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DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS and SELECT LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS of OSTREA EQUESTRIS (SAY 1834) in SOUTHEASTERN NORTH CAROLINA Anne

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DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS and SELECT LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS of OSTREA EQUESTRIS (SAY 1834) in SOUTHEASTERN NORTH CAROLINA Anne DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND SELECT LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS OF OSTREA EQUESTRIS (SAY 1834) IN SOUTHEASTERN NORTH CAROLINA Anne Lyons Markwith A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Biology and Marine Biology University of North Carolina Wilmington 2010 Approved by Advisory Committee Troy D. Alphin Ami Wilbur Chris Finelli Martin H. Posey_______ Chair Accepted by ____________________________ Dean, Graduate School This thesis has been prepared in the style and format consistent with the Journal of Shellfish Research. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 METHODS ......................................................................................................................................7 Field sites ....................................................................................................................................7 Distribution .................................................................................................................................8 Condition Index ........................................................................................................................12 Reproduction ............................................................................................................................12 Statistical analysis ....................................................................................................................13 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................15 2008 distribution ......................................................................................................................19 Temporal variation ...................................................................................................................26 Oyster reefs ..............................................................................................................................34 Floating docks ..........................................................................................................................38 Size distribution .......................................................................................................................38 Condition Index .......................................................................................................................46 Reproduction ............................................................................................................................55 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................58 LITERATURE CITED ..................................................................................................................65 ABSTRACT Ostrea equestris (crested oyster) is a relatively unknown native oyster along the Atlantic coast. Originally considered a subtidal species, recent observations indicated that there may be significant intertidal populations in southeastern North Carolina (the northern extent of its known range). This study evaluated distribution patterns among various habitat types in southeastern North Carolina, as well as select life history characteristics (condition index and reproductive period). Eleven habitat types common to this area were sampled at five sites from Long Bay to Core Sound, NC. All sites and habitats were sampled in 2008 to assess spatial distribution of populations using transects/ quadrats or subtidal dredges. Select habitats were resampled in 2009 to evaluate the temporal stability of previously observed patterns. Ostrea equestris was present at all sites and in almost all habitats sampled in 2008. The UNCW Research Lease and Middle Marsh (among the southern-most sites and northern-most sites, respectively) had significantly higher densities than the other sites, suggesting an abundance cline did not exist for this area. Among habitats, floating docks, low intertidal oyster reefs, and low intertidal shell hash had the highest densities, while the subtidal dredges had the lowest. Densities differed significantly among sites for various habitats. O. equestris, while initially thought to be uncommon, comprised up to 100% of live oyster seen in some areas. However, coefficient of variance data indicated that all populations were extremely patchy in their distributions. Densities in most cases increased from 2008 to 2009 and populations were less patchy in 2009. This though may be an artifact of non-random site selection in 2009. Condition indices for Ostrea equestris were sampled for 3 seasons (summer, winter, and spring) at three sites, and showed significant differences by site and season. Reproductive samples were collected April- November at three sites. There was a peak in reproductive output (as indicated by the presence of brooded larvae) in July, though no significant differences were observed among sites for larval counts. At most only 3% of the oysters were found to be brooding at a site. This study indicates that Ostrea equestris is more common than previous literature would indicate, comprising 50-100% of the live oyster iv in some habitats. The densities that have been found to occur in this study indicate that not only are there meaningful populations farther north than previously indicated, but in habitats not previously described. As a result, it is probable that these oysters may play a larger ecological role than previously thought because of their relatively high abundances, especially on floating docks and in areas of shell hash. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisors, Dr. Martin Posey and Troy Alphin, for their support and guidance over the last few years. Without them I would not have had the opportunities I did to become the researcher I am now. I would also like to thank my committee members Drs. Ami Wilbur and Chris Finelli, for their insights towards the completion of this project. This research could not have been completed if not for the efforts of the UNCW Benthic Ecology Lab, who aided extensively in the field and lab components. I would specifically like to thank Melissa Mitchell, Sharon Tatem, Russ Barbour, and Eva Rosendale for their tireless efforts in the field, and Chris Swanson for his help with the reproductive counts. Thanks also go to students, faculty, and stuff within the Biology and Marine Biology department who initially helped with identifying potential populations. Thanks to Brad Teer and Dave Myer from NOAA- Beaufort for taking time from their schedules to help with the sampling of Middle Marsh. And to UNCW Operations (Jay, Dan, Jason, and Gerry) allowing me to take the boats out (even after I would bring them back tore up) and for the amusing conversations when I needed the distractions. Finally to my family and friends who helped keep me going: Thank you for the support and the good times. vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. List of habitats by site. Habitats are listed by abbreviations as indicated within the text. Plus and minus symbols indicate presence or absence of a habitat from the particular site ............................................................................................9 2. Percent of total dead (scars and boxes) that scars comprise at sites where dead Ostrea equestris were present within sites, habitats, and years ................................17 3. Coefficients of variation for sites over all habitats. Sites are listed in geographical order ...................................................................................................................................20 4. Coefficients of variation for habitats over all sites ............................................................20 5. Statistical significance by site among habitats for 2008 from ANOVA. Only letters that are different indicate statistical difference between habitats for the SNK test ..................23 6. Percent of live oyster (both Crassostrea virginica and Ostrea equestris) that O. equestris is where live oysters are present for sites, habitats, and years. Maximum and minimum percentages are also included ....................................................24 7. Correlations for 2008 for a) Ostrea equestris to Crassostrea virginica and b) live to dead Ostrea equestris. Top numbers are r2 values and bottom numbers are p-values. NS indicates no significance. NC indicates no correlation could be performed ...........................................................................................................................27 8. Coefficients of variation by year for sites for all common habitats combined ..................29 9. Correlations for common habitats between sites for a) Ostrea equestris to Crassostrea
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