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Home , Delhi Sultanate, Seljuk (warlord), Seljuk Empire, Timur

Your Period 3 Maps are due NOW! Make sure your name is on the front page- submit it in the tray. This week’s HW/Reading Schedule ● Tonight’s HW: Intro to Period 4 (610-615), Ch. 13 pp. 617-626. Finish taking notes over today’s presentation if we don’t finish. ● Tomorrow’s HW: Ch. 13 pp. 626-635 (there will be an activity that will be due from these pages on Wednesday- I will discuss more tomorrow) ● You will receive instructions tomorrow for assignments that will be due on Thursday and Friday. Wednesday’s and Thursday’s HW will be to complete these assignments. ● The rest of Ch. 13 (pp. 635-648) is due when you come to class on Monday 12/11. Do you remember this Islamic vocabulary?

● Shari’a law ● Hijrah ● ● ● ● Sufis ● ● ● Sunni ● Shi’a ● Jihad (of the sword, Greater Jihad) Famous Sufi poems from Rumi- what do these tell you about Sufis? Warm-up Skill Activity: Contextualization

Remember, contextualization is the background information that is relevant to explaining the topic you’re analyzing. It’s the “big picture.” It’s the “back story.” Context answers the following questions:

-How did we get here?

-What was going on at the time, or before, that affected this? Warm-up Skill Activity: Contextualization

Your turn. With your group, on the half sheet of paper, come up with a contextualization statement in response to the following prompt:

“Compare Islamic in the period 1300-1500.”

*Remember, your contextualization must be lengthy, so 1-2 sentences simply will not cut it. Your contextualization needs to be at least 4-5 sentences (but probably no more than 6-7). Review of Islamic Empires so far:

● Under : 622-632 ● Under the four “Rightly Guided” caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, ): 632-661 ● Under the Umayyad : 661-750 ● Under the : 750-1258 (during this time, the Islamic began to fragment, especially from 750-900, with new such as the remaining in Spain (al-Andalus), the in (formed by Shi’a who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter, Fatima)

The Turks

● Began as a nomadic pastoralist group west of ● First encountered by Muslims as raiders and traders along northeastern frontiers ● Abbasids began taking in Turks as slaves- trained them as soldiers (mamelukes), used them as bodyguards-Turks were prized for their skill and loyalty ● Turks began widely converting to , migrating into the weakened Abbasid mameluke Empire The Turks

● 1071- - defeated Byzantine forces- began occupying (Seljuk was the last remaining portion of this territory) ● Turks treated well- secured their loyalty- used many as govt administrators, adopted many Persian cultural traditions ● weakened after 1092, but still helped to fight Crusaders (including under , who helped recapture in 1187) Saladin

The would go on to destroy the Turkish Seljuk kingdom of Rum. Remember, the Mongols took over Persia as the il-Khanate from 1256-1335.

Other Islamic caliphates to the west continued. The

● Most Turks saw themselves as ghazis (warriors for Islam)- formed military societies under an (chief commander) ● Osman (the West called him Othman and his followers Ottomans)- successful - built a Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300-1326 ● Used - replaced archers on horseback with musket-carrying foot soldiers; first to use cannons as weapons ● Osman’s son, Orkhan I, took the title of (“overlord”, or “one with power”)- captured Adrianople The Ottoman Turks

● Expansion halted by the Lame in the early - a rebellious warrior from in Central , he burned down Baghdad and defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of in 1402 The Ottoman Turks

● The next four Ottoman greatly expanded the empire- took Constantinople in 1453- renamed it Istanbul ● Muslims had to serve in the army; non-Muslims were exempt but still had to pay the tax (jizya) ● Treated conquered people wisely- ruled through local officials appointed by the sultan The Safavid Empire

● - Safavids aligned themselves with the Shi’a branch of Islam- became the state religion ● Leaders took the Persian title (king) ● Built a powerful military ● Shah Isma’il destroyed the Sunni population of Baghdad in confrontation w/Ottomans- Ottoman leader Selim responded by executing all Shi’a in the . This culminated in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514- Ottomans defeated Safavids, set the current - border.

The Sultanate

● 700s: warlike Muslim tribes from created small kingdoms in . Their leader was a descendant of Timur and Genghis - called themselves Mughals (means “Mongols”). ● 700-1000: Several clashes between Muslims and ● 1000: Turkish armies sweep into India- destroyed many Indian cities and temples ● Delhi became the capital of a loose empire of Turkish called the . Hindus were treated as conquered people. ● Delhi was destroyed by Timur the Lame in 1398 The

● inherited a kingdom in Central Asia- a boy at the time, his elders took it away and drove him south. He later raised an army and swept into India, laying the foundation for the Mughal Empire. ● Babur’s grandson, (means “Great,”) expanded the Mughal Empire’s territory, ruled India wisely from 1556-1605. ● Like the Ottomans and Safavids, equipped the military with heavy artillery. (soldiers from regional warrior clans) were appointed as officers- why is this strategic? ● Akbar practiced religious tolerance. He also abolished the tax on Hindu pilgrims as well as the jizya. Akbar

The Songhay Empire

● As Mali declined in the 1400s, the Songhai in the east broke away- established a new Islamic empire in West Africa- built up an army, controlled trade from the capital of Gao ● Sunni Ali- expanded the Songhay empire- captured important trade cities of Timbuktu and D’jenne ● Askia Muhammad- set up a centralized government with a bureaucracy ● 1591- Moroccan fighting force equipped with artillery invaded, ended the Songhay Empire