20 Developing Countries with Focus on Infant Undernutrition in Cambodia ...... 1447 Bernadette P. Marriott, Alan White, Louise Hadden, Jayne C. Davies, and John C. Wallingford 88 Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Different Ethnic Groups and Relationship with Growth and Health ...... 1471 Krista Casazza, Lynae J. Hanks, and Anna Thalacker-Mercer 89 Childhood Obesity in Developing Countries: Facets of Abnormal Growth ...... 1491 Nidhi Gupta, Kashish Goel, and Anoop Misra 90 Pubertal Growth and Adult Height According to Age at Pubertal Growth Spurt Onset: Data from a Spanish Study Including 540 Subjects (281 Boys and 259 Girls) ...... 1525 Antonio Carrascosa, Angel Ferrández, Laura Audí, and Elena Sánchez 91 Postnatal Growth in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: The Malaysian Perspective ...... 1545 Nem-Yun Boo and Shareena Ishak 92 Trends in the Prevalence of Low Birth Weight in Japan ...... 1561 Colin Binns and Tomiko Hokama 93 Growth, Stunting, and Micronutrient Supplementation: Perspectives from the South-East Asia Multi-country Trial of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Infants (SEAMTIZI) ...... 1573 Frank T. Wieringa, Marjoleine A. Dijkhuizen, Pattanee Winichagoon, Emorn Wasantwisut, Budi Utomo, Nguyen X. Ninh, Adi Hidayat, and Jacques Berger 94 Effects of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress on Pregnancy and Infant Growth: Korean Perspectives ...... 1585 Hyesook Park 95 Food-Based Complementary Feeding and Its Impact on Growth: Southeast Asian Perspectives ...... 1599 Umi Fahmida 96 Growth and Bone Mineral Accretion During Puberty in Chinese Girls: A Focus on Calcium Retention and the Role of Calcium ...... 1611 Kun Zhu 97 Growth and Childhood Obesity: Perspective of Pacific Island Children in New Zealand ...... 1621 Elaine Rush and Sarah Bristow Contents xv

98 Short Stature in Iran ...... 1635 Siamak Shiva and Afshin Ghalehgolab Behbahan 99 Growth of Infants Born to HIV-Infected Women: South Africa Perspectives ...... 1647 Peter A. Cooper 100 The Oportunidades Program and Child Growth: Mexico Perspectives ...... 1659 Lynnette M. Neufeld

Part X Effects of Disease Conditions on Growth 101 Growth Charts for Children with Cerebral Palsy: Weight and Stature Percentiles by Age, Gender, and Level of Disability ...1675 Steven M. Day, Jordan Brooks, Sharon Shumway, David Strauss, and Lewis Rosenbloom 102 Impaired Bone Growth and Mineral Density in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Can It Be Corrected? ...... 1711 Omar Ali 103 Vulnerability of Adolescent Brain Growth to Cannabis ...... 1723 Manzar Ashtari and Laura Cyckowski 104 Growth Monitoring on Psychotropic Medication ...... 1737 Alison S. Poulton 105 Growth in Asthmatic Children ...... 1755 Kostas N. Priftis, Michael B. Anthracopoulos, and Anastasios Papadimitriou 106 Growth of Children with Cleft-Lip Palate from Birth to 10 Years of Age ...... 1763 Ilza Lazarini Marques 107 Growth of Infants with Isolated Robin Sequence ...... 1779 Ilza Lazarini Marques 108 Orthognathic Surgery Considerations in the Young Patient and Effects on Facial Growth ...... 1789 Larry M. Wolford and Daniel B. Rodrigues 109 Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Pathologies in Growing Patients: Effects on Facial Growth and Surgical Treatment ...... 1809 Larry M. Wolford and Daniel B. Rodrigues 110 Growth in Osteogenesis Imperfecta ...... 1829 Lisa Samson-Fang 111 Growth Following Pediatric Heart Transplantation ...... 1841 Kenneth R. Knecht and W. Robert Morrow 112 Microtia and Sensory Defects in Growth ...... 1853 Shin-ichi Ishimoto xvi Contents

113 Early-Onset Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome: An Overview ...... 1867 Nandor Gabor Than, Edi Vaisbuch, Chong Jai Kim, Shali Mazaki-Tovi, Offer Erez, Lami Yeo, Pooja Mittal, Petronella Hupuczi, Tibor Varkonyi, Sonia S. Hassan, Zoltan Papp, and Roberto Romero 114 Infectious Diseases and Growth: Chinese Perspectives ...... 1893 Huan Zhou, Ryutaro Ohtsuka, Qiaolan Liu, Hongyu Zhou, and Sean Robert Dickson 115 Growth of Infants with IgE-Mediated Cow’s Milk Allergy ...... 1911 Carlo Agostoni and Verduci Elvira 116 Aromatase Inhibitors and Growth Disorders ...... 1921 Leo Dunkel and Matti Hero 117 Growth in Celiac Disease: Impact on Physical and Compartmental Growth ...... 1933 Daniela Basso and Mario Plebani 118 Statural Growth in HIV-Infected Children ...... 1949 Edna S. Majaliwa, Paul Laigong, Nathan Tumwesigye, and Francesco Chiarelli 119 Growth in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ...... 1959 Muferet Erguven, Sirin Guven, and Ozgur Okumus 120 Growth Velocity and Interleukin 6 Concentrations: Applications to Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ...... 1977 Sandra Helena Machado, Leticia S. Souza, and Ricardo Machado Xavier 121 Growth of Children in Conflict ...... 1989 John Whitehall and Yoga Kandasamy 122 Growth Failure in International Adoptees ...... 2003 Bradley S. Miller, Dana E. Johnson, Judith Eckerle Kang, and Anna Petryk 123 Maternal Depression and Child Growth in Developing Countries: A Focus on the Postnatal Period ...... 2023 Kristen M. Hurley, Pamela J. Surkan, and Maureen M. Black 124 Acromegaly and Changes in Growth Parameters: A Focus on Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Respiratory Abnormalities, Malignancies, and Bone Alterations ...... 2047 Annamaria Colao, Ludovica F.S. Grasso, Renata S. Auriemma, Gaetano Lombardi, and Rosario Pivonello 125 Growth in Hemochromatosis ...... 2067 Yasuhiro Nagayoshi Contents xvii

Volume 3

Part XI Effects of Genetic Conditions on Growth 126 Impairment of Body Growth in Mucopolysaccharidoses ...... 2091 Shunji Tomatsu, Adriana M. Montaño, Hirotaka Oikawa, Roberto Giugliani, Paul Harmatz, Mary Smith, Yasuyuki Suzuki, and Tadao Orii 127 Growth in Classical Galactosemia ...... 2119 M.E. Rubio-Gozalbo, B. Panis, and G.T. Berry 128 Growth in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ...... 2129 Maria Grazia D’Angelo and Sandra Gandossini 129 Growth and Development in Children and Adolescents with Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY) ...... 2155 Alexander Bolyakov and Darius A. Paduch 130 Growth in Prader–Willi Syndrome: Anthropometric Patterns and Analysis ...... 2175 Merlin G. Butler and F. John Meaney 131 Growth Defects in Noonan Syndrome ...... 2201 Alexsandra C. Malaquias and Alexander A.L. Jorge 132 Longitudinal Growth in X-linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets ....2217 Marius Schumacher and Olaf Hiort 133 Growth in Individuals with Down Syndrome ...... 2231 Deborah J. Fidler and Lisa A. Daunhauer 134 Thalassemia Major and Its Impact on Growth: Clinical Manifestations and Management of the Growing Thalassemic Child ...... 2247 Meropi Toumba and Nicos Skordis 135 Growth in Distal Arthrogryposes ...... 2265 Marco Castori 136 Growth and Growth-Promoting Therapy in Turner Syndrome ....2281 Theo C.J. Sas and Sabine M.P.F. de Muinck Keizer-Schrama 137 Short Stature Homeobox-Containing (SHOX) Gene Deficiency: Genetics and Growth Response to Growth Hormone Treatment in Comparison with Turner Syndrome ...... 2299 Christopher J. Child, Gudrun A. Rappold, and Werner F. Blum 138 Zinc Transporter Mutations and Human Growth ...... 2319 Benjamin P. Weaver and Glen K. Andrews 139 Growth in Common Inherited Disorders – Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Disease and Phenylketonuria ...... 2337 Ruth Ayling xviii Contents

140 Growth in Thanatophoric Dysplasia ...... 2349 Elka Miller and Elysa Widjaja 141 Microarrays, Postnatal Analysis, and Implications for Growth Monitoring ...... 2365 Aaron Theisen and Lisa G. Shaffer 142 The Potential of Gene Therapy as a Treatment Strategy for Intra-uterine Growth Restriction ...... 2379 Mounira Habli and Timothy M. Crombleholme

Part XII Exercise, Sport, and Growth 143 Habitual Physical Activity and Bone Growth and Development in Children and Adolescents: A Public Health Perspective ...... 2395 Fátima Baptista and Kathleen F. Janz 144 Impact Exercise for Optimal Bone Health in Growing Children: An Evidence-Based Approach to Exercise Prescription ..2413 Hawley C. Almstedt and Katherine B. Gunter 145 The Interaction of Exercise, Stress, and Inflammation on Growth ..2427 Ashley Peckett, Brian W. Timmons, and Michael C. Riddell 146 How Physical Activity Affects the Growth–Nutrient–Bone Relationship ...... 2455 Germán Vicente-Rodríguez, Luis Gracia-Marco, José A. Casajús, Luis A. Moreno, and José A.L. Calbet 147 Growth Hormone Response to Exercise: Implications for Body Growth ...... 2473 Pietro Galassetti and Pamela C. Pablico

Part XIII Nutrition, Diet, and Regulation of Growth 148 Maternal Nutritional Status Dictates Neonatal Outcome ...... 2493 Supriya D. Mahajan and Shailini S. Singh 149 Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition of the Low Birth Weight Infant ..2507 David L. Schutzman, Rachel Porat, Agnes Salvador, and Michael Janeczko 150 Maternal Seafood Consumption and Fetal Growth: A Review of the Literature ...... 2523 Peggy Drouillet-Pinard and Marie-Aline Charles 151 Vitamin D, Exercise and Body Composition in Young Children and Adolescents ...... 2539 Leng Huat Foo 152 Dietary Exposures to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Fetal Growth ...... 2559 Thorhallur Ingi Halldorsson Contents xix

153 n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Foetal Growth ...... 2579 Gudrun V. Skuladottir 154 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Growth in Healthy Children and Some Rare Diseases ...... 2597 Luis Aldámiz-Echevarría, Sergio Lage, José Angel Prieto, and Fernando Andrade 155 Folate and Fetal Growth ...... 2619 Hidemi Takimoto and Tsunenobu Tamura 156 Early Life Nutrition and Nutrients’ Intake in Preschool Years in Relation to Growth and Obesity: Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study In Preschoolers (GENESIS Study) ...... 2629 Yannis Manios and George Moschonis

Part XIV Growth Factors, Endocrine Control, and Regulation of Growth 157 Endocrinology of Male and Female Puberty: An Overview ...... 2651 Vidhya Viswanathan, Peter A. Lee, and Christopher P. Houk 158 Growth in Autoimmune Thyroiditis: Clinical Features, Controversies, and Outcomes in the Pediatric Population ...... 2671 Susan Demartini and Mark D. DeBoer 159 Pseudohypoparathyroidism and Growth ...... 2687 S. Semiz and F. Duzcan 160 Lifetime Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency: Impact on Growth, Metabolism, Body Composition, and Survival Capacity ...2699 Manuel Herminio Aguiar-Oliveira and Roberto Salvatori 161 Growth and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor (IGF1R) ..2711 Maria Belen Roldan Martin and Selma Feldman Witchel 162 Recombinant Insulin-like Growth Factor I in Growth Therapy ....2723 Arlan L. Rosenbloom 163 Genetic Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-GH/IGF-I Axis ..2743 Arlan L. Rosenbloom 164 Growth and GH–IGF in Chronic Kidney Disease ...... 2763 Elizabeth Ingulli, Richard Fine, and Robert Mak 165 Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds and Pubertal Development: The Effects of Environmental Compounds on the Timing of Puberty in Humans ...... 2773 Mary M. Lee 166 C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) and Postnatal Linear Growth ...2789 Timothy C.R. Prickett and Eric A. Espiner 167 Eph/Ephrin Signaling in Postnatal Epithelial Growth ...... 2811 Hui Miao and Bingcheng Wang xx Contents

168 The Role of Osteocrin and Its Interaction with the Natriuretic System in Bone Growth ...... 2825 Gethin P. Thomas and Pierre Moffatt 169 The Importance of the Adiponectin and Leptin Relationship in In Utero and Infant Growth ...... 2839 Anne M. Lenz and Frank Diamond 170 Roles of EGF Family of Growth Factors in Growth: Overview of Their Roles in Postnatal Growth and Development ...2857 Cory J. Xian and Tetyana Shandala 171 Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) and Bone: Implications for Human Growth ...... 2871 Richard G. Boles and Valairat Dhamcharee

Part XV Assessment of Growth, Methods, Standards, and Comparative Data 172 Pilot Testing of WHO Child Growth Standards: India Perspectives . 2891 Jarnail Singh Thakur and Shankar Prinja 173 The WHO Growth Curves and US Infants ...... 2903 Frank R. Greer 174 Growth Standards for Turkish Children Under 5 Years of Age ....2913 Gülbin Gökçay, Olcay Neyzi, and Andrzej Furman 175 Growth from 24 Weeks to 24 Months in Preterm Infants: Experience from a Swedish Population ...... 2923 Aimon Niklasson 176 Bone Growth Estimation Using Radiology (Greulich–Pyle and Tanner–Whitehouse Methods) ...... 2937 Khalid Khan and Avanikkha Shri Elayappen 177 Monitoring Bone Growth Using DXA and pQCT ...... 2955 Ali Ghasem-Zadeh and Qingju Wang 178 Fetal Growth Disturbances and Doppler ...... 2969 Alessandro Ghidini and Patrizia Vergani 179 Head Circumference Measurement and Growth: Application to Neurodevelopment ...... 2981 Sara Jane Webb, Allison Ruppel Shell, Jason Cuomo, Guy Jensen, and Curtis K. Deutsch 180 Growth Velocity Curves: What They Are and How to Use Them ...... 2999 Mauro Bozzola and Cristina Meazza 181 Limitation of Growth Chart Curves in Terms of Individual Growth Biology ...... 3013 Michelle Lampl Contents xxi

182 Evidence-Based Guidelines for Growth Monitoring ...... 3029 Jan M. Wit, Paula van Dommelen, and Wilma Oostdijk 183 Infant Growth Modelling and Assessment of Growth ...... 3045 Ken J. Beath Index ...... 3057 Contributors

Hajnalka Ábrahám Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, 7643 Pécs, Hungary Ruthy Acosta-Rojas Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, ICGON, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain and Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain R.K. Agarwal R K Hospital, 5/A, Madhuban, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India Carlo Agostoni Department of Maternal and Pediatric Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Manuel Herminio Aguiar-Oliveira Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100 Sergipe, Brazil and Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100 Sergipe, Brazil Luis Aldámiz-Echevarría Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Cruces Hospital, Plaza de Cruces s/n, 48903 Barakaldo, Vizcaya, Spain Omar Ali Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Hawley C. Almstedt Department of Natural Science, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA Gioia Alvino Centre of Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Milano 20157, Italy Haydi Al-Wassia Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5

xxiii xxiv Contributors

Phil Amess Department of Neonatology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK Fernando Andrade Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Cruces Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Vizcaya, Spain Glen K. Andrews Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-7421, USA Styliani Andronikou Department of Neonatal Medicine, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece Michael B. Anthracopoulos Respiratory Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece Susana Ares Neonatology Unit, University Hospital “La Paz”, Madrid, Spain Lester M. Arguelles The Mary Ann and J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research Program, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Chicago, IL 60614, USA Ivo J.P. Arnhold Division of Endocrinology, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil Angela Arranz Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, ICGON, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain and Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain Manzar Ashtari Diffusion Tensor Analyses and Brain Morphometry Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Janette Atkinson Visual Development Unit, Department of Developmental Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK Laura Audí Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Institut de Rercerca Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISC III, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Renata S. Auriemma Department of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy Contributors xxv

Ruth Ayling Clinical Biochemistry, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK Akash Bang Department of Pediatrics, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha 442102, Maharashtra, India Pooja Bansil CONRAD, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA Fátima Baptista Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Human Movement, Technical University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1495-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Lisbon, Portugal Daniela Basso Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy Ken J. Beath Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia Rosalba Bergamaschi Department of Paediatrics, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy Jacques Berger IRD Centre de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Vincenzo Berghella Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA Cristina Bergonzoni Department of Otolaryngology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy G.T. Berry Division of Genetics, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA Enrico Bertino Cattedra di Neonatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy Colin Binns School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia Maureen M. Black Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Werner F. Blum Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Bad Homburg, Germany and Lilly Deutschland GmbH, 61352 Bad Homburg, Germany xxvi Contributors

Richard G. Boles Division of Medical Genetics, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA Alexander Bolyakov Male Infertility Genetics Laboratory, Department of Urology and Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Luisa Boni Cattedra di Neonatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy Nem-Yun Boo Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia N. Bouhours-Nouet Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, 49033 Angers Cedex 01, France Jennifer Boyce Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 4034 Smith Laboratory, Columbus, OH 43210-1106, USA Mauro Bozzola Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Oliver Braddick Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK Ingeborg Brandt Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics, Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Adenauerallee 119, D-53113 Bonn, Germany Sarah Bristow Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Brian Brocato Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 853 Jefferson Avenue, E102 Rout, Memphis, TN 38103, USA Charlotte Brøns Steno Diabetes Center, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark Jordan Brooks Life Expectancy Project, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA Contributors xxvii

Monika Bullinger Institut und Poliklinik für Medizinische Psychologie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Merlin G. Butler Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Jon Caflisch Child Development Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland José A.L. Calbet Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain Antonio Carrascosa Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Institut de Rercerca Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISC III, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Luciani R. Carvalho Division of Endocrinology, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil José A. Casajús GENUD “Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development” Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain and Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001-Huesca, Spain Krista Casazza Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA Marco Castori Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza – University of Rome”, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy Irene Cetin Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milano 20157, Italy Susan M. Chang Epidemiology Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica John Eric Chaplin Department of Paediatrics, Gothenburg Growth Pediatric Growth Research Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden xxviii Contributors

Lama Charafeddine Department of Pediatrics, National Collaborative Perinatal Neonatal Network, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon Marie-Aline Charles INSERM Unit 1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France Justin Chau Division of Otolaryngology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9 Chung-Yu Chen Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan Shou-Yen Chen Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan Francesco Chiarelli Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, 66013 Chieti, Italy Christopher J. Child Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK Yen-Yin Chou Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan Alessandro Cicognani Department of Paediatrics, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy Annamaria Colao Department of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy Peter A. Cooper Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa and Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa Alessandra Coscia Cattedra di Neonatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy Everlayny Fiorot Costalonga Division of Endocrinology, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil Contributors xxix

R. Coutant Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, 49033 Angers Cedex 01, France Timothy M. Crombleholme Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, The Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA Jason Cuomo Psychobiology Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, Waltham, MA, USA and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Laura Cyckowski Diffusion Tensor Analyses and Brain Morphometry Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Maria Grazia D’Angelo NeuroMuscular Unit, Department of NeuroRehabilitation, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy Lisa A. Daunhauer Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Jayne C. Davies Pfizer Nutrition, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA Steven M. Day Mortality Research & Consulting, Newport Beach, CA, 92260 Sabine M.P.F. de Muinck Keizer-Schrama Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus MC – Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, The Netherlands Mark D. DeBoer Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA Luisa Delle Piane Reproductive Medicine and IVF Unit, University of Turin, Torino, Italy Susan Demartini Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA Eugene M. Dempsey Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland and Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Research Centre, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland Girish Deshpande King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia xxx Contributors

Curtis K. Deutsch Psychobiology Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, Waltham, MA, USA and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Jamie C. DeWitt Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA Valairat Dhamcharee USC Division of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA Frank Diamond Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, and All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA Sabrina D. Diaz Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA Sean Robert Dickson School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Rodney R. Dietert Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Marjoleine A. Dijkhuizen Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark Néstor Alejandro Dinerstein Division of Neonatology, Hospital Ramon Sarda, Buenos Aires, Argentina Roopali V. Donepudi Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Susan C. DonLevy Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Nashville, TN, USA Peggy Drouillet-Pinard INSERM Unit 1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France Leo Dunkel Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK F. Duzcan Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey Contributors xxxi

Urs Eiholzer Center for Pediatric Endocrinology Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland Ahmad ElAwwa Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Center and University of Alexandria Children’s Hospital, 3050 Doha, Qatar Avanikkha Shri Elayappen Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5144, USA Verduci Elvira Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan 20142, Italy Goya Enriquez Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hospital Materno-Infantil de la Vall D’Hebrón, 08035, Barcelona, Spain Offer Erez Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology “B”, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84101, Israel Muferet Erguven Division of Pediatric Reumatology, Goztepe Educational & Research Hospital, 34731 Istanbul, Turkey Eric A. Espiner Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand Erica A. Eugster Section of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA Umi Fahmida SEAMEO Regional Center for Food and Nutrition (RECFON), University of Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia Angel Ferrández Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain and Andrea Prader Growth and Development Center, Zaragoza, Spain Deborah J. Fidler Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Richard Fine School of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA xxxii Contributors

Valerie A. Fitzhugh Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA Leng Huat Foo Program of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia Ingo Franke Department of Pediatrics, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany Andrzej Furman Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey Pietro Galassetti ICTS, UCI, Orange, CA 92868, USA Sandra Gandossini NeuroMuscular Unit, Department of NeuroRehabilitation, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy Vidu Garg Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA Galia Gat-Yablonski The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Children’s Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva 49202, Israel and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Ruth Gausche Network for an earlier detection of growth disorders, CrescNet gGmbH, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany Ronny Geva Developmental Neuropsychological Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel Afshin Ghalehgolab Behbahan Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, Tabriz, Iran and Children’s Hospital, Tabriz, Iran Ali Ghasem-Zadeh Endocrine Centre, Repatriation Hospital, Heidelberg West, VIC 3081, Australia