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The Development of Individual Human Fatty Acid Reference Ranges

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The Development of Individual Human Fatty Acid Reference Ranges The Development of Individual Human Fatty Acid Reference Ranges by Cody A. C. Lust A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Human Health and Nutritional Sciences Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Cody Lust, September, 2020 ABSTRACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL FATTY ACID REFERENCE RANGES Cody A.C. Lust Advisor(s): University of Guelph, 2020 Dr. David WL Ma Consumption of dietary fatty acids (FA) are essential for the development and Maintenance of human health. Currently, individual FA reference ranges have yet to be established in the field of dietary lipid research. Clinical reference ranges for lipids, such as cholesterol, are routinely utilized in clinical practices for efficient and precise assessMents. However, a number of factors such as dietary consumption, age, sex, and metabolisM have been shown to modify FA status. In this study, the effect of aging on FA status in Australians, and the correlation between FA concentrations and lipid biomarkers in Singaporean adults was exaMined. FA status was modestly correlated to aging across multiple decades and lipid biomarkers strongly correlated to FA concentrations. Continuing to profile multiple cohorts in different countries, using consistent methodology, will allow for FA cut-off values to be developed (i.e. sufficiency vs. deficiency) and provide target values for reducing chronic disease risk. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Only two years ago I was working as a bartender in Vancouver B.C., and after receiving an offer in late-August to pursue a master’s degree, decided to drop everything on ten days’ notice and move to Guelph. I will forever owe my gratitude to my advisor Dr. David Ma for plucking me from obscurity and providing me every opportunity to grow as a researcher and open doors for me which I thought had closed for good. I look forward to the next step in our journey as I begin my PhD and cannot thank you enough for your continued support and patience as I wind my way through the crazy world of academia. To the other member of my committee, Dr. Lindsay Robinson, thank you for being so supportive from the moment I arrived in Guelph and providing valuable insight on not only this project but, my first publication earlier this year. To all the members of the Ma Lab and friends in HHNS, thank you for welcoming me with open arms and showing me the ropes. Working alongside so many intelligent, driven individuals with such a diverse scope of interests pushes me to work harder myself each day. Most importantly, I would still be in the GC room processing samples for this project if it wasn’t for Lyn Hilyer. You are the glue which keeps our lab together, and I cannot thank you enough for having the answer to every question even before I ask. To my family and friends back home on the west coast, there is only so much more I can say here which I haven’t told you before. Each one of you has taught me something that I keep with me each day so, even though we are apart, you are always close by. Finally, Georgia, what is left to say after surviving undergrad, some awkward gap years, our master’s degree, a soon to be PhD, and a global pandemic locked-up together for 6 months. You have made me a kinder, smarter, and all-around better person – I would not have wanted anyone else by my side during this process. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................. ii AcknowledgeMents ............................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Tables/Figures ........................................................................................................ viii List of Symbols, Abbreviations or Nomenclature .................................................................. ix 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW | LIPID METHODOLOGY AND REPORTING OF DIETARY FATTY ACID STATUS IN HUMANS ................................................................................. 4 2.1 AssessMents of Fatty Acid Status ........................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Food Frequency Questionnaires ...................................................................... 4 2.1.2 24-Hour Recall .............................................................................................. 6 2.1.3 Dietary Records ............................................................................................ 7 2.1.4 Adipose Tissue .............................................................................................. 8 2.1.5 Red Blood Cells .......................................................................................... 10 2.1.6 Blood PlasMa and Serum ............................................................................. 12 2.2 Lipid Methodology and Reporting of Fatty Acid Status .......................................... 16 2.2.1 Gas Chromatography ................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Gas Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry ...................................................... 20 2.2.3 Gas Chromatography with FlaMe Ionization Detector ..................................... 21 2.2.4 Units of Measure ......................................................................................... 23 2.3 Developing Individual Fatty Acid Reference Ranges ............................................. 25 2.3.1 Disease States ............................................................................................. 28 v 2.3.2 Genetic Differences ..................................................................................... 28 2.3.3 Geographical Differences ............................................................................. 30 2.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 31 3 RATIONALE, OBJECTIVES, HYPOTHESIS, AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ......... 33 3.1 Rationale ........................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 33 3.3 ExperiMental Design ........................................................................................... 34 4 AGING IS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL CHANGES OF CIRCULATING SERUM FATTY ACID LEVELS IN AUSTRALIAN MALES ............................................. 37 4.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................. 37 4.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 38 4.3 Materials and methods ........................................................................................ 40 4.3.1 Participants ................................................................................................. 40 4.3.2 Gas Chromatography Protocol ...................................................................... 41 4.3.3 Fatty Acid Analysis ..................................................................................... 42 4.3.4 Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................... 42 4.4 Results ............................................................................................................... 44 4.4.1 General characteristics and lipid biomarkers .................................................. 45 4.4.2 Correlation between fatty acids and age ......................................................... 48 4.4.3 Absolute concentration when stratified by decade ........................................... 50 4.4.4 Percent composition when stratified by decade ............................................... 51 4.4.5 Comparison between absolute concentration and percent composition .............. 52 4.5 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 53 4.5.1 Saturated Fatty Acids ................................................................................... 54 vi 4.5.2 Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ....................................................................... 55 4.5.3 OMega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ........................................................... 56 4.5.4 OMega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ........................................................... 58 4.5.5 Statistical and Biological Relevance .............................................................. 62 4.5.6 Absolute vs. Relative Measures .................................................................... 63 4.5.7 LiMitations ................................................................................................. 64 4.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 65 5 FATTY ACID REFERENCE RANGES AND CORRELATIONS TO LIPID BIOMARKERS OF HEALTHY SINGAPOREAN MEN AND WOMEN .............................. 66 5.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................
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