Unit - 8

Nationalism: Gandhian Phase

Learning Objectives

To acquaint ourselves with „„ Gandhian phase of India’s struggle for independence „„ ’s policy of and tried and tested for mobilisation of the masses in India „„ Non-violent struggles in Champaran and against the Rowlatt Act „„ The Non-Cooperation Movement and its fallout „„ Emergence of radicals and revolutionaries and their part in the freedom movement „„ Launch of Movement „„ Issue of separate electorate and the signing of „„ First Congress Ministries in the provinces and circumstances leading to the launch of „„ Communalism leading to partition of sub-continent into India and Pakistan

Introduction violent methods to mobilise the masses and mount pressure on the British. In this lesson arrived in India in 1915 we shall see how Gandhi transformed the from South Africa after fighting for the civil Indian National Movement. rights of the Indians there for about twenty years. He brought with him a new impulse Gandhi and Mass to Indian politics. He introduced satyagraha, 8.1 Nationalism which he had perfected in South Africa, that could be practiced by men and women, young (a) Evolution of Gandhi and old. As a person dedicated to the cause Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born of the poorest of the poor, he instantly gained on 2 October 1869 into a well to do family in the goodwill of the masses. Before Gandhi, Porbandar, Gujarat. His father Kaba Gandhi the constitutionalists appealed to the British was the Diwan of Porbandar and later became sense of justice and fair play. The militants the Diwan of . His mother Putlibai, a confronted the repression of the colonial state devout Vaishanavite, influenced the young violently. Gandhi, in contrast, adopted non-

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 34 7/30/2019 7:48:07 PM Gandhi. After passing the matriculation outdoors after 9 p.m. without a permit. He examination, Gandhi sailed to England in launched a struggle against such unjust laws. 1888 to study law. After becoming a barrister Gandhi was introduced to the works in June 1891 Gandhi returned to India as a of Tolstoy and John Ruskin. He was deeply firm believer in British sense of justice and influenced by Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of fair play. His experiences in London had not prepared him for the racial discrimination he God is Within You, Ruskin’s would encounter in South Africa. and Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience. Gandhi’s ideas were formed due to a blend of Indian and Western thought. Despite being deeply influenced by Western thinkers he was highly critical of Western civilisation and industrialisation. Inspired by Ruskin Gandhi established the Phoenix Settlement (1905) and the (1910). Equality, community living and dignity of labour were inculcated in these settlements. They were training grounds for the satyagrahis.

Satyagraha as a Strategy in South Africa Gandhi developed satyagraha (devotion Gandhi in South Africa to the truth, truth-force) as a strategy, in On returning to India, Gandhi’s attempt which campaigners went on peaceful marches to practice in Bombay failed. It was during and presented themselves for arrest in protest this time that a Gujarati firm in South Africa, against unjust laws. He experimented with sought the services of Gandhi for assistance it for fighting the issues of immigration in a law-suit. Gandhi accepted the offer and and racial discrimination. Meetings were left for South Africa in April 1893. Gandhi held and registration offices of immigrants faced racial discrimination for the first time were picketed. Even when the police let in South Africa. On his journey from Durban loose violence no resistance was offered by to Pretoria, at the railway station, he was physically thrown out of the the satyagrahis. Gandhi and other leaders first class compartment. Indians were treated were arrested. Indians, mostly indentured only as coolies. But Gandhi was determined labourers turned hawkers continued the to fight. struggle despite police brutality. Finally, by the Smuts-Gandhi Agreement the poll tax on Gandhi called a meeting of the Indians indentured labourers was abolished. Gandhi’s in the Transvaal and exhorted them to form an association to seek redress of their stay in South Africa was a learning experience grievances. He continued to hold such for him. It was there that Gandhi realised meetings, petitioned to the authorities about that people of different religions, regions, the injustices which were in violation of their linguistic groups could be welded into one to own laws. Indians in the Transvaal had to pay fight against exploitation. After the outbreak a poll tax of £ 3, could not own land except in of the First World War, Gandhi returned to areas marked for them, and could not move India.

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 35 7/30/2019 7:48:07 PM Gandhi’s Early from Champaran who suffered hardships 8.2 in India of the system, prevailed on Gandhi to visit Champaran. On reaching Chamaparan, Gandhi Gandhi regarded Gopal Krishna was asked by the police to leave immediately. Gokhale, whom he had met on previous visits When he refused he was summoned for trial. to India, as his political guru. On his advice, The news spread like wild fire and thousands Gandhi travelled the length and breadth of swarmed the place in support of Gandhi. Gandhi the country before plunging into politics. This pleaded guilty of disobeying the order, and the enabled him to understand the conditions case had to be finally withdrawn. According to of the people. It is on one of these journeys Gandhi, “The country thus had its first object- through Tamil Nadu that Gandhi decided to lesson in Civil Disobedience”. He was assisted discard his following robes and wear a simple by Brajkishore Prasad, a lawyer by profession, dhoti. Gandhi before returning to India and , who became the first visited England where he enlisted for the President of independent India. The Lieutenant War to offer ambulance services. Considering Governor eventually formed a committee with himself a responsible citizen of the Empire he Gandhi as a member which recommended believed it was his duty to support England the abolition of the tinkathia system, thereby in its difficult times and even campaigned ending the oppression of the peasants by the for the recruitment of Indians in the army. Indigo Planters. However, his views changed over the years. The success of , (a) Champaran Satyagraha followed by his fruitful intervention in Ahmedabad mill strike (1918) and the Kheda Satyagraha (1918) helped Gandhi establish himself as a leader of mass struggle. Unlike earlier leaders, Gandhi demonstrated his ability to mobilise the common people across the country.

(b) Rowlatt Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre In the aftermath of the First World War, Champaran Satyagraha people expected liberal political reforms from the British. The Government of India Act In Champaran in the tinkathia system 1919, however, caused disappointment, as it was practiced. Under this exploitative system the did not transfer real power to the Indians. peasants were forced by the European planters Besides, the government began to enforce the to cultivate indigo on three-twentieths of their permanent extension of war time restrictions. land holdings. Towards the end of nineteenth The Rowlatt Act was enacted which provided century German synthetic dyes had forced for excessive police powers, arrest without indigo out of the market. The European planters warrant and detention without trial. Gandhi of Champaran, while realising the necessity of called it a ‘Black Act’ and in protest called for relieving the cultivators of the obligation of a nation-wide satyagraha on 6 April 1919. It cultivating indigo, wanted to turn the situation was to be a non-violent struggle with to their advantage. They enhanced the rent and and prayer, and it was the earliest anti- collected illegal dues as a price for the release colonial struggle spread across the country. of cultivators from the obligation. Resistance The anti-Rowlatt protest was intense in erupted. Rajkumar Shukla, an agriculturist Punjab, especially in Amritsar and Lahore.

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 36 7/30/2019 7:48:07 PM Gandhi was arrested and prevented from The brutality enraged Indians. Rabindranath visiting Punjab. On 9 April two prominent Tagore returned his knighthood. Gandhi local leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. surrendered his Kaiser-i-Hind medal. Satyapal were arrested in Amritsar leading to protests in which a few Europeans were (c) Khilafat Movement killed. Martial law was declared. The First World War came to an end in 1918. The Caliph of Turkey, who was considered the General Dyer’s Brutality head of Muslims of the world, was given a harsh On 13 April 1919 a treatment. A movement was started his support public meeting was arranged called the Khilafat Movement. Led by the Ali at Jallianwala Bagh in brothers, Maulana Mohamed Ali and Maulana Amritsar. As it happened Shaukat Ali, it aimed to restore the prestige to be Baisaki day (spring and power of the Caliphate. Gandhi supported harvest festival of Sikhs) the the movement and saw in it an opportunity to villagers had assembled there in thousands. unite Hindus and Muslims. He presided over the General Reginald Dyer, on hearing of the All India Khilafat Conference held at Delhi in assemblage, surrounded the place with his November 1919. Gandhi supported Shaukat Ali’s troops and an armoured vehicle. The only proposal of three national slogans, Allaho Akbar, entrance to the park that was surrounded Bande Mataram and Hindu-Musslamanki Jai. on all sides by high walls was blocked, and The Khilafat Committee meeting in Allahabad on firing took place without any warning. The 9 June 1920 adopted Gandhi’s non-violent non- firing lasted for ten minutes till the troops cooperation programme. Non-Cooperation was ran out of ammunition. According to official to begin on 1 August 1920. estimates 379 were killed and more than thousand injured. Unofficial estimates put the toll at more than a thousand. After the incident martial law was declared and many people in the Punjab especially Amritsar were flogged and forced to crawl on the streets.

Ali Brothers  Non-Cooperation 8.3 Movement and Its Fallout The Indian National Congress approved the non-cooperation movement in a special session held in Calcutta on September 1920. It was subsequently passed in the Nagpur Session held on December 1920, Chaired by Salem C.Vijayaraghavachariar. The programme of non-cooperation included: 1. Surrender of all titles of honours and honorary offices. Bullet marks on the wall and 2. Non-participation in government functions. the well in the ground, Jallianwala Bagh

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 37 7/30/2019 7:48:28 PM 3. Suspension of practice by lawyers, and viz. non-violent non-cooperation but because settlement of court disputes by private of lack of sufficiently trained volunteers and arbitration. leaders. Soon after the Khilafat Movement 4. Boycott of government schools by children also came to an end as the office of the Caliph and parents. (Caliphate) was abolished in Turkey. 5. Boycott of the legislature created under the (b) Swarajists 1919 Act. 6. Non-participation in government parties and other official functions. 7. Refusal to accept any civil or military post. 8. Boycott of foreign goods and spreading the doctrine of Swadeshi. (a) No-Tax Campaign and Programmes such as no-tax campaigns C.R. Das Motilal Nehru caught the imagination of the kisans (peasants). Gandhi announced a no-tax campaign in Meanwhile Congress was divided Bardoli in February 1922. These movements into two groups viz. pro-changers and no- greatly enhanced Gandhi’s reputation as a changers. Some of the Congressmen led national leader, especially the peasants. Gandhi by Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das wanted to made a nation-wide tour. Wherever he visited contest the elections and enter the legislature. there was a bonfire of foreign cloth. Thousands They argued that the national interest could left government jobs, students gave up their be promoted by working in the Legislative studies in large numbers and the lawyers gave Councils under Dyarchy and wrecking the up thriving practices. Boycott of British goods colonial government within. They were and institutions were effective. The boycott called the pro-changers. Staunch followers of the Prince of Wales’ visit to India was of Gandhi like , C. Rajaji successful. During this boycott trade unions and others, known as no-changers, wanted and workers participated actively. However, to continue non-cooperation with the Gandhi suddenly withdrew the movement government. Despite the opposition C.R. Das because of the Chauri Chaura incident. and Motilal Nehru formed the Party on 1 January 1923, which was later approved On 5 February 1922 a procession of the nationalists in Chauri Chaura, a village near by a special session of the Congress. Swaraj Gorakhpur in present-day Uttar Pradesh Party members were elected in large numbers provoked by the police turned violent. The to the Imperial Legislative Assembly and the police finding themselves outnumbered shut various Provincial Legislative Councils. They themselves inside the police station. The mob effectively used the legislature as a platform burnt the police station 22 policemen lost for propagation of nationalist ideas. In Bengal, their lives. Gandhi immediately withdrew they refused to take charge of transferred the movement. This was done much against subjects, as they did not want to cooperate the wishes of many congressmen including with the government. They exposed the true young leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and nature of the colonial government. However, Subhas Chandra Bose who thought the the Swaraj Party began to decline after the movement was gaining momentum. Gandhi death of its leader C.R. Das in 1925. Some was arrested and was released only in 1924. of the Swaraj Party members began to accept Gandhi believed that the movement failed not government offices. Swaraj Party withdrew because of any defect in the means employed, from the legislatures in 1926.

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 38 7/30/2019 7:48:28 PM Dyarchy, a system of dual government that time believed Swaraj was possible only introduced under the Government of with Hindu-Muslim unity, failed to stem the India Act 1919, divided the powers of the communal riots. provincial government into Reserved and (d) Boycott of Simon Commission Transferred subjects. The Reserved Subjects On 8 November 1927, the British comprising finance, defence, the police, Government announced the appointment of justice, land revenue, and irrigation were the Indian Statutory Commission. Composed of in the hands of the British. The Transferred seven members headed by Sir John Simon it came Subjects that included local self-government, to be widely known as the Simon Commission. education, public health, public works, It was an all-white commission with no Indian agriculture, forests and fisheries were left member. Indians were angered that they had been under the control of Indian ministers. The denied the right to decide their own constitution. system ended with the introduction of All sections of India including the Congress provincial autonomy in 1935. and the Muslim League decided to boycott the commission. Wherever the Commission went (c) Constructive Programme there were protests, and black flag marches with of Gandhi the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’. The protesters were After the Chauri Chaura incident, Gandhi brutally assaulted by the police. In one such felt that the volunteers and the people had to assault in Lahore, Lal Lajpat Rai was seriously be trained for a non-violent struggle. As a injured and died a few days later. part of this effort he focused on promoting , Hindu-Muslim unity and the abolition of untouchability. He exhorted the Congressmen, “Go throughout your districts and spread the message of Khaddar, the message of Hindu-Muslim unity, the message of anti-untouchability and take up in hand the youth of the country and make them the real soldiers of Swaraj.” He made it compulsory for all Congress members to wear khaddar. The "Go back Simon" Demonstration All India Spinner’s Association was formed. (e) Nehru Report Gandhi believed that without attaining these objectives Swaraj could never be attained. The Simon boycott united the different political parties in India. An all party conference Despite the cooperation of the Hindus was held in 1928 with the objective to frame a and Muslims during the Khilafat Movement constitution for India as an alternative to the and the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Simon Commission proposals. A committee unity was fragile. The 1920s saw a series under the leadership of Motilal Nehru was of communal riots between the Hindus formed to outline the principles on the basis of and the Muslims. Hindu Mahasabha was which the constitution was to be drafted. The gaining in popularity under Madan Mohan committee’s report, known as the Nehru Report, Malaviya and the Muslim League under recommended, the Ali Brothers. Gandhi undertook a 21- day a fast in between 1924 to appeal to the „„ Dominion status for India. hearts of the Hindus and Muslims involved „„ Elections of the Central Legislature and in communal politics. Serious efforts by the Provincial Legislatures on the basis of Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who at joint and mixed electorates.

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 39 7/30/2019 7:48:28 PM „„ Reservation of seats for Muslims in the „„ Reduction of expenditure on army Central Legislature and in provinces and civil services by 50% where they are in a minority and for the „„ Introduction of total prohibition Hindus in North-West Frontier Province „„ where they were in a minority. Release of all political prisoners „„ „„ Provision of fundamental rights, and Reduction of land revenue by 50% universal adult franchise. „„ Abolition of salt tax. Jinnah proposed an amendment to the reservation of seats in the Central Legislature. He demanded that one-third of the seats be reserved for Muslims. Tej Bahadur Sapru Gandhiji’s Dandi March supported him and pleaded that Jinnah When the Viceroy did not respond to it would make no big difference. However, it was the charter of demands, Gandhi launched the defeated in the All Party Conference. Later he Civil Disobedience Movement. The inclusion proposed a resolution which came to be known of abolition of salt tax was a brilliant tactical as Jinnah’s Fourteen Points. However, it was also decision. Salt was an issue which affected rejected. Jinnah who was hailed as Ambassador every section of the society. It transformed of Hindu–Muslim Unity thereafter changed his Civil Disobedience Movement into a mass stand and began to espouse the cause of a separate movement drawing all sections of the nation for Muslims. population including women to the streets. At The Struggle for Poorna the break of dawn on 12 March 1930 Gandhi Swaraj and Launch set out from with 78 of its 8.4 inmates. The procession became larger and of Civil Disobedience larger when hundreds joined them along the Movement march. At the age of 61 Gandhi covered a Meanwhile some congressmen were not distance of 241 miles in 24 days to reach Dandi satisfied with dominion status and wanted at sunset on 5 April 1930. The next morning, to demand complete independence. In the he took a lump of salt breaking the salt law. Congress session held in Lahore in December Salt Satyagraha in Provinces 1929 with Jawaharlal Nehru as the President, Poorna Swaraj was declared as the goal. It was also decided to boycott the Round Table Conference and launch a Civil Disobedience Movement. 26 January 1930 was declared as Independence Day and a pledge was taken all over the country to attain Poorna Swaraj non-violently through civil disobedience including non-payment of taxes. The Indian National Congress authorised Gandhi to Rajaji making salt in Vedaranyam launch the movement. In Tamil Nadu, C. Rajaji led a similar salt (a) Salt Satyagraha Movement march from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam. A charter of demands presented to the Salt marches took place in Kerala, Andhra Viceroy Lord Irwin with an ultimatum to and Bengal. In the North West Frontier comply by 31 January 1930 included: Province Khan led

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 40 7/30/2019 7:48:28 PM the movement. He organized the Khudai picketing of liquor shops, non-payment Khidmatgar, also known as the Red Shirts. of taxes, breaking of forest laws etc. Government crushed the movement with were adopted. Women, peasants, tribals, brutal force, causing in many casualties. The students, even children and all sections soldiers of the Garhwali regiment refused to participated in the nation-wide struggle. It fire on unarmed satyagrahis. was the biggest mass movement India had ever witnessed. More than 90,000 people Gandhi was arrested at midnight and were arrested. sent to Yeravada Jail. Jawaharlal Nehru, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and other leaders (b) Round Table Conferences were swiftly arrested. Soon other forms of In the midst of the movement the First protests such as boycott of foreign cloth, Round Table Conference was held at London in November 1930. Ramsay Macdonald, the The British enacted the first forest act British Prime Minister, proposed a federal in 1865. This act restricted the access of the government with provincial autonomy. There forest dwellers to the forest areas to collect was a deadlock over the question of separate firewood, cattle fodder and other minor electorates for the minorities. The Congress forest produce such as honey, seeds, nuts, did not attend it as its leaders were in jail. medicinal herbs. The Indian Forest Act of The Conference closed without any decision 1878 claimed that original ownership of on the question. It was clear that without forests was with the state. Waste lands and Congress participation the discussions fallow lands were included as forest. Sifting were of no value. Gandhi was released cultivation practiced by, the tribal people, unconditionally. was prohibited. Alienation of forests (c) Gandhi-Irwin Pact from local control was stiffly resisted by the aggrieved adivasis (tribals) and the nationalists. The most striking evidence of continuing struggles of the tribal groups was the one waged by Alluri Sitarama Raju in Rampa. Raju made Adivasi areas in the Eastern Ghats (the forest area along the Visakapatnam and Godavari district) his Gandhi Irwin home. The Adivasis who were organized by Alluri Sitarama Raju lived in abject Lord Irwin held talks with Gandhi which poverty. They were also harassed by police, resulted in the Gandhi–Irwin Pact on 5 March forest and revenue officials in ‘Manyam’ 1931. The British agreed to the demand of (forest area). Raju’s efforts at fighting immediate release of all political prisoners not involved in violence, return of confiscated land corrupt officials to protect the interests and lenient treatment of government employees of Rampa tribals prompted the British to who had resigned. It also permitted the people target his life. A special Malabar Police of coastal villages to make salt for consumption team was sent to quell the uprisings (1922- and non-violent picketing. The Congress agreed 24) of Rampa Adivasis. Alluri Sitarama to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement Raju attained martyrdom for the cause of and attend the conference. Gandhi attended the forest dwellers. Second Round Table Conference which began

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 41 7/30/2019 7:48:28 PM on 7 September 1931. Gandhi refused to accept (e) Communal Award and separate electorates for minorities. As a result, Poona Pact the second conference ended without any result. On 16 August 1932, Ramsay MacDonald, announced the Communal Award. It provided separate electorates to the minorities, viz. Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and women and the “depressed classes”. Gandhi strongly opposed the inclusion of depressed classes in the list of minorities. Gandhi argued that it would not only divide the Hindus but also make the campaign against untouchability meaningless, as they would be considered distinct from the Hindus. However, he supported reservation of seats. B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the depressed Second Round Table Conference - London classes, strongly argued for the separate electorate, (d) Renewal of Civil Disobedience as it, according to him, would give them political Movement. representation and power. On 20 September 1932, Gandhi went on a fast unto death against On returning to India, Gandhi revived the separate electorates for the depressed classes. the Civil Disobedience Movement. This time Madan Mohan Malaviya, Rajendra Prasad and the government was prepared to meet the others held talks with Ambedkar and M.C. Rajah resistance. Martial law was enforced and Gandhi the leaders of the depressed classes. After intense was arrested on 4 January 1932. Soon all the negotiations an agreement was arrived between Congress leaders were arrested too. Protests Gandhi and Ambedkar. Known as the Poona and picketing by the people were suppressed Pact, its main terms were: with force. Nearly 80,000 people were arrested within four months. The nationalist press was „„ The principle of separate electorates was completely gagged. Despite Government’s abandoned. Instead, the principle of joint repressive measures it is worth mentioning here electorate was accepted with reservation that the movement continued till April 1934. of seats for the depressed classes. „„ In the meantime, the Third Round Table Reserved seats for the depressed classes Conference was held from 17 November to were increased from 71 to 148. In the 24 December 1932. The Congress did not Central Legislature 18 percent of the participate in the conference as it had revived seats were reserved. the Civil Disobedience Movement. (f) Campaign Against Untouchability Gandhi devoted the next few years towards abolition of untouchability. His engagement with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar made a big impact on his ideas about the caste Call for Civil Disobedience system. He shifted his base to the Satyagraha Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 42 7/30/2019 7:48:28 PM Ashram at Wardha. He undertook an all- Communist Conference India tour called the Harijan Tour. He started was held at Kanpur in the to work for the 1925. Singaravelar gave removal of discriminations. He worked to the Presidential Address. promote education, cleanliness and hygiene It led to the founding of and giving up of liquor among the depressed the Communist Party of class. He also undertook two fasts in 1933 India in Indian soil. The for this cause. An important part of the Communists organised S.A. Dange campaign was the Temple Entry Movement. workers’ and peasants’ 8 January 1933 was observed as ‘Temple organisations in different parts of India. A Entry Day’. His campaign earned the ire of number of strikes were organised in the 1920s. the orthodox Hindus and an attempt was Their efforts eventually led to the establishment made on his life by obscurantists upper caste of the All India Workers’ and Peasants’ Party in Hindus. But this did not deter his mission. 1928. The progress in this direction was halted The work among the depressed classes and with the Meerut Conspiracy Case in 1929. the tribals took the message of nationalism Muzaffar Ahamed, S.A. Dange, S.V. Ghate, to the grassroots. G. Adhikari, P.C. Joshi, S.S.Mirajkar, Shaukat Usmani, Philip Stratt and twenty-three Beginnings of Socialist others were arrested for organising a railway 8.5 Movements strike. They were charged with conspiring to overthrow the British government of India. Inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1917 the (b) Revolutionary Activities Communist Party of India The youths who were disillusioned with (CPI) was founded at the sudden withdrawal of the Non Cooperation Tashkent, Uzbekistan in Movement by Gandhi took to violence. In October 1920. M.N. Roy, 1924 Hindustan Republican Army (HRA) was Abani Mukherjee, and formed in Kanpur to overthrow the colonial M.P.T. Acharya were some M.N. Roy rule by an armed rebellion. In 1925 Ram of its founding members.The Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan and others British government in India made vigorous held up a train carrying government money efforts to suppress the communist movement and looted in Kakori, a village near Lucknow. by foisting a series of cases in the 1920s. In They were arrested and tried in the Kakori a further attempt to eliminate the threat of Conspiracy Case. Four of them were sentenced communism M.N. Roy, S.A. Dange, Muzaffar to death while the others were sentenced to Ahmed, M. Singaravelar among others were imprisonment. arrested and tried in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case of 1924. The charge on them was “to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from imperialistic Britain.”

(a) Foundation of Communist Party

The communists used it as a platform Bhagat Singh Rajguru Sukhdev to propagate their views and to expose the ‘true colour of British rule in India’. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and their In an attempt to form a party an All India comrades reorganized the HRA in Punjab.

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 43 7/30/2019 7:48:29 PM Influenced by socialist ideas they renamed it as Hindustan Socialist Republican Association in 1928. Sanders, a British police officer, responsible for the lathi charge that led to Lala Lajpat Rai’s death was assassinated. Bhagat Singh along with B.K. Dutt threw a smoke bomb inside the Jayaprakash Acharya Central Legislative Assembly in 1929. It was Minoo Narayan Narendra Dev Masani not intended to hurt anyone. They threw pamphlets and shouted ‘Inquilab Zindabad’ In this context, the Communist Party, and ‘Long Live the Proletariat’. He along fighting for the cause of peasants and industrial with Rajguru was arrested and sentenced to workers hit by loss of income and wage death. Bhagat Singh’s daring and courage reduction, and problems of unemployment fired the imagination of the youth across gained influence and was therefore banned India, and he became popular across India. in 1934. The Congress, as a movement During the Gandhi–Irwin negotiations with a wide spectrum of political leanings, there was wide-spread demand to include ranging from the extreme Left to the extreme the case of Bhagat Singh and Rajguru. The Right, welded together by the goal of Swaraj, Viceroy was not willing to commute the emerged as a powerful organisation. There death sentence. was a constant struggle between the right In April 1930, the and left in the Congress during the 1930s. In Chittagong Armoury 1934 the Congress Socialist Party was formed Raid was carried out by , Acharya Narendra by Surya Sen and Dev and Minoo Masani. They believed that his associates. They nationalism was the path to socialism and captured the armories that they would work within the Congress. in Chittagong and They worked to make Congress pro-peasant Surya Sen proclaimed a provisional and pro-worker. revolutionary government. They survived for ‘Real Swaraj will come not by acquisition three years raiding government institutions. of authority by a few, but by the acquisition In 1933 Surya Sen was caught and hanged of the capacity by all to resist authority, when after a year. a bu s e d .’ - M. K. Gandhi (c) Left Movement in the 1930s By the 1930s the Communist Party of India First Congress Ministries had gained strength in view of the economic 8.6 under Government of crisis caused by world-wide Great Depression. India Act, 1935 Britain transmitted the effects of Depression to its colonies. The effects of Depression The Government of India Act 1935 was were reflected in decline in trade returns and one of the important positive outcomes of fall in agricultural prices. The governmental the Civil Disobedience Movement. The key measures included forcible collection of land features of the Act were provincial autonomy revenue which in real terms had increased and dyarchy at the centre. The Act provided two-fold due to a 50% fall in agricultural for an all India Federation with 11 provinces, prices, the withdrawal of money in circulation, 6 Chief commissioner’s provinces and all retrenchment of staff and expenditure on those Princely states which wished to join the developmental works. federation. The Act also provided autonomy

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 44 7/30/2019 7:48:29 PM to the provinces. All the subjects were entered the War on behalf of the Allies transferred to the control of Indian ministers. without consulting the Congress ministries. Dyarchy that was in operation in provinces The Congress ministries resigned in protest. was now extended to the central government. Jinnah who had returned from London with The franchise, based on property, was the determination of demanding separate extended though only about ten percent of state for Muslims, revived the Muslim League the population enjoyed the right to vote. By in 1934. He was one of the staunchest critics this Act Burma was separated from India. of the Congress Ministries. He declared the day when the Congress Ministries resigned (a) Congress Ministries and as the ‘Day of Deliverance’. By 1940 he was their Work demanding a separate state for the Muslims The Government of India Act 1935 was arguing that in an independent India the implemented with the announcement of Muslims would lose all political power to the elections in 1937. The Congress immensely Hindus. benefitted because of the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Congress called off its (c ) National Movement during the programme of boycott of legislature and Second World War, 1939–45 contested elections. It emerged victorious In 1939 Subhas Chandra Bose became in seven out of the eleven provinces. It the President of the Congress by defeating formed ministries in 8 provinces – Madras, Pattabhi Sitaramayya, the candidate of Bombay, Central Provinces, Orissa, Bihar, Gandhi. When Gandhi refused to cooperate, United Provinces, North West Frontier Subhas Chandra Bose resigned his post and Province. In Assam it formed a coalition started the Forward Bloc. The Communists government with Assam Valley Muslim initially opposed the War, calling it an Party led by Sir Muhammad Sadullah. The imperialist war. However, with the Nazi Congress Ministries functioned as a popular attack on the Soviet Union, they called it the government and responded to the needs ‘People’s War’ and offered cooperation to the of the people. The salaries of ministers British. As a result, in 1942, the ban on the were reduced from Rs. 2000 to Rs. 500 Communist Party of India was lifted. per month. Earlier action taken against nationalists were rescinded. They repealed the Acts which vested emergency powers in the government, lifted the ban imposed on political organisations except the Communist Party, and removed the restrictions on the nationalist press. Police powers were curbed and reporting by the CID on political speeches discontinued. Legislative measures were adopted for reducing indebtedness of the peasantry and improving the working Pattabhi Sitaramayya Subhas Chandra Bose conditions of the industrial labour. Temple entry legislation was passed. Special attention Hindu Communalism, was paid to education and public health. 8.7 Muslim Communalism (b) Resignation of Congress and Indian Nationalism Ministries The Muslim League dubbed the Congress In 1939 the Second World War broke as a Hindu organisation and claimed that it out. The colonial government of India alone was the representative of the Muslims

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 45 7/30/2019 7:48:29 PM of India. Similarly, the Hindu Mahasabha (b) Cripps Mission and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) On 22 March took a pronounced anti-Muslim stance. 1942, the British Both Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League government sent claimed that the interests of the Hindus and a mission under Muslim were different and hostile to each Cabinet Minister Sir other. The British policy of divide and rule, Strafford Cripps as through measures such as Partition of Bengal, the Japanese knocked Communal Award, had encouraged the on the doors of India. vested interests out to exploit the religious The negotiations differences. In 1933, Rahmat Ali a student of between the Cripps Cambridge University conceived the idea of Mission and the Pakistan, comprising the provinces of Punjab, Congress failed Cripps and Gandhi Kashmir, North West Frontier Province, Sind as Britain was not and Baluchistan. Muhammad Iqbal, who willing to transfer effective power immediately. was advocating Hindu-Muslim unity later The Cripps Mission offered: changed his stance and began to campaign for the formation of a separate state for Muslims. 1. Grant of Dominion Status after the War Indian Nationalism represented by Gandhi, 2. Indian Princes could sign a separate Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and others opposed agreement with the British implying the the idea of partitioning the country. acceptance for the demand of Pakistan. 3. British control of defence during the War.  Developments Both the Congress and the Muslim 8.8 leading to Quit India League rejected the proposal. Gandhi called Movement the proposals as a post-dated cheque on a crashing bank. (a) Individual Satyagraha In August 1940 Viceroy (c ) "Do or Die" Call by Gandhi Linlithgow made an offer in return for Congress’ support for the war effort. However, the offer of dominion status in an unspecified future was not acceptable to the Quit India Movement; Congress. However, it did "Do or Die" - a call by Gandhi not want to hamper the The outcome of the Cripps Mission Vinobha Bhave British during its struggle caused considerable disappointment. Popular against the fascist forces discontent was intensified by war time shortages of Germany and Italy. Hence Gandhi declared and steep rise in prices. The All India Congress limited satyagraha which would be offered by Committee that met at Bombay on 8 August a few individuals. The objective was to convey 1942 passed the famous Quit India Resolution to the world that though India was opposed demanding an immediate end to British rule in to Nazism it did not enter the War voluntarily. India. Gandhi gave a call to do or die. Gandhi Vinobha Bhave was the first to offer satyagraha said, ‘We shall either free India or die in the on 17 October 1940. The satyagraha continued attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation till the end of the year. During this period more of our slavery.” A non-violent mass struggle than 25,000 people were arrested.

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 46 7/30/2019 7:48:29 PM under Gandhi was to be launched. But early more than 60,000 jailed. Significantly it also next morning on 9 August 1942 Gandhi and the demonstrated the weakening of the colonial entire Congress leadership was arrested. hegemony over the state apparatus. Many officials including policemen helped the (d) Role of Socialists nationalists. Railway engine drivers and With Gandhi and pilots transported bombs and other materials other prominent leaders for the protestors. of the Congress in jail, (f) Subhas Chandra Bose and INA the Socialists provided the leadership for the movement. Jayaprakash Narayan and Ramanand Misra escaped from prison and organised an underground movement. Aruna Asaf Ali Women activists like Aruna Asaf Ali played a heroic role. Usha Mehta established Congress Radio underground which successfully functioned till November 1942. British used all its might to suppress the revolt. Thousands Subhas Chandra Bose’s INA were killed with machine guns and in some Subhas Chandra Bose who had left the cases airplanes were used to throw bombs. Congress was now under house arrest. He Collective fines were imposed and collected wanted to strike British hard by joining its with utmost rigour. Gandhi commenced a enemies. In March 1941, he made a dramatic twenty-one day fast in February 1943 which escape from his house in disguise and reached nearly threatened his life. Finally, the British Afghanistan. Initially he wanted to get the government relented. Gandhi was released support of Soviet Union. After the Soviet Union from jail in 1944. joined the Allied Powers which included Great Britain, he went to Germany. In February 1943, (e) People’s Response he made his way to Japan on a submarine and As news spread to different parts of India, took control of the Indian National Army. The a spontaneous protest broke out everywhere. Indian National Army Captain Lakshmi Sahgal The people protested in whatever form that headed it (Azad Hindu Faug) had earlier been they could, such as hartals, strikes, picketing. organized by Gen. Mohan Singh with Indian The government suppressed it with brute prisoners of war with the support of Japanese force. People attacked government buildings, in Malaya and Burma. Bose reorganised it railway stations, telephone and telegraph into three brigades: Gandhi Brigade, Nehru lines and all that stood as symbols of British Brigade and a women’s brigade named after authority. This was particularly widespread Rani of Jhansi. Subhas Chandra Bose formed in Madras. Parallel governments were the Provisional Government of Free India in established in Satara, Orissa, Bihar, United Singapore. He gave the slogan ‘Dilli Chalo’. Provinces and Bengal. INA was deployed as part of the Japanese forces. However, the defeat of Japan stopped Though the movement was suppressed, the advance of INA. The airplane carrying it demonstrated the depth of nationalism Subhas Chandra Bose crashed bringing to an and the readiness of the people to sacrifice end his crusade for freedom. for it. Nearly 7000 people were killed and

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 47 7/30/2019 7:48:29 PM The British government and Muslims in the Viceroy’s Executive arrested the INA officers Council. All portfolios, except war portfolio, and put them on trial in the was to be held by Indian ministers. However, Red Fort. The trial became in the Shimla Conference, the Congress and a platform for nationalist the Muslim League could not come to an propaganda. The Congress agreement. Jinnah demanded that all the set up a defence committee Muslim members should be from the Muslim comprising Nehru, Tej Bahadur Sapru, League and they should have a veto on all Bhulabhai Desai and Asaf Ali. Though the INA important matters. In the provincial elections officers were convicted they were released due held in early 1946 the Congress won most of to public pressure. The INA exploits and the the general seats and the Muslim League won subsequent trials inspired the Indians. most of the seats reserved for the Muslims thus bolstering its claim. 8.9 Towards Freedom (c) Cabinet Mission (a) Royal Indian Navy Revolt

Cabinet Mission Royal Indian Navy Revolt In Britain, the Labour Party had won The Royal Indian Navy ratings revolted at a landslide victory and Clement Atlee Bombay in February 1946. It soon spread to other became the Prime Minister. He declared stations involving more than 20,000 ratings. that he wanted to transfer power at Similar strikes occurred in the Indian Air Force the earliest. He sent a Cabinet Mission and the Indian Signal Corps at Jabalpur. Thus comprising Pethick Lawrence, Sir Strafford the British hegemonic control ceased even in the Cripps and A.V. Alexander. Rejecting armed forces. Despite the victory in the War, it the demand for Pakistan, it provided for left the British completely weakened. British a Federal government with control over surrender in South-East Asia to the Japanese was defence, communications and foreign a big blow to imperial prestige. All the political affairs. The provinces were divided into leaders were released and the ban on Congress three groups viz. Non-Muslim Majority was lifted. Provinces, Muslim Majority Provinces in the Northwest and the Muslim Majority (b) Negotiating Independence: Provinces in the Northeast. A Constituent Simla Conference Assembly was to be elected and an interim The Wavell Plan was announced on government set up with representation for 14 June 1945. It provided for an interim all the communities. The Congress and the government, with an equal number of Hindus Muslim League accepted the plan. However, both interpreted it differently. The Congress

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 48 7/30/2019 7:48:29 PM Indian National Movement (1900 - 1947)

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 49 7/30/2019 7:48:29 PM wanted the division of the provinces to be (f) Independence and Partition temporary while the Muslim League wanted The Mountbatten Plan was given effect it to be a permanent arrangement. by the enactment of the Indian Independence (d) Direct Action Day Call by Act on 18 July 1947 by the British Parliament. The Act abolished the sovereignty of the Muslim League British Parliament over India. India was Difference arose between Congress and partitioned into two dominions – India and Muslim League when the former nominated Pakistan. On 15 August 1947 India won a Muslim member. The League argued it was independence. to be the sole representative of the Muslims and withdrew its approval. Jinnah declared 16 August 1946 as the ‘Direct Action Day’. Hartals and demonstrations took place which soon turned into Hindu-Muslim conflict. It spread to other districts of Bengal. The district of Noakhali was the worst affected. Gandhi left for the worst affected regions and toured them on barefoot bringing the communal violence under control and spreading the message of peace and non- violence.

(e) Mountbatten Plan The interim government headed by Arrival of refugees in the wake of Partition Jawaharlal Nehru was formed in September 1946. After some hesitation the Muslim League SUMMARY joined it in October 1946. Its representative Liaqat Ali Khan was made the Finance Member. „„ Gandhiji’s experiments with truth, In February 1947, Clement Atlee declared that ahimsa and satyagraha in South Africa power would be transferred by June 1948. Lord and his evolution as a mass leader are Mountbatten was sent as Viceroy to India with explained. the specific task of transfer of power. On 3 June „„ His call for Non-Cooperation, 1947 the Mountbatten Plan was announced. It Civil Disobedience and Quit India proposed: Movements and the fallout of these „„ Power would be transferred on the mass struggles in the form of legislation basis of dominion status to India and such as Government of India Act, 1919 Pakistan. and Government of India Act, 1935 and Independence Act, 1947 are detailed. „„ Princely states would have to join either „„ Role played by Socialists and India or Pakistan. Communists and Revolutionaries „„ Boundary commission was to be set up represented by Bhagat Singh, Subhas under Radcliffe Brown and the award would Chandra Bose and outcome of their be announced after the transfer of power. activities are highlighted. „„ „„ Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies Use of religion for political mobilisation would vote on whether they should be by Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League leading to partition is discussed. partitioned.

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 50 7/30/2019 7:48:29 PM GLOSSARY

passive political resistance advocated by satyagraha அறப்போ쏍, ச鏍鎿யா垿ரக믍 Mahatma Gandhi constitutionalist adherent of constitutional methods அர殿ய쯍 சட㞟 ힿ鎿களைப ꮿன்쟍쟁பவ쏍 unjust or differential treatment of different ஜா鎿, க�ொள்க ப�ோன்வ쟍잿ன discrimination categories of people, especially on grounds of caste, creed, etc அ羿ப்பட뾿쯍 வே쟁பா翁 காட翁垿ற native labourers emigrating under coolie 埂쮿யாள Indentured labour system an indiscriminate and brutal slaughter massacre ப翁க�ொலை of many people failure or refusal to cooperate, non-cooperation ஒ鏍鏁ழையாமை especially as a form of protest strongly encourage or urge to do exhort வ쟍ꯁ쟁鏍鏁, நற்சய쯁க்கퟁ something allegiance to one’s own ethnic, communalism religious or caste group rather than to வ埁பꯁவாத믍 wider society dominion self-governing territory தன்னா殿뿁쎿மை뿁டைய 埁羿யேற் நா翁 all the people in a country or area who are electorate வாக்கா쏍 த�ொ埁鎿 entitled to vote in an election ultimatum a final demand or statement of terms கடை殿 அ잿ힿபꯁ, இ쟁鎿 எச்쎿க்க alienation Isolation தꞿமைப்翁த쯍 discussion aimed at reaching an negotiation ஒப்ந்믍 பே毁த쯍, பேச毁வார்த் agreement a secret plan by a group to do conspiracy 埂ட翁ச்鎿 செய்쯍, ச鎿鏍鎿ட㞟믍 something unlawful or harmful provincial self-government in the provinces மாகாண 毁யாட殿 Autonomy

3. Which among the following was declared EXERCISE as ‘Independence Day’? a) 26th January 1930 I. Choose the correct b) 26th December 1929 answer c) 16th June 1946 1. Who was arrested during d) 15th January 1947 the anti-Rowlatt protests in Amritsar? 4. When was the first Forest Act enacted? a) Motilal Nehru a) 1858 b) 1911 c) 1865 d) 1936 b) Saifuddin Kitchlew c) Mohamed Ali 5. On 8 January 1933 which day was observed d) ______. 2. In which session of the Indian National a) Temple Entry Day Congress was Non-Cooperation approved? b) Day of Deliverance a) Bombay b) Madras c) Direct Action Day c) Lucknow d) Nagpur d) Independence Day

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 51 7/30/2019 7:48:29 PM 6. Which Act introduced Provincial III. Choose the correct statement Autonomy? 1. (i) The Communist Party of India was a) 1858 Act founded in Tashkent in 1920. b) Indian Councils Act, 1909 (ii) M. Singaravelar was tried in the Kanpur c) Government of India Act, 1919 Conspiracy Case. (iii) The Congress Socialist Party was formed d) Government of India Act, 1935 by Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya 7. Who defeated Pattabhi Sitaramaya, Narendra Dev and Mino Masani. Gandhi’s candidate, and became the (iv) The Socialists did not participate in the President of the Congress in1939? Quit India Movement. a) Rajendra Prasad a) (i) and (ii) are correct b) Jawaharlal Nehru b) (ii) and (iii) are correct c) (iv) is correct c) Subhas Chandra Bose d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 2. (i) Hindustan Republican Army was 8. Where was Gandhi when India attained formed in Kanpur in 1924. th independence on 15 August 1947? (ii) Ram Prasad Bismil was tried in the a) New Dehi b) Ahmedabad Kakori Conspiracy Case. c) Wardha d) Noakhali (iii) Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was formed by Surya Sen. II. Fill in the blanks (iv) Chittagong Armoury Raid was carried out by B.K. Dutt. 1. Gandhi was thrown out of the first class compartment in ______station. a) (i) and (ii) are correct b) (i) and (iii) are correct 2. Gandhi regarded ______as his political guru. c) (iii) is correct d) (iii) and (iv) are correct 3. Khilafat Movement was led by ______. 3. Assertion: The Congress attended the 4. Government of India Act 1919 introduced First Round Table Conference. ______in the provinces. Reason: Gandhi-Irwin Pact enabled the 5. The Civil Disobedience Movement in Congress to attend the Second Round Table North West Frontier Province was led by Conference. ______. a) Both A and R are correct but R is not 6. Ramsay Macdonald announced the correct explanation ______which provided separate b) A is correct but R is wrong electorates to the minorities and the c) A is wrong but R is correct depressed classes. d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation 7. ______established Congress Radio 4. Assertion: The Congress Ministries underground during the Quit India resigned in 1939. Movement. Reason: The Colonial government of India 8. ______coined the term ‘Paksitan’. entered the war without consulting the elected Congress ministries.

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10th_History_Unit_8.indd 52 7/30/2019 7:48:29 PM a) Both A and R are correct but R is not d) What is the contribution of Gandhi the correct explanation towards abolition of untouchability? b) A is correct but R is wrong 3. Subhas Chandra Bose and INA c) Both A and R are wrong a) How did Subhas Chandra Bose reach d) Both A and R are correct and R is the Japan? correct explanation b) Who headed the women wing of Indian IV. Match the Following National Army? 1. Rowlatt Act - Surrender of titles c) How did Subhas Chandra Bose 2. Non Cooperation - Dyarchy reorganize the INA? Movement d) Name the slogan provided by Subhas 3. Government of - M.N. Roy Chandra Bose. India Act, 1919 4. Communist Party - Direct Action VII. Answer in detail. of India Day 1. Examine the factors that led to the 5. 16th August 1946 - Black Act transformation of Gandhi into a mass leader. V. Answer the following briefly 2. Critically examine the Civil Disobedience 1. Describe the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. Movement as the typical example of 2. Write a note on the Khilafat Movement. Gandhian movement. 3. Why did Gandhi withdraw the Non 3. Discuss the reasons behind the partition Cooperation Movement? of India. 4. What was the conflict between the VIII. Activity Swarajists and no-changers? 5. Why was Simon Commission boycotted? 1. Students can be asked to mark the important places of Gandhian Movement 6. What is Poorna Swaraj? in a map and write a sentence or two about 7. Write a note on Bhagat Singh. what happened there. 8. What are the terms of the Poona Pact? 2. Students can be divided into groups and VI. Answer all the questions asked to debate the views of Gandhi, given under each caption Jinnah, B.R. Ambedkar, Revolutionaries 1. Gandhi and Mass nationalism and Communists. a) Which incident is considered a turning point in the life of Gandhi? REFERENCE BOOKS b) Name the works that influenced Gandhi? 1. Bipan Chandra, History of Modern India, c) How did Gandhi use satyagraha as a Orient BlackSwan, 2016. strategy in South Africa? 2. Bipan Chandra, Amales Tripathi and d) What do you know about the Barun De, Freedom Struggle, NBT,1993. Champaran Satyagraha? 3. Bipan Chandra, et al., India’s Struggle for 2. Constructive Programme of Gandhi Independence, Penguin Books, 1989. 4. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India, 1885–1947, a) What is constructive programme? Pearson, 2014. b) What did Gandhi exhort the 5. Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, From Plassey to Congressmen to do? Partition, Orient BlackSwan, 2013. c) How did Gandhi try to bring about 6. B.R. Nanda, Mahatma Gandhi: A Hindu-Muslim unity? Biography, Oxford University Press, 1958.

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ICT CORNER Nationalism Gandhian Phase

Through this activity you will learn about Highlights in the life of Mahatma Gandhi.

Step-1 Open the Browser and type the URL given below (or) Scan the QR Code. Step-2 Click on ‘Chronology/Time line’ and Select ‘Family tree of Mahatma Gandhi’ Step-3 Click on ‘Glimpses of Gandhi’ in the Left side menu and click on ‘Next or Previous’ to see events in life of Gandhi

Step-1 Step-2

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Website URL: https://www.mkgandhi.org/main.htm

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