DOCSLIB.ORG

Unit 1: the Byzantine Empire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Unit 1: The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire Turkish Empires Rise in The Ottomans Build a Vast Anatolia Empire Justinian Seljuks Ghazi Justinian Code Vizier Ottoman Hagia Sophia Malik Shah Sultan Patriarch Timur the Lame Icon Mehmed II Excommunication Suleyman the Lawgiver Cyrillic alphabet Devshirme Janissary I. The Byzantine Empire After Rome split, the Eastern Empire, knows as Byzantium, flourished for a thousand years. Byzantine culture deeply influenced Orthodox Christianity, a major branch of modern Christianity. A New Rome in a New Setting The Eastern Roman Empire Roman Empire officially divides into East and West in 395 Eastern Empire flourishes; becomes known as Byzantium Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in 527 His armies reconquer much of former Roman territory Byzantine emperors head state and church; use brutal politics Map Study: The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian, 527–565 Under the rule of Justinian, the Byzantine Empire recaptured much of the glory and greatness of the old Roman Empire. When he succeeded to the throne in 527, Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium, was crumbling from the lack of repairs. He ordered a massive construction program, repairing or building new churches, palaces, schools, and the massive walls and towers that protected the city from attack. In addition, Constantinople, located on the western side of the narrow strait called the Bosporus, became a vibrant commercial center once again. It bustled with traders, travelers, and street entertainers from across Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. Justinian also reconquered regions of the western Roman Empire that had fallen to Germanic tribes. After 16 years of fighting, Justinian’s troops had reclaimed significant lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea that had been part of ancient Rome. 1. What two bodies of water does the Bosporus connect? 2. What two bodies of water does the Dardanelles connect? 3. On what type of geographic landform is Constantinople located? 4. List at least five countries, empires, or regions with which Constantinople traded. 5. Identify the lands reconquered by Justinian. 6. Make a list of the commercial and military advantages and disadvantages of the location of Constantinople. Life in the New Rome New Laws for the Empire Justinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empire Justinian Code-new set of laws consisting of four main parts Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years Creating the Imperial Capital Justinian launches program to beautify capital, Constantinople Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church, Hagia Sophia Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman culture and learning Constantinople’s Hectic Pace City becomes trading hub with major marketplace Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment Racing fans start riots in 532; government restores order violently Empress Theodora-powerful wife and advisor to Justinian Comparing Seven Empires Throughout history, people in Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Americas have spread their influence over vast regions and built powerful empires. Often they have included millions of people from diverse ethnic, religious, and national groups within their borders. This visual combines three bar graphs to show the length, territory, and population of seven empires that students either have already studied or will encounter in the next five chapters. 1. Which of these empires lasted less than two hundred years? Which lasted over a thousand years? Which empire represents the oldest civilization? Which is the youngest? 2. How do the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire compare in length and in the extent of territories and population? 3. Compare the extent of the two empires that are closest in age. 4. Compare the statistics about the Mongol Empire with the Egyptian Empire. What do these figures suggest? The Empire Falls Years of Turmoil Justinian dies in 565; empire faces many crises after his death The Plague of Justinian Bubonic plague repeatedly sweeps empire; kills many residents Attacks from East and West Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups Empire survives through bribery, diplomacy, and military power Constantinople falls in 1453; brings an end to Byzantine Empire The Church Divides A Religious Split Christianity develops differently in Eastern and Western Roman Empires Two churches disagree over many issues, including use of icons Icons are religious images used to aid in prayer Leading bishop of Eastern Christianity known as patriarch In the West, pope excommunicated emperor-banished him from the Church Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other over religious doctrines Eastern and Western churches officially split in 1054 West-Roman Catholic Church; East-Orthodox Church Byzantine Missionaries Convert the Slavs Eastern Orthodox missionaries seek to convert northern peoples, Slavs Missionaries create Cyrillic alphabet-basis of many Slavic languages Alphabet enables many groups to read the Bible Roman Catholic Similarities Eastern Orthodox II. Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia Turkish people converted to Islam and founded new empires that would renew Muslim civilization. In the 20th century, the collapse of the Turkish empire left ethnic and religious hostilities that still affect the world. The Rise of the Turks Decline of the Abbasids Powerful Abbasid Empire faces many attacks during 700s and 800s. Persians conquer Abbasid capital, Baghdad, in 945 The Conquering Seljuks Turks are a nomadic group living along western border of China Group led by Turkish family-the Seljuks-seizes Baghdad in 1055 In 1071 Seljuk sultans crush Byzantine Empire at Battle of Manzikert Seljuks take most of Anatolia; bring Turks close to Constantinople Baghdad During Its Golden Age, 765–950 In 762, the leader of the Abbasids, Caliph al-Mansur, chose a site on the west bank of the Tigris River upon which to build a new city. This new city, now known as Baghdad, would serve as the capital of the empire. Besides choosing a location near trade routes, al-Mansur had personal reasons for choosing the site that he did. Fearing attacks on his life by his rivals, he wanted a palace that was easy to defend in a city large enough to house several thousand soldiers ready to protect him at all times. The caliph was able to take up residence in Baghdad in 765. According to legend, al-Mansur predicted that Baghdad would become “the crossroads of the universe.” It quickly did. Merchants from northern Africa, Europe, and many parts of Asia traveled in and out of the city. By 900, Baghdad had a population of nearly one million people, far surpassing the size of any city in Europe. Baghdad developed into one of the greatest centers of learning in the world, home to leading scholars in literature, science, medicine, philosophy, and religion. 1. Describe the obstacles invaders would have to cross to reach the palace in the center of Baghdad. 2. How many gates led into the center of Baghdad? 3. Approximately what was the distance across the living space for officers and loyal followers of the caliph? 4. Identify the buildings placed at the center of Baghdad and explain their significance. 5. Explain why al-Mansur may have wanted a wall separating the shops region from the area where his palace was located. The Turks Secure Persian Support Turks seek support of Persians and embrace Persian culture Give Persians key posts, including that of vizier, or prime minister Adopt Persian language and religion-Islam Malik Shah was one of the most famous Seljuk rulers, or shahs He and other shahs support Persian artists; build mosques Seljuks Confront Crusaders and Mongols Malik Shah Dies In 1092 Malik Shah dies; no capable shah replaces him Seljuk Empire disintegrates into loose collection of minor kingdoms The Seljuks and the Crusaders Crusades begin in 1095-Christians drive Turks out of Anatolia In 1099, Crusaders capture Jerusalem; massacre Muslims and Jews Fragment of Seljuk Empire fights back, Muslims recover Jerusalem Captain Saladin allows Western pilgrims access to Christian holy places Seljuks Face the Mongols Mongol armies under the leader Hulagu capture Baghdad in 1258 Hulagu, Genghis Khan’s grandson, burns palace, kills Abbasid caliph Ends Turkish rule with much bloodshed III. The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire The Ottomans established a Muslim empire that combined many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years. Many modern societies, from Algeria to Turkey, had their origins under Ottoman rule. Turks Move into Byzantium Turkish Warriors Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire Many see themselves as ghazis-warriors who fight for Islam Osman Establishes a State From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia Europeans call him Othman and follower Ottomans Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons Successors expand state through alliances and land buying Orhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan-overlord In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples Timur the Lame Halts Expansion Timur the Lame-Tamerlane-rises to power in Central Asia Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Murad II Murad II begins expansion Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453 Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 In April 1453, when the forces of Mehmet II attacked Constantinople’s 13 miles of protective walls, the Byzantine city was past its prime. Its population, once over 1 million, was now only 50,000. Still, its location was strategically important. Whoever controlled the city could choke off traffic between Ottoman territories in Asia and Europe. At first, the defenders of Constantinople fought off the land and sea attacks of the Ottomans’ 100,000 soldiers and 125 ships.
Recommended publications
  • Migration History of the Afro-Eurasian Transition Zone, C. 300

    Migration History of the Afro-Eurasian Transition Zone, C. 300

    Chapter 1 Migration History of the Afro-Eurasian Transition Zone, c. 300–1500: An Introduction (with a Chronological Table of Selected Events of Political and Migration History) Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, Lucian Reinfandt and Yannis Stouraitis When the process of compilation of this volume started in 2014, migration was without doubt already a “hot” topic. Yet, it were only the events of 2015,1 which put migration on top of the discussion about the Euro and the economic crisis in the agenda of politicians, the wider public and the media. In this heated debate, the events of past migrations have been employed in a biased manner as arguments against a new “Völkerwanderung” destined to disintegrate Eu- rope as it did with the (Western) Roman Empire. Thus, the present volume could be seen, among other things, also as an effort to provide a corrective to such oversimplifying recourses to the ancient and medieval period.2 It should be noted, however, that it was planned and drafted before the events. The volume emerged from a series of papers given at the European Social Science History Conference in Vienna in April 2014 in two sessions on “Early Medieval Migrations” organized by Professors Dirk Hoerder and Johannes Koder. Their aim was to integrate the migration history of the medieval period into the wider discourse of migration studies and to include recent research. The three editors have added contributions by specialists for other periods and regions in order to cover as wide an area and a spectrum of forms of migration as possible. Still, it was not possible to cover all regions, periods and migra- tion movements with the same weight; as one of the anonymous reviewers properly pointed out, the “work’s centre of gravity is (…) between the Eastern Mediterranean region and the Tigris/Euphrates”, with Africa not included in a similar way as Asia or Europe.
  • Iran's Long History and Short-Term Society

    Iran's Long History and Short-Term Society

    IJEP International Journal of Economics and Politics Iran’s Long History and Short-Term Society 1 Homa Katouzian Oxford University,UK* ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Iran has a long history and a short-term society. It is a country with thousands Date of submission: 27-04-2019 of years of history, the great variety of every aspect of which is at least partly Date of acceptance: 21-07-2019 responsible for the diversity of opinions and emotions among its peoples. It is an ancient land of the utmost variety in nature, art and architecture, languages, literature and culture. When the Greeks (from whom European civilisations JEL Classification: B10 descend) came across the Iranians first, Persian Iranians were ruling that country as the Persian empire, and they called it ‘Persis’. Just as when the A14 N10 Persians first came into contact with Ionian Greeks, they called the entire Greek lands ‘Ionia’. To this day Iranians refer to Greece as Ionia (=Yunan) and the Greeks as Ionians (=Yunaniyan). Thus from the ancient Greeks to 1935, Keywords: Iran was known to Europeans as Persia; then the Iranian government, prompted Iran’s Long History by their crypto-Nazi contacts in Germany, demanded that other countries Term Society officially call it Iran, largely to publicise the Aryan origins of the country. This Iran meant that, for a long time, almost the entire historical and cultural connotations of the country were lost to the West, the country often being confused with Iraq, and many if not most mistakenly thinking that it too was an Arab country.
  • Orthographic Transparency and the Ottoman Abjad Maithili Jais

    Orthographic Transparency and the Ottoman Abjad Maithili Jais

    Orthographic Transparency and the Ottoman Abjad Maithili Jais University of Florida Spring 2018 I. Introduction In 2014, the debate over whether Ottoman Turkish was to be taught in schools or not was once again brought to the forefront of Turkish society and the Turkish conscience, as Erdogan began to push for Ottoman Turkish to be taught in all high schools across the country (Yeginsu, 2014). This became an obsession of a news topic for media in the West as well as in Turkey. Turkey’s tumultuous history with politics inevitably led this proposal of teaching Ottoman Turkish in all high schools to become a hotbed of controversy and debate. For all those who are perfectly contented to let bygones be bygones, there are many who assert that the Ottoman Turkish alphabet is still relevant and important. In fact, though this may be a personal anecdote, there are still certainly people who believe that the Ottoman script is, or was, superior to the Latin alphabet with which modern Turkish is written. This thesis does not aim to undertake a task so grand as sussing out which of the two was more appropriate for Turkish. No, such a task would be a behemoth for this paper. Instead, it aims to answer the question, “How?” Rather, “How was the Arabic script moulded to fit Turkish and to what consequence?” Often the claim that one script it superior to another suggests inherent judgement of value, but of the few claims seen circulating Facebook on the efficacy of the Ottoman script, it seems some believe that it represented Turkish more accurately and efficiently.
  • The Oghuz Turks of Anatolia

    The Oghuz Turks of Anatolia

    THE OGHUZ TURKS OF ANATOLIA İlhan ŞAHİN The migration and settlement of Oghuz groups, who were also known as Turkmens in Anatolia, were closely related with the political and demographic developments in the Great Seljuk Empire. But in order to understand these developments better, it would be reasonable to dwell first a little on the conditions under which the Oghuz groups lived before migrating to Anatolia, and look to the reasons behind their inclination towards Anatolia. The Oghuz groups, who constituted an important part of the Göktürk and Uygur states, lived along the banks of the Sır Darya River and on the steppes lying to the north of this river in the first half of the tenth century1. Those were nomadic people, and they made a living out of stock breeding, so they needed summer pastures and winter quarters on which they had to raise their animals and survive through cold winter days comfortably. In addition to them, there were sedentary Oghuz groups. In those days, the sedentary Oghuz groups were called "yatuk"2 which means lazy. This indicates that leading a nomadic life was more favorable then. Although most of the Oghuz groups led a nomadic life, they did have a certain political and social structure and order. There are various views about the meaning of the word “Oghuz”, and according to dominant one among them, the word means “tribes”, and “union of tribes” or “union of relative tribes”3. So, in other words, the word had organizational and structural connotations in the political and social sense. The Oghuz groups, consisting of a number of different boys or tribes, can be examined in two main groups since the earlier periods in the most classical age of Prof.
  • Knights in Azerbaijan Article 2 (5Th-11Th Centuries)

    Knights in Azerbaijan Article 2 (5Th-11Th Centuries)

    History Sabuhi AHMADOV Doctor of Philosophy in History Knights in Azerbaijan Article 2 (5th-11th centuries) AT THE TIME WHEN AZerbaIJAN Was part OF THE SassanID state, CHIVALRY Was takING SHAPE as A partICULAR SOCIAL PHenomenon. AZAD KNIGHts formeD A SINGLE CLass OF WARRIORS (IN PERSIAN - artesHtaran). Sasani knight (right) (Kaveh Farrokh) rteshtarans’ sons, wealthy and noble people could get into this closed class; having no noble azads developing inherent elements of caste psychology Aorigin and fortune, only outstanding personalities (1, p. 111). could get into the class of arteshtarans. This resulted in The incorporation of Azerbaijan into the Arab 18 www.irs-az.com Knight of Arran (Arran - the central area of northern Azerbaijan). Reconstruction by M. V. Gorelik caliphate in the 7th century slowed down the formation more significant transformation. Until the 18th and early of chivalry because under the first caliphs, the Muslim 19th centuries, the term meant a «warrior», an «armed community (ummah) did not welcome the stratification servant», but later and at the present time it simply means of society on any grounds. However, the caliphate was a a «servant». The term «er» means a «warrior», although feudal state, and from the middle of the 8th century, the the latter term also means a «man». basis of its military power was formed not by Arab tribes, As the Arab Caliphate weakened in the 9th century, a as it was before, but by professional soldiers who received number of independent states emerged in Azerbaijan - the right to own land for their service - «iqta». An iqtadar the states of the Shirvanshahs, Sajids, Salaris, Ravvadids either went to war himself or sent his sons.
  • Karakhanid Khanate Karakhanids Took Over Transoxania in 999 and Completed Their Conquest of Khotan MICHAL BIRAN Seven Years Later

    Karakhanid Khanate Karakhanids Took Over Transoxania in 999 and Completed Their Conquest of Khotan MICHAL BIRAN Seven Years Later

    1 Karakhanid Khanate Karakhanids took over Transoxania in 999 and completed their conquest of Khotan MICHAL BIRAN seven years later. Being orthodox Sunni The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Hanafi Muslims, the Karakhanids met with little opposition in Transoxania, and they The Karakhanid Khanate was the first Muslim stressed their loyalty to the Abbasid caliph Turkic dynasty that ruled in Central Asia, in Baghdad as a major component in their c.955–1213. The designations Karakhanids legitimacy. From the outset, however, the (Qarakhanids; Chinese: Halahan, the black empire was bifurcated, and the western khan, or prestigious khans) or Ilak-khanid (prince- entitled Boghra (camel) Kara Khaqan and khans) are modern constructions derived ruling from Samarqand, was answerable to from the titulature on the dynasty’s coins. his eastern counterpart, who bore the title Contemporaneous literary sources usually Arslan (lion) Kara Khaqan, and ruled from refer to the Karakhanids as al-Khaqaniya Balasaghun (in Kirgizstan) and Kashgar. Var- (the Khaqan, or supreme ruler, house), al- ious other members of the ruling clan held muluk al-khaniyya al-atrak (the khanal kings lesser titles and appanages. The Karakhanid of the Turks) or Al-i Afrasiyab (the house of hierarchy was akin to a game of “musical Afrāsiyāb, the king of Turan in the Persian chairs,” as aspirants moved up the ranks while epos, the Shahnama), and as Heihan or Dashi changing their honorifics and sometimes in Chinese. even their fiefs. In consequence, tracking Historical information on the Karakhanids the careers of the dynasty’s rulers is a rather is extremely sketchy due to the lack or non- daunting task.
  • Turkey in the Caspian Sea Region

    Turkey in the Caspian Sea Region

    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2008 Turkey In The Caspian Sea Region Seyma Akkoyunlu University of Central Florida Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Akkoyunlu, Seyma, "Turkey In The Caspian Sea Region" (2008). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 3734. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3734 TURKEY IN THE CASPIAN SEA REGION by SEYMA AKKOYUNLU B.S. Istanbul University, 2005 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the Masters of Arts in the Department of Political Science in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, FL Spring Term 2008 Major Professor: Houman Sadri ©2008 Seyma Akkoyunlu ii ABSTRACT This thesis will determine the influence of Turkey’s domestic resources on Turkey’s foreign relations with the five Turkic states in the Caspian Sea Region. The spheres analyzed in this study are the common ties, which are history, culture, religion and language, with the regional countries, pan-Turkism, Turkey’s initial interactions as well as ongoing constructive policies in the region. Findings showed that both Turkey and the five Turkic republics were enthusiastic to carry their relations in every field to future cooperation following the break up of the Soviet Union.
  • Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES

    Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES

    3 Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES CULTURAL INTERACTION In the 20th century, the collapse • Seljuks •Malik Shah Turkish people converted to of the Turkish empire left ethnic •vizier Islam and founded new empires and religious hostilities that still that would renew Muslim affect the world. civilization. SETTING THE STAGE To the east of Constantinople and south of Russia, the mighty Muslim empire of the Abbasids had ruled since the eighth century. (See Chapter 10.) By the mid-tenth century, however, their control of the region would end as a powerful group known as the Turks emerged. TAKING NOTES The Rise of the Turks Clarifying Use a chart to show important As powerful as the Abbasids were, they constantly struggled to maintain control events and features of of their empire. Spain broke away in 756, six years after the Abbasids came to the various occupations power. After setting up their capital in Baghdad, the of Baghdad. Abbasids lost their grip on other parts of the empire as Black Sea well: Morocco in 788 and Tunisia in 800. In 809, they lost Constantinople Occupiers Events Aegean Sea some regions of Persia. Then, in 868, the Abbasids lost ANATOLIA Abbasids control of Egypt. Persians Finally, in 945, Persian armies moved into Baghdad and Mediterranean Sea Seljuks put an end to the power of the caliph, an Islamic religious Mongols or political leader. Even though the caliph continued as the religious leader of Islam, he gave up all political power to the new Persian ruler. It wasn’t long, however, before the Persians themselves fell to a powerful group in the region.
  • Pādshāh Khatun

    Pādshāh Khatun

    chapter 14 Pādshāh Khatun An Example of Architectural, Religious, and Literary Patronage in Ilkhanid Iran bruno de nicola In comparison to sedentary societies, women in the Turkic-Mongol nomadic and seminomadic societies showed greater involvement in the political sphere, enjoyed a greater measure of financial autonomy, and generally had the freedom to choose their religious affiliations.1 Some women advanced to positions of immense power and wealth, even appointed as regent-empresses for the entire empire or regional khanates. Such examples included Töregene Khatun (r. 1242–46), Oghul Qaimish (r. 1248–50), and Orghina Khatun (r. 1251–59).2 Other women such as Qutui Khatun (d. 1284) in Mongol-ruled Iran accumulated great wealth from war booty, trade investment, and the allocation of tax revenues from the newly conquered territories.3 Through their unique prominence in the empire’s socio-economic system, elite women had an active role in financially supporting and protecting cultural and religious agents. Our understanding of the impact that Chinggisid women had on the flourishing of cultural life in the empire as a whole, and in the Ilkhanate of greater Iran in particular, remains poor, however. The historical record tells us little about the role that Chinggisid female members played as patrons of religious and cul- tural life, especially when comparted to the relative wealth of references to female influence in the political and economic arenas. However, abundant accounts show that female elite members from the local Turkic-Mongol dynasties who ruled as vassals for the Mongols, or had been incorporated into the ranks of the ruling Chinggisid household 270 Pādshāh Khatun | 271 through marriage, played a pivotal role as cultural and religious patrons.
  • The History of the Great Seljuk State in Azerbaijani Historiography

    The History of the Great Seljuk State in Azerbaijani Historiography

    THE HISTORY OF THE GREAT SELJUK STATE IN AZERBAIJANI HISTORIOGRAPHY Bayramov M.J. ИСТОРИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВА СЕЛЬДЖУКОВ В АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ Байрамов Мушфиг THE HISTORY OF THE SELJUK STATE IN AZERBAIJANI HISTORIOGRAPHY Резюме. История Государства Сельджуков, сыгравшего значительную роль в политической, экономической и культурной жизни Ближнего и Среднего Востока в средние века, является одной из самых актуальных проблем Азербайджанской историографии. Как известно, после создания турками государства сельджуков их основной политикой было продвижение на запад, захват Анатолии, превращение Анатолии в турецкие земли. Кавказский регион был воротами в Анатолию. Поэтому Кавказ, как и Азербайджан, имел большое военно-стратегическое значение для сельджуков. После победы Данданекана на конгрессе в Мерве было решено начать новые военные операции на Востоке и Западе. Главной целью атаки были Иран, Византия и Южный Кавказ, потому что эти страны находились в политическом беспорядке и не могли им противостоять. Наступавшие на Кавказ войска сельджуков вскоре покорили местные феодальные государства. Азербайджанский народ, находившийся под властью государства сельджуков более века, сыграл особую роль в политическом и культурном развитии государства сельджуков. Однако эта проблема в отечественной историографии стала отдельной темой исследования только во второй половине ХХ века, что давно осталось вне поля зрения. Настоящая статья посвящена изучению Государства Сельджуков в Азербайджанской историографии. В статье исследуются труды выдающихся Азербайджанских
  • Theturkic-Muslim Kara-Khanid Khanate, with a Capital in Balasagun

    Theturkic-Muslim Kara-Khanid Khanate, with a Capital in Balasagun

    The Power Configurations of the Central Civilization/ World System in the Twelfth Century DAVID WILKINSON Department of Political Science University of California, Los Angeles [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper is the fifteenth in a series in which the political careers of civilizations/world systems receive snapshot codings of their overall power structures at feasible intervals. The narratives are produced by collating histories with large frames of reference. The codings are done using a nominal variable, polarity, with seven available values: nonpolarity, multipolarity, tripolarity, bipolarity, (nonhegemonic) unipolarity, hegemony and empire. Previous articles in the series have examined the Indic system 550 BC-AD 1800, the Far Eastern 1025 BC – AD 1850, the Southwest Asian c 2700 – 1500 BC, the Northeast African c. 2625-1500 BC. The Northeast African and Southwest Asian systems and sequences merged c. 1500 BC to form the Central system. A previous article has coded this system from 1500 BC to 700 BC, and previous papers have examined the system from AD 1200 to date. In the current paper, the Central system’s power structure is coded at 10-year intervals 1100-1200. The century is entirely multipolar, although there is significant turnover among actors and churning of borders. The Power Configurations of the Central Civilization/ World System in the Twelfth Century This paper is the fifteenth a series in which the political careers of civilizations/world systems receive snapshot codings of their overall power structures at feasible intervals. The narratives are produced by collating histories with large frames of reference. The codings are done using a nominal variable, polarity, with seven available values: nonpolarity, multipolarity, tripolarity, bipolarity, (nonhegemonic) unipolarity, hegemony and empire.
  • Byzantine Empire (Ca 600-1200): I.1

    Byzantine Empire (Ca 600-1200): I.1

    INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ SECTION OF BYZANTINE RESEARCH ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ NATIONAL HELLENIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION ΕΘΝΙΚΟ IΔΡΥΜΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ Τομοσ 28 VOLUME EFI RAGIA THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION ALEKSANDAR JOVANOVIć OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (CA 600-1200): I.1. THE APOTHEKAI OF ASIA MINOR (7TH-8TH C.) IMAGINING THE COMMUNITIES OF OTHERS: THE CASE OF THE SELJUK TURKS ΑΘΗΝΑ • 20092018 • ATHENS AleksAndAr JovAnović IMAGINING THE COMMUNITIES OF OTHERS: THE CASE OF THE SELJUK TURKS* Introduction: Identity and Byzantine Historiography When William of Tyre introduced the Roman general Tatikios into his story of the First Crusade, he wrote: adjunxerat se etiam nostrorum castris quidam Graecus, Tatinus nomine, imperatoris familiaris admodum, vir nequam et perfidus, nares habens mutilas in signum mentis perversae1. William’s negative depiction of Tatikios is perhaps unsurprising, as the emperor’s “close confidant” followed the crusaders until the city of Antioch only to withdraw at the critical moment and leave them to fight the Seljuk Turks on their own. What might come as a surprise is that William missed the opportunity to highlight Tatikios’s origins. This is a striking omission to us, modern readers, who usually view Tatikios as a Turk2. When we look at the sources, however, be it of Latin or Byzantine provenance, we find no reference to Tatikios’s Turkish background whatsoever. The only source that * I thank the journal’s two anonymous reviewers for their very helpful suggestions that contributed to this article. 1. Willelmi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. HUYGENS, 2 vols [Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis II.24], vols.