July 22, 2020
Thai Enquirer Summary
Political News
Thais will soon learn if the country will see another extension of the state of emergency for another month. The prospect arose after the Centre for Covid-19 Situation Administration (CCSA)’s subcommittee tasked with considering the easing of lockdown restrictions agreed at a meeting yesterday (July 21) to propose extending the state of emergency until the end of August.
The CCSA subcommittee’s decision will be proposed to the CCSA’s meeting today (July 22).
Prime Minister and Defence Minister Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha who chairs the CCSA came out to defend the proposed extension of the state of emergency as he said an extension has nothing to do with anti-government protests that has gained momentum in the past few days.
He insisted that the state of emergency was still necessary because the existing laws do not cover some aspects relating to controlling the COVID-10 pandemic, and assured that it is not related to anti-government protests which can be dealt with under public assembly laws.
Separately, Prime Minister and Defence Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha came out to confirm that the line-up of new ministers for the upcoming cabinet reshuffle has been completed.
Gen Prayut insisted that there is no conflict between him and Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwan, also Phalang Pracharat Party (PPRP) leader, over the potential list of new ministers. However, when asked by reporters if he made the decision about the new ministers by himself, Gen Prayut insisted that the choices were not based on a party quota system.
He went on to thank Phalang Pracharat. He said everyone has the right to talk but the person who made the decisions is him.
After the vetting process, the list of potential new ministers will be forwarded to His Majesty the King for approval after which they will take an oath of allegiance before they start work.
The reshuffle has been triggered by the resignations of 6 ministers.
The issue in the reshuffle appears to be the energy portfolio after PPRP deputy leader Paiboon Nititawan said the party wants to reserve the energy portfolio to Suriya Juangroongruangkit, the incumbent industry minister.
Gen Prayut himself favours Pairin Chuchotethavorn, former deputy transport minister and former CEO of PTT.
At the Phalang Pracharat Party (PPRP)’s meeting of MPs at 14.00 hrs yesterday (July 21), there are reports that PPRP MPs are trying to push for Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwan to take over the interior portfolio from incumbent interior minister Gen Anupong Paojinda.
The meeting agreed that it wants Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwan to take over the interior portfolio, replacing Gen Anupong Paojinda. This is to have Gen Prawit taken control of elections at all levels.
The proposal was pushed by Pai Leeke, a PPRP MP for Kamphaeng Petch.
The proposal got the overwhelming support of MPs but it will need to approval from the party’s executive committee.
In an interview with the media afterwards, Gen Prawit has rejected the proposal to double as Interior Minister. He simply said he could hardly walk. Other people can take on the job.
Later at 16.00 hrs, the Phalang Pracharat Party (PPPR) organised a meeting of the party’s executive committee chaired by Deputy Prime Minister Gen Prawit Wongsuwan. The meeting discussed the results of its meeting of MPs held early on which saw 5 names proposed as new ministers for cabinet reshuffle. The meeting of MPs agreed to nominate Gen Prawit for the Interior Minister post Suriya Jungrungreangkit as the Energy Minister Anucha Nakasai as the Industry Minister Naruemon Pinyosinwat to the position of PM’s office minister Suchart Chomklin as Labour Minister.
However, a source with the party said the list of nominees for cabinet posts under the party’s quota proposed by the meeting of PPRP MPs yesterday (July 21) had been rejected by Gen Prayut.
It is said that the PPRP will receive no more than 3 cabinet posts with 2 possibilities: One is Suriya tipped as the Energy Minister and Anucha as Industry Minister while Suchart would likely be name the higher education, science and
innovations minister or PM’s office minister if Suthep Thaugsuban, of the Ruam Phalang Prachachartthai Party, insisted to keep the labour portfolio.
Another possibility is that Suriya will be forced to keep the industry portfolio if Gen Prayut insisted to give the role of the energy minister to Pailin Chuchottaworn. Anucha will then be given the higher education, science and innovations minister. That will leave Suchart to compete with Naruemon for the PM’s office minister post.
Gen Prawit is expected to submit the PPRP’s nomination list to Gen Prayut today (July 22).
Political analysts have come out to say that they feel that there is every likelihood that outsiders would not come join the cabinet because there is already so much fiction from the PPRP for outsiders.
They say that the 4 ministers of the Somkid Jatusripitak faction quit because of the fiction in the PPRP and not many would have the guts to come to the Cabinet with just strong opposition from the party members even though Prayut says that it is his call to make the Cabinet reshuffle.
Flash mobs against the government have now spread all over the country.
Flash mob protests organised by university students and the general public nationwide is set to continue today as well with various protests organized including:
July 22 – Rallies in 4 venues including Chonburi province near Laem Thaen Bang Saen Beach Mahasarakham University Prae province
Nong Pai district in Petchabun.
July 23 - Rallies in Bueng Phra Ram Public Park in Ayutthaya Rangsit University Ratchadanusorn Public Park in Khon Kaen.
July 24: the “Coalition of Salaya Students” is set to convene to read out a statement calling for Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha to step down. Other activities on the same day are to be held in Lamphun city center Udon Thani province.
July 29 – The New Life Network’s rally in Nakhon Sawan Nakhon Ratchasima.
August 1 – Rallies in Ratchaburi Roi Et.
The Pheu Thai Party had an annual general meeting (AGM) yesterday (July 21). During the AGM, party leader Sompong Amornwiwat issued a statement calling on the government to follow 4 demands to find a way out of the current political conflict including:
The government must listen to the people and exercise patience to solve problems and refrain from using force or violence on those with differing views. Sompong also called for protesters of all groups to exercise their right under the constitution and conduct peaceful rallies.
The government must support the drafting of a new constitution.
It is now time for the government to allow people to get back to work and earn a living by turning the COVId-19 crisis into opportunity. Sompong called for a 3-year exemption from any business obstacles to allow operators to have enough time to resuscitate their business.
The government must pass laws in an urgent manner to allow the people, especially small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to help raise their bargain power in the market.
The Election Commission (EC) endorsed Wattana Sithiwang of the Palang Pracharat Party as a new MP as a result of his win in the by-election in Lampang’s Constituency 4 despite electoral fraud complaints.
The EC insisted that it would continue to probe into complaints relating to vote- buying and poll fraud despite its announcement of Wattana as the winner.
The poll agency reportedly sent letters to complainers including former election commissioner Somchai Srisutthiyakorn who filed a complaint about poll fraud in evidence.
On the progress on local elections, the Election Commission said it has finished drawing up constituency boundaries for provincial administration organisations (PAOs) in 77 provinces.
The demarcation of constituency boundaries for PAOs of 19 provinces has been published in the Royal Gazette, says EC chairman Itthiporn Boonprakong, adding that the rest is to follow.
The EC also finished the demarcation of electoral boundaries for local municipalities in 55 provinces. It expects to complete the drawing up of electrical boundaries in 22 provinces soon.
Separately, Election Commission (EC) chairman Itthiporn Boonprakong confirmed that the EC is confident to complete its investigation into donations given to 32 political parties.
He said the EC has made good progress given that it was asked to handle complaints regarding donations to nearly 100 parties. The EC is required to examine history of those parties in details dated back to 3-4 years.
Economic News
The Cabinet approved yesterday (July 21) a one-time payment of 15,000 baht for workers who are insured under Section 33 of the Social Security Act and have been contributing to the social security fund for less than 6 months.
The approval is part of the government scheme to compensate employees who have been affected by the COVID-19 crisis but are not covered by the Labour Ministry’s 896.64-million-baht relief package. Around 59,776 workers who are insured under Section 33 of the Social Security Act and have been contributing to the social security fund for less than 6 months are among the targeted groups to receive this one-off payment.
The selection committee for Governor of the Bank of Thailand (BoT) has come up with a shortlist of 2 final contenders for the BoT’s top job, with one being an insider and the other an external applicant.
The board has finalised 2 names as suitable people, according to Rangsan Srivorasart, chairman of the selection committee. The committee has eliminated 4
the 6 candidates applying for the post after they were asked to give their visions yesterday (July 21).
Four candidates who were given their visions yesterday are BoT insiders Mathee Supapongse and Ronadol Numnonda; Tongjai Thanachanan, former head of institutional business at Ayudhya JF Asset Management and Anusorn Tamajai, director of business reform at Rangsit University, according to source with the Central Bank.
Tongjai and Suchart did not meet the selection criteria, the source said.
The Government Lottery Office (GLO) board is pushing for the sales of lottery tickets through the mobile phone channel.
The GLO board is set to hold a meeting this week to discuss impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on lottery ticket sales, according to a source with the Finance Ministry. The board plans to propose key channels for selling lottery tickets to the Cabinet, highlighting the mobile phone channel as the key strategy.
The GLO plans to hold a seminar with focus groups, especially all stakeholders, to explain rules for different types of lottery tickets including a two- and three- digit lottery game, the “12 Thai Zodiac” picture-based draw game and the traditional lottery game.
A leading medical profession came out to oppose the travel bubble plan which would allow small groups of foreign tourists to visit Thailand.
Associate Professor Thira Woratanarat, a health expert at Chulalongkorn University’s faculty of medicine, called for the government to scrap the idea of a travel bubble scheme, saying that the idea should be shelved for another 6 months because of the high-risk of COVID-19 outbreak.
In his Facebook post, Thira said the global COVID-19 situation remains of serious concern. New infections in several countries are still surging, with more than 200,000 new cases in the past 24 hours and total infections worldwide expected to pass 15 million.
He pointed that screening of arrivals at their departure point cannot be fully trusted in that there is a chance that some infections escape detection.
Thira suggested that Thailand reduce its dependency on tourism, as a major source of revenue, by shifting to other businesses until vaccines are widely available to fight the spread of COVID-19.
Shares of Minor International Plc (MINT) surged more than 8.56% or 1.60 baht to close the day at 20.30 baht yesterday (July 21) in heavy turnover of more than 2.952 billion baht. MINT shares shot up to the day’s peak of 20.50 baht before dropping to the lowest at 18.90 baht.
KTB Securities (Thailand) said the key factors that pushed up MINT shares are signs of improvement in the hotel business, the shareholders’ move to exercise their rights to buy shares which MINT shares to trade at 17.50 baht and good news about COVID-19 vaccine programs.
Krungsri Securities said MINT operating results in the second quarter 2020 is expected to be the lowest point of this year. The brokerage house expect MINT to report 5.8 billion baht in losses from ordinary results, compared to profit of 2.1 billion baht in the second quarter of 2019.
Prayut commented on the 4-5 star hotels raising their rates to take advantage of the policy of the government to promote domestic tourism.
The cabinet has discussed this and if hotels raise their rates ‘beyond normal’ then they will be blacklisted.
Prayut said that it would be on a working day and pocket money would be raised to 900 baht from 600 baht
Total of 6,000 hotels have participated in this program
Total of 4 million people have registered so far and about 100,000 have already used the program
The National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) revealed assets of 2 high-level executives of state-run banks, namely Krungthai Bank President Payong Srivanich and Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) President Apirom Sukprasert after 3 years in office.
Payong and his spouse have assets totalling 468,440,448 baht and debts of 5,808,171 baht. Payong reported 34,934,829 million baht in total income, 25,994,845 baht in total expenditures after 3 years in office.
Apirom and his spouse reported total assets of 137,150,660 baht with no liabilities. the BAAC President reported 48,421,005 baht in total income during 3 years in office and 2.8 million baht in expenditures.
Meanwhile Bangkok Bank Plc, the country’s largest commercial bank by asset size, that is not owned by the state, came out to reveal its 2nd quarter results.
The bank’s earnings according to its statement issued at around 20:30 hrs last night, states that its 2nd quarter profits includes the latest acquisition in Indonesia - PT Bank Permata Tbk (Permata), which will announce its 2nd quarter results on July 29th to the Jakarta stock exchange.
In the first half of 2020, Bangkok Bank and its subsidiaries reported a net profit of 10.765 billion baht including Permata’s net profit since the date the acquisition was completed
At the end of June 2020, the Bank’s loans amounted to 2.35 trillion baht, an increase of 14.2 per cent from the end of 2019. When excluding Permata, loans grew by 3.4 per cent from increases in loans to businesses in line with the projection late last year.
Quarter 2 6 Months 2020 2019 2020 2019
3,094,984 9,347,005 10,765,492 18,375,301 Unit – million baht
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General News
Thailand logged in 5 new COVID-19 cases, all in state quarantine after returning from abroad.
Of the 5 new infections recorded in the past 24 hours, 3 of them returned from Egypt on July 8 and have since been isolated at state quarantine in Chon Buri province.
The fourth case is a Thai student returning from Japan on July 7 who was admitted to hospital after he developed a fever. The first test cleared him of the virus but a second test conducted on July 18, confirmed his infection. The fifth case is a returnee from Sudan.
Cumulative infections in Thailand, to date, are 3,255 with 3,105 recoveries and 92 others still in hospital. The country’s death toll remains 58.
On the global front the number of infections has gone above 15 million with death at 619,410
US continued to lead the world and its President Donald Trump came out to say that he thinks that the virus situation in the country would get ‘worse before it gets better’
Political News Headlines in Thai Media
A list of ministerial candidates for the new cabinet has been drawn up, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-ocha said on Tuesday.
o Link- https://www.thaienquirer.com/15859/a-list-of-new-cabinet-members-has-been- drawn-up-the-pm-said-extension-of-the-soe-will-be-decided-on-wednesday/
Coup-makers can keep on underestimating the student protestors by calling them a “cute little mob” but history has proven otherwise.
o Link- https://www.thaienquirer.com/15854/opinion-criticisms-of-the-student- movement-shows-governments-insecurity/
Students and activists from Hong Kong and Southeast Asia have expressed solidarity with Thai students after the latter held anti-government demonstrations this past weekend.
o Link- https://www.thaienquirer.com/15822/support-pours-in-for-thai-pro-democracy- demonstrators-from-hong-kong-and-the-region/
Following large anti-government demonstrations this past weekend, the student protesters have given the government an ultimatum. They say the Prayut Chan-ocha administration must dissolve parliament within the next two weeks or face even larger, prolonged protests.
o Link- https://www.thaienquirer.com/15819/analysis-what-are-the-next-steps-for-the- students-and-the-government/
Tucked into Bangkok’s Yaowarat Chinatown is a thronging alleyway crowned by a Chinese-style gate, known as Soi Phalit Phon or – by its local name – Soi Sun Yat Sen. Halfway down the street, a small plaque marks the place where the revolutionary leader once spoke to the overseas Chinese in then-Siam, as part of his mission to raise funds and incite anti-monarchist, republican resistance against the Qing monarchy.
o Link- https://www.thaienquirer.com/15807/the-history-of-the-angyi-secret-chinese- societies-in-siam/
In response to the protest led by Thai youth activists, a member of parliament (MP) came out to ask, “Are you dying while waiting 2 years for the general election?” (มันจะตายไหม เพราะเพียงอีกสองปีครึ่ง ก็จะมีการเลือกต้งั ทว่ั ประเทศ)
o Link- https://www.thaienquirer.com/15813/opinion-the-government-asks-if-it-would- kill-us-to-wait-for-elections-it-very-well-might/
Thailand’s government said on Tuesday that it had discovered five new cases of coronavirus in the last 24 hours in state quarantine. The new patients are returnees from Japan (1), Egypt (3) and Sudan (1).
o Link- https://www.thaienquirer.com/15833/thailand-discovers-five-new-cases-of- coronavirus-in-state-quarantine-on-tuesday-2/
Three men who participated in a symbolic protest against the junta-sponsored charter referendum in 2016 were sentenced to four months in prison by a court on Tuesday.
o Link- https://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/crimecourtscalamity/2020/07/21/man- gets-jail-time-for-ripping-charter-referendum-ballot/
General Nattapon Srisawat, special adviser to the Royal Thai Army, said the 151 Thai soldiers who had gone to Hawaii to participate in the Lightning Forge 2020 training programme will be returning home on Wednesday. Their Thai Airways flight, TG8087, will land at Suvarnabhumi airport at 5.40pm.
o Link- https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30391703?utm_source=category&utm_mediu m=internal_referral
The authority responsible for the country's handling of the coronavirus will today be asked to extend the emergency decree by another month.
o Link- https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/1955279/ccsa-asked-to-extend- emergency-by-a-month
Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha on Tuesday instructed government coalition partners to resolve their differences after a meeting of a special House committee vetting the 2021 budget bill collapsed in disarray on Monday due to the lack of a quorum.
o Link- https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/1955243/prayut-orders- coalition-unity
A ruling coalition MP on Tuesday denounced a beauty pageant winner for expressing solidarity with anti-government protests that broke out over the weekend.
o Link- https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2020/07/21/parina-vs-mariya-mp- attacks-pageant-queen-for-supporting-protests/
Economic News Headlines in Thai Media
Bank of Thailand Governor Veerathai Santiprabhob revealed measures to support entrepreneurs through low-interest loans or 500 billion baht soft loans for customers in the SMEs sector on Tuesday.
o Link- https://www.thaienquirer.com/15867/bank-of-thailand-to-propose-soft-loan- extension-till-2021/
Net earnings reports coming from financial banks still show a sharp decline in profitability.
o Link- https://www.thaienquirer.com/15848/banks-second-quarter-earnings-reports- continue-to-show-a-profit-downswing/
Thailand said it will not need help from the IMF as the country reels from the effects of the coronavirus pandemic.
o Link- https://www.thaienquirer.com/15840/video-story-thailand-does-not-need-imf- help-in-its-fight-against-contraction/
Railway unions have opposed a public-private partnership (PPP) plan to construct Red Line links from Bang Sue to Rangsit and Bang Sue to Taling Chan. The decision to open up Red Line construction and operation to private investors was approved last week by the State Railway of Thailand.
o Link- https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30391698?utm_source=category&utm_mediu m=internal_referral
The global economy is expected to shrink minus 3.5 per cent in the second half of 2020 before a rapid recovery of 5.5 per cent in 2021, Citibank Thailand forecast , adding that
the overall investment market is still experiencing stiff challenges and warning that a global economic recession could be "greater than the 2008 financial crisis".
o Link- https://www.nationthailand.com/business/30391682?utm_source=category&utm_me dium=internal_referral
Electricity Generating Plc (EGCO) is on track to develop four major construction projects in Thailand and neighbouring countries, president Thepparat Theppitak said during the company's shareholders meeting.
o Link- https://www.nationthailand.com/business/30391659?utm_source=category&utm_me dium=internal_referral
Gold prices on Tuesday climbed to a nearly nine-year high as investors continued to seek refuge in the precious metal as a safe haven amid surging Covid-19 infections worldwide.
o Link- https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1955315/gold-approaches-9-year-peak
The Cabinet agreed to improve the “Rao Tiew Duay Kan” (We Travel Together) domestic tourism scheme by increasing the value of weekday accommodation vouchers from Bt600 to Bt900 per day, to encourage travel between Monday and Thursday.
o Link- https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30391712?utm_source=category&utm_mediu m=internal_referral
Institutional investors have reduced the proportion of banking stocks in their portfolios as share prices continue their downward trend in 2020.
o Link- https://www.nationthailand.com/business/30391708?utm_source=category&utm_me dium=internal_referral
Issues to be watched out for
July 2020 – The Expressway of Thailand (EXAT)’s planned opening schedule of the new Motorway Route 7 Section from Pattaya to Map Ta Phut.
July 29, 2020 – The Federation of Thai Industries is set to hold the 2020 annual general meeting (AGM) to pick a new chairman after postponement from March 30 this year. July 31, 2020 – The government is expected to lift lockdown restrictions imposed under the emergency decree.
July 31, 2020 – The reshuffle list of senior army officers is expected to be presented by the armed forces chiefs at the Defense Council Meeting chaired by Prime Minister and Defence Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha. August 17, 2020 – The first day of hearings for Thai Airways International Plc (THAI)’s bankruptcy case.
August 17, 2020 – The National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC, formerly known as the National Economic and Social Development Board or NESBD) is scheduled to release 2nd quarter GDP data.
August 29, 2020 – The deadline for farmers to return the banned agri-chemicals, paraquat and chlorpyrifos, in their possession to sellers.
September, 2020 – The 3.3-trillion-baht budget for Fiscal Year 2021 proposed by the government is expected to sail through parliament.
September 2020 – Recruitment of new board members of the National Broadcasting and Telecommunication Commission (NBTC) is set to kick off.
September 21, 2020 – The National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC, formerly known as the National Economic and Social Development Board or NESDB) is to revise the 20-year national strategy at an annual meeting to respond to the COVID-19 crisis.
September 30, 2020 – The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) is set to extend the revised equity short-selling regulations from June 30 to September 30 as stock market volatility remains high in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic.
October, 2020 – The bidding for construction and operation for the 140-billion-baht Orange Line western extension linking the Thailand Cultural Centre with Bang Khun Non.
October, 2020 – The Thailand Grand Prix was rescheduled after being postponed due to the coronavirus outbreak.
Key Data
SET Index 1,377.00 +18.71
Link - https://www.set.or.th/en/company/ipo/upcoming_ipo_set.html
Global Commodities
Metal -Link http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/commodities/futures/metals/
Energy -Link - http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/
Baltic Dry Index (BDI)-Link - http://www.bloomberg.com/quote/BDIY:IND
Global Equity Market’s Movements
Link - http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks/world-indexes/asia-pacific/
Asian Equity Markets Movement
Link - http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks/world-indexes/
Information on July 21, 2020
Buying, Selling or Transfer of shares by Owners/Management
Stock Code Volume Value Action
EP 29,500 3.68 Purchase MJD 750,000 1.61 Sale MJD 25,000,000 - Transfer PRIME 4,330,000 0.39 Sale PRIME 3,676,200 0.42 Sale PRIME 2,200,000 0.4 Sale PRIME 6,109,800 0.42 Sale PRIME 584,000 0.41 Sale PRIME 71,500,000 0.35 Sale PRIME 114,400,000 0.35 Sale
PRIME 100,100,000 0.35 Sale SVI 7,500 3.54 Sale TNR 20,000 10 Purchase
XD, XE or XM or other notifications
For list of Companies that have dividend payment and AGM meeting schedules click on http://www.set.or.th/set/calendarofevents.do
Trading Breakdown on the Stock Exchange of Thailand
Daily as of 21 Jul 2020 Unit: M.Baht Investor Type Buy Sell Net Value % Value % Value % Local Institutions 5,302.03 8.25 4,761.52 7.41 540.51 - Proprietary 6,924.68 10.78 5,659.07 8.81 1,265.60 - Trading Foreign Investors 21,096.06 32.84 20,407.82 31.77 688.24 - Local Individuals 30,912.00 48.12 33,406.36 52.01 -2,494.36 - Monthly Cumulative between 1 - 21 Jul 2020 Unit: M.Baht Investor Type Buy Sell Net Value % Value % Value % Local Institutions 76,211.15 8.6 74,011.90 8.36 2,199.25 - Proprietary 89,770.36 10.13 84,905.53 9.59 4,864.83 - Trading Foreign Investors 293,790.64 33.17 296,824.66 33.51 -3,034.02 - Local Individuals 426,012.68 48.09 430,042.74 48.55 -4,030.06 - Yearly Cumulative since 1 Jan - 21 Jul 2020 Unit: M.Baht Investor Type Buy Sell Net Value % Value % Value % Local Institutions 1,040,019.62 11.27 963,658.32 10.44 76,361.30 - Proprietary 932,300.81 10.1 926,908.52 10.04 5,392.29 - Trading
Foreign Investors 3,227,617.96 34.96 3,447,297.82 37.34 - - 219,679.85 Local Individuals 4,032,216.30 43.68 3,894,290.04 42.18 137,926.26 -
Total Trading Value 64,234.77 Million Baht
Background Information –
The strength of each party in the Thai Parliament as of May 8, 2019 as per the report by the Election Commission of Thailand. Elections took place on March 24, 2019
https://www.ect.go.th/ect_th/news_all.php?cid=24
List of MPs - https://www.ect.go.th/ect_th/download/article/article_20190508184334.pdf
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