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Unit 1: the Byzantine Empire

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Unit 1: the Byzantine Empire Unit 1: The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire Turkish Empires Rise in The Ottomans Build a Vast Anatolia Empire Justinian Seljuks Ghazi Justinian Code Vizier Ottoman Hagia Sophia Malik Shah Sultan Patriarch Timur the Lame Icon Mehmed II Excommunication Suleyman the Lawgiver Cyrillic alphabet Devshirme Janissary I. The Byzantine Empire After Rome split, the Eastern Empire, knows as Byzantium, flourished for a thousand years. Byzantine culture deeply influenced Orthodox Christianity, a major branch of modern Christianity. A New Rome in a New Setting The Eastern Roman Empire Roman Empire officially divides into East and West in 395 Eastern Empire flourishes; becomes known as Byzantium Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in 527 His armies reconquer much of former Roman territory Byzantine emperors head state and church; use brutal politics Map Study: The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian, 527–565 Under the rule of Justinian, the Byzantine Empire recaptured much of the glory and greatness of the old Roman Empire. When he succeeded to the throne in 527, Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium, was crumbling from the lack of repairs. He ordered a massive construction program, repairing or building new churches, palaces, schools, and the massive walls and towers that protected the city from attack. In addition, Constantinople, located on the western side of the narrow strait called the Bosporus, became a vibrant commercial center once again. It bustled with traders, travelers, and street entertainers from across Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. Justinian also reconquered regions of the western Roman Empire that had fallen to Germanic tribes. After 16 years of fighting, Justinian’s troops had reclaimed significant lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea that had been part of ancient Rome. 1. What two bodies of water does the Bosporus connect? 2. What two bodies of water does the Dardanelles connect? 3. On what type of geographic landform is Constantinople located? 4. List at least five countries, empires, or regions with which Constantinople traded. 5. Identify the lands reconquered by Justinian. 6. Make a list of the commercial and military advantages and disadvantages of the location of Constantinople. Life in the New Rome New Laws for the Empire Justinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empire Justinian Code-new set of laws consisting of four main parts Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years Creating the Imperial Capital Justinian launches program to beautify capital, Constantinople Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church, Hagia Sophia Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman culture and learning Constantinople’s Hectic Pace City becomes trading hub with major marketplace Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment Racing fans start riots in 532; government restores order violently Empress Theodora-powerful wife and advisor to Justinian Comparing Seven Empires Throughout history, people in Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Americas have spread their influence over vast regions and built powerful empires. Often they have included millions of people from diverse ethnic, religious, and national groups within their borders. This visual combines three bar graphs to show the length, territory, and population of seven empires that students either have already studied or will encounter in the next five chapters. 1. Which of these empires lasted less than two hundred years? Which lasted over a thousand years? Which empire represents the oldest civilization? Which is the youngest? 2. How do the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire compare in length and in the extent of territories and population? 3. Compare the extent of the two empires that are closest in age. 4. Compare the statistics about the Mongol Empire with the Egyptian Empire. What do these figures suggest? The Empire Falls Years of Turmoil Justinian dies in 565; empire faces many crises after his death The Plague of Justinian Bubonic plague repeatedly sweeps empire; kills many residents Attacks from East and West Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups Empire survives through bribery, diplomacy, and military power Constantinople falls in 1453; brings an end to Byzantine Empire The Church Divides A Religious Split Christianity develops differently in Eastern and Western Roman Empires Two churches disagree over many issues, including use of icons Icons are religious images used to aid in prayer Leading bishop of Eastern Christianity known as patriarch In the West, pope excommunicated emperor-banished him from the Church Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other over religious doctrines Eastern and Western churches officially split in 1054 West-Roman Catholic Church; East-Orthodox Church Byzantine Missionaries Convert the Slavs Eastern Orthodox missionaries seek to convert northern peoples, Slavs Missionaries create Cyrillic alphabet-basis of many Slavic languages Alphabet enables many groups to read the Bible Roman Catholic Similarities Eastern Orthodox II. Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia Turkish people converted to Islam and founded new empires that would renew Muslim civilization. In the 20th century, the collapse of the Turkish empire left ethnic and religious hostilities that still affect the world. The Rise of the Turks Decline of the Abbasids Powerful Abbasid Empire faces many attacks during 700s and 800s. Persians conquer Abbasid capital, Baghdad, in 945 The Conquering Seljuks Turks are a nomadic group living along western border of China Group led by Turkish family-the Seljuks-seizes Baghdad in 1055 In 1071 Seljuk sultans crush Byzantine Empire at Battle of Manzikert Seljuks take most of Anatolia; bring Turks close to Constantinople Baghdad During Its Golden Age, 765–950 In 762, the leader of the Abbasids, Caliph al-Mansur, chose a site on the west bank of the Tigris River upon which to build a new city. This new city, now known as Baghdad, would serve as the capital of the empire. Besides choosing a location near trade routes, al-Mansur had personal reasons for choosing the site that he did. Fearing attacks on his life by his rivals, he wanted a palace that was easy to defend in a city large enough to house several thousand soldiers ready to protect him at all times. The caliph was able to take up residence in Baghdad in 765. According to legend, al-Mansur predicted that Baghdad would become “the crossroads of the universe.” It quickly did. Merchants from northern Africa, Europe, and many parts of Asia traveled in and out of the city. By 900, Baghdad had a population of nearly one million people, far surpassing the size of any city in Europe. Baghdad developed into one of the greatest centers of learning in the world, home to leading scholars in literature, science, medicine, philosophy, and religion. 1. Describe the obstacles invaders would have to cross to reach the palace in the center of Baghdad. 2. How many gates led into the center of Baghdad? 3. Approximately what was the distance across the living space for officers and loyal followers of the caliph? 4. Identify the buildings placed at the center of Baghdad and explain their significance. 5. Explain why al-Mansur may have wanted a wall separating the shops region from the area where his palace was located. The Turks Secure Persian Support Turks seek support of Persians and embrace Persian culture Give Persians key posts, including that of vizier, or prime minister Adopt Persian language and religion-Islam Malik Shah was one of the most famous Seljuk rulers, or shahs He and other shahs support Persian artists; build mosques Seljuks Confront Crusaders and Mongols Malik Shah Dies In 1092 Malik Shah dies; no capable shah replaces him Seljuk Empire disintegrates into loose collection of minor kingdoms The Seljuks and the Crusaders Crusades begin in 1095-Christians drive Turks out of Anatolia In 1099, Crusaders capture Jerusalem; massacre Muslims and Jews Fragment of Seljuk Empire fights back, Muslims recover Jerusalem Captain Saladin allows Western pilgrims access to Christian holy places Seljuks Face the Mongols Mongol armies under the leader Hulagu capture Baghdad in 1258 Hulagu, Genghis Khan’s grandson, burns palace, kills Abbasid caliph Ends Turkish rule with much bloodshed III. The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire The Ottomans established a Muslim empire that combined many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years. Many modern societies, from Algeria to Turkey, had their origins under Ottoman rule. Turks Move into Byzantium Turkish Warriors Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire Many see themselves as ghazis-warriors who fight for Islam Osman Establishes a State From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia Europeans call him Othman and follower Ottomans Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons Successors expand state through alliances and land buying Orhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan-overlord In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples Timur the Lame Halts Expansion Timur the Lame-Tamerlane-rises to power in Central Asia Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Murad II Murad II begins expansion Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453 Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 In April 1453, when the forces of Mehmet II attacked Constantinople’s 13 miles of protective walls, the Byzantine city was past its prime. Its population, once over 1 million, was now only 50,000. Still, its location was strategically important. Whoever controlled the city could choke off traffic between Ottoman territories in Asia and Europe. At first, the defenders of Constantinople fought off the land and sea attacks of the Ottomans’ 100,000 soldiers and 125 ships.
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