Child Labour and Children’S Economic Activities in Agriculture in Ghana
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SLE Publication Series –S233– Centre for Advanced Training in Rural Development (SLE) on behalf the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Child Labour and Children’s Economic Activities in Agriculture in Ghana Authors Gabriele Zdunnek (team leader), Dorothee Dinkelaker, Britt Kalla, Gertraud Matthias, Rebecca Szrama, Katrin Wenz December 2008 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Communication Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] © FAO 2009 Child Labour and Children’s Economic Activities in Agriculture in Ghana / Gabrielle Zdunnek … – Berlin: SLE, 2008. (Schriftenreihe des SLE; S233) ISBN 978-3-88985-379-0 ISBN 3-936602-37-9 Seminar für Ländliche Entwicklung (Centre for Advanced Training in Rural Development) Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Hessische Straße 1-2 10099 Berlin Tel. +49 (0)30 2093 6900 Fax +49 (0)30 2093 6904 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.berlinerseminar.de Foreword I Foreword The Centre for Advanced Training in Rural Development (Seminar für Ländliche Entwicklung, SLE) at the Humboldt University in Berlin has trained young professionals in the field of German and international development cooperation for more than forty-five years. Consulting projects conducted on behalf of German and international cooperation organisations form part of the one-year postgraduate course. In multidisciplinary teams, young professionals carry out studies on innovative future-oriented topics, and act as consultants. Including diverse local actors in the process is of great importance here. The outputs of this “applied research” are an immediate contribution to the solving of development problems in rural areas. Throughout the years, SLE has carried out consulting projects in more than seventy countries, and regularly published the results in this series. In 2008, SLE teams completed studies in Ghana, Tunisia, Morocco and Peru, all of which dealt with topics relevant to the most recent discussions in international cooperation. The present six-month study was commissioned by and conducted in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Prof. Otto Kaufmann Carola Jacobi-Sambou Dean Director Agricultural Horticultural Faculty SLE – Centre for Advanced Humboldt University Berlin Training in Rural Development II Acknowledgements Acknowledgements The Centre for Advanced Training in Rural Development (SLE) project on “Child Labour and Children’s Economic Activities in Agriculture in Ghana” was implemented with the financial support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and with the assistance of many people in Ghana and Germany. We are indebted to all of them for their valuable contributions. First and foremost, we would like to express our gratitude to all the members of the communities where our research was conducted. Without their trust and patience, this study could not have been carried out. We appreciate their support and hope that they will benefit from the conclusions it draws. A large number of resource persons and counterparts have contributed to the design and conduct of the study. Our special thanks go to: Albertine de Lange, Bernd Seiffert, Eve Crowley and Diana Tempelman from FAO, Mary Stella Ofori from the Ministry of Manpower, Youth and Employment, Alex Yao Sarbah from the Ministry of Fisheries, Faustinos Obrotey, Isaac Asante Koramgah and Moses Kakaw from the Departments of Social Welfare in Pru, Kwahu North and South Tongu, Samuel Kofi Addo, Ibrahim Laberan, Jack James Dawson, Patrick Kudiabor and Sylvanus Adukpo from the non-governmental organisations Volta Care, Association of People for Practical Life Education (APPLE) and International Needs Ghana and Ayih Jerryson from the University of Cape Coast as well as Abdul-Malik Alidu and Saaka Abukar Yahaya from the University of Development Studies in Tamale. We are most grateful to our counterparts who provided valuable inputs, established indispensable contacts and who translated from various languages. Finally, their kindness and caring spirit are much appreciated. A number of representatives of national and international institutions have been of great assistance in supplying information and in discussing the overall situation on child labour in Ghana. In particular, our thanks go to members of the Ministry of Manpower, Youth and Employment, the Ministry of Fisheries, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, the Ghana Education Service, the Ghana Statistical Service, the police stations in Aflao and Yeji, the International Labour Organization, the International Organization for Migration, the General Agricultural Workers’ Union, the Ghana Employers’ Association, the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice and the Ghana National Association of Teachers. Acknowledgements III Moreover, we are grateful to Cosmas Lambini Kombat, who was the first to provide us with an insight into life and work in Ghana. Additionally, like Andrea Kämpf and Anna Würth from the German Institute for Human Rights, he gave us valuable feedback in the preparatory phase of our study. Last but not least, we are indebted to Iris Paulus from the SLE for her advice, professional support and critical input during the conceptual as well as the finalisation phases of the study. We also would like to express our gratitude to Carola Jacobi- Sambou, Gabriele Beckmann, Alexander Proehl and all other SLE staff for their assistance and cooperation. IV Summary and Main Recommendations Summary and Main Recommendations Summary Increasing concern that a large number of children are exposed to harsh or hazardous work conditions has led to global efforts to put an end to child labour in agriculture, particularly to its worst forms. Cooperation is actively being developed between the International Labour Organization (ILO) and international organisations involved in agriculture, notably the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP), and the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Association (IUF). Their aim is to bring concerns about child labour into the mainstream of agricultural policy and to promote strategies and programmes aimed at improving rural livelihoods including the promotion of decent youth employment. A Declaration of Intent on cooperation on child labour in agriculture was signed on the World Day against Child Labour in June 2007. The research project “Child Labour and Children’s Economic Activities in Agriculture in Ghana” was initiated jointly by the FAO and the Seminar for Advanced Training in Rural Development of the Humboldt University Berlin. Ghana was chosen for the study because it is documented that a high number of children work in agriculture. According to the Ghana Child Labour Survey carried out in 2001 – the first and only nationwide data collection on working children – half of the rural and about one fifth of the urban children is economically active. Nearly 60 percent of them are engaged in agriculture, forestry and fishing. Another reason for the choice of Ghana was that the government, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and unions implement a range of policies for the reduction of worst forms of labour, making it possible to analyse their impact as a starting point for future strategies. The goal of the study is to address knowledge gaps on child labour issues prevailing in the agricultural sector and to prepare recommendations on how to address them in the policies and programmes of various stakeholders: FAO and other international organisations involved in agriculture, government institutions and civil society groups. The study focuses on: the identification of major legislation, institutions, policies and processes affecting the economic activities of children and child labour Summary and Main Recommendations V case studies on children’s economic contribution and on child labour in cocoa production, fishing and cattle herding, sectors in which a considerable number of children work the identification of initiatives and practices which have been successful in