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Your Period 3 Maps Are Due NOW! Make Sure Your Name Is on the Front Page- Submit It in the Tray Your Period 3 Maps are due NOW! Make sure your name is on the front page- submit it in the tray. This week’s HW/Reading Schedule ● Tonight’s HW: Intro to Period 4 (610-615), Ch. 13 pp. 617-626. Finish taking notes over today’s presentation if we don’t finish. ● Tomorrow’s HW: Ch. 13 pp. 626-635 (there will be an activity that will be due from these pages on Wednesday- I will discuss more tomorrow) ● You will receive instructions tomorrow for assignments that will be due on Thursday and Friday. Wednesday’s and Thursday’s HW will be to complete these assignments. ● The rest of Ch. 13 (pp. 635-648) is due when you come to class on Monday 12/11. Do you remember this Islamic vocabulary? ● Shari’a law ● Hijrah ● Umma ● Ulama ● Baghdad House of Wisdom ● Sufis ● Jizya ● Dhimmis ● Sunni ● Shi’a ● Jihad (of the sword, Greater Jihad) Famous Sufi poems from Rumi- what do these tell you about Sufis? Warm-up Skill Activity: Contextualization Remember, contextualization is the background information that is relevant to explaining the topic you’re analyzing. It’s the “big picture.” It’s the “back story.” Context answers the following questions: -How did we get here? -What was going on at the time, or before, that affected this? Warm-up Skill Activity: Contextualization Your turn. With your group, on the half sheet of paper, come up with a contextualization statement in response to the following prompt: “Compare Islamic empires in the period 1300-1500.” *Remember, your contextualization must be lengthy, so 1-2 sentences simply will not cut it. Your contextualization needs to be at least 4-5 sentences (but probably no more than 6-7). Review of Islamic Empires so far: ● Under Muhammad: 622-632 ● Under the four “Rightly Guided” caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali): 632-661 ● Under the Umayyad Caliphate: 661-750 ● Under the Abbasid Caliphate: 750-1258 (during this time, the Islamic Empire began to fragment, especially from 750-900, with new caliphates such as the remaining Umayyad caliphate in Spain (al-Andalus), the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt (formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter, Fatima) The Turks ● Began as a nomadic pastoralist group west of China ● First encountered by Muslims as raiders and traders along northeastern frontiers ● Abbasids began taking in Turks as slaves- trained them as soldiers (mamelukes), used them as bodyguards-Turks were prized for their skill and loyalty ● Turks began widely converting to Islam, migrating into the weakened Abbasid mameluke Empire The Seljuk Turks ● 1071- Battle of Manzikert- defeated Byzantine forces- began occupying Anatolia (Seljuk sultanate of Rum was the last remaining portion of this territory) ● Turks treated Persians well- secured their loyalty- used many as govt administrators, adopted many Persian cultural traditions ● Seljuk empire weakened after 1092, but still helped to fight Crusaders (including under Saladin, who helped recapture Jerusalem in 1187) Saladin The Mongols would go on to destroy the Turkish Seljuk kingdom of Rum. Remember, the Mongols took over Persia as the il-Khanate from 1256-1335. Other Islamic caliphates to the west continued. The Ottoman Turks ● Most Turks saw themselves as ghazis (warriors for Islam)- formed military societies under an emir (chief commander) ● Osman (the West called him Othman and his followers Ottomans)- successful ghazi- built a Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300-1326 ● Used gunpowder- replaced archers on horseback with musket-carrying foot soldiers; first to use cannons as weapons ● Osman’s son, Orkhan I, took the title of sultan (“overlord”, or “one with power”)- captured Adrianople The Ottoman Turks ● Expansion halted by Timur the Lame in the early 1400s- a rebellious warrior from Samarkand in Central Asia, he burned down Baghdad and defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 The Ottoman Turks ● The next four Ottoman sultans greatly expanded the empire- took Constantinople in 1453- renamed it Istanbul ● Muslims had to serve in the army; non-Muslims were exempt but still had to pay the tax (jizya) ● Treated conquered people wisely- ruled through local officials appointed by the sultan The Safavid Empire ● 15th century- Safavids aligned themselves with the Shi’a branch of Islam- became the state religion ● Leaders took the Persian title shah (king) ● Built a powerful military ● Shah Isma’il destroyed the Sunni population of Baghdad in confrontation w/Ottomans- Ottoman leader Selim responded by executing all Shi’a in the Ottoman Empire. This culminated in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514- Ottomans defeated Safavids, set the current Iran-Iraq border. The Delhi Sultanate ● 700s: warlike Muslim tribes from Central Asia created small kingdoms in India. Their leader was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan- called themselves Mughals (means “Mongols”). ● 700-1000: Several clashes between Muslims and Hindus ● 1000: Turkish armies sweep into India- destroyed many Indian cities and temples ● Delhi became the capital of a loose empire of Turkish warlords called the Delhi Sultanate. Hindus were treated as conquered people. ● Delhi was destroyed by Timur the Lame in 1398 The Mughal Empire ● Babur inherited a kingdom in Central Asia- a boy at the time, his elders took it away and drove him south. He later raised an army and swept into India, laying the foundation for the Mughal Empire. ● Babur’s grandson, Akbar (means “Great,”) expanded the Mughal Empire’s territory, ruled India wisely from 1556-1605. ● Like the Ottomans and Safavids, equipped the military with heavy artillery. Rajputs (soldiers from regional warrior clans) were appointed as officers- why is this strategic? ● Akbar practiced religious tolerance. He also abolished the tax on Hindu pilgrims as well as the jizya. Akbar The Songhay Empire ● As Mali declined in the 1400s, the Songhai in the east broke away- established a new Islamic empire in West Africa- built up an army, controlled trade from the capital of Gao ● Sunni Ali- expanded the Songhay empire- captured important trade cities of Timbuktu and D’jenne ● Askia Muhammad- set up a centralized government with a bureaucracy ● 1591- Moroccan fighting force equipped with artillery invaded, ended the Songhay Empire.
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