LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 871
INQUIRY INTO ECOSYSTEM DECLINE IN VICTORIA
A SUBMISSION by the BELFAST COASTAL RESERVE ACTION GROUP
AUGUST 2020
Name: SHANE HOWARD (Treasurer)
Dear Committee,
Thank you for the opportunity to provide a submission to the Inquiry into Ecosystems Decline in Victoria.
Our submission is both local and global, in accordance with the real threats our community and planet face.
Our submission draws on our accumulated community and scientific knowledge of the ‘particular’: the historical lessons learnt and data gathered for the Belfast Coastal Reserve in South West Victoria, between Warrnambool and Port Fairy.
This is our local/regional area of understanding but it serves to highlight issues across the State of Victoria and beyond, regionally, nationally and globally, regarding the Ecological Emergency we now face.
In his book, The Social Conquest of Earth, the eminent sociobiologist, E. O. Wilson suggests, “We have created a Star Wars civilization, with Stone Age emotions, medieval institutions, and godlike technology. We are...a danger to ourselves and to the rest of life.”
HISTORY
Bruce Pascoe’s, Dark Emu and Bill Gammage’s, The Greatest Estate On Earth, paint an historical portrait of Victoria as a highly fertile, well managed Aboriginal landscape at the time of the colonial imposition in the early 19th century.
The destruction of the flora and fauna of Victoria, as elsewhere, was rapid. James Boyce’s historical work, 1853, describes the occupation of the Aboriginal lands of Western District of Victoria in the 1830’s as ‘the largest land grab in world history’. An area the size of England
1 of 42 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 871 was systematically occupied for sheep grazing by squatters, ostensibly financed from Tasmania, in the space of 3 to 4 years.
The conscious displacement and destruction of Aboriginal people was accompanied by wholesale land clearing and the introduction of cloven hoofed animals, foreign to the natural evolution of Australia.
South West Victoria is a region where the highest concentration of massacres of Aboriginal people took place in Australia. Ecologically, it’s also one of the most altered landscapes in Australia. South West Victoria has very few protected stands of native vegetation, Subsequently, there are also low native fauna numbers.
The local Aboriginal tribes, the Peek Whurrong, the Dhauwuurd Whurrong, the Kirrae Whurrong and others, were decimated and herded onto Missions by the late 1840’s.
Victoria’s environmental laws need to be strengthened.
Such a review could also make positive contributions to ameliorating Aboriginal dispossession.
WHERE ARE WE? WHAT’S WRONG? – NEW LAWS for a NEW CENTURY
NEW NATIONAL PARKS
• Victoria is the most cleared state in Australia - 66% of our land has been cleared of native trees, shrubs and plants - the habitat that supports native wildlife • Over 700 native plants, animals, insects and ecosystems are under threat • 120 Victorian animals, birds, plants, insects and fish are now at the brink of extinction • More than 70 threatened species make their home in forests still being logged
The unprecedented scale, severity and destruction of the Summer bushfires dramatically worsened the outlook.
• 1.4 million hectares, burned in Victoria • 50% of habitat for 185 rare and threatened Victorian animals, plants and other creatures destroyed. • Critically endangered species like the greater glider, smoky mouse, mountain ash eucalyptus and many others pushed perilously close to extinction.
• Victoria was once a leader in the creation of national parks, but is now one of lowest levels on new parks in a decade.
• There are still significant gaps in the Reserve system which need to be filled.
• Government should initiate new VEAC Investigations, or similar, to fill those gaps, including under-represented habitat areas, areas with high numbers of threatened species and areas under threat.
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• Develop stronger native vegetation laws and regulations plus well-funded, and on-going strategic revegetation and land care programs. • The Victorian Government should implement either the accepted or proposed recommendations from the VEAC, in relation to the planning and management of marine parks (the VEAC Coastal Reserves Assessment 2020, VEAC Public Lands Assessment 2017, and the VEAC Marine Investigation, 2014). • Develop a detailed understanding on the implications of climate change on ecosystems. Fine-scale assessment should be undertaken to model in detail, the potential changes for key natural areas. • Dramatically increase funding for private land conservation through the Trust for Nature, including the establishment of $20 million revolving fund.
TOWER HILL– A MODEL IN SOUTH WEST VICTORIA
Our world can heal. We can fix the mess we’ve made but it will take a massive commitment.
The top three Victorian areas with poor habitat representation include South West Victoria.
In 1855, local squatter and champion of the local Aboriginal community, Scotsman, James Dawson, commissioned Eugene von Guerard to paint the natural wonder of Tower Hill. Von Guerard trained at the Düsseldorf school of painting, in the tradition of finely detailed landscapes in the style of a new "truthful"' realism.
He often included Aboriginal people in the landscape even though they would have been removed from that landscape by the time he was painting.
PHOTO: Tower Hill as painted by Eugene von Guerard in 1855
Tower Hill was Australia’s first gazetted National Park, in 1892. By the 1950’s, it was so degraded and diminished through commercial activities of land clearing, grazing and quarrying, that its native vegetation was gone, it was completely denuded and its waters polluted.
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PHOTO: Tower Hill in1961, the year it became a State Game Reserve under the then Fisheries and Wildlife Department and a major re-vegetation program began.
In 1955, VNPA and LCP acted to improve administration of National Parks.
Environmental historian, Tim Bonyhady, in his work, The Colonial Earth, documents the story of Tower Hill in detail.
Because of its faithful detail, Von Guerard’s painting, was used in the 1960’s as an historical document to inform the revegetation of Tower Hill. It was studied in detail by botanists and an ambitious revegetation program was put into action.
Many of us, as local school children, went in bus loads to take part in one of the largest single revegetation programs in Victoria’s history, at Tower Hill. Native Fauna were also re- introduced: Kangaroos, wallabies, emus, echidnas.
We now walk under a forest of our own making, in a restored landscape. Not as it was or perfect but significantly restored.
It’s an outstanding example of what can be achieved, in terms of environmental restoration, with a little vision and the appropriate resourcing.
PHOTO: Tower Hill today.
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BELFAST COASTAL RESERVE (BCR)
Just below Tower Hill lies the Belfast Coastal Reserve. The 1500-hectare Reserve between Port Fairy and Warrnambool was gazetted in 1861, for the ‘prevention of the irruption of sand’ and stabilisation of the coastal dunes with introduced Marram grass. The Belfast Coastal Reserve suffered a similar fate to Tower Hill through its colonial history and was quickly reduced to a denuded landscape.
In 1980 it was gazetted as a Coastal Reserve for conservation, recreation, inspiration and preservation of Aboriginal cultural heritage.
Since then, the Reserve too has been on the long, slow road to recovery.
BCR is dominated by sand dunes covered in Coastal Dune Scrub with patches of Coastal Tussock Grassland and a Swamp Scrub/Aquatic Herbland Mosaic with narrow sandy beaches occasionally broken by volcanic reefs.
Internationally recognised Important Bird Area status has been given to the BCR’s coastline due to the presence of the wintering Orange-bellied Parrot (Critically Endangered) and breeding populations of Hooded Plover (Vulnerable under federal law and threatened under Victorian law).
BCR also provides habitat for many threatened migratory and resident bird species.
There is no end of evidence that the Reserve was of central importance to the local Peek Whurrong people. The clans of the Moonwer Gunditj, the Koroit Gunditj, the Pyipgil Gunditj, the Tarerer Gunditj and more, are well documented. Protector of Aborigines, George Augustus Robinson, met with the local Tarerer Gunditj clan in 1841 and again in 1842 at their clan estate.
It has numerous cultural sites of significance, including burial sites and the largest midden site in the Southern half of Australia. Before colonisation, the BCR region would have had one of the highest population densities in Australia.
BCR is a haven for bird life. A variety of fish and eels were caught in the rivers and the coastal wetland systems that lie behind the dunes. The landscape is marked with earthen mounds, burials and skeletal remains and a highly concentrated number of kitchen middens throughout the BCR; the middens at Armstrong’s Bay are dated at around 500–5500 years old.
Scientists are now exploring the possibility that shell middens and evidence of human fireplaces at Point Ritchie, on the mouth of the Hopkins River in Warrnambool that could be older than 60,000 years and perhaps date to 80,000 years ago or more.
In 1842, George Augustus Robinson, Chief Protector of Aborigines, witnessed one of the last great gatherings of the clans at Tarerer, below Tower Hill, in the BCR, where upwards of 800 people assembled for annual gatherings during the whale-breeding season.
For Aboriginal people the land was an intrinsic part of cultural and spiritual life, with natural features representing deep religious or ‘dreaming’ significance.
For Europeans, however, the land was principally the means by which to develop an
5 of 42 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 871 agricultural economy. The arrival of Europeans, with their hard-hoofed cattle and sheep and horses, signalled the end of the local Aboriginal peoples way of life.
The introduced animals devoured the native grasses and edible plants, and deprived indigenous animals of grazing land, thus denying Aborigines an important food source. Dispossessed of their lands, Aborigines faced much reduced access to food sources. It became difficult to maintain their traditional cultural life, which relied fundamentally on an intimate relationship with the land.
In addition to the high mortality rates resulting from European diseases, the early contact period was wrought with severe conflict and loss of life. In addition to the physical effects of illness and hunger, people suffered the devastation of large-scale loss of family and kin, and dislocation from country.
At the centre of the Coastal Reserve is a major Dreaming, a powerful creation story that recurs throughout Australia, from Arnhem Land to the Kimberleys and the Western Desert. It is a powerful and significant Dreaming site.
The Belfast Coastal Reserve is rich with endemic and migratory birds, including the little Hooded Plover, that is vulnerable to extinction.
It is an ecosystem rich with recovering wildlife and plant life: Echidnas, Swamp Wallabies, Long necked tortoises, Blue Tongue Lizards, a number of snake species, Blue whales, Southern Right Whales, short finned eels, all manner of sea creatures and so much more. There are kelp forests, weedy sea dragons, numerous seal species and hundreds of species of birds.
They live on the edge of existence in a recovering environment; recovering from the ravages of colonialism. Indigenous people share the same fate and are also in recovery from an era of unspeakable colonial brutality. 180 years ago, this country was whole and intact, environmentally and culturally. Environmental and cultural values are intertwined. Now, as a shadow of its former self, it hangs by a thread, in the slow and long process of recovery.
To look at a map of this region is to gaze upon a carelessly colonised landscape, transformed by European clearing. The only significant areas of bushland that survive are the Framlingham Forest, the Tower Hill Nature Reserve, (a recovering landscape) and the Belfast Coastal Reserve, (a recovering landscape). In size, they are ‘postage stamp’ Reserves, in a sea of cleared farming land. They are a sad reflection of the former beauty of this South West region and a sad reminder of our ugly colonial history and the consequences of unregulated commercial activity. These same errors of history echo nationally.
Our generation is charged with the last chance to protect and expand our environment, rather than consigning the few remaining parcels of recovering landscape, our Public Commons, to the scrapheap of history. We ask you to also stand up for the survival of the Hooded Plover, already staring down the barrel of extinction. In 1978 the Land Conservation Council recommended that the BCR be used to protect the local flora and fauna, including migratory birds, help stabilise sand dunes, protect archaeological sites, and support low-intensity recreational uses such as walking, swimming, boating and picnicking.
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Belfast Coastal Reserve provides a habitat for a range of native fauna including water and migratory birds that also include endangered species like the Orange Bellied Parrot and Hooded Plover. Belfast Coastal Reserve is ‘Hoodie central’, providing habitat for up to 52 Hooded Plovers (>9% of the species’ Victorian population) and having one of the highest densities of breeding birds in eastern Australia (at least 21 pairs). The BCR happens to be one of the best areas for the Hooded Plover in the world! There are more Hooded Plovers here, per kilometre of beach, than almost any other part of the coast you can visit. The Mornington Peninsula is another such example of a high value area for this species, and it was made a National Park to protect them (plus has dedicated rangers to protect them.) Numerous migratory birds frequent these beaches. Swamp Wallabies and Echidnas can be seen around the dunes and at times dolphins and whales can be observed in the ocean from the vantage points. Migratory Shorebirds Protected by Commonwealth Legislation Various species of migratory shorebirds and their habitat are protected under various international agreements and conventions of which Australia is a signatory (the Bonn Convention, and JAMBA, CAMBA and ROKAMBA agreements with Japan, China and Republic of Korea respectively). Protection of these species and their habitat is enforced under the Commonwealth of Australia Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999 (EPDC Act). Refer Wildlife Conservation Plan for Migratory Shorebirds Appendix A. The Belfast Coastal Reserve provides valuable habitat for the following birds that are nominated on that list. (Reference Draft Belfast Coastal Management Plan) SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Pluvialis fulva Pacific golden plover Pluvialis squatarola Grey plover Charadrius bicinctus Double-banded plover Charadrius mongolus Lesser sand plover Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed godwit Actitis hypoleucos Common sandpiper Tringa nebularia Common greenshank Tringa stagnatilis Marsh sandpiper Arenaria interpres Ruddy turnstone Limnodromus semipalmatus Asian dowitcher Calidris canutus Red knot Calidris alba Sanderling Calidris melanotos Pectoral sandpiper
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A VISION for the FUTURE
A COASTAL CULTURAL PARK
“Our vision for the BCR is as a coastal cultural park with a best practice management plan that protects and preserves the area’s flora and fauna, natural features and cultural values, and supports low-impact and sustainable recreational activities for the community and future generations.”
Cultural Values: • Indigenous values • Interpretation and Education • Identification & Protection of sites • Audit of Cultural Heritage sites • Address history – truth telling • Increasing respect, awareness of history & culture • Restore Aboriginal name to new Park • Restore Indigenous presence in Reserve • Aboriginal sustainable land practices • Removal of threats – midden sites, ephemeral sites, burial sites • Non-Indigenous cultural history (Mahogany Ship, European history, etc.)
Natural Values: • Hoodies, migratory & beach nesting – sanderlings, stints, turnstones, godwits, redcaps, knots. • Subtidal & Intertidal community – reef, sandy shore, pippies, rock lobster, kelp beds, sea dragon, octopus, abalone • Dune vegetation • Whales, dolphin pod, fish, sharks, salmon runs • Wildness – open to Southern Seas - windiness • Geological/Geomorphological values of coast – saltmarsh development, people understand, lagoons, reefs, language important, orientation, volcanic, dunes, calc areas • Threats – horses, dogs, people, vehicles, mismanagement, weeds, coastal inundation
Recreation/Tourism Values • Cultural History • Surfing • Birds (protection and watching) • Walking & conservation • Mahogany Trail • Fishing • Stop 4WD, motorbikes and destructive activities • Restrict dogs and feral animals • Preserve “remote” feeling • Limited low-impact tourism • Manage Recreational Horses
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CREATING A COASTAL CULTURAL PARK
In December 2019, BCRAG, (Belfast Coastal Reserve Action Group), in conjunction with VNPA, conducted a ‘Vision Day’, attended by representatives of VNPA, DELWP, GMAC, EMAC and many other environmental groups. There was consensus about the principle of seeking to create a Coastal Cultural Park.
• Advocate for the creation of BCR as a COASTAL CULTURAL PARK (with Nat Parks Reg's.) • Creation of two or more new Aboriginal Ranger positions. (EMAC have just recently been afforded RAP status for the South West region.) • Potential partnership between ParksVic and EMAC (ParksVic to administrate -Trust/DGR status, etc) • Vic. State govt. to finance at least one position, if not both and fund admin. costs. • Unified Committee of Management for BCR – (DELWP, PARKS, EMAC, COMMUNITY?) • Future possibilities for Cultural Tourism - (EMAC & PARKS to liaise) • Longer term possibilities for Tower Hill & BCR to combine as consolidated Coastal Cultural Park (VNPA were instrumental in the restoration of Tower Hill from 1955) • Aboriginal Renaming of BCR/Coastal Cultural Park-Parks & EMAC to liaise (eg: TARERER) • To restore the presence of Aboriginal people in the Reserve, raising awareness of Aboriginal cultural history and significance of country. • Opportunities for ParksVic and local Aboriginal organisations to grow partnerships in caring for country, creating meaningful employment, on country, for local Aboriginal people. • Increased signage through the Park to acknowledge Aboriginal culture, presence and history. • Work with Aboriginal community and organisations to discuss opportunities for low impact cultural tourism. (Possibility to work in with Tower Hill and Budj Bim.)
RESTORATION
The best way to protect against extinction of flora and fauna is preserving and extending habitat. Habitat and habitat diversity are chronically lower than pre-colonisation and, as such, create a situation where multiple species can simply not sustain.
An important starting point is for environmental restoration plans to be non-partisan. With the rise of the Greens as a political party, the two major parties have developed a kind of philosophical resentment to all things ecological. This thinking needs to be overturned. Historically, there have been both Liberal and Labor Premiers who have been environmental champions. Most notably, the Hamer/Thompson govt, (LIB) and the Cain/Kirner govt. and Bracks govt. (LABOR).
The current Andrews govt. record (LABOR), is not great.
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REVEGETATION – (School Groups) a) A huge program of weed and invasive species eradication b) A tree-planting workforce to restore habitat 67% of Victoria’s trees, mangroves, shrubs, and other plants have been cleared since colonisation. Much of what’s left is in poor health. We could create thousands of jobs in both the city and the country, replanting trees and vegetation in our parks, streets, rivers and creeks right across our state, especially in bushfire-affected areas. We could also help landowners plant native vegetation on their land. c) A dedicated program for reviving species facing extinction The work of rescuing Victoria’s more than 120 species at risk of extinction deserves and needs a dedicated program of funding. NSW has committed $100 million to a ‘Save Our Species’ program, which systematically identifies risks to species and goes about addressing them. It also includes action like breeding programs so healthy populations of animals, birds and plants can be restored. Victoria has nothing like this program and spends almost no
10 of 42 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 871 money on this type of dedicated species recovery work. We also spend very little money on research for our scientists to study new solutions to the extinction crisis. It’s time that changed. d) An end to habitat destruction and strengthened nature laws We cannot hope to stop extinction unless we stop the destructive activities that are driving it. We need to: • End native forest logging and transition to a plantation based timber industry • Phase out coal and gas burning, which is making the climate crisis worse and driving devastating extreme events like heat waves, fires and floods • Stop destructive and unnecessary development like the Western Highway Duplication and the proposed Westernport gas ship terminal which continue to bit-by-bit erode the health of Victoria’s environment for corporate profits. • Change the laws that allow wildlife to be killed, and grasslands and other habitat to be cleared, with little to no ramifications.
In January 2018, Parks Victoria released the coastal management plan for the BCR. BCRAG mostly supports the Belfast Coastal Reserve Management Plan, it remains deeply flawed because of its complicity in entrenching and expanding the use of the Reserve for commercial racehorse training. This represents a serious threat to Hooded Plover breeding success. Revegetation is still the most cost effective mode of carbon capture. It is a win/win. Carbon emissions are captured by growing revegetation and by expanding native bushland, endangered species are given increased chances of recovery and survival.
“It is an especially dangerous delusion if we see emigration into space as a solution to be taken when we have used up this planet....Earth, by the twenty-second century, can be turned, if we so wish, into a permanent paradise for human beings...” Edward O. Wilson 6. BCRAG Profile and Communication www.bcrag.com.au. Facebook @savebelfastcoastalreserve Twitter: @BCRAG1 Instagram: @bcrag1
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Site Visit Report – Hoon Hill, Belfast Coastal Reserve
Dr John Sherwood 9 April 2019
1. Introduction.
The field visit was organised by a group of people concerned about the possible impact of proposed race horse training along the beach and into the dunes at a spot locally known as Hoon Hill, approximately 5 km west of Levy’s Point, Warrnambool.
Access to the beach was from the made road on the northern side of the dune. A narrow track (mostly 1 – 2m wide) winds from the road to the sea through coastal heath and is deeply (up to 1m) incised in places (Figure 1). Occasional deposits of manure provided evidence of horse traffic along this path. About two-thirds of the way along the track, commencing at a high point approximately 300 m inland from the beach, two lines of white survey pegs marked out the proposed access track for racehorses from the beach into the dunes. The peg lines were approximately 10 metres apart following the existing track.
Figure 1. A section of the present access track running north – south from the road to the beach at Hoon Hill. The dune sands are readily eroded by foot traffic. This section is inland of the proposed horse training area.
2. Geology
The area forms part of a dune system which has been growing steadily westwards over the last 5000 or so years. This growth has steadily diverted the course of the Merri River, forming the extensive swamplands to the dune’s north. In places fossil soils are exposed in the dune, these are typically a thin grey immature soil reflecting their relatively young age (1000 years or so). A good example of the soil was exposed at the first inspection site (Figure 2). Overlying the soil was a weakly cemented, laminated calcarenite and above this the current dune surface with its heathland cover (Figure 2).
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• Bembicium species (conniwink) a small gastropod found on rocky shore platforms. • An unidentified part of a white bivalve shell (Mactra or Plebidonax species?) most likely an inhabitant of sandy beach environments. • A turreted gastropod (most likely Zeacumantus diemenensis) an inhabitant of estuaries.
Figure 3. Fragments of Mytilus edulis (edible mussel). Lens cap diameter 72mm
Figure 4. An operculum (left) and body whorl fragment (right) of Lunella undulatus.
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Figure 5. Two specimens of the turreted gastropod Zeacumantus diemenensis, just above a beak and shell fragment of Mytilus edulis.
This array of shellfish species from a variety of habitats (rocky and sandy marine and estuarine) suggests collection and transport to this sheltered location by Aboriginal people. Mytilus and Lunella are known to be important food items of Aboriginal people. Interestingly, rocky marine or estuarine habitats able to support these species do not presently occur near Hoon Hill indicating shell collection sometime in the past.
The fossil soil also revealed two in situ fragments of shellfish.
Also found at this site were two sharp edged fragments of flint and a small cobble of basalt, again suggesting transport to this location (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Two flint fragments (left) and a basalt cobble (right) observed in the basin
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Conclusion
Collectively these finds are evidence of a human midden site within the basin. Whether the material presently exposed on the surface is a remnant of a now eroded midden or part of a still largely coherent midden presently covered by surficial sand is not known. Further investigation is warranted.
The proposed Hoon Hill horse access track runs across the shell scatter area. Race horse training along the proposed track will greatly exacerbate erosion and cause further damage to this cultural site.
Natural Values
On the beach immediately west of the proposed Hoon Hill access track a fenced off area identified this summer’s nest of a hooded plover (Figure 7). During our visit wave swash came to within a few metres of the fenced off area and the highest waves reached to within 10 metres of the dune face (Figure 8). About 500 metres to the east, a second fenced off hooded plover area occurs (Figure 9).
Figure 7. (LEFT) location of Hooded Plover nest area immediately west of the entrance to Hoon Hill track. (RIGHT) The sign arrowed in the left-hand figure.
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Conclusion
The sea state on the day of observation allowed wave action to repeatedly come close to the dune face (about 10m) and to within a few metres (2 – 5m) of the hooded plover nesting area in Figure 7. This was not a day of unusually high sea state or tides and further encroachment of waves onto the beach could be expected under more extreme conditions.
The proposed training regulations allow horses to be ridden up to 5 metres inland of the water line – ie occupying about half of the beach width as observed. On such days riding to these regulations during breeding season would seriously disturb hooded plover nesting sites. Higher seas, with consequent further encroachment of waves onto the beach would restrict horse movement even more – increasing the likelihood of disturbance to hooded plovers when breeding and increasing risks to other beach users in a more confined space.
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Tarerer Coast
Record of flora and fauna and other observations at “Hoon Hill” area 18 Feb 2019.
Prepared for BCRAG.
Picture: Seedling Leucopogon parviflorus (Coastal Beard-heath) establishing in the fragile moss bed
Tarerera Coast Feb 2019. Prepared for BCRAG. Page 1 of 10
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Figure 1. Deep erosion of access track due to previous use
Figure 2. Erosion of access track through tea-tree area. Due to previous traffic.
Tarerera Coast Feb 2019. Prepared for BCRAG. Page 2 of 10
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Figure 3. Elevation of access track due to sand being moved downhill by traffic
Figure 4. Well developed moss layer and soil crust. Increases moisture retention allowing indigenous seedlings to establish
Tarerera Coast Feb 2019. Prepared for BCRAG. Page 3 of 10
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Figure 5. Eroding dune profile showing darker organic layer
Figure 6. Rock formation in dune profile
Tarerera Coast Feb 2019. Prepared for BCRAG. Page 4 of 10
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Figure 7. Eroding dune profile
Figure 8. Sedimentary layer eroding beside access track.
Tarerera Coast Feb 2019. Prepared for BCRAG. Page 5 of 10
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Figure 9. Turbo undulatus - broken suggesting Aboriginal harvesting
Figure 10. Blue Mussel fragment - species of estuarine areas
Tarerera Coast Feb 2019. Prepared for BCRAG. Page 6 of 10
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Plant and animal species observed or recorded on Atlas of Living Australia
Figure 11. Coast Stackhousia beside access track. Data deficient in Victoria
Tarerera Coast Feb 2019. Prepared for BCRAG. Page 7 of 10
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Figure 12. Native Pelargonium. Species to be confirmed.
Scientific Name Common Name Victorian Conserva NOTES Last Advisory tion Record List Status VASCULAR FLORA Acacia longifolia subsp. Coast Wattle # Native but some stands 2/2019 sophorae may be alien Acaena novae- Bidgee-widgee 2/2019 zelandiae Actites megalocarpa Dune Thistle 2/2019 Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass * Naturalised 2/2019 Apium prostratum Sea Celery 2/2019 Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass 2/2019 Calystegia sepium Large Bindweed 2/2019 subsp. roseata Carpobrotus rossii Karkalla 2/2019 Cerastium glomeratum Mouse-ear * 2/2019 Chickweed Clematis microphylla s.l. Small-leaved 2/2019 Clematis Cynoglossum australe Australian 2/2019 Hound's-tongue Dichondra repens Kidney-weed 2/2019
Tarerera Coast Feb 2019. Prepared for BCRAG. Page 8 of 10
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Epilobium sp. Willow-herb Possibly E. 2/2019 billardiereanum subspecies Euphorbia paralius Coast Spurge * Naturalised 2/2019 Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge * Introduced 2/2019 Ficinia nodosa Knobby Club- 2/2019 sedge Hypochaeris radicata Flatweed * Introduced 2/2019 Juncus acutus Spiny Rush * Invasive weed 2/2019 Lagurus ovatus Hare's-tail Grass * Naturalised 2/2019 Leptopsermum Coastal tea-tree * Native, but introduced 2/2019 laevigatum in SW Victoria Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard- 2/2019 heath Lobelia anceps Angled Lobelia 22/01/ 1991 Lobelia irrigua Salt Pratia 22/01/ 1991 Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * 2/2019 Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush 2/2019 Ozothamnus Coast Everlasting 2/2019 turbinatus Pelargonium sp. aff. Stork’s bill ??? Need to confirm 2/2019 australe identity. Carr has identified potential new species in the area Phragmites australis Common Reed 2/2019 Pimelea serpyllifolia Thyme Rice- 2/2019 subsp. serpyllifolia flower Plantago coronopus Buck's-horn * Introduced 2/2019 Plantain Plantago major Greater Plantain * Introduced 2/2019 Poa poiformis Coast Poa 2/2019 Polypogon Annual Beard- * Introduced 2/2019 monspeliensis grass Rhagodia candolleana Seaberry Saltbush 2/2019 subsp. candolleana Senecio biserratus Jagged Fireweed 19/11/ 1992 Senecio elegans Purple Groundsel * Naturalised 2/2019 Senecio spp. Groundsel 19/11/ 1992 Sonchus asper s.l. Rough Sow-thistle * Introduced 2/2019 Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow- * Introduced 2/2019 thistle Spinifex sericeus Hairy Spinifex 2/2019
Tarerera Coast Feb 2019. Prepared for BCRAG. Page 9 of 10
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Stackhousia spathulata Coast Stackhousia Data 2/2019 deficient (k) Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach 2/2019 Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit 2/2019 Veronica spp. Speedwell 22/01/ 1991
NON-VASCULAR FLORA Various mosses 2/2019 Terrestrial algae 2/2019
VERTEBRATES Falco berigora Brown Falcon 2/2019 Gavicalis virescens Singing Call 2/2019 Honeyeater Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren 2/2019 Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Scat, diggings 2/2019 Vulpes vulpes Red fox * Scat, footprints 2/2019 Wallabia bicolor Black Wallaby Jaw bone of juvenile 2/2019
INVERTEBRATES Cornu aspersum Common garden * 2/2019 snail Ommatoiulus moreletii Portuguese * 2/2019 millipede Theba pisana White Italian * 2/2019 Snails Ants - various 2/2019
Cultural heritage material:
Stone artefacts Charcoal deposits Shell deposits including the following species:
Species Common name Typical habitat Turbo undulatus Warrener, Periwinkle Rocky reefs Dicathius orbita Rock whelk Rocky reefs Plebidonax deltoides Pipi Sandy beaches Mytilus edulis Blue Sea Mussel Intertidal estuaries and seagrass beds Venerid/Mactridae bivalves Sandy beaches
Tarerera Coast Feb 2019. Prepared for BCRAG. Page 10 of 10
28 of 42 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 871
Flora of Belfast Coastal Reserve – Visualising Victoria’s Biodiversity (2019-12-04)
VIC FFG EPBC Act Origin Name Common name Status Status Status to S LOUGH ISLAND MILLS to to MILLS GRIFFITH MOYNE & MOYNE RUTLEDGE RUTLEDGE MIDFIELDS
Native but some Acacia longifolia subsp. stands Coast Wattle - - - 2004 sophorae may be alien
- Acaena novae-zelandiae Bidgee-widgee - - - 1998 2008 1993
Introduced Acetosella vulgaris Sheep Sorrel - - - 2008 1974
- Actites megalocarpus Dune Thistle - - - 1958 2004 1974
- Agrostis s.l. spp. Bent/Blown Grass - - - 1991
Introduced Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent - - - 2008 1993
- Althenia preissii Slender Water-mat - - - 1899
- Althenia spp. Water Mat - - - 1899
- Amaranthus spp. Amaranth - - - 1974
Introduced Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass - - - 1998 2004 1993
Introduced Anchusa capensis Cape Forget-me-not - - - 1958 1974
Introduced Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass - - - 2008
Apium prostratum subsp. 1993 1993 - Sea Celery - - - 1958 2004 prostratum
Apium prostratum subsp. - Sea Celery - - - 1899 prostratum var. filiforme
Apium prostratum subsp. - prostratum var. Sea Celery - - - 2008 prostratum
Introduced Arctotheca calendula Cape weed - - - 1998 1974
- Asperula conferta Common Woodruff - - - 2008
- Asteraceae spp. Composite - - - 1899
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Presum - Atriplex billardierei Glistening Saltbush ed Listed - 1770 extinct
Atriplex paludosa subsp. 2008 - Marsh Saltbush Rare - - 1958 paludosa
Introduced Atriplex prostrata Hastate Orache - - - 1958 2008 1974 2008
- Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass - - - 1998 2004 1974 1899
- Baumea juncea Bare Twig-sedge - - - 1899
Introduced Bellis perennis English Daisy - - - 2008
Introduced Berkheya rigida African Thistle - - - 2011
Poorly - Berula erecta Water Parsnip - - 1991 known
- Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine-bush - - - 2004
- Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-sedge - - - 1993 1991
- Bolboschoenus medianus Marsh Club-sedge - - - 1899
- Brachyscome graminea Grass Daisy - - - 2008
Introduced Brassica rapa White Turnip - - - 1974
Introduced Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass - - - 2008 1974
Introduced Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass - - - 1958 2008 1974 2008
Introduced Bromus diandrus Great Brome - - - 1998 1993
Introduced Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome - - - 2008 1974 2008
Introduced Cakile edentula American Sea Rocket - - - 1958 1974
Cakile maritima subsp. 2008 Introduced Sea Rocket - - - 2004 1993 maritima
Calystegia sepium subsp. 2008 - Large Bindweed - - - 1899 roseata
Introduced Carduus pycnocephalus Slender Thistle - - - 1974
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Introduced Carduus tenuiflorus Winged Slender-thistle - - - 1958 1974
- Carex appressa Tall Sedge - - - 1991
- Carex pumila Strand Sedge - - - 1974 1899
- Carex spp. Sedge - - - 2008
Vulnera - Carex tasmanica Curly Sedge Listed - 2007 ble
- Carpobrotus rossii Karkalla - - - 1998 1993
Introduced Catapodium rigidum Fern Grass - - - 1958 1974
Introduced Cenchrus clandestinus Kikuyu - - - 2004 1974
Introduced Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury - - - 2004 1974
- Centella cordifolia Centella - - - 1899 1991
- Centrolepis polygyna Wiry Centrolepis - - - 1974
Common Mouse-ear 1974 Introduced Cerastium glomeratum s.l. - - - 1958 Chickweed
- Characeae spp. Stonewort - - - 1899 1991
Introduced Chenopodium album Fat Hen - - - 1899 1974 2008
- Chenopodium glaucum Glaucous Goosefoot - - - 2008
Introduced Chenopodium murale Sowbane - - - 1958 2008
Chrysocephalum - Clustered Everlasting - - - 1770 semipapposum
Introduced Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle - - - 2008 1993 2008
- Clematis aristata Mountain Clematis - - - 1993
- Clematis microphylla s.l. Small-leaved Clematis - - - 1998 2004
Clematis microphylla var. - Small-leaved Clematis - - - 1958 microphylla spp. agg.
Colobanthus apetalus var. - Coast Colobanth Rare - - 1974 apetalus
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Introduced Conium maculatum Hemlock - - - 1974
Introduced Coprosma repens Mirror Bush - - - 1958 1974
- Cotula australis Common Cotula - - - 1958
Introduced Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons - - - 1993 2008
Crassula decumbens var. - Spreading Crassula - - - 1974 decumbens
- Crassula helmsii Swamp Crassula - - - 1899 1991
- Crassula sieberiana s.l. Sieber Crassula - - - 1974
- Cuscuta tasmanica Golden Dodder - - - 1991
Southern Water- - Cycnogeton alcockiae - - - 1899 ribbons
- Cycnogeton spp. Water Ribbons - - - 1991
Australian Hound's- 1993 - Cynoglossum australe - - - 1958 tongue
Introduced Cynosurus echinatus Rough Dog's-tail - - - 2008 1974
Introduced Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot - - - 2008 1974
Introduced Delairea odorata Cape Ivy - - - 2004
- Dianella brevicaulis Small-flower Flax-lily - - - 2004
- Dianella spp. Flax Lily - - - 2004
- Dichelachne crinita Long-hair Plume-grass - - - 1974
- Dichondra repens Kidney-weed - - - 1958 2008 1974
Introduced Dimorphotheca fruticosa Trailing African Daisy - - - 2004
Introduced Diplotaxis muralis Wall Rocket - - - 1998
Introduced Diplotaxis spp. Rocket - - - 1974
Introduced Diplotaxis tenuifolia Sand Rocket - - - 2008
Introduced Dipogon lignosus Common Dipogon - - - 2004
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Disphyma crassifolium 2004 - Rounded Noon-flower - - - 1958 subsp. clavellatum
- Distichlis distichophylla Australian Salt-grass - - - 1958 2008 1993 2008
- Eleocharis acuta Common Spike-sedge - - - 1899 1991
Introduced Elytrigia repens English Couch - - - 2008
- Epilobium billardierianum Variable Willow-herb - - - 1974 1991
Epilobium billardierianum - Smooth Willow-herb - - - 1899 subsp. billardierianum
Epilobium billardierianum 2004 1993 - Grey Willow-herb - - - 1958 subsp. cinereum
Epilobium billardierianum - Variable Willow-herb - - - 1993 subsp. intermedium
Introduced Erigeron bonariense Flaxleaf Fleabane - - - 1974
Introduced Erigeron spp. Fleabane - - - 1993
Introduced Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge - - - 2004
Introduced Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge - - - 1958 2004 1974
Introduced Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue - - - 1899
- Ficinia nodosa Knobby Club-sedge - - - 1958 2008 1993 2008
Introduced Freesia spp. Freesia - - - 2004
Introduced Fumaria spp. Fumitory - - - 1958 1974
- Gahnia filum Chaffy Saw-sedge - - - 1993
- Gahnia trifida Coast Saw-sedge - - - 2008
Introduced Galium murale Small Goosegrass - - - 1958
Introduced Geranium dissectum Cut-leaf Crane's-bill - - - 1958
Introduced Geranium molle Dove's Foot - - - 1958 1974
Geranium potentilloides 1974 - Soft Crane's-bill - - - 1958 var. potentilloides
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Introduced Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue - - - 2008 1993
Hemarthria uncinata var. 1974 - Mat Grass - - - 1958 2008 uncinata
- Hemichroa pentandra Trailing Hemichroa - - - 1958 2008
Introduced Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog - - - 1958 2008 1993 1991
Introduced Hordeum leporinum Barley-grass - - - 1958 1974
Introduced Hordeum marinum - - - - 2008
Introduced Hordeum murinum s.l. Barley-grass - - - 1998
Hydrocotyle 1991 - Shining Pennywort - - - 1974 sibthorpioides
- Hydrocotyle spp. Pennywort - - - 1991
Introduced Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's-ear - - - 1899
Introduced Hypochaeris radicata Flatweed - - - 1958 2008 1993 1899
- Isolepis cernua Nodding Club-sedge - - - 1899 1974 1993
- Isolepis spp. Club Sedge - - - 1899 1991
Juncus acutus subsp. Introduced Spiny Rush - - - 1899 acutus
Juncus articulatus x Jointed Rush x Joint- - - - - 1991 holoschoenus leaf Rush hybrid
- Juncus bufonius Toad Rush - - - 2008 1991
- Juncus caespiticius Grassy Rush - - - 1991
Juncus kraussii subsp. 1974 2008 - Sea Rush - - - 2008 australiensis
- Juncus planifolius Broad-leaf Rush - - - 1974
- Juncus revolutus Creeping Rush Rare - - 2008
- Juncus spp. Rush - - - 1899
- Kennedia prostrata Running Postman - - - 2004
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- Lachnagrostis aemula s.l. Leafy Blown-grass - - - 1993
Lachnagrostis billardierei - Coast Blown-grass - - - 1974 s.l.
Lachnagrostis filiformis 1974 - Common Blown-grass - - - 2004 s.l.
- Lachnagrostis perennis s.l. Perennial Blown-grass - - - 1991
Introduced Lagurus ovatus Hare's-tail Grass - - - 1958 2004 1993 1993
- Lemna disperma Common Duckweed - - - 1899
Leontodon saxatilis subsp. 1991 Introduced Hairy Hawkbit - - - 2008 1974 saxatilis
Introduced Lepidium didymum Lesser Swine-cress - - - 1974
Lepidium hyssopifolium Endang Endangere - Basalt Peppercress Listed 2011 s.s. ered d
- Lepidosperma gladiatum Coast Sword-sedge - - - 1958 2004 1974
- Leptinella longipes Coast Cotula - - - 1899
- Leptinella reptans s.l. Creeping Cotula - - - 1991
- Leptinella reptans s.s. Creeping Cotula - - - 1899
Native but some Leptospermum stands Coast Tea-tree - - - 1974 laevigatum may be alien
- Leucophyta brownii Cushion Bush - - - 1958 1974
- Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath - - - 1958 2008 1974
- Lilaeopsis polyantha Australian Lilaeopsis - - - 1991
- Lobelia anceps Angled Lobelia - - - 2008 1974 1991
- Lobelia irrigua Salt Pratia - - - 2008 1991
Introduced Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass - - - 1958 2008 1993 2008
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Introduced Lolium rigidum Wimmera Rye-grass - - - 2008 1993
Introduced Lolium spp. Rye Grass - - - 1991
Lotus australis var. Poorly - Austral Trefoil - - 2004 australis known
- Lotus spp. Trefoil - - - 1899
Introduced Lotus spp. (naturalised) Trefoil - - - 2008
Introduced Lycium ferocissimum African Box-thorn - - - 1958 2008 1974
Introduced Lysimachia arvensis Pimpernel - - - 1958 1899 1974
Lysimachia arvensis (Blue- Introduced Blue Pimpernel - - - 1899 flowered variant)
- Lythrum hyssopifolia Small Loosestrife - - - 2008 1974 1991
Introduced Malva arborea Tree Mallow - - - 1974
Introduced Malva nicaeensis Mallow of Nice - - - 1974 2008
- Malva preissiana s.l. Australian Hollyhock - - - 1958 1974
Introduced Marrubium vulgare Horehound - - - 1974
Introduced Medicago lupulina Black Medic - - - 2004 1991
Introduced Medicago polymorpha Burr Medic - - - 1958 2008
Introduced Medicago spp. Medic - - - 1899
Introduced Melianthus comosus Tufted Honey-flower - - - 1974
Introduced Melilotus indicus Sweet Melilot - - - 1958 2008 1993 2008
- Microtis unifolia Common Onion-orchid - - - 2008 1974
Introduced Moraea flaccida One-leaf Cape-tulip - - - 2008
Myriophyllum elatinoides - Water Milfoil - - - 1974 spp. agg.
- Myriophyllum muelleri Hooded Water-milfoil - - - 1991
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Amphibious Water- - Myriophyllum simulans - - - 1899 milfoil
- Myriophyllum spp. Water Milfoil - - - 1991
Introduced Nasturtium officinale Watercress - - - 1991
Oenothera stricta subsp. Common Evening- Introduced - - - 2004 stricta primrose
- Ornduffia reniformis Running Marsh-flower - - - 1991
- Oxalis corniculata s.l. Yellow Wood-sorrel - - - 1958
Introduced Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob - - - 2004
Introduced Oxalis spp. (naturalised) Wood Sorrel - - - 1958
Introduced Parapholis incurva Coast Barb-grass - - - 1958 1974
Introduced Parapholis strigosa Slender Barb-grass - - - 2008 1993 2008
Introduced Parentucellia viscosa Yellow Bartsia - - - 2008 1974
Introduced Paspalum distichum Water Couch - - - 1899
- Pelargonium spp. Stork's Bill - - - 2004
- Phragmites australis Common Reed - - - 1899 1991
Picris angustifolia subsp. - Coast Picris - - - 1974 angustifolia
- Pimelea glauca Smooth Rice-flower - - - 2004
Introduced Plantago coronopus Buck's-horn Plantain - - - 1958 2008 1993 2008
Introduced Plantago lanceolata Ribwort - - - 2008 1974
Introduced Plantago major Greater Plantain - - - 2008
Introduced Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass - - - 1974
- Poa billardierei Coast Fescue Rare - - 1993
- Poa poiformis Coast Tussock-grass - - - 1958 1993 1974
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Poa poiformis var. 2002 - Coast Tussock-grass - - - 2008 poiformis
Introduced Poa pratensis Kentucky Blue-grass - - - 2008 1974
Poaceae spp. 1899 Introduced Grass (naturalised) - - - 1899 (naturalised)
Introduced Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaved Allseed - - - 1958 1974
Introduced Polygala monspeliaca Annual Milkwort - - - 1899
Introduced Polygonum arenastrum Wireweed - - - 1899
Introduced Polygonum aviculare s.l. Prostrate Knotweed - - - 1974 1993
Polypogon maritimus var. Introduced Coast Beard-grass - - - 1974 subspathaceus
Introduced Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard-grass - - - 1993 1993 2008
Potamogeton tricarinatus - Floating Pondweed - - - 1991 s.l.
- Puccinellia perlaxa Plains Saltmarsh-grass - - - 2008
Australian Saltmarsh- 1974 - Puccinellia stricta s.l. - - - 1899 grass
Australian Saltmarsh- 2008 - Puccinellia stricta s.s. - - - 2008 grass
- Ranunculus sessiliflorus Annual Buttercup - - - 1958
- Ranunculus spp. Buttercup - - - 1991
Introduced Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish - - - 1974
Rhagodia candolleana 1974 - Seaberry Saltbush - - - 1998 2004 subsp. candolleana
Introduced Rhamnus alaternus Italian Buckthorn - - - 2008
Introduced Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar - - - 2008
- Rumex bidens Mud Dock - - - 1991
- Rumex brownii Slender Dock - - - 1974
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Introduced Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock - - - 1958 2008
Introduced Rumex crispus Curled Dock - - - 2008 1974 2008
Rumex pulcher subsp. 1974 Introduced Fiddle Dock - - - 2008 pulcher
- Ruppia polycarpa Many-fruit Tassel - - - 1993
- Ruppia spp. Tassel - - - 1899
Rytidosperma Common Wallaby- - - - - 2004 caespitosum grass
- Rytidosperma spp. Wallaby Grass - - - 1958
Introduced Sagina apetala Common Pearlwort - - - 1958
- Salvia spp. Sage - - - 1978
Samolus repens var. 2008 - Creeping Brookweed - - - 1958 2008 1974 repens
- Sarcocornia blackiana Thick-head Glasswort - - - 1958
- Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Glasswort - - - 1993 1993
Sarcocornia quinqueflora 2008 - Beaded Glasswort - - - 2008 1974 subsp. quinqueflora
- Schizaea bifida s.s. Forked Comb-fern - - - 1974
- Schoenoplectus pungens Sharp Club-sedge - - - 1899 2008
- Schoenus nitens Shiny Bog-sedge - - - 2008 1974 2008
- Sebaea albidiflora White Sebaea - - - 2008 1993
- Sebaea ovata Yellow Sebaea - - - 1974
- Selliera radicans Shiny Swamp-mat - - - 1958 2008 1974 1993
Introduced Senecio elegans Purple Groundsel - - - 1958 2004 1993
- Senecio glomeratus Annual Fireweed - - - 1958
- Senecio hispidulus s.s. Rough Fireweed - - - 1899
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- Senecio minimus Shrubby Fireweed - - - 1958 1974
- Senecio odoratus Scented Groundsel - - - 1900
- Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel - - - 1958 2004 1974
- Senecio spp. Groundsel - - - 1993
Introduced Sherardia arvensis Field Madder - - - 1958
Introduced Solanum linnaeanum Apple of Sodom - - - 2008
Introduced Sonchus asper s.l. Rough Sow-thistle - - - 1993
Introduced Sonchus asper s.s. Rough Sow-thistle - - - 1958 2008 1974
Introduced Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle - - - 1998 2008 1993 2008
- Spergularia marina s.s. Lesser Sea-spurrey - - - 1899 2008
- Spergularia media s.l. Coast Sand-spurrey - - - 1993 1974
- Spergularia tasmanica Native Sea-spurrey - - - 2008
- Spinifex sericeus Hairy Spinifex - - - 1958 1974
Introduced Sporobolus africanus Rat-tail Grass - - - 2008 1974
- Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch - - - 1958 1993 1993
Introduced Stellaria media Chickweed - - - 1958 1974
Stenotaphrum 2008 Introduced Buffalo Grass - - - 1958 secundatum
- Stuckenia pectinata Fennel Pondweed - - - 1974
- Suaeda australis Austral Seablite - - - 1958 2008 2008
Symphyotrichum Introduced Aster-weed - - - 2008 subulatum
Taraxacum officinale spp. Introduced Garden Dandelion - - - 1993 agg.
- Taraxacum spp. Dandelion - - - 1899
- Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Glasswort - - - 1958 1993
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- Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach - - - 1998 2004 1993
- Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass - - - 2008
Creeping Monkey- - Thyridia repens - - - 1991 flower
Trifolium campestre var. Introduced Hop Clover - - - 1899 campestre
Introduced Trifolium dubium Suckling Clover - - - 1958 1974
Trifolium fragiferum var. 2008 Introduced Strawberry Clover - - - 2008 1974 fragiferum
Trifolium repens var. 2008 Introduced White Clover - - - 1974 repens
Introduced Trifolium spp. Clover - - - 1899
Introduced Trifolium suffocatum Suffocated Clover - - - 2008
- Triglochin spp. Arrowgrass - - - 1899
- Triglochin striata Streaked Arrowgrass - - - 1958 2008 2008
- Urtica incisa Scrub Nettle - - - 1974 1974
Introduced Urtica urens Small Nettle - - - 1958
Introduced Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein - - - 1974
Introduced Veronica persica Persian Speedwell - - - 1974
- Veronica spp. Speedwell - - - 1991
Introduced Vicia sativa Common Vetch - - - 1899
Introduced Vulpia fasciculata Dune Fescue - - - 1993
Introduced Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue - - - 1958
Introduced Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue - - - 1974
Introduced Vulpia spp. Fescue - - - 2004
Introduced Zantedeschia aethiopica White Arum-lily - - - 1974
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