DOCSLIB.ORG

Vermont Subsurface Agricultural Tile Drainage Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vermont Subsurface Agricultural Tile Drainage Report Vermont Subsurface Agricultural Tile Drainage Report Vermont Subsurface Agricultural Tile Drainage Report Submitted by the Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food and Markets and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources January 31, 2017 Prepared for the Vermont General Assembly in Accordance with 2015 Act 64, Section 5 Report available electronically at: agriculture.vermont.gov/tile-drainage The Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food and Markets and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources are equal opportunity agencies and offer all persons the benefits of participating in each of its programs and competing in all areas of employment regardless of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, sexual preference, or other non-merit factors. This document is available upon request in large print, braille or audio cassette. Vermont Relay Service for the Hearing Impaired 1-800-253-0191 TDD>Voice – 1-800-253-0195>TDD Vermont Subsurface Tile Drainage Report 2 Table of Contents Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 6 Issue Overview _______________________________________________________________ 7 Scientific Review _____________________________________________________________ 9 Factors that Influence Phosphorus Transport in Tiles ______________________________ 10 1. Preferential flow ____________________________________________________ 11 2. Precipitation and climate _____________________________________________ 11 3. Cropping systems and tillage __________________________________________ 12 4. Phosphorus source rate, placement and timing ___________________________ 12 5. Soil test phosphorus levels ____________________________________________ 13 6. Drainage depth and spacing ___________________________________________ 13 Current Local Research _______________________________________________________ 14 1. University of Vermont – Revisions to USDA/NRCS 590 Standard ______________ 14 2. Drainage control structures ___________________________________________ 15 3. Phosphorus removal systems with media ________________________________ 15 4. Constructed wetlands ________________________________________________ 16 5. Tile monitoring _____________________________________________________ 16 6. Surface versus subsurface comparisons __________________________________ 16 Knowledge Gaps _____________________________________________________________ 16 1. Regulatory framework in existence _____________________________________ 17 2. Installation designs __________________________________________________ 17 3. Management around tile drain systems _________________________________ 18 4. Evaluating the impacts of tile and the benefits of conservation practices _______ 19 Recommendations ___________________________________________________________ 19 Recommendations from Literature Review ______________________________________ 19 1. Assessment of tile drainage systems in the Lake Champlain Basin _____________ 19 2. Research needs _____________________________________________________ 20 Recommendations from the Tile Drain Advisory Group ____________________________ 20 Joint Agency Programmatic and Policy Recommendations ___________________________ 26 1. Extensive education and training for farmers _____________________________ 27 2. Strong implementation of the RAPs on tile drained fields ____________________ 27 3. Establish a farmer workgroup to develop short and long-term efforts for tile drain management ____________________________________________________________ 28 4. Support thorough evaluation of the extent of currently installed tile drains _____ 28 5. Notification of tile drain installation ____________________________________ 29 6. Additional research__________________________________________________ 29 Vermont Subsurface Tile Drainage Report 3 7. Incentives to encourage alternatives to tile _______________________________ 30 Next Steps __________________________________________________________________ 31 List of Figures Figure 1. Example of tile drains installed in an agricultural setting. Typical installations are 3 to 4 feet in depth. _______________________________________________________________ 7 Figure 2. Example of tile drainage in fields in the St. Albans Bay Watershed. _______________ 8 Figure 3. Example of soil macropores that facilitate the movement of nutrients through soil. 11 Figure 4. http://www.vectogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Julie-M-tile-drain- treatment-VEC-060816.pdf. ____________________________________________________ 15 List of Tables Table 1. Summary of Tile Drain Advisory Group Ranking of Tile Drainage Options Based on Feasibility Status _____________________________________________________________ 23 Table 2. Summary of Tile Drain Advisory Group Ranking of Tile Drainage Options Based on Impact Status _______________________________________________________________ 24 Table 3. Summary of Tile Drain Advisory Group Overall Rankings for Preferred Tile Management Options _________________________________________________________ 25 Appendices Appendix A. Lake Champlain Basin Program tile drain literature review Appendix B. Tile Drain Advisory Group report Vermont Subsurface Tile Drainage Report 4 The Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food and Markets (AAFM) and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (ANR) are pleased to submit this Subsurface Agricultural Tile Drainage Report to the Vermont Legislature. This report summarizes currently available tile drain research, the process the agencies used to solicit input and gather information on the current status of tile drainage in Vermont from local stakeholders and experts, a series of management options for tile drain management intended to mitigate adverse impacts to water quality, and recommendations for how best to implement each option. Additionally, the report identifies research and resource needs to further improve and enhance our understanding of the function and potential impacts of tile drainage. Both Agencies remain committed to the collaborative implementation of Act 64 and the Phase 1 Implementation Plan for Lake Champlain, as well as to the maintenance and protection of water quality throughout the state. This report represents our collective understanding and proposed response to an issue that presents unique opportunities and challenges – requiring creative ideas, continued scientific inquiry, landowner and partner input, and a strong resolve to protect water quality throughout Vermont. We are grateful to the Lake Champlain Basin Program for allowing the use of the draft Literature Review: Tile Drainage and Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Land, a project completed by Stone Environmental, Inc. in September, 2016. We also want to thank the members of the Tile Drain Advisory Group, which was convened immediately following the release of the draft literature review, and brought together a diverse group of stakeholders, including farmers/land stewards, environmental consulting organizations, agronomists and agricultural technical service providers, environmental advocacy organizations, and state and federal agency representatives. Anson Tebbetts Julia S. Moore, P.E. Secretary Secretary Vermont Agency of Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food and Markets Natural Resources Vermont Subsurface Tile Drainage Report 5 Introduction Act 64, Vermont’s Clean Water Act, signed into law in June 2015, requires the following: Section 4. 6 V.S.A. §4810a (b) is added to Forest Products, and the Senate read: committee on Agriculture regarding the On or before January 15, 2018, the status of current, scientific research Secretary of Agriculture, Food and Markets relating to the environmental shall amend by rule the required management of subsurface agriculture agricultural practices in order to include tile drainage and how subsurface requirements for reducing nutrient agriculture tile drainage contributes to contribution to waters of the State from nutrient loading of surface waters. The subsurface tile drainage. Upon adoption of report shall include a recommendation requirements for subsurface tile drainage, from the Secretary of Agriculture, Food the Secretary may require an existing and markets and the Secretary of subsurface tile drain to comply with the Natural Resources regarding how best requirements of the RAPs for subsurface tile to manage subsurface agriculture tile drainage upon a determination that drainage in the State in order to compliance is necessary to reduce adverse mitigate and prevent the contribution of impacts to water quality from the tile drainage to waters of the State. subsurface tile drain. (b) On or before January 15, 2016, the Section 5. Report on Management of Secretary of Agriculture, Food and Subsurface Tile Drainage Markets and the Secretary of Natural (a) The Secretary of Agriculture, Food and Resources shall submit an interim Markets and the Secretary of Natural report that summarizes the progress of Resources, after consultation with the the Secretaries in preparing the report U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Natural required by this section. The Secretary Resource Conservation Service, shall of Agriculture, Food and Markets and submit a joint report to the House the Secretary of Natural Resources Committee on Fish, Wildlife and Water shall submit the final report required Resources, the Senate Committee on by this section on or before January 15, Natural Resources and Energy, the 2017. House Committee on Agriculture and The Secretaries submitted a joint interim report to the Legislature
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Outlettingdrainagesystems
    MINNESOTA WETLAND RESTORATION GUIDE OUTLETTING DRAINAGE SYSTEMS TECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENT Document No.: WRG 4A-3 Publication Date: 10/14/2015 Table of Contents Introduction Application Design Considerations Construction Requirements Other Considerations Cost Maintenance Additional References INTRODUCTION be possible. However, strategies to address incoming drainage systems as part of restoration In Minnesota, wetlands planned for restoration are do exist and should be considered, when feasible. commonly drained by surface drainage ditches and These strategies include rerouting incoming subsurface drainage tile. These drainage systems drainage systems away from or around planned often extend upstream from planned restoration wetland restorations or when possible, outletting sites and provide drainage to neighboring lands them directly into planned wetlands or other not part of a restoration project. suitable areas within the restoration site. The restoration of wetlands in these types of APPLICATION drainage scenarios provides a number of design and construction challenges and may not always This Technical Guidance Document focuses on strategies to design effective and functional outlets within restoration sites for neighboring upstream drainage systems. The design of drainage system outlets will primarily be dependent on the type, location, elevation and grade of the drainage system as it approaches and enters the restoration site. If the approaching drainage system is steep enough in grade, then it may be possible to modify it and construct an effective and functional outlet directly onto the restoration site. The design will also be influenced by the general landscape of the planned outlet’s location and, if part of a wetland restoration, the type of wetland being restored. Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Tile Drainage and Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Land
    TECHNICALTECHNICAL REPORTREPORT NO.NO. 8377 Literature Review: Tile Drainage and Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Land November 2016 Final Report Prepared by: Julie Moore Stone Environmental, Inc. For: The Lake Champlain Basin Program and New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission This report was funded and prepared under the authority of the Lake Champlain Special Designation Act of 1990, P.L. 101-596 and subsequent reauthorization in 2002 as the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Lake Champlain Basin Program Act, H. R. 1070, through the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA grant #EPA LC- 96133701-0). Publication of this report does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views of the states of New York and Vermont, the Lake Champlain Basin Program, or the US EPA. The Lake Champlain Basin Program has funded more than 80 technical reports and research studies since 1991. For complete list of LCBP Reports please visit: http://www.lcbp.org/media-center/publications-library/publication-database/ NEIWPCC Job Code: 0100-310-002 Project Code: L-2016-060 Literature Review: Tile Drainage and Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Land PROJECT NO. PREPARED FOR: SUBMITTED BY: 15-309 Eric Howe / Basin Program Manager Julie Moore, P.E. / Senior Engineer Lake Champlain Basin Program Stone Environmental, Inc. 54 West Shore Road 535 Stone Cutters Way Grand Isle, VT 05458 Montpelier, VT 05602 jmoore@stone-env.com 802.229.1881 Executive Summary Tile drainage works by providing an open pathway for soil water to drain away, lowering the water table and allowing the upper soil layers to dry out. For farmers, tile drainage has multiple benefits: better growing conditions, improved soil structure, enhanced trafficability, more timely planting and harvest, and improved yields.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring and Modeling the Effect of Agricultural Drainage and Recent
    water Article Monitoring and Modeling the Effect of Agricultural Drainage and Recent Channel Incision on Adjacent Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems Philip J. Gerla Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of North Dakota, 81 Cornell Street, Stop 8358, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8358, USA; phil.gerla@engr.und.edu; Tel.: +1-701-777-3305 Received: 8 February 2019; Accepted: 20 April 2019; Published: 25 April 2019 Abstract: Channel incision isolates flood plains, disrupts sediment transport, and degrades riparian ecology. Reactivation and periodicity of incision may affect the water table and hydrological conditions far beyond the stream margin. Long-term incision and its recent acceleration along Iron Springs Creek, North Dakota, USA, has affected adjacent ecosystems. An agricultural surface drain empties directly into the original spring-fed source of the creek, which triggered channel erosion both up- and downstream. Historical maps, recent LiDAR, and field surveying were used to characterize incision since ditch excavation in 1911. Although the soils are sandy, small hydrological gradients impede natural drainage in the surrounding stabilized dunes. Incision resulting from expanded drainage and increased precipitation has been as much as 5 m. Numerical models of lateral groundwater profiles corroborated with field measurements show that the nearby water table responds quickly, becoming deeper and less variable. With 1 m of recent incision, model evapotranspiration rates are decreased 50% to 15% from the channel margin to 1 km, respectively, and the hydropattern disrupted >1 km. Species diversity is reduced and floristic quality is 25% less near the drain. A near-channel solution to erosion—fencing out cattle—failed to mitigate the problem because a broader watershed approach was necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 14 Water Management (Drainage)
    Title 210 – National Engineering Handbook Part 650 Engineering Field Handbook National Engineering Handbook Chapter 14 Water Management (Drainage) (210-650-H, 2nd Ed., Feb 2021) Title 210 – National Engineering Handbook Issued February 2021 In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at How to File a Program Discrimination Complaint and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Management Practices for Agricultural Ditch Management in the Phase 6 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model
    CBP/TRS-326-19 Best Management Practices for Agricultural Ditch Management in the Phase 6 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model DRAFT for CBP partnership review and feedback: September 4, 2019 Prepared for Chesapeake Bay Program 410 Severn Avenue Annapolis, MD 21403 Prepared by Agricultural Ditch Management BMP Expert Panel: Ray Bryant, PhD, Panel Chair, USDA Agricultural Research Service Ann Baldwin, PE, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Brooks Cahall, PE, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control Laura Christianson, PhD PE, University of Illinois Dan Jaynes, PhD, USDA Agricultural Research Service Chad Penn, PhD, USDA Agricultural Research Service Stuart Schwartz, PhD, University of Maryland Baltimore County With: Clint Gill, Delaware Department of Agriculture Jeremy Hanson, Virginia Tech Loretta Collins, University of Maryland Mark Dubin, University of Maryland Brian Benham, PhD, Virginia Tech Allie Wagner, Chesapeake Research Consortium Lindsey Gordon, Chesapeake Research Consortium Support Provided by EPA Grant No. CB96326201 Acknowledgements The panel wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Andy Ward, PhD (Ohio State University, retired). Suggested Citation Bryant, R., Baldwin, A., Cahall, B., Christianson, L., Jaynes, D., Penn, C., and S. Schwartz. (2019). Best Management Practices for Agricultural Ditch Management in the Phase 6 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model. Collins, L., Hanson, J. and C. Gill, editors. CBP/TRS-326-19. [Approved by the CBP WQGIT Month DD, YYYY. <URL to report on CBP website>] Cover image: Sabrina Klick, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore. Executive Summary The Agricultural Ditch Management BMP Expert Panel convened in 2016 and deliberated to develop the recommendations described in this report in response to the Charge provided to the panel by the Agriculture Workgroup (Appendix D: Panel Charge and Scope of Work).
    [Show full text]
  • The Basics of Agricultural Tile Drainage
    The Basics of Agricultural Tile Drainage Basic Engineering Principals 2 John Panuska PhD, PE Natural Resources Extension Specialist Biological Systems Engineering Department UW Madison ASABE Tile Drain Standards Design Standard ASAE EP480 MAR1998 (R2008) Design of subsurface Drains in Humid Climates ASABE Tile Drain Standards Construction Standard ASAE EP481 FEB03 Construction of subsurface Drains in Humid Areas Drain Design Procedure I. Determine if and where an adequate outlet can be installed! II. Estimate hydraulic conductivity (K) based on soil type. III. Select drainage coefficient (Dc) based on crop and soil type. Drain Design Procedure IV. Select suitable depth for drains o Typical range 3 to 6 ft. o Cover greater than 2.5 ft o Depth / spacing balance to minimize cost V. Determine spacing o Use soil textural table guidelines o Use NRCS Web calculator. Drain Design Procedure VI. Size laterals and mains to accommodate the design flow. – Maintain minimum velocity to clean pipe. (0.5 ft / s - No silt; 1.4 ft / sec - w/silt) – Match pipe size to design flow. (telescoping the size of main) – Properly design outlet. Design Challenges The design process results in a design for a 2 to 5 year event, controlling larger events too costly. Every soil will be different and crop type matters. Costs/benefits will vary from year to year. Climate trends are unpredictable. Drain Tile Installation Equipment Tractor Backhoe Tile Plow Chain Trencher Wheel Trencher Drain Tile Materials Clay Tile (organic soils) Concrete Tile (mineral soils) Drain Pipe Materials - Polyethylene Plastic - Single wall corrugated Dual wall (smooth wall) Water enters the pipe through slots in wall I.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Papers.Pmd
    APPLICATION OF “SALTMOD” TO EVALUATE PREVENTIVE Nasir M. Khan*, MEASURES AGAINST HYDRO-SALINIZATION IN Bashir Ahmad**, M. Latif*** and Yohei Sato* AGRICULTURAL RURAL AREAS (A Case Study of Faisalabad, Pakistan) ABSTRACT the country, covering an area of 74,494 ha., to combat the twin menace (WAPDA, 1991). Monitoring and In Pakistan, the salt-affected soils are now covering evaluation of a project in different ways is a key-factor an area of 4.22 Mha, which constitutes about 26% of in its further planning and development. The irrigated rural area. About 55 Salinity Control and identification of causative factors and extent of the Reclamation Projects (SCRAP) were launched as a critical areas by salt-water balance studies help a remedial measures in the past with huge investments, great deal in the implementation of proper solutions mainly comprising vertical and surface drainage in future. system. The results were found generally far below expectations, due to many reasons/factors which were DESCRIPTION OF STUDY-AREA not taken into account before project-implementation. This model-study has been initiated, therefore, as an Large areas has been severely affected with the twin effort to test the generalized hydro-salinity model menace of waterlogging and salinization and ‘SaltMod’ for different soil and water-management thousands of hectares of land has gone out of scenaries and to evaluate the SCRAP project as production in the Fourth Drainage Project (FDP) area remedial measures in the rural areas in order to near Faisalabad. The FDP (SCARP scheme) project enhance over all agro-productivity. was initiated in 1983 and consists of many sub- drainage Sump units.
    [Show full text]
  • Drainage Water Management for Midwestern Row Crop Agriculture
    Drainage Water Management for Midwestern Row Crop Agriculture Agricultural Drainage Management Coalition P.O. Box 592 Owatonna, MN 55060 507.451.0073 Conservation Innovation Grant 68-3A75-6-116 Conservation Innovation Grant 68-3A75-6-116 TABLE OF CONTENTS Glossary ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Project Activities ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Collaborators ............................................................................................................................................... 11 CIG Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ 15 Demonstration Fields Sites ......................................................................................................................... 23 Indiana Site Descriptions ....................................................................................................................... 23 Indiana Water Management Plan ........................................................................................................... 32 Indiana Cropping and Yield data............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Actual Irrigation Management in the Irrigated Area Of
    AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGY JOURNAL OF NORTH AMERICA ISSN Print: 2151-7517, ISSN Online: 2151-7525, doi:10.5251/abjna.2012.3.3.105.116 © 2012, ScienceHuβ, http://www.scihub.org/ABJNA Estimation of root-zone salinity using SaltMod in the irrigated area of Kalaât El Andalous (Tunisia) 1*Ferjani Noura, 2Dhagari Hedi and 3Morri Mabrouka 1Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna Bizerte, Tunisia, University of Carthage 2Resources Management and Conservation Research Unit, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia (INAT), 43 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité Mahragène -Tunis 1002-Tunisia, University of Carthage 3Resources Management and Conservation Research Unit, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia (INAT), 43 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité Mahragène -Tunis 1002-Tunisia, University of Carthage *Corresponding author. E-mail adress: noura_ferjani@yahoo.fr ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to predict the root zone salinity in the irrigated area of Kalaât El Andalous using the SaltMod simulation model over 10 years. En general, the model predicts more or less similar values of electrical conductivity in the root zone. Highest electrical conductivity values equal to 7.7 dS m-1 would be reached during the irrigation season. Following the rains fall particularly during the winter season there would be a decrease of the soil salinity when the average minimum value of electrical conductivity would reach 3.1 dS m-1. This seasonal variation of root zone salinity was confirmed from the measured values. Investigations were made also to study the impact of varying drain spacing and drain depth on root zone salinity and water table depth and drain discharge. The simulation show that the decrease in the depth of the drain does not change significantly the root zone salinity which reaches 6.21 dS m-1 during the irrigation season and 3.67 dS m-1 during the non irrigated season.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Management 101 Table of Contents
    WATER MANAGEMENT 101 TABLE OF CONTENTS BETTER SUBSURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT DRIVES YIELD AND LOWERS RISK .............................................................3 WATER MANAGEMENT 101 .......................................................................................................................................................3 3 Goals of a Drainage System ...............................................................................................................................................4 Tile Spacing and Depth ..........................................................................................................................................................4 Drainage Coefficient ..............................................................................................................................................................5 THREE DRAINAGE MYTHS WE BET YOU’VE HEARD BEFORE .................................................................................................5 Tiling the wettest field = best ROI .........................................................................................................................................5 My crop will be hurt by drain tile in a dry summer. ..............................................................................................................5 Tile is really expensive. ..........................................................................................................................................................5 THE PROOF IS IN THE
    [Show full text]
  • Ndew Document Copy
    Potential Effects of Subsurface Drains on the Beneficial Use of Water in North Dakota. Addendum: Special Cases By W.M. Schuh Water Resources Investigation No. 45A North Dakota State Water Commission 2018 This report may be downloaded as a PDF file from the North Dakota State Water Commission website at: http://swc.nd.gov Click on Reports and Publications. Then, click on Water Resource Investigations, and scroll down to WRI No. 45A Potential Effects of Subsurface Drains on the Beneficial Use of Water in North Dakota. Addendum: Special Cases Prepared By W.M. Schuh North Dakota State Water Commission ND Water Resource Investigation No. 45A 2018 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Special cases of potential tile drainage impairment of the beneficial use of groundwater are examined. 1. Perforated pipe is sometimes placed below the water table between the collector/lift station for a drainage project and the final discharge point to offset buoyancy problems during construction. When an uncontrolled perforated pipe is placed below the water table of an aquifer, it functions as a horizontal well and will drain continuously, even when the design drain field is not flowing. For a drain field overlying an aquifer discharging to a river, the perforated pipe, in penetrating the alluvium bordering the river, will create an artificial spring, constantly draining the aquifer. Losses will be proportional to the length of the pipe, and can be substantial, depending on local circumstances. Perforated pipe should not be used, or when its use is necessary a final control structure should be placed near the final discharge point to prevent non-beneficial diversion of water when tile drains are not active.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Assessment of Subsurface Drainage Systems
    Performance Assessment of Subsurface Drainage Systems Case Studies from Egypt and Pakistan Henk Ritzema Alterra-ILRI Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen The Netherlands March 2007 ii Alterra-ILRI – Performance Assessment of Subsurface Drainage systems Performance Assessment of Subsurface Drainage Systems Case Studies from Egypt and Pakistan Henk Ritzema Alterra-ILRI Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen The Netherlands Alterra, Wageningen, 2007 Alterra-ILRI – Performance Assessment of Subsurface Drainage systems iii Abstract A case study set-up for the performance assessment of subsurface drainage systems for agricultural land drainage has been developed and 76 case studies from Egypt and Pakistan have been prepared. Based on these case studies, performance indicators for subsurface drainage systems have been derived and the main lessons learned to assess the performance of these systems have been summarized. Ritzema, H.P. 2007. “ Performance Assessment of Subsurface Drainage Systems - Case Studies from Egypt and Pakistan ”. Wageningen, Alterra, The Netherlands, 137pp. Keywords : Subsurface drainage, performance assessment indicators, planning, design, installation, operation and maintenance, Egypt, Pakistan To order this report and for more information contact: Ir. H.P. Ritzema Senior Researcher Alterra-ILRI Wageningen University and Research Centre P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Telephone: + 31 (0)317 486 607 Fax: +31 (0)317 419 000 Email: henk.ritzema@wur.nl © 2007 Alterra P.O. Box 47; 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Phone: + 31 317 474700; fax: +31 317 419000; e-mail: info.alterra@wur.nl No part of this publication may be reproduced or published in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system without the written permission of Alterra.
    [Show full text]