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Outlettingdrainagesystems
MINNESOTA WETLAND RESTORATION GUIDE OUTLETTING DRAINAGE SYSTEMS TECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENT Document No.: WRG 4A-3 Publication Date: 10/14/2015 Table of Contents Introduction Application Design Considerations Construction Requirements Other Considerations Cost Maintenance Additional References INTRODUCTION be possible. However, strategies to address incoming drainage systems as part of restoration In Minnesota, wetlands planned for restoration are do exist and should be considered, when feasible. commonly drained by surface drainage ditches and These strategies include rerouting incoming subsurface drainage tile. These drainage systems drainage systems away from or around planned often extend upstream from planned restoration wetland restorations or when possible, outletting sites and provide drainage to neighboring lands them directly into planned wetlands or other not part of a restoration project. suitable areas within the restoration site. The restoration of wetlands in these types of APPLICATION drainage scenarios provides a number of design and construction challenges and may not always This Technical Guidance Document focuses on strategies to design effective and functional outlets within restoration sites for neighboring upstream drainage systems. The design of drainage system outlets will primarily be dependent on the type, location, elevation and grade of the drainage system as it approaches and enters the restoration site. If the approaching drainage system is steep enough in grade, then it may be possible to modify it and construct an effective and functional outlet directly onto the restoration site. The design will also be influenced by the general landscape of the planned outlet’s location and, if part of a wetland restoration, the type of wetland being restored. Figure 1. -
Tile Drainage and Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Land
TECHNICALTECHNICAL REPORTREPORT NO.NO. 8377 Literature Review: Tile Drainage and Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Land November 2016 Final Report Prepared by: Julie Moore Stone Environmental, Inc. For: The Lake Champlain Basin Program and New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission This report was funded and prepared under the authority of the Lake Champlain Special Designation Act of 1990, P.L. 101-596 and subsequent reauthorization in 2002 as the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Lake Champlain Basin Program Act, H. R. 1070, through the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA grant #EPA LC- 96133701-0). Publication of this report does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views of the states of New York and Vermont, the Lake Champlain Basin Program, or the US EPA. The Lake Champlain Basin Program has funded more than 80 technical reports and research studies since 1991. For complete list of LCBP Reports please visit: http://www.lcbp.org/media-center/publications-library/publication-database/ NEIWPCC Job Code: 0100-310-002 Project Code: L-2016-060 Literature Review: Tile Drainage and Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Land PROJECT NO. PREPARED FOR: SUBMITTED BY: 15-309 Eric Howe / Basin Program Manager Julie Moore, P.E. / Senior Engineer Lake Champlain Basin Program Stone Environmental, Inc. 54 West Shore Road 535 Stone Cutters Way Grand Isle, VT 05458 Montpelier, VT 05602 [email protected] 802.229.1881 Executive Summary Tile drainage works by providing an open pathway for soil water to drain away, lowering the water table and allowing the upper soil layers to dry out. For farmers, tile drainage has multiple benefits: better growing conditions, improved soil structure, enhanced trafficability, more timely planting and harvest, and improved yields. -
Monitoring and Modeling the Effect of Agricultural Drainage and Recent
water Article Monitoring and Modeling the Effect of Agricultural Drainage and Recent Channel Incision on Adjacent Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems Philip J. Gerla Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of North Dakota, 81 Cornell Street, Stop 8358, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8358, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-701-777-3305 Received: 8 February 2019; Accepted: 20 April 2019; Published: 25 April 2019 Abstract: Channel incision isolates flood plains, disrupts sediment transport, and degrades riparian ecology. Reactivation and periodicity of incision may affect the water table and hydrological conditions far beyond the stream margin. Long-term incision and its recent acceleration along Iron Springs Creek, North Dakota, USA, has affected adjacent ecosystems. An agricultural surface drain empties directly into the original spring-fed source of the creek, which triggered channel erosion both up- and downstream. Historical maps, recent LiDAR, and field surveying were used to characterize incision since ditch excavation in 1911. Although the soils are sandy, small hydrological gradients impede natural drainage in the surrounding stabilized dunes. Incision resulting from expanded drainage and increased precipitation has been as much as 5 m. Numerical models of lateral groundwater profiles corroborated with field measurements show that the nearby water table responds quickly, becoming deeper and less variable. With 1 m of recent incision, model evapotranspiration rates are decreased 50% to 15% from the channel margin to 1 km, respectively, and the hydropattern disrupted >1 km. Species diversity is reduced and floristic quality is 25% less near the drain. A near-channel solution to erosion—fencing out cattle—failed to mitigate the problem because a broader watershed approach was necessary. -
Characterization of Groundwater Flow for Near Surface Disposal Facilities Iaea, Vienna, 2001 Iaea-Tecdoc-1199 Issn 1011–4289
IAEA-TECDOC-1199 Characterization of groundwater flow for near surface disposal facilities February 2001 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Waste Technology Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER FLOW FOR NEAR SURFACE DISPOSAL FACILITIES IAEA, VIENNA, 2001 IAEA-TECDOC-1199 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2001 Printed by the IAEA in Austria February 2001 FOREWORD The objective of adioactive waste disposal is to provide long term isolation of waste to protect humans and the environment while not imposing any undue burden on future generations. To meet this objective, establishment of a disposal system takes into account the characteristics of the waste and site concerned. In practice, low and intermediate level radioactive waste (LILW) with limited amounts of long lived radionuclides is disposed of at near surface disposal facilities for which disposal units are constructed above or below the ground surface up to several tens of meters in depth. Extensive experience in near surface disposal has been gained in Member States where a large number of such facilities have been constructed. The experience needs to be shared effectively by Member States which have limited resources for developing and/or operating near surface repositories. A set of technical reports is being prepared by the IAEA to provide Member States, especially developing countries, with technical guidance and current information on how to achieve the objective of near surface disposal through siting, design, operation, closure and post-closure controls. These publications are intended to address specific technical issues, which are important for the aforementioned disposal activities, such as waste package inspection and verification, monitoring, and long-term maintenance of records. -
Chapter 14 Water Management (Drainage)
Title 210 – National Engineering Handbook Part 650 Engineering Field Handbook National Engineering Handbook Chapter 14 Water Management (Drainage) (210-650-H, 2nd Ed., Feb 2021) Title 210 – National Engineering Handbook Issued February 2021 In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at How to File a Program Discrimination Complaint and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. -
Hydrological Controls on Salinity Exposure and the Effects on Plants in Lowland Polders
Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders Sija F. Stofberg Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee Personal chair Ecohydrology Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr J.P.M. Witte Extraordinary Professor, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Ecological Science VU Amsterdam and Principal Scientist at KWR Nieuwegein Other members Prof. Dr A.H. Weerts, Wageningen University & Research Dr G. van Wirdum Dr K.T. Rebel, Utrecht University Dr R.P. Bartholomeus, KWR Water, Nieuwegein This research was conducted under the auspices of the Research School for Socio- Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment (SENSE) Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders Sija F. Stofberg Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 07 June 2017 at 4 p.m. in the Aula. Sija F. Stofberg Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders, 172 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2017) With references, with summary in English ISBN: 978-94-6343-187-3 DOI: 10.18174/413397 Table of contents Chapter 1 General introduction .......................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 Fresh water lens persistence and root zone salinization hazard under temperate climate ............................................................................................ 17 Chapter 3 Effects of root mat buoyancy and heterogeneity on floating fen hydrology .. -
1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Prof. Charles Harvey Lecture Packet #1: Course Introduction, Water Balance Equation
1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Prof. Charles Harvey Lecture Packet #1: Course Introduction, Water Balance Equation Where does water come from? It cycles. The total supply doesn’t change much. 39 Moisture over 100 land Precipitation on land 385 Precipitation on ocean 61 424 Evaporation Evaporation from from the land the ocean Surface runoff Infiltration Evapotranspiration and evaporation Groundwater 38 surface recharge discharge Groundwater flow 1 Groundwater discharge Low permeability strata Hydrologic cycle with yearly flow volumes based on annual surface precipitation on earth, ~119,000 km3/year. 3000 BC – Ecclesiastes 1:7 (Solomon) “All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again.” Greek Philosophers (Plato, Aristotle) embraced the concept, but mechanisms were not understood. 17th Century – Pierre Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to explain flow of the Seine. 1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1 Prof. Charles Harvey Page 1 of 15 The earth’s energy (radiation) cycle Solar (shortwave) radiation Terrestrial (long-wave) radiation Reflected Outgoing Space Incoming 99.998 6 18 6 4 39 27 Backscattering by air Net radiant emission by greenhouse Reflection gases by clouds Net radiant Atmosphere emission by 11 Net clouds 4 absorption by Absorption greenhouse by clouds gasses & 20 clouds Absorption by Reflection atmosphere Net radiant Net by surface Net latent emission by sensible heat flux surface heat flux 46 15 7 24 Ocean and Absorption by Land surface Heating of surface 46 0.002 Circulation redistributes energy /yr) 2 20 0 cal cm 1 -20 -60 4.0 3.0 Total Flux Net radiation flux (10 flux Net radiation 2.0 Latent 1.0 Heat cal/yr) 22 0 Ocean -1.0 Currents Sensible Heat -2.0 Energy Transfer (10 Energy Transfer -3.0 -4.0 900 N 600 300 00 300 600 900 S Latitude 1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1 Prof. -
A Study on Water and Salt Transport, and Balance Analysis in Sand Dune–Wasteland–Lake Systems of Hetao Oases, Upper Reaches of the Yellow River Basin
water Article A Study on Water and Salt Transport, and Balance Analysis in Sand Dune–Wasteland–Lake Systems of Hetao Oases, Upper Reaches of the Yellow River Basin Guoshuai Wang 1,2, Haibin Shi 1,2,*, Xianyue Li 1,2, Jianwen Yan 1,2, Qingfeng Miao 1,2, Zhen Li 1,2 and Takeo Akae 3 1 College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; [email protected] (G.W.); [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (Q.M.); [email protected] (Z.L.) 2 High Efficiency Water-saving Technology and Equipment and Soil Water Environment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China 3 Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-13500613853 or +86-04714300177 Received: 1 November 2020; Accepted: 4 December 2020; Published: 9 December 2020 Abstract: Desert oases are important parts of maintaining ecohydrology. However, irrigation water diverted from the Yellow River carries a large amount of salt into the desert oases in the Hetao plain. It is of the utmost importance to determine the characteristics of water and salt transport. Research was carried out in the Hetao plain of Inner Mongolia. Three methods, i.e., water-table fluctuation (WTF), soil hydrodynamics, and solute dynamics, were combined to build a water and salt balance model to reveal the relationship of water and salt transport in sand dune–wasteland–lake systems. Results showed that groundwater level had a typical seasonal-fluctuation pattern, and the groundwater transport direction in the sand dune–wasteland–lake system changed during different periods. -
Best Management Practices for Agricultural Ditch Management in the Phase 6 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model
CBP/TRS-326-19 Best Management Practices for Agricultural Ditch Management in the Phase 6 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model DRAFT for CBP partnership review and feedback: September 4, 2019 Prepared for Chesapeake Bay Program 410 Severn Avenue Annapolis, MD 21403 Prepared by Agricultural Ditch Management BMP Expert Panel: Ray Bryant, PhD, Panel Chair, USDA Agricultural Research Service Ann Baldwin, PE, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Brooks Cahall, PE, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control Laura Christianson, PhD PE, University of Illinois Dan Jaynes, PhD, USDA Agricultural Research Service Chad Penn, PhD, USDA Agricultural Research Service Stuart Schwartz, PhD, University of Maryland Baltimore County With: Clint Gill, Delaware Department of Agriculture Jeremy Hanson, Virginia Tech Loretta Collins, University of Maryland Mark Dubin, University of Maryland Brian Benham, PhD, Virginia Tech Allie Wagner, Chesapeake Research Consortium Lindsey Gordon, Chesapeake Research Consortium Support Provided by EPA Grant No. CB96326201 Acknowledgements The panel wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Andy Ward, PhD (Ohio State University, retired). Suggested Citation Bryant, R., Baldwin, A., Cahall, B., Christianson, L., Jaynes, D., Penn, C., and S. Schwartz. (2019). Best Management Practices for Agricultural Ditch Management in the Phase 6 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model. Collins, L., Hanson, J. and C. Gill, editors. CBP/TRS-326-19. [Approved by the CBP WQGIT Month DD, YYYY. <URL to report on CBP website>] Cover image: Sabrina Klick, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore. Executive Summary The Agricultural Ditch Management BMP Expert Panel convened in 2016 and deliberated to develop the recommendations described in this report in response to the Charge provided to the panel by the Agriculture Workgroup (Appendix D: Panel Charge and Scope of Work). -
The Basics of Agricultural Tile Drainage
The Basics of Agricultural Tile Drainage Basic Engineering Principals 2 John Panuska PhD, PE Natural Resources Extension Specialist Biological Systems Engineering Department UW Madison ASABE Tile Drain Standards Design Standard ASAE EP480 MAR1998 (R2008) Design of subsurface Drains in Humid Climates ASABE Tile Drain Standards Construction Standard ASAE EP481 FEB03 Construction of subsurface Drains in Humid Areas Drain Design Procedure I. Determine if and where an adequate outlet can be installed! II. Estimate hydraulic conductivity (K) based on soil type. III. Select drainage coefficient (Dc) based on crop and soil type. Drain Design Procedure IV. Select suitable depth for drains o Typical range 3 to 6 ft. o Cover greater than 2.5 ft o Depth / spacing balance to minimize cost V. Determine spacing o Use soil textural table guidelines o Use NRCS Web calculator. Drain Design Procedure VI. Size laterals and mains to accommodate the design flow. – Maintain minimum velocity to clean pipe. (0.5 ft / s - No silt; 1.4 ft / sec - w/silt) – Match pipe size to design flow. (telescoping the size of main) – Properly design outlet. Design Challenges The design process results in a design for a 2 to 5 year event, controlling larger events too costly. Every soil will be different and crop type matters. Costs/benefits will vary from year to year. Climate trends are unpredictable. Drain Tile Installation Equipment Tractor Backhoe Tile Plow Chain Trencher Wheel Trencher Drain Tile Materials Clay Tile (organic soils) Concrete Tile (mineral soils) Drain Pipe Materials - Polyethylene Plastic - Single wall corrugated Dual wall (smooth wall) Water enters the pipe through slots in wall I. -
The Exact Groundwater Divide on Water Table Between Two Rivers: a Fundamental Model Investigation
Article The Exact Groundwater Divide on Water Table between Two Rivers: A Fundamental Model Investigation Peng-Fei Han, Xu-Sheng Wang *, Li Wan, Xiao-Wei Jiang and Fu-Sheng Hu Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] (P.-F.H.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (X.-W.J.); [email protected] (F.-S.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-82322008 Received: 13 March 2019; Accepted: 1 April 2019; Published: 2 April 2019 Abstract: The groundwater divide within a plane has long been delineated as a water table ridge composed of the local top points of a water table. This definition has not been examined well for river basins. We developed a fundamental model of a two-dimensional unsaturated–saturated flow in a profile between two rivers. The exact groundwater divide can be identified from the boundary between two local flow systems and compared with the top of a water table. It is closer to the river of a higher water level than the top of a water table. The catchment area would be overestimated (up to ~50%) for a high river and underestimated (up to ~15%) for a low river by using the top of the water table. Furthermore, a pass-through flow from one river to another would be developed below two local flow systems when the groundwater divide is significantly close to a high river. Keywords: groundwater divide; water table; unsaturated–saturated flow; catchment area; pass- through flow 1. -
The Hydrogeology Challenge: Water for the World TEACHER’S GUIDE
The Hydrogeology Challenge: Water for the World TEACHER’S GUIDE Why is learning about groundwater important? • 95% of the water used in the United States comes from groundwater. • About half of the people in the United States get their drinking water from groundwater. In the future, the water industry will need leaders that can understand, interpret and manipulate groundwater models to make informed decisions. Geologists, agricultural scientists, petroleum engineers, civil engineers, and environmental engineers play an important role in deciding how to use and protect groundwater. The Hydrogeology Challenge introduces students to groundwater modeling and the role it plays in groundwater management. It challenges students to use an interactive computer model to think critically about groundwater resources. The Hydrogeology Challenge has been successfully utilized in educational settings including as a Division C Science Olympiad event and a complement to standard lessons. INTRODUCTION The Hydrogeology Challenge introduces groundwater characteristics in a fun and easy to understand way. It leads students step-by-step through a series of simple calculations that reveal information about how groundwater moves. The Hydrogeology Challenge can be used in a variety of ways in the classroom: • a teacher-led activity • an independent student activity • a team activity This instruction guide demonstrates key principles of the computer program so you can comfortably use the Hydrogeology Challenge in your classroom. Additional features to enhance student learning are available (information on page 6). KEY TOPICS: Aquifer, Contamination/pollution prevention, Earth science/geology, Groundwater, Water use GRADE LEVEL: High School, Undergraduate DURATION: 20 consecutive minutes to complete the challenge, variable for application OBJECTIVES: Understand basic groundwater modeling | Determine groundwater characteristics through basic calculations | Understand assumptions of the computer model.