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Belfast Coastal Reserve Action Group10.35 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 871 INQUIRY INTO ECOSYSTEM DECLINE IN VICTORIA A SUBMISSION by the BELFAST COASTAL RESERVE ACTION GROUP AUGUST 2020 Name: SHANE HOWARD (Treasurer) Dear Committee, Thank you for the opportunity to provide a submission to the Inquiry into Ecosystems Decline in Victoria. Our submission is both local and global, in accordance with the real threats our community and planet face. Our submission draws on our accumulated community and scientific knowledge of the ‘particular’: the historical lessons learnt and data gathered for the Belfast Coastal Reserve in South West Victoria, between Warrnambool and Port Fairy. This is our local/regional area of understanding but it serves to highlight issues across the State of Victoria and beyond, regionally, nationally and globally, regarding the Ecological Emergency we now face. In his book, The Social Conquest of Earth, the eminent sociobiologist, E. O. Wilson suggests, “We have created a Star Wars civilization, with Stone Age emotions, medieval institutions, and godlike technology. We are...a danger to ourselves and to the rest of life.” HISTORY Bruce Pascoe’s, Dark Emu and Bill Gammage’s, The Greatest Estate On Earth, paint an historical portrait of Victoria as a highly fertile, well managed Aboriginal landscape at the time of the colonial imposition in the early 19th century. The destruction of the flora and fauna of Victoria, as elsewhere, was rapid. James Boyce’s historical work, 1853, describes the occupation of the Aboriginal lands of Western District of Victoria in the 1830’s as ‘the largest land grab in world history’. An area the size of England 1 of 42 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 871 was systematically occupied for sheep grazing by squatters, ostensibly financed from Tasmania, in the space of 3 to 4 years. The conscious displacement and destruction of Aboriginal people was accompanied by wholesale land clearing and the introduction of cloven hoofed animals, foreign to the natural evolution of Australia. South West Victoria is a region where the highest concentration of massacres of Aboriginal people took place in Australia. Ecologically, it’s also one of the most altered landscapes in Australia. South West Victoria has very few protected stands of native vegetation, Subsequently, there are also low native fauna numbers. The local Aboriginal tribes, the Peek Whurrong, the Dhauwuurd Whurrong, the Kirrae Whurrong and others, were decimated and herded onto Missions by the late 1840’s. Victoria’s environmental laws need to be strengthened. Such a review could also make positive contributions to ameliorating Aboriginal dispossession. WHERE ARE WE? WHAT’S WRONG? – NEW LAWS for a NEW CENTURY NEW NATIONAL PARKS • Victoria is the most cleared state in Australia - 66% of our land has been cleared of native trees, shrubs and plants - the habitat that supports native wildlife • Over 700 native plants, animals, insects and ecosystems are under threat • 120 Victorian animals, birds, plants, insects and fish are now at the brink of extinction • More than 70 threatened species make their home in forests still being logged The unprecedented scale, severity and destruction of the Summer bushfires dramatically worsened the outlook. • 1.4 million hectares, burned in Victoria • 50% of habitat for 185 rare and threatened Victorian animals, plants and other creatures destroyed. • Critically endangered species like the greater glider, smoky mouse, mountain ash eucalyptus and many others pushed perilously close to extinction. • Victoria was once a leader in the creation of national parks, but is now one of lowest levels on new parks in a decade. • There are still significant gaps in the Reserve system which need to be filled. • Government should initiate new VEAC Investigations, or similar, to fill those gaps, including under-represented habitat areas, areas with high numbers of threatened species and areas under threat. 2 of 42 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 871 • Develop stronger native vegetation laws and regulations plus well-funded, and on-going strategic revegetation and land care programs. • The Victorian Government should implement either the accepted or proposed recommendations from the VEAC, in relation to the planning and management of marine parks (the VEAC Coastal Reserves Assessment 2020, VEAC Public Lands Assessment 2017, and the VEAC Marine Investigation, 2014). • Develop a detailed understanding on the implications of climate change on ecosystems. Fine-scale assessment should be undertaken to model in detail, the potential changes for key natural areas. • Dramatically increase funding for private land conservation through the Trust for Nature, including the establishment of $20 million revolving fund. TOWER HILL– A MODEL IN SOUTH WEST VICTORIA Our world can heal. We can fix the mess we’ve made but it will take a massive commitment. The top three Victorian areas with poor habitat representation include South West Victoria. In 1855, local squatter and champion of the local Aboriginal community, Scotsman, James Dawson, commissioned Eugene von Guerard to paint the natural wonder of Tower Hill. Von Guerard trained at the Düsseldorf school of painting, in the tradition of finely detailed landscapes in the style of a new "truthful"' realism. He often included Aboriginal people in the landscape even though they would have been removed from that landscape by the time he was painting. PHOTO: Tower Hill as painted by Eugene von Guerard in 1855 Tower Hill was Australia’s first gazetted National Park, in 1892. By the 1950’s, it was so degraded and diminished through commercial activities of land clearing, grazing and quarrying, that its native vegetation was gone, it was completely denuded and its waters polluted. 3 of 42 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 871 PHOTO: Tower Hill in1961, the year it became a State Game Reserve under the then Fisheries and Wildlife Department and a major re-vegetation program began. In 1955, VNPA and LCP acted to improve administration of National Parks. Environmental historian, Tim Bonyhady, in his work, The Colonial Earth, documents the story of Tower Hill in detail. Because of its faithful detail, Von Guerard’s painting, was used in the 1960’s as an historical document to inform the revegetation of Tower Hill. It was studied in detail by botanists and an ambitious revegetation program was put into action. Many of us, as local school children, went in bus loads to take part in one of the largest single revegetation programs in Victoria’s history, at Tower Hill. Native Fauna were also re- introduced: Kangaroos, wallabies, emus, echidnas. We now walk under a forest of our own making, in a restored landscape. Not as it was or perfect but significantly restored. It’s an outstanding example of what can be achieved, in terms of environmental restoration, with a little vision and the appropriate resourcing. PHOTO: Tower Hill today. 4 of 42 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 871 BELFAST COASTAL RESERVE (BCR) Just below Tower Hill lies the Belfast Coastal Reserve. The 1500-hectare Reserve between Port Fairy and Warrnambool was gazetted in 1861, for the ‘prevention of the irruption of sand’ and stabilisation of the coastal dunes with introduced Marram grass. The Belfast Coastal Reserve suffered a similar fate to Tower Hill through its colonial history and was quickly reduced to a denuded landscape. In 1980 it was gazetted as a Coastal Reserve for conservation, recreation, inspiration and preservation of Aboriginal cultural heritage. Since then, the Reserve too has been on the long, slow road to recovery. BCR is dominated by sand dunes covered in Coastal Dune Scrub with patches of Coastal Tussock Grassland and a Swamp Scrub/Aquatic Herbland Mosaic with narrow sandy beaches occasionally broken by volcanic reefs. Internationally recognised Important Bird Area status has been given to the BCR’s coastline due to the presence of the wintering Orange-bellied Parrot (Critically Endangered) and breeding populations of Hooded Plover (Vulnerable under federal law and threatened under Victorian law). BCR also provides habitat for many threatened migratory and resident bird species. There is no end of evidence that the Reserve was of central importance to the local Peek Whurrong people. The clans of the Moonwer Gunditj, the Koroit Gunditj, the Pyipgil Gunditj, the Tarerer Gunditj and more, are well documented. Protector of Aborigines, George Augustus Robinson, met with the local Tarerer Gunditj clan in 1841 and again in 1842 at their clan estate. It has numerous cultural sites of significance, including burial sites and the largest midden site in the Southern half of Australia. Before colonisation, the BCR region would have had one of the highest population densities in Australia. BCR is a haven for bird life. A variety of fish and eels were caught in the rivers and the coastal wetland systems that lie behind the dunes. The landscape is marked with earthen mounds, burials and skeletal remains and a highly concentrated number of kitchen middens throughout the BCR; the middens at Armstrong’s Bay are dated at around 500–5500 years old. Scientists are now exploring the possibility that shell middens and evidence of human fireplaces at Point Ritchie, on the mouth of the Hopkins River in Warrnambool that could be older than 60,000 years and perhaps date to 80,000 years ago or more. In 1842, George Augustus Robinson, Chief Protector of Aborigines, witnessed one of the last great gatherings of the clans at Tarerer, below Tower Hill, in the BCR, where upwards of 800 people assembled for annual gatherings during the whale-breeding season. For Aboriginal people the land was an intrinsic part of cultural and spiritual life, with natural features representing deep religious or ‘dreaming’ significance. For Europeans, however, the land was principally the means by which to develop an 5 of 42 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 871 agricultural economy.
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