Carolina Amaral Frade Bruno De Sousa Marine Algae Extracts As Source of Natural Antileishmanial Compounds

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Carolina Amaral Frade Bruno De Sousa Marine Algae Extracts As Source of Natural Antileishmanial Compounds CAROLINA AMARAL FRADE BRUNO DE SOUSA MARINE ALGAE EXTRACTS AS SOURCE OF NATURAL ANTILEISHMANIAL COMPOUNDS UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA 2017 CAROLINA AMARAL FRADE BRUNO DE SOUSA MARINE ALGAE EXTRACTS AS SOURCE OF NATURAL ANTILEISHMANIAL COMPOUNDS Tese para obtenção do grau de doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Especialidade em Parasitologia) Trabalho efectuado sob orientação de Prof. Dr. João Varela Prof. Dr. Lenea Campino Prof. Dr. Fernando Alberício UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA 2017 MARINE ALGAE EXTRACTS AS SOURCE OF NATURAL ANTILEISHMANIAL COMPOUNDS DECLARAÇÃO DE AUTORIA DE TRABALHO Declaro ser a autora deste trabalho, que é original e inédito. Autores e trabalhos consultados estão devidamente citados no texto e constam da listagem de referências incluída. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright – Carolina Amaral Frade Bruno de Sousa. Universidade do Algarve. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia. A Universidade do Algarve reserva para si o direito, em conformidade com o disposto no Código do Direito de Autor e dos Direitos Conexos, de arquivar, reproduzir e publicar a obra, independentemente do meio utilizado, bem como de a divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição para fins meramente educacionais ou de investigação e não comerciais, conquanto seja dado o devido crédito ao autor e editor respetivos. The author acknowledges the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for funding the PhD fellowship (Grant SFRH/BD/78062/2011). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No final desta etapa, manifesto a minha profunda gratidão a todos os que me acompanharam e, que compartilhando ideias e conhecimento, contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho. Às instituições que em Portugal e no Brasil, disponibilizaram os meios e as infra- estruturas imprescindíveis ao desenvolvimento deste trabalho, em particular à Universidade do Algarve (UALg), ao Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR) e ao Marine and Biotechnology Group (Marbiotech/CCMAR), à Unidade de Parasitologia Médica - Grupo de Leishmanioses do Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UEIPM/IHMT/UNL), ao Laboratório de Biorgânica e Produtos Naturais - Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Labiorg/ UNIFESP) e ao Laboratório de Patologia de Molésticas Infecciosas – LIM50 do Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (LIM- 50/FM/USP). E, ainda, à Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) pela bolsa de Doutoramento que me foi concedida. Ao Professor Doutor João Varela por ter acedido orientar este trabalho, aceitando-me no grupo MarBiotech/CCMAR onde iniciei este trabalho. Pela confiança e dedicação no acompanhamento e revisão dos trabalhos elaborados no âmbito desta tese, que em muito contribuíram para a minha formação académico-cientifica. Também ao Professor Doutor Fernando Alberício, pela sua disponibilidade para co-orientar este projecto. À Professora Doutora Lenea Campino, pela disponibilidade e interesse em co-orientar este trabalho e em partilhar o seu conhecimento científico comigo, aceitando-me na UEIPM/IHMT/UNL. Agradeço também a confiança que depositou em mim, as oportunidades de valorização profissional, os conselhos, e os momentos partilhados; e ainda a constante insistência e motivação que se revelaram tão importantes para a concretização deste trabalho. Ao Professor Doutor João Henrique Lago, coordenador do Labiorg/UNIFESP, um muito especial agradecimento por me acolhido no seu Laboratório, pelo interesse neste estudo, pelos ensinamentos práticos e teóricos, pela forma crítica e construtiva com que constantemente me apoiou e incentivou desde que nos conhecemos e que foram indispensáveis à realização deste trabalho; ainda pela boa disposição e por me mostrar que tudo é possível com amizade e respeito. Ao Professor Doutor Felipe Passero, pela disponibilidade, pelo interesse e especial empenho com que me acompanhou e partilhou comigo os seus conhecimentos durante a i minha estadia no LIM50/FM/USP e durante a preparação dos trabalhos científicos. Agradeço também a amizade conquistada. E, também, à Prof. Doutora Márcia Laurenti do LIM50/FM/USP, por tão calorosamente me ter acolhido no seu laboratório e permitir poder partilhar o conhecimento com a sua equipa. Aos colegas do Marbiotech/CCMAR pelos momentos passados, pelo apoio laboratorial, pela partilha do meu dia-a-dia na primeira parte deste trabalho. Em particular, agradeço à Doutora Luísa Custódio e à Doutora Luísa Barreira a chance de ter tido acesso a este tema de doutoramento; à Doutora Catarina Vizetto- Duarte, a companhia durante o trabalho de campo, ou melhor de mar; e ao Doutor Katkam Gangadhar e ao Dr. Hugo Pereira, pelo incentivo e ajuda para ultrapassar diversas dificuldades em várias fases deste trabalho. Aos meus alunos Luís Brito, Jorge Macridaquez e Madalena Pavão pelo empenho no estudo e na realização dos ensaios e das análises que conduziram ao sucesso dos seus projectos de tese e estágio e que em muito contribuíram para o trabalho final aqui apresentado; agradeço também por terem acreditado na minha co-orientação, retribuindo com amizade. Aos meus colegas da UEIPM/IHMT/UNL por todo o apoio técnico e logístico na luta com as culturas in vitro das nossas meninas Leishmania e em especial à Carla Maia e à Andreia Albuquerque pelo entusiasmo nas conversas parasitárias, pelos conhecimentos transmitidos e pela amizade que demonstraram em vários momentos. Aos colegas do Labiorg e do LIM50 o carinho, o companheirismo e a alegria com que me acolheram tornando a minha estadia em São Paulo muito especial. Não sendo possível referir todos, lembro com particular apreço a Geanne Conserva, a Jessica de Jesus e o Thiago Morais por todo o apoio no laboratório e em especial pela amizade que nos uniu. À Doutora Manuela Parente do Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade dos Açores, ao Doutor Ricardo Bermejo da Universidade de Cádiz e da Universidade Nacional da Irlanda e ao Doutor João Neiva pela disponibilização de diversas amostras de DNA das algas e ainda pela simpatia, pelo interesse, pela disponibilidade e pelos relevantes contributos científicos que me concederam e que em muito enriqueceram este trabalho. E, ainda, à Mestre Ana Mafalda Tavares, à Doutora Tânia Pereira, ao Doutor Aushwin Engelen e ao Doutor Javier Cremades, pelo seu auxílio na colheita e identificação morfológica das algas estudadas. ii Ao Doutor Cymon Cox, do CCMAR, pela disponibilidade e pelo apoio nas questões relacionadas com a abordagem informática da informação genética recolhida e que muito contribuíram para o aprofundamento dos meus conhecimentos teórico/práticos de filogenia. Ao Professor DoutorLouis Maes e à Dr. Sarah Hendrickx do Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas da Faculdade de ciências farmacêuticas, Biomédicas e Veterinárias da Universidade de Antuérpia, Bélgica, pela disponibilidade manifestada na avaliação da actividade de extractos das algas em diversos organismos patogénicos. À Professora Doutora Miriam Uemi do Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas da UNIFESP e à Doutora Débora Levi do Laboratório de Genética e Hematologia Molecular (LIM-31), Departamento de Clinica Médica da FM/USP, pelo apoio na realização das análises de Espectroscopia por ressonância magnética nuclear dos extractos e compostos estudados, e na avaliação de mecanismos de acção dos compostos com o Sistema de análise do Elevado-Índice de ImageXpress micro XLS Widefield. À Doutora Cláudia Florindo do Centro de Investigação em Biomedicina da Ualg pelo constante incentivo e apoio nas análises de microscopia óptica. Ao Dr. Ricardo Mendes, meu amigo companheiro de longa data, pela ajuda na minha iniciação aos sistemas de informação geográfica e na elaboração dos mapas de distribuição das amostras. Obrigada, também, a diversos técnicos e colegas do CCMAR pela sua pronta contribuição no acesso a equipamentos e outros meios técnicos em várias situações da minha pesquisa e sem a qual seria difícil concretizar os ensaios de parasitologia, química e genética, nomeadamente à Vera Gomes, à Marta Bernardo, à Cristina Paulino, à Joana Costa, à Catarina Mota, ao João Cardoso, à Zélia Velez e também ao eficiente apoio do secretariado do CCMAR, em particular à Andreia Pinto e à Liliane Leman. Ainda à Professora Doutora Lídia Dionísio e ao Professor Doutor Luís Neto da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da UALg, e ao Dr. Paulo Pedro, à Marta Ribeiro e ao Bruno do Laboratório de Análises Químicas da UAlg (LAQ-UALg) pela disponibilização de espaços, meios e apoio técnico nas fases iniciais deste trabalho. Aos meus amigos pela compreensão durante este período de maior ausência, em particular à Elisa Silva, à Margarida, ao Pedro Range, ao Fernando Cánovas e, também, à Tia Regina, ao Primo Francisco sempre presentes com palavras sensatas e de confiança. À Cristina Cabrita pela sua valorosa ajuda na recta final. iii Ao José Rodrigues e à Sandra Granjo, por me terem acolhido e disponibilizado a sua casa em São Paulo, e em especial ao Zé por me ter acompanhado diariamente e ensinado a viver com facilidade nessa metrópole imensa, tornando a minha estadia tão fantástica e recompensadora. Jamais esquecerei a tua disponibilidade. Às minhas super amigas Catarina Ginja, Ivânia Range e Sofia Cortes pelo companheirismo, pelo apoio emocional, pela constante disponibilidade,
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