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Read Or Download the Book Published by: China-CEE Institute Nonprofit Ltd. Telephone: +36-1-5858-690 E-mail: [email protected] Webpage: www.china-cee.eu Address: 1052, Budapest, Petőfi Sándor utca 11. Chief Editor: Dr. Chen Xin ISSN: 978-615-6124-49-4 Cover design: PONT co.lab Copyright: China-CEE Institute Nonprofit Ltd. The reproduction of the study or parts of the study are prohibited. The findings of the study may only be cited if the source is acknowledged. An Overview of Central and Eastern Europe Development in 2020 Chief Editor: Dr. Chen Xin CHINA-CEE INSTITUTE Budapest, April 2021 Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................... 5 Part I Review of Political Development ................................................ 7 Albanian politics in times of uncertainties ..................................................... 8 BiH in 2020: Governing under COVID-19 .................................................. 13 Overview of the Political 2020 year for Bulgaria ......................................... 18 A summary of 2020 key political events in Croatia...................................... 24 Dynamics of the Czech Political Model in 2020 .......................................... 29 2020 for Estonia: A year to forget, the year to remember ............................. 34 Greek Politics in 2020 ................................................................................. 40 Covid-19 as the great divider in 2020 Hungarian Politics ............................ 45 Latvian major political events in 2020: Covid-19, extraordinary elections and regional reform ........................................................................................... 50 Lithuania’s political changes take place under the women leadership .......... 56 Montenegrin Politics in 2020 ...................................................................... 62 Macedonian political developments in 2020 ................................................ 67 Poland 2020 domestic policy summary ....................................................... 72 Overview of Romanian political developments in 2020: under the signs of elections and pandemics .............................................................................. 77 Serbian politics in 2020: a different path, the same result ............................ 82 Review of Slovak political development in 2020 ......................................... 87 1 Slovenian politics in 2020: Government changes amidst the Covid-19 epidemic ..................................................................................................... 93 Part II Review of Economic Development ......................................... 99 The costs of the pandemic for Albania ...................................................... 100 BiH Economy in 2020: Rise in general poverty, the external debt and the new IMF crediting ............................................................................................ 105 Overview of the Bulgarian economy in 2020 ............................................. 110 A summary of 2020 key economic affairs in Croatia ................................. 116 The Czech economy in 2020: slump & recovery ....................................... 121 Wrapping the year up: in search for a productive economic reform............ 127 The Greek Economy in 2020 ..................................................................... 136 Hungarian Economy in 2020 ..................................................................... 141 Key economic indicators changing during the Covid-19 crisis ................... 147 Lithuania’s economy continues to grow under the pandemic ..................... 154 Montenegrin Economy in 2020 ................................................................. 160 Macedonian economic developments in 2020 ............................................ 166 Impact of the pandemic on the Polish economy in 2020 ............................ 171 Overview of Romanian economic developments in 2020: the budget deficit, large obstacle to recovery .......................................................................... 177 COVID-19 and Serbian economy in 2020 ................................................. 182 Economic developments in Slovakia in 2020............................................. 188 Slovenian economy in 2020 strongly marked by the epidemic ................... 194 Part III Review of Social Development ............................................ 199 Albanian society in 2020: stranded between frustration and exhaustion ..... 200 2 BiH social development in a year of coronavirus pandemic ....................... 206 Overview of the Bulgarian social development in 2020 ............................. 211 A summary of 2020 key social affairs in Croatia ....................................... 217 Rearrangement of the public sphere in 2020: new discourses & narratives . 221 An immediate family Christmas to say ‘good bye’ to 2020, or Who wins a ‘last man standing’ game .......................................................................... 226 Greek Society in 2020 ............................................................................... 231 The fall and rise of the Hungarian labor market? ....................................... 236 Main achievements and challenges in Latvian society in 2020 ................... 241 The pandemic opens up questions about the wellbeing of Lithuania’s society ................................................................................................................. 248 Montenegrin social development in 2020 .................................................. 254 Macedonian social developments in 2020.................................................. 259 Pandemic, Polish education and health care system ................................... 264 Overview of Romanian social developments in 2020: evolutions leading to higher social inequalities ........................................................................... 270 Serbia’s social development in 2020: A year in rewind .............................. 275 Slovakian major societal issues of the year 2020 revisited ......................... 280 Covid-19 in Slovenia: from a public health issue to a societal crisis ........... 286 Part IV Review of External Relations .............................................. 291 Foreign policy in 2020: Albania’s hopes that never materialized ............... 292 BiH in 2020 and old issues in a new pandemic situation ............................ 297 Overview of Bulgarian international relations in 2020 ............................... 302 A summary of 2020 key foreign affairs events in Croatia .......................... 308 3 Czech foreign policy as a battlefield between atlanticists and sovereigntists ................................................................................................................. 313 Estonian external relations in 2020: The UN Security Council, the dilemma for Estonia, and the evolving international disorder ................................... 319 Greek foreign policy in 2020 ..................................................................... 326 Hungarian foreign policy in 2020 .............................................................. 331 Summary of Latvian foreign policy in 2020 .............................................. 336 Lithuania steps up diplomatic efforts to pursue the national interests ......... 343 Montenegrin External Relations in 2020 ................................................... 349 Macedonian external relations in 2020 ...................................................... 355 Polish diplomacy in times of pandemic ..................................................... 361 Overview of Romanian external relations in 2020: strengthening relationships ................................................................................................................. 367 Retrospective of Serbia’s external relations in 2020 .................................. 372 External relations of Slovakia in 2020 ....................................................... 377 An eventful year 2020 for Slovenian foreign policy ................................... 386 4 Preface The year 2020 was very challenging for all the countries and regions around the world. When it comes to the coronavirus pandemic in Europe, it basically never stopped since it broke out in March 2020. The pandemic situation has not only led to low economic growth, but also exerted enormous influence on all aspects of societies. Apart from the great reduction in economic activities in various sectors, the coronavirus affected domestic political developments in CEE countries, including elections at local and national levels, challenged social developments including schooling and domestic violence, and seriously impeded efforts to promote external relations and international cooperation. The book provides an overview of major developments in 16 CEE countries and Greece in 2020. It is the fourth collection of annual reports published by China-CEE Institute and covers 16 Central and Eastern European countries as well as Greece. China-CEE Institute has included Greece in its Country-Study research since 2018. In April 2019, Greece officially joined China-CEEC Cooperation Framework, and the “16+1” cooperation was renamed to “17+1” cooperation. The structure of the book is divided into four aspects: domestic politics, economic situation, social development and external relations. All reports
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