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Nationalism Gandhian Phase Unit - 8 Nationalism: Gandhian Phase Learning Objectives To acquaint ourselves with Gandhian phase of India’s struggle for independence Gandhi’s policy of ahimsa and satyagraha tried and tested for mobilisation of the masses in India Non-violent struggles in Champaran and against the Rowlatt Act The Non-Cooperation Movement and its fallout Emergence of radicals and revolutionaries and their part in the freedom movement Launch of Civil Disobedience Movement Issue of separate electorate and the signing of Poona Pact First Congress Ministries in the provinces and circumstances leading to the launch of Quit India Movement Communalism leading to partition of sub-continent into India and Pakistan Introduction violent methods to mobilise the masses and mount pressure on the British. In this lesson Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India in 1915 we shall see how Gandhi transformed the from South Africa after fighting for the civil Indian National Movement. rights of the Indians there for about twenty years. He brought with him a new impulse Gandhi and Mass to Indian politics. He introduced satyagraha, 8.1 Nationalism which he had perfected in South Africa, that could be practiced by men and women, young (a) Evolution of Gandhi and old. As a person dedicated to the cause Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born of the poorest of the poor, he instantly gained on 2 October 1869 into a well to do family in the goodwill of the masses. Before Gandhi, Porbandar, Gujarat. His father Kaba Gandhi the constitutionalists appealed to the British was the Diwan of Porbandar and later became sense of justice and fair play. The militants the Diwan of Rajkot. His mother Putlibai, a confronted the repression of the colonial state devout Vaishanavite, influenced the young violently. Gandhi, in contrast, adopted non- 34 10th_History_Unit_8.indd 34 7/30/2019 7:48:07 PM Gandhi. After passing the matriculation outdoors after 9 p.m. without a permit. He examination, Gandhi sailed to England in launched a struggle against such unjust laws. 1888 to study law. After becoming a barrister Gandhi was introduced to the works in June 1891 Gandhi returned to India as a of Tolstoy and John Ruskin. He was deeply firm believer in British sense of justice and influenced by Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of fair play. His experiences in London had not prepared him for the racial discrimination he God is Within You, Ruskin’s Unto this Last would encounter in South Africa. and Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience. Gandhi’s ideas were formed due to a blend of Indian and Western thought. Despite being deeply influenced by Western thinkers he was highly critical of Western civilisation and industrialisation. Inspired by Ruskin Gandhi established the Phoenix Settlement (1905) and the Tolstoy Farm (1910). Equality, community living and dignity of labour were inculcated in these settlements. They were training grounds for the satyagrahis. Satyagraha as a Strategy in South Africa Gandhi developed satyagraha (devotion Gandhi in South Africa to the truth, truth-force) as a strategy, in On returning to India, Gandhi’s attempt which campaigners went on peaceful marches to practice in Bombay failed. It was during and presented themselves for arrest in protest this time that a Gujarati firm in South Africa, against unjust laws. He experimented with sought the services of Gandhi for assistance it for fighting the issues of immigration in a law-suit. Gandhi accepted the offer and and racial discrimination. Meetings were left for South Africa in April 1893. Gandhi held and registration offices of immigrants faced racial discrimination for the first time were picketed. Even when the police let in South Africa. On his journey from Durban loose violence no resistance was offered by to Pretoria, at the Pietermaritzburg railway station, he was physically thrown out of the the satyagrahis. Gandhi and other leaders first class compartment. Indians were treated were arrested. Indians, mostly indentured only as coolies. But Gandhi was determined labourers turned hawkers continued the to fight. struggle despite police brutality. Finally, by the Smuts-Gandhi Agreement the poll tax on Gandhi called a meeting of the Indians indentured labourers was abolished. Gandhi’s in the Transvaal and exhorted them to form an association to seek redress of their stay in South Africa was a learning experience grievances. He continued to hold such for him. It was there that Gandhi realised meetings, petitioned to the authorities about that people of different religions, regions, the injustices which were in violation of their linguistic groups could be welded into one to own laws. Indians in the Transvaal had to pay fight against exploitation. After the outbreak a poll tax of £ 3, could not own land except in of the First World War, Gandhi returned to areas marked for them, and could not move India. 35 Nationalism: Gandhian Phase 10th_History_Unit_8.indd 35 7/30/2019 7:48:07 PM Gandhi’s Early from Champaran who suffered hardships 8.2 Satyagrahas in India of the system, prevailed on Gandhi to visit Champaran. On reaching Chamaparan, Gandhi Gandhi regarded Gopal Krishna was asked by the police to leave immediately. Gokhale, whom he had met on previous visits When he refused he was summoned for trial. to India, as his political guru. On his advice, The news spread like wild fire and thousands Gandhi travelled the length and breadth of swarmed the place in support of Gandhi. Gandhi the country before plunging into politics. This pleaded guilty of disobeying the order, and the enabled him to understand the conditions case had to be finally withdrawn. According to of the people. It is on one of these journeys Gandhi, “The country thus had its first object- through Tamil Nadu that Gandhi decided to lesson in Civil Disobedience”. He was assisted discard his following robes and wear a simple by Brajkishore Prasad, a lawyer by profession, dhoti. Gandhi before returning to India and Rajendra Prasad, who became the first visited England where he enlisted for the President of independent India. The Lieutenant War to offer ambulance services. Considering Governor eventually formed a committee with himself a responsible citizen of the Empire he Gandhi as a member which recommended believed it was his duty to support England the abolition of the tinkathia system, thereby in its difficult times and even campaigned ending the oppression of the peasants by the for the recruitment of Indians in the army. Indigo Planters. However, his views changed over the years. The success of Champaran satyagraha, (a) Champaran Satyagraha followed by his fruitful intervention in Ahmedabad mill strike (1918) and the Kheda Satyagraha (1918) helped Gandhi establish himself as a leader of mass struggle. Unlike earlier leaders, Gandhi demonstrated his ability to mobilise the common people across the country. (b) Rowlatt Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre In the aftermath of the First World War, Champaran Satyagraha people expected liberal political reforms from the British. The Government of India Act In Champaran in Bihar the tinkathia system 1919, however, caused disappointment, as it was practiced. Under this exploitative system the did not transfer real power to the Indians. peasants were forced by the European planters Besides, the government began to enforce the to cultivate indigo on three-twentieths of their permanent extension of war time restrictions. land holdings. Towards the end of nineteenth The Rowlatt Act was enacted which provided century German synthetic dyes had forced for excessive police powers, arrest without indigo out of the market. The European planters warrant and detention without trial. Gandhi of Champaran, while realising the necessity of called it a ‘Black Act’ and in protest called for relieving the cultivators of the obligation of a nation-wide satyagraha on 6 April 1919. It cultivating indigo, wanted to turn the situation was to be a non-violent struggle with fasting to their advantage. They enhanced the rent and and prayer, and it was the earliest anti- collected illegal dues as a price for the release colonial struggle spread across the country. of cultivators from the obligation. Resistance The anti-Rowlatt protest was intense in erupted. Rajkumar Shukla, an agriculturist Punjab, especially in Amritsar and Lahore. Nationalism: Gandhian Phase 36 10th_History_Unit_8.indd 36 7/30/2019 7:48:07 PM Gandhi was arrested and prevented from The brutality enraged Indians. Rabindranath visiting Punjab. On 9 April two prominent Tagore returned his knighthood. Gandhi local leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. surrendered his Kaiser-i-Hind medal. Satyapal were arrested in Amritsar leading to protests in which a few Europeans were (c) Khilafat Movement killed. Martial law was declared. The First World War came to an end in 1918. The Caliph of Turkey, who was considered the General Dyer’s Brutality head of Muslims of the world, was given a harsh On 13 April 1919 a treatment. A movement was started his support public meeting was arranged called the Khilafat Movement. Led by the Ali at Jallianwala Bagh in brothers, Maulana Mohamed Ali and Maulana Amritsar. As it happened Shaukat Ali, it aimed to restore the prestige to be Baisaki day (spring and power of the Caliphate. Gandhi supported harvest festival of Sikhs) the the movement and saw in it an opportunity to villagers had assembled there in thousands. unite Hindus and Muslims. He presided over the General Reginald Dyer, on hearing of the All India Khilafat Conference held at Delhi in assemblage, surrounded the place with his November 1919. Gandhi supported Shaukat Ali’s troops and an armoured vehicle. The only proposal of three national slogans, Allaho Akbar, entrance to the park that was surrounded Bande Mataram and Hindu-Musslamanki Jai. on all sides by high walls was blocked, and The Khilafat Committee meeting in Allahabad on firing took place without any warning.
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