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Recherches & Documents N° 06/2013 recherches & documents Décembre 2013 L’impact de la montée en puissance de la zone Asie sur le repositionnement des moyens de lutte sous-marine déployés en Atlantique YVES BOYER - PATRICK HÉBRARD WWW . FRSTRATEGIE . ORG Édité et diffusé par la Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique 4 bis rue des Pâtures – 75016 PARIS ISSN : 1966-5156 ISBN : 978-2-911101-76-2 EAN : 9782911101762 WWW.FRSTRATEGIE.ORG 4 BIS RUE DES PÂTURES 75016 PARIS TÉL.01 43 13 77 77 FAX 01 43 13 77 78 SIRET 394 095 533 00052 TVA FR74 394 095 533 CODE APE 7220Z FONDATION RECONNUE D'UTILITÉ PUBLIQUE – DÉCRET DU 26 FÉVRIER 1993 SOMMAIRE PREAMBULE ........................................................................................................................... 5 RESUME ................................................................................................................................. 7 DONNEES GENERALES ............................................................................................................ 9 Le contexte géostratégique ........................................................................................... 9 Les données géographiques et océanographiques ....................................................10 Géographie ..................................................................................................................10 Océanographie de l’océan Pacifique occidental ...........................................................10 LA MONTEE EN PUISSANCE DE LA CHINE .................................................................................19 Élaboration d’une stratégie maritime ...........................................................................20 La Marine chinoise en 2012 .........................................................................................22 Une stratégie maritime sur le long terme ......................................................................23 La mer de Chine – zone d’intérêts vitaux et de tensions ............................................24 Les enjeux en Mer de Chine du sud .............................................................................24 La mer de Chine orientale ............................................................................................29 Les zones d’intérêts stratégiques – le Pacifique NW et les lignes de communication .........................................................................................................33 Le Pacifique NW ..........................................................................................................33 Les lignes de communication .......................................................................................34 Les zones d’intérêts économiques et d’influence .......................................................37 La recherche océanographique ....................................................................................37 La Chine et les pôles ...................................................................................................38 Les retombées maritimes du programme spatial chinois ..............................................39 Les implantations chinoises dans le monde .................................................................40 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................43 FACE A LA CHINE : VIGILANCE ET PARTENARIATS ....................................................................45 Les pays de l’ASEAN .....................................................................................................45 Le Vietnam ...................................................................................................................45 Les Philippines .............................................................................................................46 La Malaisie ...................................................................................................................47 L’Indonésie ..................................................................................................................47 FONDATION pour la RECHERCHE STRATÉ GIQUE 3 L’IMPACT DE LA MONTEE EN PUISSANCE DE LA ZONE ASIE SUR LE REPOSITIONNEMENT DES MOYENS DE LUTTE SOUS-MARINE DEPLOYES EN ATLANTIQUE RECHERCHES & DOCUMENTS N° 06/2013 Singapour ....................................................................................................................48 La Thaïlande ................................................................................................................48 Taiwan ............................................................................................................................48 La Corée du Sud ............................................................................................................49 Le Japon .........................................................................................................................49 L’Australie ......................................................................................................................50 L’Inde 50 La Russie ........................................................................................................................51 Les États-Unis ................................................................................................................53 Posture de défense américaine à l’horizon 2020 : réaménagement vers l’océan Indien et le Pacifique ...............................................................................53 La politique d’alliance dans la zone Pacifique ouest .....................................................55 La politique américaine vis-à-vis de la Chine ...............................................................55 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................57 LA LUTTE ASM EN ASIE .........................................................................................................59 La navigation sous-marine en mer de Chine ...............................................................59 Les forces sous-marines et anti sous-marines en présence ......................................61 La Chine ......................................................................................................................61 Les pays de l’ASEAN ...................................................................................................63 Corée du Sud et Japon ................................................................................................64 L’Inde et l’Australie .......................................................................................................65 La Russie .....................................................................................................................65 Les États-Unis .............................................................................................................66 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................70 CONSEQUENCES POUR LA FRANCE .........................................................................................71 La France et le Pacifique ...............................................................................................71 Une nouvelle donne maritime .......................................................................................71 RECOMMANDATIONS ..............................................................................................................75 CONCLUSION .........................................................................................................................77 4 FONDATION pour la RECHERCHE STRATÉ GIQUE Préambule Les flottes de combat des pays asiatiques connaissent depuis plusieurs années une forte croissance, avec, en particulier, un développement des composantes sous-marines, dans une zone compliquée pour la navigation, en raison de la configuration des fonds, de la présence de nombreux détroits et de la densité du trafic maritime. Cet attrait pour les sous-marins ne répond pas toujours à des impératifs stratégiques ; pour certains pays, il s’agit davantage d’une question de prestige. Quoi qu’il en soit, cette rapide prolifération fait peser une menace sur le trafic maritime et sur les flottes que les pays doivent prendre en compte ce qui les conduit à renforcer leur dispositif anti-sous-marin, et à l’adapter aux conditions particulières de la zone. Partant de ces considérations générales, il semble que le facteur déclenchant soit à rechercher dans l’avènement de la Chine, non seulement comme puissance économique mais aussi désormais comme puissance stratégique se dotant patiemment de tous les FONDATION pour la RECHERCHE STRATÉ GIQUE 5 L’IMPACT DE LA MONTEE EN PUISSANCE DE LA ZONE ASIE SUR LE REPOSITIONNEMENT DES MOYENS DE LUTTE SOUS-MARINE DEPLOYES EN ATLANTIQUE RECHERCHES & DOCUMENTS N° 06/2013 constituants d’une puissance mondiale, en particulier militaires et navals. « Si la Chine devait mener une classique politique de puissance et de fait accompli ; si elle cherchait à devenir une « Amérique asiatique », qui, comme elle, serait souvent trop unilatéra- liste, trop polluante et pourquoi pas, elle aussi, un jour militariste sans pour autant être aussi démocratique que les États-Unis ; si elle visait à reconstituer un monde bipolaire, cette fois-ci autour d’elle-même et des États-Unis ; si elle prétendait imposer
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