The Political Development of Modern Thailand Federico Ferrara Index More Information

Home , Anand Panyarachun, Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, Chuan Leekpai, Khuang Aphaiwong, Prawit Wongsuwan, Pridi Banomyong

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06181-1 - The Political Development of Modern Thailand Federico Ferrara Index More information

Index

Abhisit Vejjajiva, 10–12, 232, 237, 241, Boworadet Kridakorn, Prince, 87, 95–6, 244–6, 247, 249, 259–63, 281 103, 284 absolute monarchy, 2–4, 5, 6, 12, 14–15, Bowring Treaty, 40, 164 21, 23, 35–6, 39–74, 75–7, 78, 79–83, Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, King (Rama I), 85–7, 88, 99, 101, 109, 111, 112, 43, 220 143, 148, 155, 158, 164, 180, 250, Buddhism, Thai, 6, 20, 58, 60–1, 63, 64, 264, 266. See also state formation 66–7, 68, 69, 71–2, 79, 90, 112, 113, Adun Detcharat, 122, 125 117, 140, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155–6, Anand Panyarachun, 207, 211, 235, 244–5 158, 177, 213, 261, 269–70 Ananda Mahidol, King (Rama XIII), 96, bureaucratic polity, 21, 32 104, 129–30, 133, 138, 140 Burma/Myanmar, 18, 42, 46, 57, 65, 120, Anderson, Benedict, 3, 14, 15, 17, 18, 292 19–20, 21, 40, 49–50, 56, 65, 84, 86, 118, 164, 170, 173, 174, 183, 186, Cambodia, 18, 43, 46, 115, 191, 205, 243 188, 189, 191, 196, 199, 204, 267, Chamlong Daoruang, 124, 128, 133 272 Chamlong Srimuang, 209–10, 212–13, Anek Laothamatas, 263, 270–3 224, 237 Anupong Paochinda, 235, 244, 290 Chao Anuwong, King of Viang Chan, 43–4 Arendt, Hannah, 78, 82–3 Charnvit Kasetsiri, 14–15, 69, 78, 82, 105, Arisman Pongruangrong, 259 112, 116, 117, 118, 121, 124, 125, Asian ﬁnancial crisis (1997), 37, 216–17, 128, 135, 167–8, 169 219, 220–1, 223–4, 247 Chat Thai Party, 172, 176–7, 197, 199, Athit Kamlang-ek, 202–3 203, 204, 208, 212–13, 214–15, 225, Athit Thip-apha, Prince, 104, 122–3, 237, 245 124 Chatichai Chunhavan, 177, 204–7, 211, Ayutthaya, Kingdom of, 42–3, 57 212, 232 Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, 203, 205, 208, Banharn Silpa-archa, 201, 214, 258 212–13, 214–15, 216–17 Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (Rama IX), 1, China, 57, 122, 141, 187, 191, 235 5–6, 8, 10–11, 14, 20, 33, 76, 111, Chuan Leekpai, 177, 208, 212, 213–14, 129–30, 131, 134, 139–40, 141–2, 215, 217, 223, 224, 232 143, 145, 147, 151–2, 153–4, 156–7, Chulalongkorn, King (Rama V), 19–20, 159–61, 162, 163, 165–6, 167–9, 170, 39–42, 45–57, 59–65, 77, 83, 117, 171, 172, 173–4, 176, 177, 178, 151, 180, 194, 201, 268 179–80, 181, 183, 184–5, 187, 189, citizenship, 3–4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 17, 19–20, 190–1, 192–3, 194, 201, 202, 203, 21–3, 42, 52, 53, 60–2, 63–5, 67–70, 205–6, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 71–4, 76, 82–3, 84, 114, 117, 143, 217–19, 221–3, 229, 230, 231, 233–5, 151, 157–9, 169, 175–6, 181, 218, 236, 237–8, 244, 250, 261, 262, 264, 231, 234, 248–9, 250–6, 258, 262, 269, 282, 285, 289, 292–3 264, 272, 284–5 Bowie, Katherine A., 18, 164, 174–6, 177, class conﬂict, 23, 246–7, 273–5. See also 178, 186 inequality

323

324 Index

communism and anti-communism, 90, 1951, 12, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139 93–4, 95, 104, 131, 134, 135, 137, 1957, 4, 12, 111, 141–2, 143, 144, 139, 143, 147, 148–9, 157, 161, 166, 145–6, 170 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 177, 1958, 4, 12, 111, 143, 144, 146, 179, 183, 185, 186–7, 189, 191, 195, 148–50, 151–2, 156, 164, 170, 180 278 1971, 12, 33, 34, 162–3, 166, 184, 207, Connors, Michael K., 2, 8, 13, 19, 21, 23, 290 165, 183, 189–90, 192, 194, 212, 1976, 12, 22, 33, 179–80, 181, 184, 215–16, 230, 237, 243 185, 186, 197, 207, 271, 290 Constitutional Court/Tribunal, 10, 216, 1977, 12, 184, 187 232, 238, 239, 240, 241–2, 243, 1991, 12, 22, 33, 37, 184, 185, 206–8, 244–6, 281–2, 283, 286, 287, 288 211, 271, 290 constitutionalism, 3–4, 5, 10, 42, 53, 57, 2006, 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 68, 82–3, 84, 91, 107, 108, 113, 143, 23, 25, 33, 38, 222, 231–2, 238, 240, 145, 147, 160, 268, 269 242, 249, 264, 271, 280, 282, 283, constitutions, 2–3, 13, 31, 32, 275 290, 292 1926 and 1932 drafts, 79–82 2014, 12, 13–14, 33, 34, 38, 280, 1932 (temporary), 76, 79, 83, 87, 93 289–94 1932 (permanent), 87, 89, 90, 97, 100, critical juncture, 27, 35–6, 42, 77, 111, 101, 114, 123, 125, 134, 152, 161 127, 145, 223–4 1946, 103, 127 Crown Property Bureau, 8, 193, 211, 232, 1947, 131 235 1949, 132–3, 134, 135, 161 1952, 136, 145, 146, 149 Damrong Rajanubhab, Prince, 46–7, 59, 1959, 146, 149, 150, 152, 154 61, 62, 63, 72–3, 80, 111, 155, 1968, 160–1, 163, 165–6, 180, 276 221–2 1972, 166 democracy 1974, 171, 179, 196, 197, 276 representative, electoral, and/or liberal, 1976, 179 4, 5, 7–8, 9, 10, 12, 13–14, 16, 21–3, 1978, 187–8, 197–8, 203, 207, 276 24–5, 29–32, 33–4, 37, 38, 42, 52, 68, 1991 (temporary), 207 73, 76–7, 80–1, 83, 86, 89, 92, 97–8, 1991 (permanent), 207–8, 209, 210, 100–3, 105, 106, 107–8, 111, 113, 211 125–31, 143, 146, 149, 153, 170, 171, 1997, 2, 5, 37, 215–16, 219, 223, 174, 179, 185, 189, 201, 211, 213, 226–7, 228, 237, 238 217–18, 221, 223, 227–8, 231, 246, 2006, 2, 238 263–4, 265, 268–80, 282, 285, 290–5 2007, 231, 240–1, 281, 283, 284, 285, ‘Thai-Style’, 6, 10, 13, 37, 108, 144, 288, 289 148–56, 157–61, 181, 185, 188, 194, corruption and anti-corruption, 105, 130, 221, 229, 270 135, 142, 151, 159, 162, 169, 185, ‘with the King as Head of State’, 2, 12, 191, 193, 205, 206, 208, 213, 214, 161, 181, 190, 206, 281, 283, 284, 216, 230, 232, 236, 237, 238–9, 286, 289 241–2, 245–6, 258, 271–2, 284, 288, Democrat Party, 10, 22, 128–34, 140, 291 141–2, 146, 162, 172, 176–7, 196, Coup Group (Khana Ratthaprahan), 197, 198, 199, 203–4, 208, 212–15, 130–44, 154 217, 223, 225, 237–8, 239, 241, 244, coups d’etat´ 245, 246, 256–7, 260, 262–3, 281, 1932, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14–15, 21, 282–4, 286, 289, 290, 294 25, 32, 35, 36, 38, 42, 73, 75–9, Dhani Nivat, Prince, 130, 151–2 82–3, 84–9, 99, 111, 112, 117, 132, 146, 150, 151, 158, 161, 163, 264, economic elites, Thai, 8, 20, 32, 36, 60, 265, 266, 269, 275, 295 86, 139, 147, 153–4, 163, 164, 186, 1933 (April), 12, 93–4 191, 193–4, 201, 204, 205, 206, 209, 1933 (June), 12, 94, 109 211–12, 215, 218, 220, 224, 232, 1947, 6–12, 130–2, 133, 134, 135, 144, 233, 235–6, 245–6, 273–4, 275, 154, 170, 271 279–80, 283, 284, 291

Index 325

education system, 41, 47, 53, 63, 70, 99, 218, 222, 231, 234, 246–7, 248–9, 153, 156, 183–4, 194, 267, 290, 291 250–9, 263–5, 267, 269, 272, 274–5, elections, general 279, 284–5, 291. See also citizenship 1933, 92, 95 1937, 101, 105 Jakrapob Penkair, 234 1938, 101, 104, 105 Japanese occupation (World War II), 1946, 126–9, 130 119–26 1948, 132, 284 Jatuporn Prompan, 262 1952, 134, 136 Jit Phumisak, 57–8 1957, 138, 140–1, 146 1969, 160, 161–2, 193 Khattiya Sawasdipol (‘Seh Daeng’), 261 1975, 171–2, 196–7, 198–201 Khuang Aphaiwong, 124–6, 128–9, 1976, 176–7, 197, 198–201 131–2, 134 1979, 185, 190, 198–201 Kobkua Suwannathat-Pian, 113–14, 117, 1983, 185, 198–201, 203 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136, 1986, 185, 198–201, 203 140, 141, 142, 145, 151, 157, 160 1988, 185, 198–201, 203–4 Kriangsak Chomanan, 187, 188, 189–90 1992, 198, 208, 211, 212–13 Krit Siwara, 168, 172, 177 1995, 198, 214 K.S.R. Kulap Kritsananon, 54–6, 82 1996, 214–15 Kukrit Pramoj, M.R., 127, 130, 141, 2001, 215, 223, 224–5, 232, 252–9 151–2, 158–60, 162, 165, 167, 172, 2005, 9, 38, 227, 229, 231, 235, 252–9 173–4, 176–7, 187, 194, 196–7, 202 2006, 237–8, 239 2007, 10, 241, 249, 252–9 Lakatos, Imre, 268 2011, 11–12, 37, 252–9, 262–3, 268, Lan Na. See northern principalities 281 Lao Kingdoms, 42–4, 46 2014, 286–7, 289 Laos, 18, 44, 49, 57, 62, 115, 191, 205 Elster, Jon, 15–16, 258 lese` majeste´, 8–9, 11, 179, 184, 262, 267, ethno-regional minorities, 17–18, 19, 20, 292 23–4, 40–2, 58–9, 61–5, 68–70, 71–4, Linz, Juan J., 16–18, 21–2 114–16, 152–3, 176, 199–202, 247–9, Lipset, Seymour Martin, 3, 23, 41–2, 84, 250–9. See also citizenship; identity 128 politics; regions, Thai Mahoney, James, 4, 15, 27–9, 123, 150, Fearon, James D., 23, 71 202, 274, 278 France, 40, 44, 46, 49, 62, 115–16, 130 Malay Muslim insurgency (2004–), 9, Freedom House, 6, 7, 241 17–18, 228–9, 230, 239 Malay Sultanates, 43, 46, 47–8, 61, 120 Galtung, Johan, 181–2 Malaysia, 18, 186 Goldstone, Jack A., 28, 35 Manopakorn Nititada, Phraya, 76, 87–8, Handley, Paul M., 113, 130, 139–40, 141, 89–95, 100, 103 149, 151, 153, 154, 160–1, 162, 170, massacres, civilian 172, 173, 174, 177, 183, 184, 186, 1949 (‘Kilo 11’), 133, 137 187, 192, 193, 202, 205, 206, 210, 1972–5 (‘Red Drum’), 171 211, 212, 214, 232, 269 1973 (14 October), 33–4, 37, 167–70, hierarchy. See citizenship; inequality; 181, 276, 279, 291 nationalism, Thai royal 1976 (6 October), 33–4, 37, 177–80, historical institutionalism, 5, 16, 27–9 181, 183, 184, 189, 276, 279, 291 huamueang system, 44–5, 46 1992 (‘Black May’), 33–4, 37, 185, 209–11, 276, 279, 291 identity politics, 23–4, 71–4, 246–59, 262, 2003 (‘War on Drugs’), 9, 228, 229, 274–5, 277 230, 239 inequality, 3–4, 6, 10, 11, 19–20, 21–3, 54, 2004 (Kru Ze and Tak Bai), 9, 228–9, 61, 63–5, 67–70, 71–4, 82–3, 117, 239 143, 147, 151, 153, 157–9, 165, 2010 (Red Shirts), 10–11, 33–4, 175–6, 181, 192, 193–4, 201, 204, 259–63, 276, 279, 280, 291

326 Index

McCargo, Duncan, 8, 13, 17, 18, 20, 23, Nattawut Saikuea, 77, 250 185, 195, 197, 211, 212, 213, 214, Nawaphon, 174–5, 176–9 215, 217, 218, 223, 224, 225, 229, network monarchy, 8–9, 13–14, 22, 33–4, 230, 232, 233, 246–7, 248, 255, 256 37, 211–12, 215–16, 217–19, 221, middle class, Thai urban, 20, 22–3, 54, 71, 222, 223, 231, 232, 233–5, 240, 73, 82, 83, 110, 115, 143, 154, 245–6, 276, 281–3, 292 164–5, 167, 173, 175, 184, 185, New Aspiration Party (Khwam Wang Mai), 186–7, 188–9, 193, 207, 211, 213, 208, 212–13, 214–15, 216–17, 225 215, 218, 229, 236–7, 246, 256–8, Newin Chidchob, 245, 249, 263 261, 262, 270–3, 274, 290, 291 Nidhi Eoseewong, 218, 251, 255, 257, military legacy, 29–30, 31–2, 195, 277–80 258, 284 modernization, 21, 24–5, 29, 30–1, 33, Nishizaki, Yoshinori, 201, 258 84–6, 129, 150, 152–3, 154, 156, Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan, 288–9 164–5, 180, 186, 191–4, 195, 196, northern principalities (Chiang Mai, 218–19, 248, 256, 257–8, 263–5, Lamphun, Lampang, Phrae, Nan), 270–3, 274–7, 278–80, 291–2 42, 43, 46, 47, 48–9, 58, 62, 72, Mongkut, King (Rama IV), 40, 60 252–5 Moore, Barrington, 192–3, 273 Murashima, Eiji, 20, 52, 58–9, 66, 91, parties, political, 57, 59, 89, 90–3, 98, 100, 101–3, 106 101–2, 103, 106, 126, 127–9, 132, Mussolini, Benito, 22, 105, 112, 113, 118, 134, 136–9, 141–2, 146, 161–2, 123, 285 171–2, 173, 176–7, 191, 193–4, 195–202, 203–4, 208, 212–18, 223–8, Nakharin Mektrairat, 53, 54, 61, 71, 83, 237–8, 239, 240–2, 245, 246, 252–9, 85, 160, 193, 197, 203, 204 277–8, 284. See also Chat Thai Party; Nangklao, King (Rama III), 43–4 Democrat Party; National Party Narong Kittikachorn, 162, 165–70 (Khana Chat); New Aspiration Party National Council for Peace and Order (Khwam Wang Mai); People Power (NCPO), 12, 289–94 Party (Phak Phalang Prachachon); National Party (Khana Chat), 90–3 Phalang Tham; Pheu Thai Party; National Revolution, 3, 4, 35, 37, 41–2, Samakkhitham; Seri Manangkasila; 74, 84–5, 143, 164, 264, 285, 294 Social Action Party (Kit Sangkhom); nationalism Thai Rak Thai. alternative Thai conceptions of, 3–5, path dependence, 27–9, 34, 35, 188–9, 10–11, 13, 14–15, 18, 20–2, 23–4, 32, 277–80 35, 37–8, 51–3, 54, 55–6, 73, 78–9, People Power Party (Phak Phalang 82, 83, 108, 117, 143, 170, 181, 189, Prachachon), 10, 239, 241, 243–5, 246 194, 231, 234, 250–5, 264–5, 269, People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD), 274–5, 276, 291–2 10, 19, 21, 236–7, 242–6, 249, 257–8, and democratic consolidation, 5, 16–17, 283, 284, 285 21–2, 279 People’s Committee to Change Thailand ‘popular’ and ‘ofﬁcial’, 19–20, 84–5 into an Absolute Democracy with the Thai royal, 2, 3–6, 8, 10–11, 13, 14–15, King as Head of State (PCAD), 12, 18–23, 31–2, 35, 36, 37–8, 41, 42, 19, 283, 290–1 59–74, 81, 108, 110, 111–15, 117, People’s Democratic Reform Committee 119, 143, 146–7, 148, 150–3, 155–6, (PDRC). See People’s Committee to 157–60, 169–70, 174–6, 180, 181–2, Change Thailand into an Absolute 183–4, 189–90, 191–4, 201–2, Democracy with the King as Head of 218–19, 221–2, 229–30, 231, 234, State (PCAD) 243, 249, 250–5, 256–7, 258, 262, People’s Party (Khana Ratsadon), 5, 36, 264–5, 266–7, 268–70, 272–3, 274–5, 42, 75–9, 81–108, 109–10, 113, 117, 276, 279, 284–5, 291, 292, 293. See 143, 145, 147, 170, 250, 264, 266 also Thainess Phahon Phonphayuhasena, Phraya, 75, 82, under Phibun Songkhram, 36, 110, 94–106, 124–5, 190 111–15, 116–19, 120–1, 135, 155, Phalang Tham, 208, 209, 212–13, 215, 180 224

Index 327

Phao Siyanond, 125, 131, 135–42, 146 1939 (Song Suradet), 104, 107, 109, Pheu Thai Party, 12, 245, 262–3, 281–2, 119 283, 284, 287 1948 (Senathikan), 133 Phibun Songkhram, 36, 94, 95, 96, 99, 1949 (Wa n g L u a n g ), 133 102, 103–7, 108, 109–26, 127, 129, 1951 (Manhattan), 135, 136 130–1, 132, 133–43, 145, 146, 148, 1952 (Santiphap), 137 155, 160, 162, 163, 168, 180 1977 (Chalard Hiranyasiri), 186 Phin Chunhavan, 125, 131, 135, 141 1981 (Young Turks), 190, 202–3 phrai, 24, 45, 48, 53, 54, 57–8, 60, 63, 77, 1985 (Young Turks), 190, 203 79, 158, 249, 250–2, 264 Red Gaurs (Krathing Daeng), 174–5, Pitch Phongsawat, 249 176–9 Plato, 6, 157, 158, 160, 269 Red Shirts, 10–11, 38, 76–7, 244, 246–7, populism, economic, 128, 236, 247–8, 249–58, 259–62, 281, 283, 285, 289, 252, 257–8, 263, 271, 291 290, 291, 294 Prajadhipok, King (Rama VII), 75–7, regime instability, 3, 5, 6–8, 12–13, 14, 18, 79–82, 87–8, 89–93, 95–9, 100, 101, 20–1, 24–7, 29–34, 36, 38, 77, 111, 102–3, 106, 107–8, 120, 132, 161, 160, 185, 268–80 170, 190, 221, 265, 269, 294 regions, Thai. See also citizenship; Prajak Kongkirati, 108, 163, 165, 169–70, ethno-regional minorities; identity 174–5 politics Praman Adireksan, 177, 204 Central, 85, 128, 199, 215, 240, 252, Praphat Charusathien, 141, 142, 157, 258–9, 286 159–63, 165–70, 172, 177 North, 10, 72, 85, 128, 199–200, Prawet Wasi, 215–16, 235 225, 240, 246, 252–6, 258–9, 263, Prawit Wongsuwan, 290 272 Prayuth Chan-ocha, 12, 280, 289–94 Northeast, 10, 41, 42–4, 49–51, 61–5, Preah Vihear controversy, 18, 243 72, 85–6, 124, 128, 133, 137, 141, Prem Tinsulanond, 5–6, 8, 11, 37, 184–5, 142, 152–3, 162, 176, 199–200, 213, 190–2, 194–5, 198, 202–4, 205, 206, 225, 240, 246, 250, 251–7, 263, 271, 207, 210, 211, 213, 217, 221, 232, 272 235, 249, 263, 284 South, 9, 17–18, 42, 69, 85, 128, 133, Pridi Banomyong, 78–9, 82, 86, 87, 88, 171, 176, 199, 225, 228–9, 230, 237, 91–4, 99–100, 102, 103–7, 110, 111, 239, 240, 243, 246, 256, 257, 272, 119–20, 122–32, 133, 134, 135, 137, 282, 286, 290 138, 139, 142, 143, 221, 264, 284 Rokkan, Stein, 3, 23, 41–2, 84, 128 Prisdang, Prince, 52–3, 77 process tracing, 34 Saichol Sattayanurak, 58, 59, 60, 61, 72–3, provincial Thais, 9–10, 13, 22–3, 47–51, 152, 157–60, 162, 167, 173–4, 176, 61–5, 69–70, 71–3, 88, 129, 149, 153, 181 164, 166, 184, 186, 193, 196, 200–2, sakdina, 45, 158 213, 218–19, 224–5, 227, 236, Samak Sundaravej, 176–7, 212, 241–4, 239–40, 241, 243, 248–59, 263–5, 245 270–3, 291 Samakkhitham, 208 Przeworski, Adam, 24–5, 29–31, 34, 165, Sanya Thammasak, 168, 171, 210 195, 247, 277–8, 280 Sarit Thanarat, 4, 6, 32–3, 36–7, 73, 76, 111, 125, 131, 135–6, 137, 138, Ramkhamhaeng Inscription, 58, 251 140–2, 143–4, 145–57, 158, 159, 160, Ramkhamhaeng, King, 58, 151, 169, 251 162, 163–4, 165, 166, 172, 180, 181, rebellions and attempted coups 183, 184, 186, 221, 229, 233, 266, 1889 (Phya Phap), 49 269, 273, 275, 276 1901–2 (Seven Malay States, Shan, and Sartori, Giovanni, 195, 196, 226, 266 ‘Holy Men’), 47–51, 251–2 Schattschneider, E.E., 31, 83–4 1912 (R.S. 130), 53–4, 70–1, 82 Seni Pramoj, M.R., 119, 126, 128, 129, 1933 (Boworadet), 95–6, 97, 103–4, 130, 133–4, 141, 172, 177–9 284 Seri Manangkasila, 138–9, 140–2, 146

328 Index

Seri Thai, 119–20, 122, 124, 125–6, 127, Thaksin Shinawatra, 1–2, 5, 9–10, 11–12, 133 18, 37–8, 185, 220–1, 222–39, 241, Sirikit, Queen, 1, 140, 156, 172, 177, 178, 242–3, 245, 246, 247–9, 252–8, 259, 202, 230, 235, 244, 282 261, 263–5, 269, 271, 274, 275, Social Action Party (Kit Sangkhom), 172, 282–3, 290, 291, 294 177, 197, 202, 203, 208, 212–13 Thamrong Nawasawat, 128, 130, 133 Somchai Wongsawat, 243–5 Thanin Kraivichien, 174, 179, 181, 184, Sondhi Limthongkul, 236–7, 247 185–7, 188, 194, 209, 291 Song Suradet, Phraya, 93, 94, 103–4, 107, Thanom Kittikachorn, 125, 141, 142, 146, 109, 119 157, 159–63, 165–70, 172, 177–8, Sonthi Boonyaratglin, 1, 235, 291 209, 291 sovereignty, 2, 3–4, 5, 10, 11, 42, 51, 53, Thawi Bunyaket, 124, 126 65–6, 82–3, 84, 118, 143, 152, 169, Thawil Pliensri, 288 170, 231, 248–9, 264, 284–5 Thawin Udon, 124, 128, 133 State Conventions/Cultural Mandates Thelen, Kathleen, 15, 16, 28, 30, 110, (Ratthaniyom), 113–15, 116–17 123, 150, 202 state formation, 18, 23, 39–52, 53, 54, Thesaphiban, 41, 46–7 277. See also absolute monarchy Thianwan (T.W.S. Wannapho), 54–6, 82, Stepan, Alfred, 16–18, 21–2 117 Streckfuss, David, 2, 8, 13, 20, 23, 40, 58, Thida Thawornset, 262 61, 62, 64, 161, 163, 181, 184, 192, Thongchai Winichakul, 4, 18, 23, 31–2, 252, 264 39, 40, 57, 61, 62, 64, 71, 177–8, student movement (1960s and 1970s), 19, 193, 229–30, 257, 266, 272 37, 143, 163, 164, 165–70, 171, Thong-in Phuriphat, 106, 124, 128, 133 172–4, 175, 177–9, 181, 183, 185–6, Thongpleo Chonlaphum, 133 187, 191, 192, 193, 195 Tiang Sirikhan, 124, 128, 133, 137 succession (of King Bhumibol), 9, 13, 14, 222, 234–5, 258, 293–4 United Front for Democracy Against Suchinda Kraprayoon, 37, 185, 205, Dictatorship (UDD). See Red Shirts 212–13, 291 United Kingdom, 40, 43, 46, 48, 61, 65, sufﬁciency economy, 10, 192–4, 218–19, 89, 102, 115, 120, 122, 126, 131, 137 247, 248 United States of America, 6, 92, 120, 122, Sukhothai, Kingdom of, 57–8, 113, 151, 126, 131, 134, 136, 137, 138, 147, 155 149, 153, 157, 164, 183–4, 231–2, Surayud Chulanont, 232, 235, 238, 247, 235 291 Suthep Thaugsuban, 19, 213, 281, 283–9 Vajiralongkorn, Crown Prince, 14, 178, 234–5 Taksin, King, 43, 220, 221 Vajiravudh, King (Rama VI), 19–20, 36, Tambiah, Stanley J.R., 60, 63, 66, 69–70, 56, 59, 64, 65–73, 80, 81, 83, 110, 113, 150, 151, 152, 155, 221, 269 111, 112–15, 116, 117, 151, 152, Tej Bunnag, 44, 45–6, 47–51, 61, 62–3 155, 269 Thai Rak Thai, 9, 12, 224–7, 229, 230, Vietnam, 57, 164, 178, 191, 196, 205 231, 237, 238, 239, 241, 245, 249, Village Scouts (Luk Suea Chao Ban), 257 174–80 Thainess, 13, 23, 37, 67–70, 71, 72, 73, 111, 114, 148, 151, 155–6, 157–9, Wachirayan, Prince, 63, 66 160, 176, 180, 182, 183, 194, 216, Wichit Wathakan, Luang, 89–92, 105, 221, 222, 230, 250–1, 256, 269, 275. 110–18, 155, 158, 159 See also nationalism, Thai royal Wild Tiger Corps (Kong Suea Pa), 70 Thak Chaloemtiarana, 21, 93, 116, 117, 137, 140, 142, 146–7, 150–7, 162–3, Yingluck Shinawatra, 11–12, 262–3, 281–8 166, 180, 267, 269 Young Turks, 190, 202–3, 207, 209