Appendix: Glossary of Selected Terms from East Asian Languages
Abe Isō ㇱ⏷㓶 (1865–1949) Adachi Kenzō ㆐⻞ ⬿ (1864–1948) “Aikokushin no k ō ka” ᗲ࿖ᔃߩ ഞㆊ “Ainshutain no sekaikan” ࠕࠗΫࠪࡘͷࠗΫߩ⇇ⷰ Aizawa Jiken ⋧ 㱊ઙ “Ajia no ko” ࠕ Ͱࠕߩሶ Ajiashugisha ࠕ Ͱࠕਥ⟵⠪ Akai reikon ⿒㔤 㝬 Akutagawa Ry ūnosuke ⧂Ꮉ㦖ਯ (1892–1927) Antoku chijō o midasu ᓼ㱣⁁ࠍੂߔ An’ya k ō ro ᥧᄛ ⴕ〝 Aoyama Kaiken 㕍ጊળ㙚 Araki Sadao ⨹ᧁ⽵ᄦ (1877–1966) Arishima Ikuma ፉ↢㚍 (1882–1974) Arishima shinduromu ፉͯΫ࠼ญࡓ Arishima Takeo ፉᱞ㇢ (1878–1923) Ashida Hitoshi ⧃↰ဋ (1887–1959) Atarashiki mura ᣂߒ߈ Baba Tsunego 㚍႐ᕡ๋ (1875–1956) “Bayue de xiangcun” ℓ⊛悱 “Beikoku no daitō ryō k ō hotachi” ☨࿖ߩᄢ⛔㗔㆐ “Bijutsu no Shina no zakkan” ⟤ⴚߩᡰ㇊ߩ 㔀ᗵ “Borushevisumu to Uirusonizumu” ࡏ࡞ͯࠚࡧࠖ࠭ࡓߣ࠙ࠗ࡞͵Ϋ ࠗ࠭ࡓ bundan ᢥს (see also Chinese wentan) Bungei ᢥ ⧓ Bungei sensen ᢥ⧓ ᚢ✢ Bungei shunjū ᢥ⧓ ᤐ⑺ “Bungō Shou o mukaete” ᢥ⽕࡚ͯ࠙ࠍㄫ߃ߡ 198 Appendix bunkobon ᢥ ᐶᧄ bunmei kaika ᢥ㐿ൻ “Bunmei saiken” ᢥౣ ᑪ “Bushō jō ka” ᱞ ၔਅ (Chinese, “Wuchang chengxia”) Cai Yuanpei ⬰రၭ (1868–1940) Chian iji h ō 㱣 ⛽ᜬ㱽 Chian keisatsu h ō 㱣 ⼊ኤ㱽 chiseigaku ቇ ch ō zen naikaku ὼౝ㑑 Chuangzaoshe ഃㅧ␠ “Chū goku no t ō itsu to Tō a no meiun” ਛ ࿖ߩ⛔৻ߣ᧲ߩㆇ Chū goku no yonjū nen ਛ ࿖ߩ྾චᐕ Chū nichi kyō ikukai ਛᣣᢎ⢒ળ Ch ūō k ō ron ਛᄩ ⺰ Dai Nippon rengō seinendan ᄢᣣᧄㅪว㕍ᐕ࿅ Daisan intaanashonaru hihan ╙ਃࠗΫͷ࠽࡚ͯ࠽࡞ᛕ್ “Daitō a kesshū no hongi” ᄢ ᧲⚿㓸ߩᧄ⟵ Dait ō a kyō eiken ᄢ ᧲ᩕ “Daitō a ky ō eiken no chiseigakuteki kō satsu” ᄢ᧲ᩕߩቇ ⊛⠨ኤ Daitō ashō ᄢ᧲⋭ Doihara Kenji ⢈ ේ⾫ੑ (1883–1948) “Dokusaikin demokurashii” ⁛ⵙ࠺ࡕࠢͯ “Dokushoko ni yosu” ⺒ᦠሶߦነߔ d ō nin zasshi หੱ 㔀 Dō shikai หᔒ ળ Ema Shō ko 㰇㑆┨ሶ (1913–2005) enpon ᧄ enpon jidai ᧄᤨઍ enpon narikin ᧄᚑ㊄ “fubo no omokage” ῳᲣߩ㕙 ᓇ Fujimori Seikichi ⮮ᚑศ (1892–1977) Fujin k ōron ᇚ ੱ⺰ Fujin kurabu ᇚੱᭉ ㇱ fujin zasshi ᇚੱ㔀 Fujokai ᇚᅚ⇇ “Fukkan no kotoba” ᓳೀߩ⸒⪲ Fukuda Tokuzō ↰ᓼਃ (1874–1930) Funada Ky ō ji ⦁ ↰੨ੑ (1898–1970) Fun’ny ō tan ♮ዩ⼄ furesshu ࡈ࠶ ͯࡘ Appendix 199
“Futatsu no shakai taisei to heiwa ni kiso” ੑߟߩ␠ળߣᐔߦ ၮ␆ “Fuzi zhi jian” ῳሶਯ㑆 Gendai Nihon bungaku zenshū ઍᣣᧄᢥቇో㓸 Gendai Shina g ō ઍᡰ㇊ภ “Gendai Shina ni okeru Kō shisama” ઍᡰ㇊ߦ߅ߌࠆሹሶ᭽ Gendai taish ū bungaku zenshū ઍᄢⴐᢥቇో 㓸 genr ō ర⠧ Gisei ‶† Gokoku dō shikai ⼔࿖หᔒળ Guo Moruo ㇳ㱓⧯ (1892–1978) “Hachi jikan rō d ō sei no kakuritsu” ᤨ㑆ഭߩ⏕┙ Hakubunkan ඳ ᢥ㙚 hakuri tabai ⭯ ᄙᄁ Hamaguchi Osachi 㴄 ญ㓶ᐘ (1870–1931) “Hamaguchi naishō to kaiken shite” 㴄 ญౝ⋧ߣળߒߡ Hanihara Masanao ၨේᱜ⋥ (1876–1934) Hanseikai zasshi ⋭ળ㔀 Hara Takashi ේᢘ (1856–1921) Hatoyama Ichirō 㡀 ጊ৻㇢ (1883–1959) hatsubai kinshi ⊒ ᄁᱛ Hatsubai kinshi dō meikai ⊒ ᄁᱛห⋖ળ “Hatsubai kinshi ni tai suru” ⊒ᄁᱛߦኻߔࠆ “Hawai no inshō” Ꮣߩශ⽎ Hayashi Fumiko ᨋ⦹⟤ሶ (1903–1951) Hayashi Senjū rō ᨋ㌉ ච㇢ (1876–1943) Higuchi Ichiyō ᮘญ৻ ⪲ (1872–1896) Hino Ashihei Ἣ㊁ ⫆ᐔ (1907–1960) Hirota K ō ki ᐢ ↰ᒄᲞ (1878–1948) “Hirumeshi no mae” ᤤ㘵ߩ೨ “Hittora s ō tō gaisen” ࡅ࠶࠻✚⛔ಫᣓ H ō chi kō d ō ႎ ⍮⻠ၴ honbunshugi ᧄಽ ਥ⟵ Hō rō ki ᶉ⸥ Hosoi Wakizō ⚦ ༑⬿ (1897–1925) Hosokawa Karoku ⚦Ꮉཅ (1888–1962) Hu Feng ⢫ 㘑 (1902–1985) Hu Shi ⢫ㆡ (1891–1962) hyakunan kokufuku ⊖㔍స Hyū ga Minshut ō ᣣะ᳃ਥ ౄ ibara no michi ⨙ ߩ 200 Appendix
Ibuse Masuji ફ㠢ੑ (1898–1993) Ikejima Shimpei ᳰ ፉାᐔ (1909–1973) Ikiru Shina no sugata ↢ ߈ࠆᡰ㇊ߩᆫ Ikite iru heitai ↢ ߈ߡࠆ㓌 Inoue Jun’nosuke Ḱਯഥ (1869–1932) Inukai Tsuyoshi ›㙃Პ (1855–1932) Ishihara Jun ⍹ේ⚐ (1881–1947) Ishikawa Tatsuzō ⍹Ꮉ ㆐ਃ (1905–1985) Ishizaka Yōjirō ⍹ဈ ᵗੑ㇢ (1900–1986) issh ō no nengan ৻↢ߩ ᔨ㗿 Itagaki Taisuke ᧼၂ㅌഥ (1837–1919) itansha ⇣ ┵⠪ Iwanami Shigeo ጤᵄ⨃㓶 (1881–1946) Jiji shinpō ᤨᣂ ႎ “Jikyū sen o ronzu” ᜬਭᚢࠍ⺰ߕ Jitsugy ō no Nihon ታᬺ ߩᣣᧄ Jiyū tō ⥄↱ ౄ Jokō aishi ᅚᎿ ผ “Jū gonen” චᐕ Kagaku chishiki ⑼ ቇ⍮⼂ Kagaku gah ō ⑼ቇ↹ႎ Kagawa Toyohiko ⾐Ꮉ⼾ᒾ (1888–1960) Kaih ō ⸃ Kaizō ᡷㅧ “Kaizō nikki” (Reform diary) ᡷㅧᣣ⸥ “Kaiz ō no kyorei” ᡷㅧߩᏂ㔤 Kaizōsha ᡷ ㅧ␠ “Kaiz ō to boku” ᡷㅧߣ Kaji Wataru 㣮ਗ਼ (1903–1982) “Kakaku tō sō yori kō sei t ō sō e” ଔᩰ㑵ࠃ͋ෘ↢㑵̹ Kakushin kurabu 㕟ᣂᭉㇱ Kameshiro ၔ Kamitsukasa Shō ken มዊ (1874–1947) Kaneshiro ㊄ၔ kangakusha 㻊 ቇ⠪ Katayama Tetsu ጊື (1887–1978) Katō Shizue ട ⮮㕒ᨑ (1897–2001) Katō Takaaki ട ⮮㜞 (1860–1926) Katō Tomosaburō ട ⮮ਃ㇢ (1861–1923) Kawabata Yasunari Ꮉ┵ᐽᚑ (1899–1972) keisai kinshi ឝタ ᱛ Appendix 201
“Keizai seikatsu kaizō toj ō no ichidai fukuon” ⚻ᷣ↢㳣ᡷㅧㅜߩ৻ ᄢⶄ㖸 kempeitai ᙗ 㓌 Kenseitō ᙗౄ Kikuchi Kan ⩵ᳰኡ (1888–1948) “Kikuchi Kan shi nado Hamaguchi Naishō o otozoreru” ⩵㰈ኡ᳁╬ 㴄ญౝ⋧ࠍ⸰ࠇࠆ Kimura Ki ᧁᲞ (1894–1979) “Kindai seiyō bunmei ni taisuru gojin no taido” ㄭ ઍ㲳ᢥߦኻߔ ࠆ๋ੱߩᘒᐲ Kingu ࠠ Ϋࠣ Kirishima no uta 㔵 ፉߩ Kisaki Masaru ᧁᧁൎ (1894–1979) Kishida Ryū sei ጯ↰ഏ↢ (1891–1929) Kitamura T ō koku ർ ㅘ⼱ (1868–1894) Kobayashi Hideo ዊᨋ⑲㓶 (1902–1983) Kobayashi Takiji ዊᨋ ᄙ༑ੑ (1903–1933) K ō b ō no Shina wo gyoshimete ⥝ߩᡰ㇊ࠍಝⷞߡ Kō da Rohan ᐘ↰㔺 (1867–1947) Koiso Kuniaki ዊ ⏷ᤘ (1880–1950) kojin zasshi ੱ㔀 Kokka sōd ō in ho ࿖ ኅ⓹േຬ㱽 kokubetsushiki ๔ ᑼ “Kokubō no hongi to sono ky ōka no teishō ” ࿖ 㒐ߩᧄ⟵ߣߘߩᒝൻߩ ឭ໒ Kokumin d ō mei ࿖ ᳃ห⋖ Kokumin Ky ō d ō t ō ࿖᳃දหౄ Kokumintō ࿖ ᳃ౄ k ōkyū zasshi 㜞 ⚖㔀 Kō toku Sh ū sui ᐘᓼ⑺᳓ (1871–1911) Komaki Saneshige ዊ’ኪ❥ (1898–1990) komon 㘈 “Kō nichi y ū gekisen ron” ᛫ᣣㆆ᠄ᚢ⺰ Konoe Fumimaro ㄭⴡᢥ㤚 (1891–1945) k ō shō chū ᷤਛ kō za ⻠ᐳ Kozai Yoshinao ฎ↱⋥ (1864–1934) Kuhara Fusanosuke ਭේᚱਯഥ (1869–1965) Kume Masao ਭ☨ᱜ 㓶 (1891–1952) Kunigami ࿖㗡 Kunikida Doppo ࿖ᧁ↰⁛ᱠ (1871–1908) 202 Appendix
Kurata Hyakuz ō ୖ ↰⊖ਃ (1891–1943) Kurosawa Torizō 㤥㱊㈥⬿ (1885–1982) Kuwata Kumaz ō ᪀ ↰ᾢ⬿ (1868–1932) Ky ō d ō Minshutō දห᳃ਥ ౄ Kyū shū danji Ꮊ ↵ఽ “Laoren” ⠧ੱ Liang Qichao (1873–1929) Liu Bannong ഏඨㄘ (1891–1934) Lu Xun 㞉 ㄦ (1881–1936) Maeo Shigesaburō ೨የ ❥ਃ㇢ (1905–1981) “Manmō shinkokka ron” 㸨⫥ᣂ࿖ኅ⺰ Mansen 㸨 㞲 Mao Zedong Ძ 㽌᧲ (1893–1976) Marukusu Engerusu zensh ū ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬࠛΫࠥ࡞ࠬో㓸 Maruya Saiichi ਣ⼱ᚽ৻ (1925–2012) Masuda Giichi Ⴧ↰⟵৻ (1869–1949) Masuda Wataru Ⴧ↰㶱 (1903–1977) Masamune Hakuchō ᱜቬ⊕ 㠽 (1879–1962) Masuda Giichi Ⴧ↰⟵৻ (1869–1949) Matsudaira Tsuneo ᧻ᐔᕗ㓶 (1877–1949) Matsuoka Yō suke ᧻ጟ㲳ฝ (1880–1946) Meiji bunka kenky ū kai 㱣ᢥൻ⎇ⓥળ Meiji Taishō bungaku zenshū 㱣ᄢᱜᢥቇో㓸 Miki Takeō ਃ ᧁᱞᄦ (1907–1988) “Mingjing” ㏜ Minseitō ᳃ ౄ Mishima Yukio ਃ ፉ↱♿ᄦ (1925–1970) Mita shimbun ਃ↰ᣂ⡞ Mitsunaga Hoshio శ᳗ᤊᦶ (1866–1945) Miyanoj ō ች ਯၔ Moji shimbun 㐷มᣂ⡞ “mottomo shinpoteki de mottomo kindaiteki na kankaku” ᦨ߽ㅴᱠ ⊛ߢᦨ߽ㄭઍ⊛ߥᗵⷡ Mugi to heitai 㤈ߣ㓌 mune ni kizanda ⢷ߦ ೞࠎߛ Mushanokō ji Saneatsu ᱞ⠪ዊ〝ታ◊ (1885–1976) Nagai Kaff ū ᳗ ⩄㘑 (1879–1959) Nagaoka Hantar ō 㐳 ጟඨᄥ㇢ (1865–1950) Nagata Tetsuzan ᳗↰㋕ጊ (1884–1935) Nagayo Yoshir ō 㐳 ਈༀ㇢ (1888–1961) Nahan ๅ༅ Appendix 203
Naitō Konan ౝ⮮㷾ධ (1866–1934) Nakane Komaj ū rō ਛᩮ㚤ච㇢ (1882–1964) Nakajima Chikuhei ਛፉ⍮ਭᐔ (1884–1949) Nakazato Kaizan ਛ ㉿ጊ (1885–1944) nana korobi ya oki ৾ォ ߮߈ Natsume Sō seki ᄐ⋡␆⍹ (1867–1916) nenpy ō ᐕ Nihon Denpō Tsū shinsha ᣣᧄ㔚ႎㅢା␠ Nihon jid ō bunko ᣣᧄఽ┬ᢥᐶ “Nihon koten bungaku ni tsuite” ᣣᧄ ฎౖᢥቇߦߟߡ Nihon Ky ō d ō tō ᣣᧄදห ౄ Nihon Kyō santō ᣣᧄ↥ ౄ Nihon Nō mototō ᣣᧄ ㄘᧄౄ Nihon Shinpot ō ᣣᧄ ㅴᱠౄ Nihon teikoku t ō kei nenkan ᣣᧄᏢ࿖⛔⸘ᐕ㐓 Nikaid ō Susumu ੑ㓏 ၴㅴ (1910–2000) Ni–niroku Jiken ੑੑ ઙ Nippon fashizumu no shintenb ō ᣣᧄࡈࠔͯ࠭ࡓߩᣂዷᦸ Nishida Kitarō ↰ ᐞ⣂㇢ (1870–1945) Nitobe Inaz ō ᣂ 㷉Ⓑㅧ (1862–1933) Nogi Maresuke ਫᧁᏗౖ (1849–1912) Nozaka Sanz ō ㊁ ဈෳਃ (1892–1993) Ogata Taketora ✜ᣇ┻⯥ (1888–1956) Ogawa Mimei ዊᎹ ᧂ (1882–1961) Okada Seiichi ጟ↰৻ (1892–1972) Ō kuma Shigenobu ᄢ㓊㊀ା (1838–1922) “Onjō shugi ni tuite” 㷑ᖱਥ⟵ߦዞߡ Ō no Magohei ᄢ㊁ቊᐔ (1879–1963) Ō Sh ō kun ₺ᤘำ (Chinese, Wang Zhaojun) Osaka asahi shimbun ᄢ㒋ᦺᣣᣂ⡞ Ō sugi Sakae ᄢ᧖ᩕ (1885–1923) Ō ura Kanetake ᄢ㴎ᱞ (1850–1918) Ouyang Shan ᱏ㓁ጊ (1908–2004) Ozaki Kō yō የ ፒ⚃⪲ (1868–1903) Panghuangg ᓌᓲ Rasha to shisha ⠪ߣᱫ⠪ rekishitekina kizuato ᱧผ⊛ߥ்〔 “Rō d ōshō o shinsetsu subeshi” ഭ⋭ࠍᣂ⸳ߔߴߒ “Rō d ō und ō no senjutsu toshite no sabotaaju” ഭㆇേߩᚢⴚߣ ߒ ߡߩࠨࡏͷࠫࡘ “Roma hōō ekkenki” ⟜㚍 㱽₺⻏⸥ 204 Appendix
Rō yama Masamichi ⱼጊ (1895–1980) Ryosh ū ᣏᗜ Saig ō Takamori ㇹ 㓉⋓ (1828–1877) Saionji Kinmochi ኹᦸ (1849–1940) Saitō Makoto ᢪ⮮ታ (1858–1936) Saitō Takao ᢪ⮮㓉ᄦ (1870–1949) sakkatachi no oyaji ኅ㆐ߩⷫῳ Satō Eisaku ⮮ᩕ (1901–1975) Satō Haruo ⮮ ᤐᄦ (1892–1964) Satō Hiroshi ⮮ᒄ (1897–1962) Satomi Ton ㉿ᒚ (1888–1983) Satsuma Hayato ⮋㓳 ੱ Satsumasendai–shi ⮋ ᎹౝᏒ sayoku shisō no jidai Ꮐ⠢ ᕁᗐߩᤨઍ seiji zasshi 㱣㔀 Seiyū kai ળ Seiy ū hontō ᧄౄ Sekai bungaku zensh ū ⇇ᢥቇో 㓸 Sekai bunkajin junrei ⇇ᢥൻੱᎼ␞ Sekai renpō undō ⇇ㅪ㇌ㆇേ Sendai Ꮉౝ Sendaigawa Ꮉౝ Ꮉ Sengoku Kō tarō ජ ⍹⥝ᄥ㇢ (1874–1950) “Senji Eikoku no genjō ” ᚢᤨ⧷࿖ߩ⁁ Sha Ting 㱁㯨 (1904–1992) Shakai Kakushint ō ␠ળ㕟ᣂ ౄ shakai kyō ikusha ␠ ળ㔁⢒⠪ Shakai Minshutō ␠ળ᳃ਥ ౄ Shakai sh ūkyō ron shū ␠ ળቬ㔁⺰㓸 Shanhai 㴟 “Shanhai kara bō chi e” 㴟߆ࠄᨱ߳ Shen Jianshi 㰰჻ (1887–1947) Shiba Ry ōtaro ม㚍ㆯᄥ㇢ (1923–1996) “Shib ō ri no tabi” ޟ૩ߩᣏޠ Shiboria ૩ Shidehara Kijū rō ᐊේ ༑㊀㇢ (1872–1951) Shiga Naoya ᔒ⾐⋥ (1883–1971) Shigemitsu Mamoru ㊀శ⫓ (1887–1957) Shimanaka Hō ji ᎑ ਛ㢈ੑ (1923–1997) Shimanaka Yū saku ᎑ਛ㓶 (1887–1949) Shimbunshi h ō ᣂ ⡞⚕㱽 Appendix 205
Shina bunka no kaib ō ᡰ㇊ᢥൻߩ⸃೬ Shina jihen ᡰ㇊ᄌ “Shina shō setsu no hanashi” ᡰ㇊ዊ⺑ߩ Shina ts ū ᡰ㇊ㅢ Shina r ō nin ᡰ ㇊ᶉੱ “Shina o ryokō shite” ᡰ㇊ࠍᣏⴕߒߡ Shimbunshi hō ᣂ ⡞⚕㱽 Shinch ō ᣂ 㼖 Shinchō sha ᣂ ầ␠ Shinkankakuha ᣂᗵⷡ㳦 “Shinpan sekai chizu” ᣂ ⇇࿑ Shinseinen ᣂ㕍 ᐕ Shinsh ō setsu ᣂ ዊ⺑ Shintaisei ᣂᘒ Shin Yō roppa no tanjō ᣂᱏ⟜Ꮙߩ⺀↢ Shirakaba ⊕᮹ Shirakabaha ⊕᮹㳦 Shiratori Kurakichi ⊕㠽ᐶศ (1865–1942) Shisen o koete ᱫ ✢ࠍ߃ߡ Shixue zazhi ผቇ 㔀 Shō gakusei zenshū ዊቇ↢ో 㓸 Shokansh ū ዊ㑄 㓸 Sh ō nan taimuzu 㸀ධͷࠗࡓ࠭ Shō wa kai ᤘ ળ Shō wa kenky ū kai ᤘ ⎇ⓥળ “Sh ū Sakunin no shinky ō” ੱߩᔃႺ Shufu no tomo ਥ ᇚߩ Shuppanbutsu h ō an ‛㱽᩺ Shuppan hō 㱽 shuppan jigy ō keieisha ᬺ⚻༡⠪ Shuppan no oyaji ߩⷫῳ sō g ō zasshi ✚ ว㔀 sō sho ฌ ᦠ Sō taisei riron geki ⋧ኻᕈℂ⺰ Song Qingling ቡᘮ㦁 (1890–1981) suketto ഥߞੱ Suzuki Kisaburō ㋈ ᧁ༑ਃ㇢ (1867–1940) Taigyaku Jiken ᄢㅒઙ Tairiku ᄢ㒽 Taish ō demokurashii ᄢᱜ࠺ࡕࠢͯ “Taish ū bungei dangi” ᄢⴐᢥ⧓⺣⟵ 206 Appendix
Taiyō ᄥ㓁 Takahashi Korekiyo 㜞ᯅᤚ㶭 (1854–1936) Takasu Yasujirō 㜞 㗇⧐ᰴ㇢ (1880–1948) Takii Kō saku 㺅 ቁ (1894–1984) Tanabe Hajime ↰ㄝ ర (1885–1962) Tanaka Kō tarō ↰ ਛ⽸ᄥ㇢ (1880–1941) Tanizaki Jun’ichirō ⼱ ፒ㼌৻㇢ (1886–1965) Tayama Katai ↰ጊ ⧎ⴼ (1872–1930) “Teikoku no shudō teki kō wa j ō ken” Ꮲ࿖ߩਥേ⊛⻠᧦ઙ tenkanki no chanpion ォ឵ᦼߩ࠴ ࡖΫࡇࠝΫ tennō shugi ᄤ⊞ਥ⟵ Terauchi Hisaichi ኹౝኼ৻ (1879–1946) Terauchi Masatake ኹౝᱜᲞ (1852–1919) Tian Han ↰㻊 (1898–1968) Tō a ky ō d ōtai ᧲ห “Tō a ky ōdō tai no riron” ᧲ หߩℂ⺰ Tō a shinchitsujo ᧲ ᣂ⒎ᐨ T ō gō Heihachirō ᧲ㇹᐔ ㇢ (1848–1934) “Tō gō– san no ichidanmen” ᧲ㇹߐࠎߩ৻ᢿ㕙 T ō j ō Hideki ᧲᧦ ⧷ᯏ (1884–1948) Tokuda Shū sei ᓼ↰⑺ჿ (1871–1943) Tokk ō ․㜞 Tō kyō dō ᧲ ੩ၴ Tō kyō mainichi shimbun ᧲੩Ფᣣ ᣂ⡞ Tō kyō nichinichi shimbun ᧲੩ᣣޘ ᣂ⡞ Tomonaga Shinichirō ᦺ᳗ᝄ৻ ㇢ (1906–1979) T ō yō gaku ᧲ 㲳ቇ Uchida Roan ౝ ↰㞉ᐻ (1868–1929) Uchimura Kanz ō ౝ 㐓ਃ (1861–1930) Uchiyama Kanz ō ౝ ጊቢㅧ (1885–1959) Ugaki Kazushige ቝ၂৻ᚑ (1868–1956) Ukita Wamin 㴖↰᳃ (1860–1946) “Umi no hibiki” ᶏ ߩ㗀߈ “Unmei” ㆇ Uzumaku Shina 㷎 Ꮞߊᡰ㇊ Wakai hito ⧯ੱ wakawakashii ⧯ޘߒ wakon y ō sai 㝬 ᵗᚽ Warera ᚒࠄ wan man ࡢΫࡑΫ “Watashi no zakkichō ” ⑳ߩ㔀⸥Ꮽ Appendix 207
“Watashi wa hito wo damashitai” ⑳ߪੱࠍ 㛐ߒߚ wentan ᢥს (see also Japanese bundan ) “Women de xianhua” ᚒ⊛㑄 Xiao Jun 叏ァ (1908–1988) Xie Liuyi ⻢ㅺ (1898–1945) Xin qingnian ᣂ㕍 ᐕ Xingzhou ribao ᤊᎺ ᣣႎ Xu Zhimo ᓢ ᔒ (1896–1931) Yamakawa Hitoshi ጊᎹဋ (1880–1958) Yamamoto Gonnohy ō e ጊ ᧄᮭⴡ (1852–1933) “Yamamoto Kaiz ō” ጊᧄᡷㅧ Yamamoto Sanehiko ጊᧄታᒾ (1885–1952) Yamato shimbun ᄢ ᣂ⡞ “Yang” ⟠ Yanagida Izumi ᩉ ↰ᴰ (1894–1969) Yanaihara Tadao ⍫ౝේᔘ㓶 (1893–1961) yatoi 㓹 Yiwen ⼎ᢥ Yokomitsu Riichi ᮮశ ৻ (1898–1947) Yokoyama Taikan ᮮጊᄢⷰ (1868–1958) Yokozeki Aiz ō ᮮ㑐 ᗲㅧ (1887–1969) yokozuna ᮮ✁ Yosano Akiko ਈ⻢㊁᥏ሶ (1878–1942) Yoshida Shigeru ศ↰⨃ (1878–1967) Yomiuri shimbun ⺒ᄁ ᣂ⡞ Yu Dafu ㇚ ㆐ᄦ (1896–1945) Yukawa Hideki 㸗Ꮉ⑲᮸ (1907–1981) Yumedono ᄞ Ლ Yusi ⺆⛕ “Yuwai xiaoshuo ji” ၞᄖዊ⺑⸥ Yuzhou fengg ቝ ቮ㘑 Zenkoku R ō n ō Taishū t ō ో࿖ഭ ㄘᄢⴐౄ zenshū ో 㓸 Zhang Ziping ᒛ⾗ᐔ (1893–1959) Zhongguo xiaoshuo shilue ਛ࿖ዊ⺑ผ⇛ Zhongliu ਛ㳩 Zhou Wen ᢥ (1907–1952) Zhou Zuoren ੱ (1885–1967) zuihitsu 㓐╩ zuisou 㓐ᗐ Zuojia ኅ Notes
Introduction
1 . The “interwar period” is typically defined in the Japanese context as the period lasting from the Versailles Treaty in 1919 to the formal declaration of war on China by Japan in 1937. I extend the meaning of the period to include the years leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor insofar as Yamamoto remained active as a writer, editor, and politician until Pearl Harbor and beyond. 2. Kurita Takuya, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin” (An Unconventional Publisher) in Yamamoto Sanehiko, Kaizōsha Yamamoto Sanehiko: shuppanjin no ibun (Kaizōsha’s Yamamoto Sanehiko: The Written Legacy of a Publisher) (Tokyo: Kurita shoten, 1968), 107. 3 . Kurita, “Kataburi,” 108. 4. One could also cite the career of Satō Eisaku’s biological brother, Kishi Nobusuke, whose involvement with the militarist government during the war years led to imprisonment and purging from public office by the Occupation authorities after the war. After the purge was lifted Kishi returned to public office and served the fifty-sixth and fifty-seventh terms as Prime Minister of Japan and was awarded the United Nations Peace Medal in 1979. 5 . The distinctions between high or “pure” literature and popular literature have always been open to debate in Japan. Kikuchi Kan attempted to define critical differences between pure literature and popular literature in an essay called “Taishū bungei dangi” (A Discussion of Popular Literature) which appeared in the June 12, 1933 edition of the Tōkyō nichinichi shinbun. 6 . G otō Asatar ō had been persecuted by the Kempeitai (military police) and briefly imprisoned in Sugamo Prison due to his criticisms of Japanese policies in China. It has been suggested that his death at a Tokyo train station, attrib- uted to a hit-and-run accident, may in fact have been murder. See Joshua A. Fogel, The Literature of Travel in the Rediscovery of China: 1862–1945 (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1996), 208. 7. For more about Kobayashi Takiji’s status in the Proletarian Movement see Heather Bowen-Struyk, “Streets of Promise, Streets of Sorrow: Kobayashi Takiji and the Proletarian Movement,” Japanese Studies 31: 3 (December, 2011): 305–318. 8 . Nishizono Hiroshi, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei shōden” (A Brief Biography of Yamamoto Sanehiko) in Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, ed., S ōgō zasshi 210 Notes
Kaizō jikihitsu genkō shūzōroku (Catalog of Manuscript Collection of Handwritten Documents of the Comprehensive Magazine Kai zō) (Kagoshima: Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, 2004), 51. 9 . In fact, the records of Yamamoto Sanehiko and Kaizō sha by Mizushima and Seki were preceded by the diaries of Kisaki Masaru, published in 1975. Although not an editor at Kaizōsha for his entire career, Kisaki was never- theless associated with the magazine at key moments in its existence and his diary entries from the postwar period, in which he played a defining role in the renaissance of Kaizōsha, provide important information about the cha- otic final days of the magazine. 10 . Along with the collection of Kaizōsha materials related to Yamamoto Sanehiko, the Sendai Magokoro Literature Museum also boasts a collection of materials related to the three literary Arishima brothers with an emphasis on manuscripts and personal correspondences of Satomi Ton, the youngest of the brothers. 11. Many of those with whom Yamamoto worked at Kaiz ōsha such as Mizushima and Seki allude to the Kyushu danji model as a way of explaining Yamamoto’s unconventional career and the paradoxes that defined the man. See Kurita, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin,” 108. 12 . Kurita, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin,” 108.
1 Written in Ash: The Education of a Reconstructionist
1 . Ivan Morris, The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Figures in the History of Japan (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988), xvi. 2 . Morris, The Nobility of Failure , 227. 3 . Kurita Takuya, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin” (An Iconoclastic Publisher) in Yamamoto Sanehiko, Kaizōsha Yamamoto Sanehiko: shuppanjin no ibun (Kaizōsha’s Yamamoto Sanehiko: The Written Legacy of a Publisher) (Tokyo: Kurita shoten, 1978), 111. 4 . One of the first things that Yamamoto did after he had begun to succeed financially was to rebuild his ancestral home, and the stone wall that sur- rounded it, for his parents. See Nishizono Hiroshi, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sen- sei shōden” (A Brief Biography of Yamamoto Sanehiko) in Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, ed., Sōgō zasshi Kaizō jikihitsu genkō shūzōroku (Catalog of Manuscript Collection of Handwritten Documents of the Comprehensive Magazine Kaizō ) (Kagoshima: Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, 2004), 46. 5 . Nis hizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 46. 6 . Matsubara Katsue, Kaizōsha to Yamamoto Sanehiko (Kaizōsha and Yamamoto Sanehiko) (Kagoshima: Nanpō shinsha, 2000), 21. 7 . Nis hizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 46. 8 . Nishizono , “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 47. 9 . Matsu bara, Kaizōsha, 26. 10 . Based on a quote that originally appeared in Yamamoto’s essay as quoted in Nishizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 47. Notes 211
11. Nishizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 47. 12. Nishizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 47. 13. In remitting all of his savings to his family and going to Tokyo destitute, Yamamoto was exhibiting his capacities for both generosity and fiduciary recklessness that would define his career as an entrepreneur. Matsubara, Yamamoto Sanehiko, 35. 14. Matsubara, Yamamoto Sanehiko , 38. 15. Matsubara, Yamamoto Sanehiko , 37. 16 . Kaizō sha also released briefly their own journal aimed at a female audience appropriately named Fujin kaizō (Women’s Reconstruction). Matsubara, Yamamoto Sanehiko, 42. 1 7 . Matsubara, Yamamoto Sanehiko , 45. 18 . Matsubara, Y amamoto Sanehiko , 45. 19 . Matsubara, Y amamoto Sanehiko , 46. 20 . Nishizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 48. 21 . Nishizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 48. 22 . Nishizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 48. 23 . As quoted in Ōzuka Kōmei, “Jaanarisuto Yamamoto Sanehiko: Wakaki hi no shisō henreki to zasshi K aizō” (The Journalist Yamamoto Sanehiko: The Pilgrimage of His Youthful Thought and the Magazine Kaizō) in Kaiz ō sha kankei shiryō kenkyū kai (Research Association for Materials Related to Kaizōsha), ed., Kōbō no Taishō: Yamamoto Sanehiko kankei shokanshū (A Beam of Light in the Taish ō: Collected Correspondences of Yamamoto Sanehiko) (Tokyo: Shibunkaku Publishers, 2009), 236. 24 . The Alliance had actually been signed in 1902, and remained in effect until February 1923. See David Steeds, “The Second Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the Russo-Japanese War,” in Janet Hunter, ed., Anglo-Japanese Alliance (London: Suntory Centre at London School of Economics and Political Science, 2002), 2. 2 5 . The visit to Great Britain by Tō gō Heihachirō at the time of the coronation was also something of a homecoming for the admiral who had studied at the Thames Nautical Training College and served as an apprentice officer there from 1871 to 1878. Jonathan Clements, Admiral Tōgō: The Nelson of the East (London: Haus Publishing, 2010), 56. 26 . Ō zuka, “Jaanarisuto Yamamoto Sanehiko,” 236. 27. From “T ōgō -san no ichidanmen” as quoted in Ōzuka, “Jaanarisuto Yamamoto Sanehiko,” 236. This characterization of Admiral Tō g ō stood in stark con- trast to Yamamoto’s assessment of General Nogi Maresuke (1849–1912), who unlike Admiral T ō gō was reputed to possess a poetic sensibility and had the reputation for being unusually progressive. 28 . Ō zuka, “Jaanarisuto Yamamoto Sanehiko,” 237. 29 . Honbunshugi (dutifulness) was a quality that Yamamoto tended to remark upon in his interactions with public figures such as Bertrand Russell and H. G. Wells. It was a virtue that struck Yamamoto as almost uniquely British. See Ozuka, 238. 30 . Ō zuka, “Jaanarisuto Yamamoto Sanehiko,” 238. 31 . Matsubara, K aizōsha, 67. 212 Notes
32 . Ōzuka, “Jaanarisuto Yamamoto Sanehiko,” 242. 33 . Leonard A. Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920’s. (Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press, 1996), 26. The Allied intervention, which began in August 1918, would last four years and become for the Japanese a venture that “tore Japan’s wartime political unity to shreds.” Humphreys, T he Way of the Heavenly Sword, 25. 34 . Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword, 242. 35 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 67. 36 . Apparently Yamamoto had met Matsudaira in England during his sojourn there in 1911. Ō zuka, “Jaanarisuto Yamamoto Sanehiko,” 242. 37 . Matsubara, Kai zōsha, 70. 38 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 72. 39 . Skazhutin, who is only mentioned in existing records as “P. Skazhutin,” grad- uated from the Institute of Oriental Studies in Vladivostok and served as a military interpreter in the Russian Far East. The Headquarters of the Priamur Military Region published several of his translations from the Japanese. Skazhutin served as both an interpreter between officials in Khabarovsk and visiting Japanese and seemed to constitute what might today be called a “consultant” for those Russians wishing to work jointly with the Japanese. Ō zuka, “Jaanarisuto Yamamoto Sanehiko,” 244. 40 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 75. 41 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 75. 42 . Yamamoto Sanehiko. Shōkanshū (Collection of Short Breaks) (Tokyo: Kaizō sha, 1934), 110. 43 . “Shibori no tabi” (The Siberian Trip) is included in the collection Shōk anshū , 115. The more common rendering for Siberia in Japanese at the time was Shiboria. 44. Yamamoto, “Shibori no tabi,” 115. 45. Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 74. 46 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 74. 47 . T he subject of Yamamoto Sanehiko serving as a spy for the Japanese govern- ment and his possible involvement in a money-laundering scheme involving Kuhara Fukanosuke is a subject of speculation by some even today. See Kurita, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin,” 112. 48 . It was in December 1918 that Army Minister Tanaka Giichi, having realized that Japan’s ambition of supporting the creation of an independent Siberian state was futile, decided to initiate the withdrawal of all remaining Japanese troops. Humphreys, The Way, 27. 49 . Ō zuka, “Jaanarisuto Yamamoto Sanehiko,” 244.
2 The Comprehensive Magazine Kaizzo¯: Giving Voice to the Opposition and Challenging the Status Quo in Interwar Japan
1 . Kondō Motohiro, who himself served as editor of Chūō kōron in the 1980s, suggests “composite magazine” or “integrated, intellectual magazine” as other Notes 213
possible translations for sōgō zasshi. As of Spring 2010, about 50 such maga- zines existed in Japan. See Kondō Motohiro, “The Development of Monthly Magazines in Japan.” January 15, 2004. University of Michigan Winter Term Public Lecture Series. Web. 27 December, 2010.
providing direction for Japan, then just emerging from World War I and in need of “reconstruction,” the more he warmed to the name. Matsubara, Kaizō sha , 85. 20 . Kaizō sha kankei shiryō kenky ūkai (Research Association for Materials Related to Kaizōsha), ed. Kō b ō no Taishō: Yamamoto Sanehiko kankei shokanshū (A Beam of Light in the Taishō: Collected Correspondences of Yamamoto Sanehiko) (Kyoto: Shibunkaku shuppan, 2009), 248. 21 . Matsubara, Kaizō sha , 87. 22. Matsubara, K aiz ō sha , 90. 23 . Matsubara, K aiz ō sha , 90. 24. K ō no, “Yamamoto Sanehiko to Kaizō sha,” 4. 25 . Seki Chūka, et al., Zasshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen (Forty Years of the Magazine Kaizō ) (Tokyo: Kō wadō, 1977), 275. 26 . Matsubara, Kaizō sha , 92. 27 . Matsubara, K aiz ō sha , 94. 28 . Yamamoto had purchased the Shinagawa home for 35,000 yen prior to embarking on the Kai zō venture with some of the profits accrued from the Siberian enterprise. Matsubara, Kai zō sha , 94. 29 . Matsubara, Kaizōsh a , 95. 30 . Matsubara, K aiz ō sha , 96. 3 1 . Yokozeki, who later professed to being relatively ignorant of the activities and concerns of Japanese socialists, depended on acquaintances with social- ist leanings to guide his decisions about socialist thinkers to include as con- tributors. Matsubara, Kaizō sha , 97. 3 2 . Matsubara, Kaizō sha , 97. 33 . Matsubara, K aiz ō sha , 97. 3 4 . Seki Ch ū ka, et al., Zasshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen , 277. 35 . Matsubara, K aiz ō sha , 125. 36 . Seki Ch ū ka, et al., Zasshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen, 65. 37 . According to Kondō Motohiro, it was in response to the success of K aizō, which had established itself as a magazine sympathetic to socialist thinkers that Chūō kō ron began to include the work of more radical leftist writers. See “The Development of Monthly Magazines,” 4. 38 . Kō no, “Yamamoto Sanehiko to Kaizō sha,” 76. 39 . Fr é d éric, Louise, Japan Encyclopedia. Trans. Käthe Roth. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 128. 40 . Kaizō sha kankei, K ō b ō no Taish ō , 1. 41 . From Sugimori Hisahide. T akita Choin. (Tokyo: Ch ū k ō Shinsho, 1967) as quoted in Kurita Kakuya, ed., Shuppanjin no ibun: Kaizōsha Yamamoto Sanehiko (Kaizōsha’s Yamamoto Sanehiko: the Written Legacy of a Publisher) (Tokyo: Kurita shoten, 1968), 114. 42 . Sugimori, Takita Choin , 114. 43 . Sugimori, Takita Choin , 114. 44 . From Yamamoto’s essay “Jūgonen” (Fifteen Years) which originally appeared in Kaizō in 1934, here reprinted in Kōno Toshiro, “Yamamoto Sanehiko to Kaizō sha,” 15. Notes 215
45. Quote from “Jū gonen.” Kō no Toshiro, “Yamamoto Sanehiko to Kaizō sha,” 15. 46. Kaiz ō sha kankei, Kō b ō no Taish ō , 248. 47 . Kaizō sha kankei, Kō b ō no Taish ō , 248. 48 . Kurita, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin,” 114. 49 . Kaizō sha kankei, Kō b ō no Taish ō , 248. 50 . Kō no, “Yamamoto Sanehiko to Kaizō sha,” 3. 5 1 . Kō no, “Yamamoto Sanehiko to Kaizō sha,” 4. 52. Matsubara , Kai z ōsha, 102. Kagawa’s story, which was largely autobiographi- cal, was endorsed by both Yamamoto and also by the Ō saka mainichi shim- bun. See Hayashi Keisuike. Ho nō wa kiezu: Kagawa Toyohiko saihakken (The Unextinguished Flame: The Rediscovery of Kagawa Toyohiko) (Tokyo: Meisei insatsu, 1982), 68. 53 . Although sales of the four issues of Kaizō in which “Shisen o koete” was pub- lished were considerably higher than prior issues and contributed to sales of those issues, the real economic windfall for the company came from the sales of the novel in book form. This was the publisher’s first step into book pub- lishing, and the incredible sales of Kagawa’s book, which eventually reached 800,000 copies, propelled the company’s economic growth. Hayashi, Ho n ō wa kiezu , 103. 54 . Hayashi, Honō wa kiezu , 138. 55 . Hayashi, H onō wa kiezu , 159. 56 . Hayashi, H onō wa kiezu , 159. 57 . As with the serialized version of Hō rō ki, Hayashi had to void a contract in order to publish the book version with Kaizōsha. Tokuda Shū sei of Shinchōsha had already accepted Hayashi’s manuscript, so she had to break that contract in order to sign a more lucrative contract with Yamamoto and Kaizō sha. Hayashi, Honō wa kiezu , 160. 58 . Hayashi, H onō wa kiezu , 107. 59 . Hayashi, Honō wa kiezu , 107. 60 . One of the indicators of the degree to which Yamamoto had earned the trust and respect of writers can be seen in visits that writers made to Yamamoto at his ancestral home in Kagoshima. In 1929, Yosano Akiko (1878–1942), then perhaps the most famous living poet in Japan and her husband, the well-known critic Tekkan, visited Yamamoto at his home in Sendai. During that visit, Akiko gave a lecture at Sendai Women’s Upper School. She touched upon the couple’s friendship with Yamamoto both in that lecture and also in the forward to a waka collection resulting from the couple’s travels entitled Kiris hima no uta (Songs of Kirishima). In Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, ed., “Kagoshima o tabi shita sakkatachi: Yamamoto Sanehiko shōtan 120 nen kinen.” (Writers who Traveled to Kagoshima: On the 120 year Anniversary of Yamamoto Sanehiko’s Birth) in Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan 2 kai tokubetsu kikaku ten zuroku (Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan’s Second Planned Exhibit Catalog) (Kagoshima: Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, 2005), 2. 61. Kaizō sha kankei, Kō b ō no Taishō, 250. The Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, whose collection focuses on materials related to Yamamoto Sanehiko and 216 Notes
Kaizōsha, also includes manuscripts by the Shirakaba writer Mushanokoji Saneatsu, whose Atarashiki mura utopian village was located in Kyushu. 62 . Kaizō sha kankei, Kō b ō no Taish ō , 251. 63 . Kaizō sha kankei, K ō b ō no Taish ō , 251. 64 . Kaizō sha kankei, K ō b ō no Taish ō , 251. 65 . Kaizō sha kankei, K ō b ō no Taish ō , 251. 66 . Matsubara, Kaizōs ha , 99. 67 . Mizushima Haruo. K aizōsha no jidai (The Age of Kaizōsha) (Tokyo: Tosho shuppansha, 1976), 8. 68 . K ōno Kensuke. “Ken’etsu, shuppanh ō, bungaku zenshū: Nakazato Kaizan Yumedono sakujo no haikei o megutte” (Censorship, the Publishing Law and Literary Collected Works: Concerning the Background of the Expurgation of Nakazato Kaizan’s Yum edono) in Kōno Toshirō and Hidaka Shōji, ed. Kaizō jikihitsu no kenky ū (Kai zō: Research of Handwritten Materials), vol. 1 (Tokyo: Yushō d ō shuppan, 2007), 64. 69 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen , 46. 70 . K ōno Kensuke, “Ken’etsu, shuppanhō, bungaku zenshū,” 64. The case where a single piece was prohibited from appearing in an issue, but the issue itself was not suspended was known as keisai kinshi (appearance prohibition). Kōno, “Ken’etsu,” 66. 71 . Seki’s essay is here quoted in Kō no, “Ken’etsu,” 65. 72 . Kō no, “Ken’etsu,” 65. 73 . Interestingly, Kropotkin’s work had already appeared in Japanese, in a trans- lation by Kotoku Shūsui, in 1909. Kōno, “Ken’etsu,” 64. Several years later, the fourth installment of Nakazato Kaizan’s (1885–1944) Yumedono, which was to appear in the September 1927 issue, was expurgated and further seri- alization of the story was banned. 74 . Kō no, “Ken’etsu,” 64. 75 . Interference from the authorities took many forms, but suspension of an entire issue was generally deemed a last resort to be pursued only when negotiations between the Home Ministry and publishers broke down. See Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen, 68. 76 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen , 68. 77 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen, 68. 78 . Takii was later to contend that Yamamoto had asked him to quit both in order to save money from the salary paid to him as one of the magazine’s most highly paid editors and also to make of Takii a scapegoat for Yamamoto’s inability to negotiate a compromise with the authorities that would have allowed the issue to be published. Seki, Zass hi Kaizō no yonj ūnen, 69. 79 . Seki, Zasshi Kaiz ō no yonj ūnen, 64. 80 . Fujimori, who was thirty-four when he wrote the play, was a member of the Japanese Socialist Party, and had been deeply involved in the labor move- ment in the Taish ō period. Seki, Z asshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen , 67. 81 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen, 68. 82 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen, 68. 83 . A rumor emerged in the wake of the suspension of the June 1926 issue of Kaizō and of censorship of portions of the July issue that Kaizō sha was Notes 217
able to continue to operate despite these devastating losses only because of Yamamoto’s collusion with the military and through the support of influential figures in the military and zaibatsu. Although unsubstantiated, such rumors of financial and logistical support from the military would haunt Yamamoto at several points in his long career. See Kobayashi Isamu. Kobayashi Isamu bunshū (The Writings of Kobayashi Isamu), vol. 4 (Tokyo: Chikuma shob ō, 1983), 307. 84 . Kō no Kensuke, “Ken’etsu, shuppanhō , bungaku zenshū ,” 62. 85 . Seki Chū ka, Z asshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen , 68. 86 . Seki Chū ka, Z asshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen, 68. 87 . Information about the meeting and its results were gleaned from an article entitled “Kikuchi Kan shi nado Hamaguchi Naishō o otozoreru” (Kikuchi Kan and Others Call upon Home Minister Hamaguchi) that appeared in the Tokyo mainichi shimbun on July 24, 1926. Seki Chū ka, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjū nen , 68. 88 . Seki Ch ū ka, Z asshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen , 69. 89 . Seki Chū ka, Z asshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen , 69. 90 . Yamamoto expressed on behalf of the league the fundamental source of con- sternation about the censorship process, which was the lack of transparency and the vagueness of the guidelines by which works were assessed by the Ministry. Seki Chū ka, Zasshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen , 70. 91 . Seki Chū ka, Z asshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen , 71. 92 . Kaihō soon ceased publication, succumbing finally to the Home Ministry’s new set of policies. Seki Chū ka, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen, 72. 93 . In the article, Kikuchi expressed regret that more had not been accomplished in that meeting with Hamaguchi in the previous year. Seki Ch ūka, Zass hi Kaizō no yonj ūnen, 73. 9 4 . Seki Chū ka, Z asshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen , 72. 95 . An example of severe, in-house editing prior to inspection by the cen- sors can be seen in an essay of Mushanokoji Saneatsu’s entitled “Shina o ryokō shite” (Traveling China), which was edited relentlessly and had many passages deleted by K aiz ō’s editor Hosokawa Tetsuzō prior to appearing in the magazine in which it did not face any criticism from the censors. See Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan. S ōgō zasshi Kaizō jikihitsu genkō sh ūzō zuroku (The Comprehensive Magazine Kaiz ō: Catalogue of Collected Handwritten Documents), vol. 2 (Kagoshima: Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, 2006), 1. 96. From the 1923 diary of Kisaki Masaru, a staff member at Kaizōsha as quoted in Seki, Z asshi Kaizō no yonjūnen, 65. 97. This was a coup for Yamamoto and Kaizō, chosen over Bungei shunjū, which was also being considered by the military for that distinction. The editor Mizushima Haruo was dispatched to Shanghai to meet with Hino and col- lect the complete manuscript. See Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 176. 98 . Matsubara, Kaizō sha , 176. 99 . The issue of C h ūō kō ron that was to carry the first installment of Ikite iru heitai was banned in 1938 on the day that it was to be released, and Ishikawa and three of the magazine’s publishing staff were arrested for violating the 218 Notes
Shimbunshi h ō (Newspaper law). The novel would not be published until after the war in December 1945. See Matsubara, Kai zō sha , 178. 100 . Matsubara, Kaizō sha , 180. 101 . Seki, Z asshi Kaiz ō no yonjūnen , 148. 102 . Matsubara, Kaizō sha , 190. 103 . Saitō would later be expelled from the Japanese Diet in March of 1940 for a February speech in which he questioned the basis and prosecution of Japan’s “Holy War” in China. He would be reelected to the Diet in 1942. See Earl H. Kinmonth, “The Mouse That Roared: Saitō Takao, Conservative Critic of Japan’s ‘Holy War’ in China,” Journal of Japanese Studies 25: 2 (Summer 1999): 352. 104 . Taka gi Akihiko, “An Essay on Geopolitical Writings in the Magazine Kaizō during the Asia-Pacific War in Japan” in Mizuuchi Toshio, ed., Critical and Radical Geographies of the Social, the Spatial and the Politicall (URP Research Paper No. 1) (Osaka: Osaka University Press, 2006), 51. 10 5 . Takagi, “An Essay on Geopolitical Writings,” 51. Its association with the militarist period ensured that Geopolitics never arose to become a serious field of study in postwar Japan. 106 . Takagi, “An Essay on Geopolitical Writings,” 52. 107 . Takagi, “An Essay on Geopolitical Writings,” 52. 108 . Takagi, “An Essay on Geopolitical Writings,” 52. 109 . Takagi, “An Essay on Geopolitical Writings,” 53. 110 . Takagi, “An Essay on Geopolitical Writings,” 54. It was almost certainly as a publisher willing to allow his magazine to serve as a vehicle for such ideo- logically charged writing that Yamamoto was recognized as a potential can- didate for the East Asian Ministry in 1945. 111 . “Justice Finally Served,” The Japan Times Online (February 8, 2010).
3 Shouldering Giants: The Presentation of Western Intellectual and Cultural Elite to Interwar Japan
1 . In her biography of Yamamoto Sanehiko, Matsubara Kazue provides an overview of each of these visits by Western intellectuals but fails to address fully either Yamamoto’s motivations for bringing these figures to Japan or the legacies of those visits. See Matsubara Kazue, Kaizōsha to Yamamoto Sanehiko (Kaiz ōsha and Yamamoto Sanehiko) (Kagoshima: Nanp ō shinsha, 2000). 2 . In contemporary parlance, these foreign “helpers,” active in Japan in fields as diverse as professional sports and English language education, are referred to as suketto (hired hands). See Paul Scott, “Uchiyama Kanz ō: A Case Study in Sino-Japanese Interaction,” S ino-Japanese Studies 2: 2 (May 1990): 48. 3 . Hazel J. Jones, Live Machines: Hired Foreigners and Meiji Japan (Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1980), xiv. 4 . Jones, Live Machines , 94. 5 . Jones, Live Machines , 71. 6 . Christopher Benfey, Th e Great Wave: Gilded Age Misfits, Japanese Eccentrics, and the Opening of Old Japan (New York: Random House, 2003), 64. Among other well-known visitors to Japan during the Meiji period were then US Secretary of War William Howard Taft (1857–1930), the historian Henry Brooks Adams (1838–1918), and the philosopher and art historian Ernest Fenollosa (1853–1908). 7 . Benfey, The Great Wave , 64. 8 . Carol Gluck, Japan’s Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), 137. Another quote from this book seems to reflect one dimension of Yamamoto’s motivation to bring Western intellectual elite to Japan. In speaking of the rationale for utilizing foreign experts in the Meiji period, Gluck contends that foreigners “were the ideological means to the patriotic end,” 137. 9 . Miura Toshihiko, “Rasseru to Chūgoku, Nihon” (Russell and China, Japan), Hikaku bungaku 29 (1986), 10. 10 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 95. 11 . Seki Chūka, et al., Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen (Forty Years of the Magazine Kaizō ) (Tokyo: Kō wad ō , 1977), 70. 12. Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 71. 13 . Ray Monk, Bertrand Russell: The Spirit of Solitude: 1872–1921 (New York: The Free Press, 1996), 603. 14 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjū nen, 71. In fact, labor unions in the Kansai region had prepared elaborate banners of welcome for Russell that were unfurled and on display in the port of Kobe before the authorities had them removed. Matsubara, K aizōsha ,111. 1 5 . Bertrand Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 1914 –1944 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1968), 191. 220 Notes
16 . Monk, Bertrand Russell, 603. For more about Robert Young and the Japan Chronicle see Kakegawa Tomiko, “The Japan Chronicle and its Editors: Reflecting Japan to the Press and the People, 1891–1940,” Japan Forum 13: 1 (April 2001): 27–40. Kakegawa’s article explores the importance of the Japan Chronicle as a foil to the Japanese press at a time of increasingly tight government restrictions. Specifically, the author compares the Japan Chronicle to the Ōsaka asahi shimbun and contrasts how the two reported on the Manchurian Incident. 17 . Russell, Autobiograph y, 192. Dora would later confide that, having battled illness during their sojourn in China, neither she nor Russell felt fit enough in Japan to cope with either the “exuberance of supporters or the sinister atmosphere of government repression.” See Monk, Bertrand Russelll , 603. 18 . Monk, Bertrand Russelll , 604. 19 . Monk, Bertrand Russelll , 604. 20 . Russell, Autobiography , 191. 21 . “Famous Visitors to Japan,” K eio Views 1 (2006).
37 . Chelser, Woman of Valor , 246. 38 . Lader, T he Margaret Sanger Story , 189. 39 . Lader, T he Margaret Sanger Story , 189. 40 . Lader, T he Margaret Sanger Story , 190. 41. Kurita Takuya, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin” (An Iconoclastic Publisher) in Yamamoto Sanehiko, Kaizōsha Yamamoto Sanehiko: shuppanjin no ibun (Kaizōsha’s Yamamoto Sanehiko: The Written Legacy of a Publisher). (Tokyo: Kurita shoten, 1978), 15. 42 . Lader, T he Margaret Sanger Story , 192. 43 . Lader, The Margaret Sanger Story , 194. 44 . Chesler, Woman of Valor , 246. 45 . Lader, The Margaret Sanger Story, 196. Margaret Sanger’s hosts had, in fact, prepared other sightseeing tours in the locales where speaking engagements were to take place, but Sanger insisted on using those moments to go off, usually with Katō Shizue, to investigate conditions for women and children working in textile factories and among the women engaged in the sex trade. Chesler, W oman of Valor , 245. 46 . Lader, T he Margaret Sanger Story , 198. 4 7 . Lader, T he Margaret Sanger Story , 196. 48 . Lader, T he Margaret Sanger Story, 196. 49 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 114. Although Margaret Sanger’s visit was a personal triumph for Yamamoto, and although it did garner the attention from the Japanese press and the Japanese populace for which Yamamoto had hoped, insofar as all but one of the major lectures that Yamamoto had planned had to be cancelled, it proved to be the least lucrative of all the visits of Western intellectuals sponsored by Kaizō sha. 50 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen, 72. Yamamoto had actually asked Russell to name the three greatest living people, but Russell had provided Yamamoto with only one name. Kurita Takuya, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin,” 10. 51 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 116. 52 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 116. In the end, along with the lectures, Kaizōsha also funded the special thirty-hour course taught by Einstein at Tokyo University for Physics faculty and graduate students. Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 119. One of the participants in that special course, the agriculturalist Kozai Yoshinao (1864–1934), wrote a personal letter of gratitude to Yamamoto soon after Einstein’s visit in which he presciently envisaged the long-term effects of that course on Japan’s scientific community. See Kaizōsha kankei shiryō kenkyūkai, Kōbō no Taishō: Yamamoto Sanehiko kankei shokanshū (Kyoto: Shibunkaku shuppan, 2009), 90. 53 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen, 73. The German ambassador to Japan, Wilhelm Solf (1862–1936), initially shared some of Dr. Nagaoka’s fears and protested that the entire trip merely had been “executed as a commercial enterprise.” See Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), 307. Remarkably, the ambassador appears to have changed his opinion of the venture after he saw firsthand the effect of Einstein’s visit on the Japanese populace, and he remarked that the Japanese took part in welcoming Einstein and his wife “without preparation and 222 Notes
affectation.” See J ürgen Neffe, Einstein: A Biography (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 275. 54. Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 117. 55 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 117. 56 . “Famous Visitors.” 57. Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 73. 58 . “Famous Visitors.” Yamamoto correctly predicted that even if few under- stood the speeches, the very presence of Einstein would spur popular inter- est in science and eventually effect real change in Japan’s scientific world. Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 116. 59 . Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe , 307. 60 . Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe , 307. 6 1 . Kawana Sari, Murder Most Modern: Detective Fiction and Japanese Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 120. 6 2 . Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe , 306. 63 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 101. 6 4 . Neffe, Einstein: A Biography , 275. 6 5 . Kawana, Murder Most Modern , 122. 66 . “Einstein in Japan Collection, 1920–1923: Finding Aid C0904,” Princeton University Library Manuscripts Division
82. Lu Xun, “On Seeing Those Who Saw Shaw.” 83. Uchiyama Kanzō. Kakōroku (A Record at Age Sixty) (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1981), 191. 8 4 . Uchiyama, Kakōroku , 191. 85 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 165. 86 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 166. 87 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 166. 88 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 166. 89 . A. M. Gibbs, Bernard Shaw: A Life. (Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida, 2005), 409. 90 . Seki, Zasshi Kaiz ō no yonjūnen , 140. 9 1. Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 167. 9 2. Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 167. 93 . Tang Zheng, “Lu Xun yu Riben gaizaoshe tong ren” (Lu Xun and Colleagues from Japan’s Kaizō sha), Lu Xun yanjiu yuekan (January 1999): 68. 9 4 . Gibbs, Bernard Shaw, 411. For example, in Shaw’s last full-length play, Buoyant Billions: A Comedy of No Manners, the setting for the final two scenes is a drawing room in a London residence, “converted into a Chinese temple on a domestic scale.” Gibbs, Bernard Shaw , 412.
4 Power to the People: Kaizo¯sha’s Enpon Gamble and the Making of a Publishing Revolution
1 . Edward Mack, Manufacturing Modern Japanese Literature (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010), 3. 2 . Mack, Manufacturingg, 7. 3 . Seki Chūka, et al. Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen (Forty Years of the Magazine Kaizō ). (Tokyo: Kō wad ō , 1977), 105. 4 . Se ki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen, 105. 5 . Arase Yū taka, “Mass Communications Between the Two World Wars,” The Developing Economies 5: 4 (December 1967): 758. 6. Arase , “Mass Communications,” 757. 7 . Se ki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 105. 8 . Arase, “Mass Communications,” 758. 9 . Arase, “Mass Communications,” 758. 10 . Ch arles J. Schencking, “The Great Kantō Earthquake and the Culture of Catastrophe and Reconstruction in the 1920s Japan,” The Journal of Japanese Studies, 34: 2 (Summer 2008), 296. 11 . Schencking, “The Great Kantō Earthquake,” 296. 12 . Soon after the earthquake, Kikuchi Kan and others in the publishing industry had predicted that the catastrophe would result in the breakup of the concen- tration of the publishing industry in Tokyo, and that publishers would move their headquarters to Kansai and elsewhere. Yamamoto never subscribed to that belief and in fact, if anything, Tokyo emerged after the quake as an 224 Notes
even more important center of Japanese publishing. Mack, Manufacturing Modern , 57. 13. Matsubara Kazue, Kaizōsha to Yamamoto Sanehiko (Kaiz ōsha and Yamamoto Sanehiko) (Tokyo: Nanp ō shinsha, 2000), 135. 14. Matsubara, Kai zōsha , 136. 15. Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 97. 16 . Kōno Toshirō and Hidaka Shō ji, ed. Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū (Kaizō: Research of Handwritten Materials), vol. 1 (Tokyo: Yushōdō Shuppan, 2007), 64. 17. Seki, Zasshi Kaiz ō no yonjūnen , 98. 18 . Arase, “Mass Communications,” 758. 19 . Miriam Silverberg, “Constructing a New Cultural History of Prewar Japan,” Boundary 2 , 18: 3 [Japan in the World] (Autumn 1991): 66. 20 . Silverberg, “Constructing a New Cultural History,” 66. 21. Silverberg, “Constructing a New Cultural History,” 66. 22 . Silverberg, “Constructing a New Cultural History,” 66. 23 . Minami Hiroshi and Shakai shinri kenkyūjo, eds. Shōwa bunka (Shō wa Period Culture) (Tokyo: Keisō shobō , 1987), 287. 24. Omori Kyoko, Detectin g Japanese Vernacular Modernism: Shinseinen Magazine and the Development of the Tantei Shōsetsu Genre, 1920–1931. Dissertation. The Ohio State University, (2003), 8. 25 . Mack, Manufacturing Modern , 31. 26 . Li Minggang, The Early Years of Bungei Shunjū and the Emergence of a Middlebrow Literature. Dissertation. The Ohio State University (2008), 93. 27 . Ishikawa Hiroyoshi, ed. Goraku no senzenshi (An Entertaining Prewar History) (Tokyo: Shoseki Kabushikigaisha, 1981), 53. 28 . Li, The Early Years , 94. 29. Omori, Detectin g Japanese , 9. 30. Li, The Early Years , 94. 31. Li, The Early Years , 97. 32. K ō no, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū , 74. 33 . Theories abound concerning the origins of the en pon concept. There was a theory circulated at the time of its origin that the political activist Fujimori Seikichi, who had worked in factories and knew the economic realities of the working class, had suggested to Yamamoto to sell books for as little as fifty sen each. See Karatani Kōjin, et al. Kindai Nihon no Hihyō: Meiji Taishō hen (Modern Japanese Criticism: Meiji Taish ō Edition) (Tokyo: Fukutake shoten, 1992), 73. Another suggestion that had some currency was that the author Tanizaki Jun’ichir ō had suggested to Yamamoto that he sell some of Tanizaki’s works for one yen each. See Mack, Manufacturing Modern, 96. Nevertheless, the most plausible and widely accepted explanation is that Yamamoto seized upon a suggestion by Fujikawa Yasuo to produce books in a serial form for one yen each. 34 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen, 98. 35 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 98. 36 . Adam Kirsch, “The ‘Five-foot Shelf’ Reconsidered,” Harvard Magazine, 103: 2 (November-December 2001),
37 . Kirsch, “The ‘Five-foot Shelf’ Reconsidered.” 38 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 100. 39. Another inspiration that both Kaizōsha and Iwanami were later to acknow- ledge was the Universal-Bibliothek, an inexpensively priced library of some of the world’s great works published at the turn of the twentieth century by the German publishing house Reclam Verlag. See Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 108. 40. Sh ūkan Asahi, ed., Nedan no Meiji Taishō Shōwa fuzokushi (A History of Pricing Customs in the Meiji, Taishō , and Shōwa Periods) (Tokyo: Asahi shimbunsha, 1987), 601. 41 . Seki, Zasshi Kaiz ō no yonjūnen, 100. 42. Joshua Hammer, Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War III (New York: Free Press, 2009), 29. 43. Kō no, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū , 74. 44. Kimura Ki regularly consulted with Yanagida Izumi (1894–1969) about the contents of the series and about the ordering of its volumes and sought Yanagida’s aid with the editing of its n enpyō (chronological history volume). Both Kimura and Yanagida were members of the Meiji bunka kenkyū kai (Society for Study of Meiji Culture), a group dedicated to the preservation of texts from the Meiji era. This connection would prove crucial in terms of the organization of the series. See Mack, Manu facturing Modern , 98. 45. Seki, Z asshi Kaiz ō no yonjūnen , 74. 46. As quoted in Seki, Zasshi Kaiz ō no yonjūnen , 74. 47 . Li, The Early Years , 123. 48 . K ō no, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū , 76. 49 . Seki, Zasshi Kaiz ō no yonjūnen, 101. In fact, they were not “under negotia- tion;” Kaffū had refused their request summarily. 50 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 103. 51. Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 103. 52. Kō no, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū , 74. 53 . K ō no, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū , 75 54 . K ō no, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū , 75. 55 . In the end, most of the representative works by Kafu and other major writ- ers such as Shimazaki Tōson and Natsume Soseki, were not included in their respective volumes in the Co llected Works of Contemporary Japanese Literature series. Two publishers, Shun’yō d ō and Hakubunkan, controlled the rights to many Meiji era works and would only sell the rights to those works for exorbitant fees, limiting what Kaiz ōsha could reasonably afford to include. For more about the specifics of this issue see Edward Mack, Manufacturing Modern , 107. 56 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 143. 57 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 146. 58. Seki, Zasshi Kaiz ō no yonjūnen , 107. 59. Kō no, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū , 62. 60 . K ō no, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū , 74. 61 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 149. 62 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 149. 226 Notes
63 . Kō no, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū , 76. 64 . K ō no, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū , 76. 65 . Seki, Zasshi Kaiz ō no yonjūnen , 108. 66. Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 150. In order to create a greater intimacy between writers and readers, Yamamoto also called upon writers to contribute a forward to their zenshū and to allow Kaizōsha to include images of hand- written manuscripts in order to demonstrate to readers the rigors of the writing process. See K ōno, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū, 77. Kaizōsha also sponsored the making of a film depicting scenes in the daily lives of the writers included in the lecture tour. This film, shown in conjunction with the lectures, helped to contribute to the emergence of a culture of celeb- rity that few writers of pure literature had theretofore enjoyed. See Mack, Manufacturing Modern, 114. 67 . Mack, Manufacturing Modern , 9. 68 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 146. 69 . Silverberg, “Constructing a New Cultural History,” 70. 70 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 148. 7 1 . Keene, Dennis. Yokomitsu Riichi: Modernistt (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), 165. 7 2 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 105. 73 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 105. 7 4 . Takabatake Motoyuki, Shuppansen jakuniku kyōshoku no ben (Publishing Wars: Survival of the Fittest) (Tokyo: Ry ū d ō shuppan, 1978), 258. So fierce was the competition between these two series in fact that when Arusu reduced the price of their volumes to fifty sen, K ōbunsha responded by dropping the price of the volumes in their series to the cutthroat price of thirty-five sen. 75 . The sales of the C ollected Works of Marx and Engels series at Uchiyama’s Shanghai bookstore was surpassed only by Kaizōsha’s Collected Works of Contemporary Japanese Literature series and Shinch ōsha’s World Literature series. See Uchiyama Kanzō , Kakōroku. (A Record at Age Sixty) (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1981), 145. 76 . Mack, Manufacturing Modern , 17. 77 . Makino Takeo, Kumo ka yama ka shuppan urabanashi (Clouds or Mountains: Inside Stories from Publishers) (Tokyo: Chū k ō bunk ō , 1976), 24. 78 . Maruyama Saiichi, B ungaku zenshū to watashii (Literary Collected Works and Me) in “Hon no hanashi” (Book Talk), Bungei shunjū (October 2006): 169. 79. Although production of such series were suspended during the war, the appearance of Chikuma Shobō’ s ninety-nine volume Contemporary Japanese Literature Collected Works after the war marked the continuation of the custom of publishing inexpensive, serially-produced books. Maruyama, Bungaku zenshū to watashi , 169. 80 . Hashimoto Yukiko. D okusho suru taishū enpon bū mu ni arawareta taish ū no imē ji (The Popular Image That Emerged as a Result of the Populist enpon Boom among Readers) (Tokyo: Edo Tokyo hakubutsukan kenkyū h ō koku, 2003), 41. 81 . This amounted to approximately one billion yen in terms of economic power in the year 2000 according to Matsubara Kazue. See Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 148. Notes 227
82. See Iwanami Shigeo, “Dokushoko ni yosu” (To My Readers) as quoted in Nagamine Shigetoshi, “Enpon bū mu to dokusha” (The enpon boom and read- ers), Kindai Nihon bungakuron (Theories of Modern Japanese Literature), vol. 7 (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1999), 202. 83 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 148. 8 4 . Iwatani Taishi. Natsukashiki bunshitachi: Shōwahen (Memorable Writers: Shō wa Edition) (Tokyo: Bunshun bunkō , 1968), 45. 85 . Kikuchi Kan. “Kaizō to boku” (Kai zō and I), Kaizō (Reconstruction) 20: 4 (April 1938): 157. Reprinted in Kaizō sha kankei shiryō kenkyū kai (Research Association for Materials Related to Kaizōsha), ed. Kō bō no Taishō : Yamamoto Sanehiko kankei shokanshū (A Beam of Light in the Taishō : Collected Correspondences of Yamamoto Sanehiko) (Tokyo: Shibunkaku Publishers, 2009), 259. 86 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 193. 87 . Kō no, Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū , 77. 88 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 165. 89 . Maruyama Saiichi, “Bungaku zensh ū to watashi,” in Hon no hanashi section of Bungei shunjū (October 2006), 168. 90. Kō no, Kaiz ō jikihitsu no kenkyū, 77. The author suggests that an explana- tion of the shift to this new more inclusive set of publishing practices is too complex to reduce to simple matters of economic exigency.
5 Literary Interventions: Yamamoto Sanehiko’s Role in Sino-Japanese Literary Exchange
1 . Matsubara. K aizōsha to Yamamoto Sanehiko (Kaizōsha and Yamamoto Sanehiko) (Kagoshima: Nanpō shinsha, 2000), 190. 2 . Despite a strong tradition of Kangaku in Japan, the academic study of his- tory was new to Japanese scholars in the Meiji period, and it was natural that these scholars should look to Western historians for models. John Timothy Wixted, “Some Sidelights on Japanese Sinologists of the Early Twentieth Century,” Sino-Japanese Studies Journall 11: 1 (October 1998): 70. 3 . Wixted, “Some Sidelights,” 71. 4 . Wixted, “Some Sidelights,” 72. 5 . Joshua A. Fogel, The Literature of Travel in the Rediscovery of China: 1862–1945 (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1996), 191. 6 . Paul Scott, “Uchiyama Kanzō : A Case Study in Sino-Japanese Interaction.” Sino-Japanese Studies 2: 2 (May 1990): 48. 7. Seki Chūka, et al., Z asshi Kaizō no yonjūnen (Forty Years of the Magazine Kaizō) (Tokyo: K ōwadō , 1977), 170. Two essays by Mao Zedong, translated by Masuda Wataru, appeared in the October and November issues of Kaizō enti- tled “Jikyūsen wo ronzu” (On This War of Attrition) and “K ōnichi y ūgekisen ron” (On This Anti-Japanese Guerrilla War). Masuda was later to contend that these were the first pieces of writing by Mao to appear in Japanese. 228 Notes
8 . Seki Chū ka, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 153. 9 . Matsu bara, Kai zōsha , 154. 10 . The Contem porary China Issue was from conception to execution an ambi- tious project, with a final product that grew to over six hundred pages and included some of the most important writers and thinkers from both liter- ary communities. See Fujii Shō z ō, “Ershi shiji Riben dui Zhongguo xian- dai wenxue de jieshou” (The Reception of Modern Chinese Literature in Twentieth-century Japan). Xiandai zhongwen wenxue xuebao, 6: 2 (June 2005): 189. 11 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 91. 12. Fogel, The Literature of Travell, 192. 13 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 92. 14 . Zhou Guowei, Lu Xun yu Riben youren (Lu Xun and his Japanese Friends) (Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 2006), 91. 15 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 154. 16 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 101. At that time 1.8 liters of rice in Japan cost. 56 yen. Conversations between Tanizaki Jun’ichir ō and Guo Moruo during Tanizaki’s visit to China in 1926 suggest that compensation from Chinese journals at the time was considerably lower than that of Japanese journals. See Tanizaki Jun’ichirō , Shanhai kōyūkii (A Record of Friendly Exchange in Shanghai) in Tanizaki Jun’ichirō Zenshū (Collected Works of Tanizaki Jun’ichir ō), vol. 10 (Tokyo: Chūō kō ronsha, 1969), 590. By way of example, Lu Xun was paid 80 yen in 1936 by Kai zō for his 3000 character article, “Watashi wa hito o damashitai” (I Want to Deceive People) which was said to be ten times the rate paid by Chinese journals for a comparable manuscript. See Tang Zheng, “Lu Xun yu Riben gaizaoshe tongren” (Lu Xun and His Colleagues at Japan’s Kaizō sha), Lu Xun yanjiu yuekan (January 1999): 64. 17. Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen, 92. A short story of Guo’s entitled “Bushō jōka” (In the City of Wuchang) was included in Kai zō the year prior to this meeting, in a special issue entitled Nippon fashizumu no shintenbō (New Perspectives on Japanese Fascism). See Matsubara, K aizōsha , 173. 18. Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 92. 19 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen, 348. 20 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 347. 21 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 348. 22 . Zhou Zuoren, Nihon bunka o kataru (Talking about Japanese Culture). Trans. Kiyama Hideo. (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō , 1973), 14. 23 . Fujii, “Ershi shiji Riben,” 219. 24 . Susan Daruvala, Z hou Zuoren and an Alternative Chinese Response to Modernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 2000), 50. 2 5 . Takeuchi Yoshimo, N ihon to Chūgoku no aida (Between Japan and China) (Tokyo: Bungei shunj ū 1973), 42. 26 . Takeuchi, Nihon to Chūgoku , 92. 27 . Zhou, Nihon bunka o kataru , 14. 28 . Zhong Shuhe, Zhou Zuoren wenleibian (The Edited Writings of Zhou Zuoren), vol. 7 (Hunan: Hunan wenyi chubanshe, 1998), 678. 29 . Kiyama Hideo, Nihon bunka o kataru , 14. Notes 229
30 . Zhong, Zh ou Zuoren wenleibian , 678. 31 . Zhong, Zhou Zuoren wenleibian , 678. 32 . Yamamoto Sanehiko, Shina jihen (The Sino-Japanese War) (Tokyo: Kaizō sha, 1937), 114. 33 . Ernst Wolff, Chou Tso-jen (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1971), 5. 34 . Susanna Fessler, Wandering Heart: The Work and Method of Hayashi Fumiko (Albany, New York: State University of New York, 1998), 17. 35 . Fessler, Wandering Heartt, 17. 36 . Isogai Hideo, Shinchō Nihon bungaku arubamu (Shinchō Japanese Literary Albums) vol. 34 [Hayashi Fumiko] (Tokyo: Shinchō sha, 1986), 45. 37 . Isogai, Shinchō Nihon , 45. 38 . Dennis Keene, Yokomitsu Riichi: Modernistt (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), 166. 39 . Dennis Keene, Yokomitsu Riichi , 167. 40 . Zhou, Lu Xun yu riben youren , 219. 41. Tang, “Lu Xun yu Riben,” 64. 42 . Tang, “Lu Xun yu Riben,” 64. 43 . Fogel, The Literature of Travell, 329–330, n. 15. 44 . Guo Moruo, Guo Moruo zizhuan: geming chunqiu (Autobiography of Guo Moruo: Spring and Autumn of Revolution), vol. 3 (Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 1978), 406. 4 5 . Guo, Guo Moruo zizhuan, 407. The initiative that Yamamoto exhibited in arranging such a meeting reflected his capacity for assessing potential dan- gers and employing self-censorship in order to avert unnecessary imbroglios with the censors. 46 . Guo, Guo Moruo zizhuan , 409. 47 . Tang, “Lu Xun yu Riben,” 63. 48 . Tang, “Lu Xun yu Riben,” 63. 49 . It ō Toramaru, Iku Tappu shiryō hoben (Companion of Yu Dafu Materials), vol. 2. (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku bunken sent ā , 1975), 213. 50. Tang, “Lu Xun yu Riben,” 63. 51. Among the earliest essays to introduce Lu Xun to Japanese readers was an introduction to Lu Xun that appeared in the journal Shinchō (New Currents) in March 1928. This introduction was followed in the next few years by essays about Lu Xun or translations of his work in Kaizō, C hūō kōron, and elsewhere. See Fujii, “Ershi shiji Riben,” 219. 52 . Uchiyama Kanzō, Kakōroku (A Record at Age Sixty) (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1981), 191. 53 . Zhou, Lu Xun yu riben youren , 217. 54. Seki, Zasshi Kaiz ō no yonjūnen, 147. 55 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 147. 56 . Tang, “Lu Xun yu Riben,” 64. 57 . Chen Mengxiong, Lu Xun quanji zhong de ren he shi (People and Events in Lu Xun’s Collected Works) (Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexueyuan chuban- she, 2004), 66. 58 . Zhou, L u Xun yu riben youren , 218. 59 . Chen, L u Xun quanji , 66. 230 Notes
60 . Chen, L u Xun quanji , 67. 61 . Chen, Lu Xun quanji , 67. 62 . Chen, Lu Xun quanji , 67. 63 . Se ki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen, 147. 64 . Those interested in learning more about Masuda Wataru’s views on Sino- Japanese cultural relations are urged to read Joshua A. Fogel’s translation of Masuda’s work, Seigaku tōzen to Chūgoku jijō: zassho sakki (The Eastern Spread of Western Learning: Notes on “Various Books”) serialized in Sino- Japanese Studies between May 1990 and April 1995. 65. Zhou, Lu Xun yu riben youren , 220. 66. Tang, “Lu Xun yu Riben,” 64. 67. Tang, “Lu Xun yu Riben,” 63. 68. Seki, Z asshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 170. 69 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 182. 70 . Takasugi Ichir ō, “Yi Zhou Zuoren xiansheng” (Remembering Zhou Zuoren), Lu Xun yanjiu yuekan. trans. Jia Zhixi. (November 2004): 40. 71 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 174. 7 2 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 194. 73 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 175. 7 4 . One of the most moving pieces in Sh ina jihen is Yamamoto’s description of his activities in Shanghai during the New Year’s season of 1937 and the visit of Yamamoto along with Uchiyama Kanz ō and Kaji Wataru to the grave of the man whose life and untimely death had so affected each of them, Lu Xun. See Yamamoto, Shina jihen , 316. 75. Amazingly, it was not until this visit to Japan that Zhou first met Guo Moruo. Tao Kangde, the editor of the Shanghai-based journal Yuzhou fengg (Cosmic Wind) asked Zhou Zuoren to share impressions of that meeting with Guo, which he did, and the subsequent article appeared in that journal in August 1934. 76 . Lu Yan, “Beyond Politics in Wartime: Zhou Zuoren, 1931–1945,” Sino- Japanese Studies 11: 1 (October 1998), 8. 77. Yamamoto, Shina jihen , 114. 78 . Takasugi, “Yi Zhou Zuoren,” 41. 79 . Uchiyama, Kakōroku , 260. 80. Fogel, The Literature of Travell, 196.
6 Embracing the Danse Macabre: The Politics and Political Career of Yamamoto Sanehiko
1 . Mizushima Haruo, Kaizōsha no jidai (The Age of Kaizōsha) (Tokyo: Tosho shuppansha, 1976), 30. 2 . Mizushima , K aizō sha no jidai , 30. 3 . Mizushima, Kaizō sha no jidai , 30. Notes 231
4 . Gary D. Allinson, The Columbia Guide to Modern Japanese History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 64. 5 . Gregory J. Kasza, The State and the Mass Media in Japan, 1918–1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 23. 6 . Kasza, The State and the Mass Media , 24. 7 . Kasza, The State and the Mass Media , 24. 8 . Kasza, The State and the Mass Media , 26. 9 . Sydney Gifford, Japan Among the Powers: 1890–1990 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 69. 10 . Andrew Gordon, A Modern History of Japan (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 162. 11 . The initial 21 demands were later reduced to 13 demands before being accepted as an act of appeasement by the warlord government of Yuan Shikai on May 25, 1915. Gordon, A Modern History , 162. 12. Gordon, A Modern History , 162. 13 . Gordon, A Modern History , 163. 14. It must be conceded that Yamamoto Sanehiko did, in fact, differ from Hara Takashi in significant ways. Hara, who possessed a more patrician back- ground than did Yamamoto, essentially abandoned his journalistic career in order to pursue politics, while Yamamoto remained a lifelong journalist, in part, to fund his political career. 15 . Gordon, A Modern History , 163. 16 . Leslie Russell Oates, Populist Nationalism in Prewar Japan: A Biography of Nakano Seigō (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1985), 24. 17 . Robert A. Scalapino, Democracy and the Party Movement in Prewar Japan: The Failure of the First Attemptt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1953), 207. 18 . Richard H. Mitchell, Censorship in Imperial Japan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 200. 19 . Kasza, The State and the Mass Media , 21. 20 . This was the first of several assassinations of high-ranking officials in the 1930s. These assassinations further removed impediments to Japan’s rapid military expansion on the continent. See Allinson, The Columbia Guide, 73. 21 . Richard Sims, Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Restoration: 1868–2000 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan Press, 2001), 162. 22 . Sims, Japanese Political History, 162. 23 . Sims, Japanese Political History, 162. 24 . Scalapino, Democracy and the Party Movementt, 347. 25 . Sims, Japanese Political History, 173. 26 . The Shakai Minshutō later merged with the Zenkoku R ō n ō Taishū tō (Nationwide Labor Masses Party), which was based on the British Labor Party, to form on July 24, 1932, the Shakai Taishut ō (Social Masses Party). Sims, Japanese Political History , 177. 27 . Allinson, Th e Columbia Guide , 73. 28 . Allinson, The Columbia Guide , 73. 29 . Sims, Japanese Political History , 202. 232 Notes
30. Matsubara Kazue, Kai z ōsha to Yamamoto Sanehiko (Kaizō sha and Yamamoto Sanehiko) (Kagoshima: Nanpōshinsha, 2000), 54. 31. Seki Chūka, et al., Zasshi Kaizō no yonj ūnen (Forty Years of the Magazine Kaizō ). (Tokyo: Kō wado, 1977), 25. 32 . Matsubara, Kaizō sha , 58. 33 . Itaga ki had made his name as one of the chief figures in the People’s Rights Movement in the Meiji period. Matsubara, Kaiz ōsha, 55. The Assimilation Society received the support of members of the Taiwanese elite who saw the society as a means to object to the excesses of colonial rule through nonviolent means. See Wang Taisheng, Legal Reform in Taiwan Under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1895–1945 (Seattle: University of Washington Press), 113. 34 . Matsubara, K aizō sha , 58. 35 . Seki, Z asshi Kaizō no yonjunen , 25. 36. Matsubara, Kaizō sha , 61. 37 . Matsubara, K aizō sha , 156. 38 . Matsubara, K aizō sha , 157. 39 . This project was for Yamamoto not merely a political act, but a highly per- sonal act of filial piety. Yamamoto had long hoped to complete this for his parents who had often suffered in the wake of the river’s floods. After the project was completed, Yamamoto Sanehiko went to the grave of his father, who had passed away before seeing this job completed, and reported what he had done. Matsubara, Kai zō sha , 157. 40. Matsubara, Kaizō sha , 158. 41. Matsubara, K aizō sha , 63. 42. Kaiz ōsha kankei shiryō kenky ūkai (Research Association for Materials Related to Kaizō sha), ed. Kō b ō no Taishō: Yamamoto Sanehiko kankei shokanshū (A Beam of Light in the Taishō: Collected Correspondences of Yamamoto Sanehiko) (Kyoto: Shibunkaku Publishers, 2009), 248. 43. Kisaki Masaru, Kisaki Nikkii (Kisaki Diary), vol. 4 (Tokyo: Gendai Shuppankai, 1976), 165. 44 . Kazsa, The State and the Mass Media , 122. 45 . Kazsa, The State and the Mass Media , 123. 46 . Kazsa, The State and the Mass Media , 124. 47 . Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, ed., Sō g ō zasshi Kaiz ō jikihitsu genkō shūzō roku (Catalog of Manuscript Collection of Handwritten Documents of the Comprehensive Magazine Kaiz ō) (Kagoshima: Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, 2004), 50. 48 . Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, ed., S ō g ō zasshi Kaizō , 50. 49 . Kazsa, The State and the Mass Media , 125. 50 . Itoh Mayumi, The Hatoyama Dynasty: Japanese Political Leadership Through the Generations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 67. 51 . In fact, even at this juncture party politicians continued to maintain their grip on the Diet as well as on local political machines and appeared to hope that the new political order would provide them even more power than before. See Ben-Ami Shillony, Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan (London: Clarendon Press, 1981), 3. Notes 233
52 . Shillony, P olitics and Culture , 8. 53. Yamamoto Sanehiko, Shin Y ōroppa no tanj ō (Birth of a New Europe) (Tokyo: Kaizō sha, 1940), 26. 54. Geoffrey Warner, Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968), 159. 55. Yamamoto, Shin Yō roppa , 111. 56 . Yamamoto, Shin Yō roppa , 218. 57 . Yamamoto, Shin Yō roppa , 218. 58 . Yamamoto, Shin Yō roppa , 218. 59 . This observation by Yamamoto is ironic, of course, in light of Yamamoto’s efforts to bring Margaret Sanger to Japan in 1922 and his support of Katō Shizue’s attempts to promote family planning in interwar Japan. 60. Yamamoto, Shin Y ō roppa , 247. 61 . Yamamoto, Shin Yō roppa , 236. 62 . Kurita Takuya, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin” (An Unconventional Publisher) in Yamamoto Sanehiko, Kaizōsha Yamamoto Sanehiko: shuppanjin no ibun (Kaizōsha’s Yamamoto Sanehiko: The Written Legacy of a Publisher) (Tokyo: Kurita shoten, 1978), 113. 63 . Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, “Sō g ō Zasshi Kaizō jikihitsu,” 50. 64 . Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, “Sō g ō Zasshi Kaizō jikihitsu,” 50. 65 . Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, “Sō g ō Zasshi Kaizō jikihitsu,” 50. 66 . Mizushima, Kaizō sha no jidai , 29.
7 Last Man Standing: Courting Revival in Postwar Japan
1 . Matsubara Kazue, Kaizōsha to Yamamoto Sanehiko (Kaiz ōsha and Yamamoto Sanehiko). (Kagoshima: Nanpō shinsha, 2000), 207. 2 . Matsu bara, Kaizōsha , 214. 3. Kisaki Masaru. Kisaki nikkii (Kasaki Diary), vol. 4 (Tokyo: Gendai Shuppankai, 1976), 29. 4 . Matsu bara, Kaizōsha , 219. 5 . Kisa ki, Kisaki nikki , 29. 6 . Kisaki , Kisaki nikki , 30. 7 . Real dissatisfaction among Kaizōsha employees over Yamamoto’s propensity to use company profits to fund his political ambitions had been simmering for years but would only boil over when the political climate permitted. See Matsubara, K aizōsha , 224. 8 . As quoted in Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 225. 9 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 225. 10. Richard Sims, Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Restoration: 1868–2000 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), 247. 11. Iwagami Yasukuni and Murakawa Ichirō, Nihon no seitō (Japanese Political Parties). (Tokyo: Maruzen, 1995), 10. 12. Iwagami, Nihon no seitō , 10. 234 Notes
13 . After Japan’s surrender, Kagawa, who had sought to avert war in the 1930s and fought tirelessly for worker’s rights and for women’s suffrage, was chosen to serve as an advisor for the transitional government. He was held in high esteem by the Occupation authorities and his name was raised as a potential Prime Minister. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1947, the same year he formed the Sekai Renpō Und ō (World Federated Movement), as a way to bring unite Japanese workers with work- ers from around the world. See Hayashi Keisuke, Hon ō wa kiezu: Kagawa Toyohiko saihakken (The Unextinguished Flame: The Rediscovery of Kagawa Toyohiko) (Tokyo: Meisei insatsu, 1982), 211. 14 . Iwagami, N ihon no seitō , 11. 15. Lindesay Parrott, “New Japanese Diet to Meet By May 16: Local Political Situation is Still Vexed—Socialists Trying for Coalition” New York Times (May 7, 1946): 3. Lindesay Parrott covered the Pacific theater for the New York Times during World War II, reporting on Japan’s surrender after a brief hospitalization for a wound sustained while reporting on the invasion of Leyte. Parrott followed Japanese politics closely during the Occupation period and later covered the Korean War for the T imes before returning to the New York office. See John T. McQuiston, “Lindesay Parrott: Ex-Times Reporter” New York Times (September 21, 1987):
30 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 202. 31 . Seki, Z asshi Kaizō no yonjūnen , 203. 32 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 226. 33 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 227. 3 4 . Even more galling for Yamamoto was seeing four of his juniors receive ministerial appointments soon after he was purged from office. See Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan. Sōgō zasshi Kaiz ō jikihitsu genkō shūzō zuroku (The Comprehensive Magazine Kaizō : Catalogue of Collected Handwritten Documents) vol. 2 (Kagoshima: Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, 2006), 50. 35 . Hans H. Baerwald, T he Purge of Japanese Leaders Under the Occupation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959), 10. 36 . Baerwald, The Purge , 17. 37 . Baerwald, The Purge , 37. 38 . Janice Matsumura, More than a Momentary Nightmare: The Yokohama Incident and Wartime Japan (Ithaca, New York: Cornell East Asia Series, 1998), 141. 39 . Baerwald, T he Purge , 39. 40 . Baerwald, The Purge , 67. 41 . Matsumura, More than a Momentary Nightmare , 140. 42 . Matsumura, More than a Momentary Nightmare , 140. 43 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 237. 44. In the end, Yamamoto’s arguments were to no avail, and he was unable to overturn the purge judgment against him. 45 . Matsumura, More than a Momentary Nightmare , 140. 46 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 241. 47 . Sydney Gifford, Japan Among the Powers: 1890–1990 (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1994), 140. 48 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 241. 49 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 242. 50 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 242. 51 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 244. 52 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjunen , 219. 53 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjunen , 219. 54 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 245. 55 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizo no yonjunen , 221. 56 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjunen , 222. 57 . Yokozeki Aizō, Watashi no zakkichō (My Random Notes) (Tokyo: Kaiz ō no kai, 1953) as cited in Matsubara, 254. 58 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 254. 59 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjunen , 228. 60 . Seki, Zasshi Kaizō no yonjunen , 228. 61 . Initially, the discussions surrounded the idea of the emperor producing a zuihitsu style essay, but in the end, the Imperial Household Bureau opted for a selection of poems instead. See Matsubara, K aizōsha , 249. 62 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 250. 63 . Steve Horn, The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor: Operation K and Other Attempts to Bomb America in World War III (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2005), 4. 236 Notes
64 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 251. 65 . The translation of Mailer’s novel was published under the title Rasha to shisha a mere two weeks after the ban was lifted. See Matsubara, Kaizōsha, 248. 66 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 257. 67 . In Japanese, Ashida’s words, mottomo shinpoteki de mottomo kindaiteki na kankaku, are unequivocal and convey what he sees as the scope of Yamamoto’s influence. Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 259. 68 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 257. 69 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 260. 70 . Kisaki, Kisaki Nikki , 347. 71 . Kisaki, K isaki Nikki , 348. 72 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 263. 73 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 267. 74. N ishizono Hiroshi, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei sh ōden” (A Brief Biography of Yamamoto Sanehiko) in Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, ed., Sōgō zasshi Kaiz ō jikihitsu genkō shūzōroku (Catalog of Manuscript Collection of Handwritten Documents of the Comprehensive Magazine Kaizō) (Kagoshima: Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, 2004), 52. 75. Not everyone in the family agreed with the decision to forego a Buddhist ceremony, and some members of the funeral committee also agreed, but in the end, the eldest son’s recommendation was followed. Nishizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 52. 76 . Matsubara, Kai zōsha , 268. 77 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 261. 78 . Nishizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 53. 79 . Nishizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 53. 80 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 276. 81 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 276.
Epilogue: Yamamoto Sanehiko’s Interwar Legacy in Postwar Japan
1 . Kurita Takuya, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin” (An Unconventional Publisher) in Yamamoto Sanehiko, Kaizōsha Yamamoto Sanehiko: shuppanjin no ibun (Kaizōsha’s Yamamoto Sanehiko: The Written Legacy of a Publisher) (Tokyo: Kurita shoten, 1978), 106. 2 . William J. Tyler, M odanizumu: Modernist Fiction from Japan, 1913–1938 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008), 5. 3 . Kurita, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin,” 117. 4. Kurita, “Katayaburi no shuppanjin,” 114. 5. Seki Chūka et al., Zass hi Kaiz ō n o yonjūnen (Forty Years of the Magazine Kaizō ) (Tokyo: Kō wadō , 1977), 195. 6 . Edward Mack, Manu facturing Modern Japanese Literature (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2010), 93. Notes 237
7 . Paul Scott, “Uchiyama Kanzō : A Case Study in Sino-Japanese Interaction.” Sino-Japanese Studies 2: 2 (May 1990), 52. 8 . Scott, “Uchiyama Kanzō ,” 52. 9 . Mack, Manufacturing Modern Japanese , 223. 10 . From an essay by Iwanami Shigeo called “Dokushoko ni yosu” (To My Readers) as quoted in Nagamine Shigetoshi, “Enpon buumu to dokusha” (The en pon Boom and Readers). Kindai Nihon bungakuron (Theories of Modern Japanese Literature), vol. 7 (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1999), 202. 11 . As quoted in Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, ed., “Kagoshima o tabi shita sak- katachi: Yamamoto Sanehiko shōtan 120 nen kinen.” (Writers who Traveled to Kagoshima: On the 120-year Anniversary of Yamamoto Sanehiko’s Birth) in Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan 2 kai tokubetsu kikaku ten zuroku (Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan’s Second Planned Exhibit Catalog) (Kagoshima: Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, 2005), 2. 12. Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, ed., “Kagoshima o tabi shita,” 2. 13 . Matsubara, K aizōsha , 122. 14. Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 116. 15. This quote originally appeared in Yamamoto’s book, Shōkanshū, as quoted in Matsubara, Kai zōsha , 117. 16. Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 110. 17. Bertrand Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 1914–1944 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1968), 191. 18. Russell, The Autobiography , 201. 19. Miura Toshihiko, “Rasseru to Chūgoku, Nihon” (Russell and China, Japan), Hikaku bungaku 29 (1986): 19. 20 . Miura, “Rasseru to Chū goku, Nihon,” 19. 21. “Famous Visitors to Japan,” Keio Views 1 (2006).
28 . Matsubara, Kaizōsha , 166. 29 . There were several highly publicized and politicized visits by the Chinese writers Guo Moruo and Zhou Zuoren to Japan in the 1950s, but the unme- diated meetings between writers that occurred in the 1920s and 1930s had become impossible. 30 . For more about this period of interaction, see the epilogue of my book, Beyond Brushtalk: Sino-Japanese Cultural Exchange in the Interwar Period. (Hong Kong University Press, 2009). 31. N ishizono Hiroshi, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei sh ōden” (A Brief Biography of Yamamoto Sanehiko) in Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, ed., Sōgō zasshi Kaiz ō jikihitsu genkō shūzōroku (Catalog of Manuscript Collection of Handwritten Documents of the Comprehensive Magazine Kaizō) (Kagoshima: Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, 2004), 50. 32 . Lindesay Parrott, “New Japanese Diet to Meet By May 16: Local Political Situation is Still Vexed—Socialists Trying for Coalition” New York Times (May 7, 1946): 3. 33 . Lindesay Parrott, “New Japanese Diet to Meet By May 16: Local Political Situation is Still Vexed—Socialists Trying for Coalition” New York Times (May 7, 1946): 3. 34 . Nishizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 50. 3 5 . Nishizono, “Yamamoto Sanehiko sensei,” 53. Bibliography
Allinson, Gary D. The Columbia Guide to Modern Japanese History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. Arase Yutaka. “Mass Communications Between the Two World Wars.” The Developing Economies 5: 4 (December 1967): 748–767. Bowen-Struyk, Heather. “Streets of Promise, Streets of Sorrow: Kobayashi Takiji and the Proletarian Movement.” Japanese Studies 31: 3 (December 2011): 305–318. Chen Mengxiong 旰 ᪶ᾢ. Lu Xun quanji zhong de ren he shi ޝ 氩ㄦో㓸ޞਛ⊛ੱ (People and Events in Lu Xun’s Collected Works). Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexueyuan chubanshe, 2004. Clements, Jonathan. Admiral T ō g ō: The Nelson of the East. London: Haus Publishing, 2010. Daruvala, Susan. Zhou Zuoren and an Alternative Chinese Response to Modernity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000. Feng Shiguang ኽノ. “Lu Xun ‘Wo yao pian ren’ de shouci zhongwen yiwen” 㞉ㄦ ᚒⷐ㛐ੱ ⊛㚂㫉ਛᢥ孹ᢥ (The First Chinese Translation of Lu Xun’s “I Want to Deceive People”). Lu Xun yanjiu yuekan 2 (1988): 61–62. Fessler, Susanna. Wandering Heart: The Work and Method of Hayashi Fumiko. Albany, NY: State University of New York, 1998. Fogel, Joshua A. The Literature of Travel in the Japanese Rediscovery of China: 1862–1945. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996. Fr é d éric, Louise, Japan Encyclopedia. Trans. Käthe Roth. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002. Fujii Shōzō ⮮ ⋭ਃ. “Ershi shiji Riben dui Zhongguo xiandai wenxue de jieshou” ੑච♿ᣣᧄወਛઍᢥቑ⊛ធᡴ (The Reception of Modern Chinese Literature in Twentieth-Century Japan). Xiandai zhongwen wenxue xuebao 6: 2 (June 2005): 218–237. Gifford, Sydney. Japan Among the Powers: 1890–1990. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Guo Moruo ㇳᴜ⧯. Guo Moruo zizhuan: geming chunqiu 㱓⧯⥄ொ㧦㕟ᤐ⑺ (Autobiography of Guo Moruo: Spring and Autumn of Revolution). Vol. 3. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 1978. Hashimoto Yukiko ᯅᧄ↱ሶ. “Dokusho suru taishū enpon bū mu ni arawareta taishū no imeeji” ⺒ᦠߔࠆᄢⴐᧄΎࡓߦࠇߚᄢⴐߩࠗࡔͰ (The 240 Bibliography
Popular Image that Emerged as a Result of the Populist Enpon Boom among Readers). Tokyo: Edo Tokyo hakubutsukan kenkyū hō koku, 2003. Hayashi Keisuke. ᨋ. Honō wa kiezu: Kagawa Toyohiko saihakken Ἳߪ 㴰߃ߕ㧦⾐Ꮉ⼾ᒾౣ⊒ (The Unextinguished Flame: The Rediscovery of Kagawa Toyohiko). Tokyo: Meisei insatsu, 1982. Humphreys, Leonard A. The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1996. Ishikawa Hiroyoshi ⍹Ꮉᒄ⟵. Goraku no senzenshi ⧃ ᭉߩᚢ೨ผ (An Entertaining Prewar History). Tokyo: Shoseki Kabushikigaisha, 1981. Isogai Hideo ⏷ ⽴⧷ᄦ. S hinch ō Nihon bungaku arubamu ᣂ㼖ᣣᧄᢥቇࠕ࡞ࡃࡓ (Shinchō Japanese Literary Albums). Vol. 34 [Hayashi Fumiko]. Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 1986. Isaacson, Walter. Einstein: His Life and Universe. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007. Itō Toramaru દ⮮⯥ਣ. Iku Tappu shiry ō hoben ㇚㆐ᄦ⾗ᢱ✬ (Companion of Yu Dafu Materials). Vol. 2. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku bunken sentā , 1975. ———. “Zuoteng Chunfu yu Yu Dafu” ⮮ᤐᄦਈ㇚㆐ᄦ (Sat ō Haruo and Yu Dafu). Zhongguo xiandai wenxue. (February 1993): 206–214. Itoh Mayumi. The Hatoyama Dynasty: Japanese Political Leadership Through the Generations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Iwagami Yasukuni ጤᵏᎺ and Murakawa Ichirō Ꮉ৻㇢. Nihon no seit ō ᣣᧄ ߩౄ (Japanese Political Parties). Tokyo: Maruzen, 1995. Iwatani Taishi Ꭿ ⼱ᄢ྾. Natsukashiki bunshitachi: Sh ōwahen ᙬ ߆ߒ߈ᢥ჻ߚߜ㧦 ᤘ▻ (Memorable Writers: Shō wa Edition). Tokyo: Bunshun bunkō, 1968. “Justice Finally Served.” T he Japan Times Online. 8 February, 2010. Web. 27 December, 2010. < http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20100218a1.html. >. Kaiz ōsha kankei shiryō kenkyū kai ᡷ ㅧ␠㑐ଥ⾗ᢱ⎇ⓥળ (Research Association for Materials Related to Kaizōsha), ed. Kō bō no Taish ō: Yamamoto Sanehiko kankei shokanshū శ⦵ߩᄢᱜ㧦ጊᧄታᒾ㑐ଥᦠ◲ 㓸 (A Beam of Light in the Taish ō: Collected Correspondences of Yamamoto Sanehiko). Kyoto: Shibunkaku shuppan, 2009. Karatani Kōjin ᨩ⼱ⴕੱ, et al. Kindai Nihon no hihyō: Meiji Taishō hen ㄭઍᣣᧄ ߩᛕ⹏㧦㱣ᄢᱜ▻ (Modern Japanese Criticism: The Meiji Taishō Edition). Tokyo: Fukutake shoten, 1992. Kasza, Gregory J. The State and the Mass Media in Japan, 1918–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. Keene, Dennis. Yokomitsu Riichi: Modernist. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. Keene, Donald. Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era, Fiction. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1984. Kikuchi Kan ⩵㰈ኡ. “Kai zō to boku”ޟˮᡷㅧ˯ߣޠ( Kaizō and I). Kaizō 20: 4 (April 1938): 156–158. Kinmonth, Earl H. “The Mouse That Roared: Saitō Takao, Conservative Critic of Japan’s ‘Holy War’ in China.” Journal of Japanese Studies 25: 2 (Summer 1999): 331–360. Kisaki Masaru ᧁᧁൎ. Kisaki Nikki ᧁᧁᣣ⸥ (The Kisaki Diaries). Vol. 4. Tokyo: Gendai shuppankai, 1976. Bibliography 241
Kobayashi Isamu ዊᨋാ. Kobayashi Isamu bunshū ዊᨋാᢥ㓸 (The Collected Writings of Kobayashi Isamu). Vol. 4. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō , 1983. Kond ō Motohiro, “The Development of Monthly Magazines in Japan.” January 15, 2004 at the University of Michigan Winter Term Public Lecture Series. Web. 27 December, 2010. < gssc.jp/siss/c_papers/c_files/kondou.pdf >: 1–9. Kō no Kensuke ⚃㊁⻞. “Ken’etsu, shuppanhō, bungaku zenshū : Nakazato Kaizan Yumedono sakujo no haikei o megutte” ᬌ 㑛 㱽ᢥቇో㓸㧦 ਛ㉿ጊޟᄞᲚޠ㒰ߩ⢛᥊ࠍߋߞߡ (Censorship, the Publishing Law and Collected Works of Literature: Concerning the Background of the Expurgation of Nakazato Kaizan’s Yumedono.” In K ōno Toshirō ⚃㊁ᢅ㇢ and Hidaka Shōji ᣣ㜞ᤘੑ, ed. Kaizō jikihitsu no kenkyū ޟᡷㅧޠ⋥╩ේⓂ ߩ⎇ⓥ (Kaizō : research of handwritten materials). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Yushōd ō Shuppan, 2007. Kō no Toshirō ⚃㊁ᢅ㇢ and Hidaka Shōji ᣣ 㜞ᤘੑ, ed. Kaiz ō jikihitsu genkō no kenky ū ˮᡷㅧ˯⋥╩ේⓂߩ⎇ⓥ (Kaizō : Research of Handwritten Materials), Vol. 1. Tokyo: Yushō d ō Shuppan, 2007. ———. “Yamamoto Sanehiko to Kaizōsha” ጊᧄታᒾߣᡷㅧ␠␠ (Yamamoto Sanehiko and Kaizō sha) in Kō no Toshirō ⚃ ㊁ᢅ㇢ and Hidaka Shōji ᣣ 㜞ᤘੑ, ed. Kaiz ō jikihitsu no kenkyū ޟᡷㅧޠ⋥╩ේⓂߩ⎇ⓥ (Kaizō : research of handwritten materials), Vol. 1. Tokyo: Yushōd ō Shuppan, 2007. Kurita Kakuya ᩙ↰ ⏕, ed., Shuppanjin no ibun: Kaizōsha Yamamoto Sanehiko ੱߩㆮᢥ㧦ᡷㅧ␠ጊᧄታᒾ (Kaizōsha’s Yamamoto Sanehiko: The Written Legacy of a Publisher), Tokyo: Kurita Shoten, 1968. Li Minggang. “The Early Years of Bungei Shunju and the Emergence of a Middlebrow Literature.” Ph.D. diss., The Ohio State University, 2008. Lu Yan. “Beyond Politics in Wartime: Zhou Zuoren, 1931–1945.” Sino-Japanese Studies 11: 1 (October 1998): 6–12. ———. Re-understanding Japan: Chinese Perspectives, 1895–1945. Honolulu: Association of Asian Studies and University of Hawai’i Press, 2004. Mack, Edward. Manufacturing Modern Japanese Literature: Publishing, Prizes and the Ascription of Literary Value. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010. Makino Takeo ’㊁ᱞᄦ. Kumo ka yama ka shuppan urabanashi 㔕߆ጊ߆ ߁ࠄ߫ߥߒ (Clouds or Mountains: Inside Stories from Publishers). Tokyo: Chū k ō bunk ō , 1976. Maruya Saiichi ਣ ⼱ᚽ৻. Bungaku zensh ū to watashi ᢥ ቇో㓸ߣ⑳ (Collected Literary Works and Me) in “Hon no hanashi” ᧄߩ (Book Talk). Bungei shunjū . (October 2006): 168–171. Matsubara Kazue ᧻ේ৻ᨑ. Kaizōsha to Yamamoto Sanehiko ᡷㅧ␠ߣጊᧄታᒾ (Kaizō sha and Yamamoto Sanehiko). Kagoshima: Nanpō shinsha, 2000. Matsumura, Janice. More Than a Momentary Nightmare: The Yokohama Incident and Wartime Japan. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University East Asia Program, 1998. Matsushita Akiyoshi ᧻ ਅ⑺ศ. “Rasseru kyōju wa k ōen ‘Bunmei no saiken’ de nani o katatta ka ࠶࡞ᢎߪ⻠Ṷޟᢥߩౣᑪޠߢࠍ⺆ߞߚ߆ (What did Russell Say in His Public Lecture “The Rebuilding of Civilization,” July, 31, 1921 from Yomiuri Shimbun (Sunday supplement).
McQuiston, John T. “Lindesay Parrott: Ex-Times Reporter.” New York Times (September 21, 1987):
Scalapino, Robert A. Democracy and the Party Movement in Prewar Japan: The Failure of the First Attempt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1953. Schmidt, Dorothy. “Magazines, Technology and American Culture.” Journal of American Culture 3 (Spring 2004): 3–16. Scott, Paul. “Uchiyama Kanzō: A Case Study in Sino-Japanese Interaction.” Sino- Japanese Studies 2: 2 (May 1990): 47–56. Seki Chūka 㑐 ᔘᨐ, Kobayashi Eizabur ō ዊᨋ⧷ਃ㇢, Matsuura Sō z ō ᧻ᶆ✚ਃ, Daigohō Susumu ᄢᖗ ᴺㅴ. Zasshi Kaizō no yonjū nen 㔀ޟᡷㅧޠߩ྾චᐕ (Forty Years of the Magazine Kaizō). Tokyo: Kō wad ō , 1977. Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan Ꮉ ౝ߹ߏߎࠈᢥቇ㙚, ed. Kagoshima o tabi shita sakkatachi: Yamamoto Sanehiko seitan 120 nen kinen Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan ni kai tokubetsu kikakuten zuroku㣮ఽፉࠍᣏߒߚኅߚߜ㧦ጊᧄ ታᒾ↢⺀ 120 ᐕ⸥ᔨᎹౝ߹ߏߎࠈᢥቇ㙚㧞࿁․ડ↹ዷ࿑㍳ (Writers who Traveled to Kagoshima: Second Special Exhibition Catalog Commemorating the 120 year Anniversary of Yamamoto Sanehiko’s Birth). Kagoshima: Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, 2005. ———. Sōg ō zasshi Kaizō jikihitsu shūzō zuroku ✚ว㔀ˮᡷㅧ˯⋥╩ේⓂ ⬿࿑㍳ (Catalog of Collection of Handwritten Manuscripts from the Com- prehensive Magazine Kai zō ). Vol. 2. Kagoshima: Sendai Magokoro Bungakukan, 2006. Shillony, Ben Ami. Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan. London: Clarendon Press, 1981. Sh ūkan Asahi ㅳ ೀᦺᣣ, ed. “Nedan no Meiji Taishō Shōwa fuzokushi” ୯ Ბߩ 㱣ᄢᱜᤘ㘑ଶผ (A History of Pricing Customs in the Meiji, Taishō and Shō wa Periods). Tokyo: Asahi Shimbunsha, 1987. Silverberg, Miriam. “Constructing a New Cultural History of Prewar Japan.” Boundary 2 18: 3 (Autumn 1991): 61–89 Sims, Richard. Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Restoration: 1868–2000. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. Sugimori Hisahide ᧖ਭ⧷. T akita Choin 㺅↰ᮠ㒶 (Takita Choin). Tokyo: Chū k ō Shinsho, 1967. Takabatake Motoyuki 㜞⇗⚛ਯ. Shuppansen jakuniku kyō shoku no ben ᚢᒙ ⡺ᒝ㘩ߩᑯ (Publishing Wars: Survival of the Fittest). Tokyo: Ryū d ō shuppan, 1978. Takagi Akihiko. “An Essay on Geopolitical Writings in the Magazine Kaizō during the Asia-Pacific War in Japan.” In Mizuuchi Toshio, ed. Critical and Radical Geographies of the Social, the Spatial and the Political. Osaka: Osaka University Press, 2006. URP Research Paper 1: 51–58. Takasugi Ichir ō 㜞᧖৻㇢. “Yi Zhou Zuoren xiansheng” ⽮ੱవ↢ (Remem- bering Zhou Zuoren). Tr. Jia Zhixi. Lu Xun yanjiu yuekan. (November 2004): 39–43. Takeuchi Yoshimi ┻ౝᅢ. N ihon to Chūgoku no aida ᣣᧄߣਛ࿖ߩ㑆 (Between Japan and China). Tokyo: Bungei shunjū , 1973. Tang Zheng ໊ . “Lu Xun yu Riben gaizaoshe tongren” 㞉ㄦਈᣣᧄᡷㅧ␠หੱ (Lu Xun and His Colleagues at Japan’s Kaizō sha). Lu Xun yanjiu yuekan. (January 1999): 64–69. 244 Bibliography
Tanizaki Jun’ichirō ⼱ ፒ㼌৻㇢. “Shanhai k ō y ūki” 㴟ㆆ⸥ (A Record of a Friendly Exchange in Shanghai). In Tanizaki Jun’ichir ō zenshū ⼱ፒ㼌৻㇢ో㓸 (Collected works of Tanizaki Jun’ichirō). Vol. 10. Tokyo: Chūō kōronsha, 1969: 562–598. Tyler, William J. Modanizumu: Modernist Fiction from Japan, 1913–1938. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008. Uchiyama Kanzō ౝጊቢㅧ. K ak ō roku. ⧎↲㍳ (A Record at Age Sixty). Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1981. Wang Taisheng. Legal Reform in Taiwan Under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1895–1945. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000. Warner, Geoffrey. Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968. Wixted, John Timothy. “Some Sidelights on Japanese Sinologists of the Early Twentieth Century,” Sino-Japanese Studies Journall 11. 1 (October 1998): 68–74. Wolff, Ernst. Chou Tso-jen. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1971. Yamamoto Sanehiko ጊᧄታᒾ. Shina jihen ᡰ㇊ᄌ (The Sino-Japanese War). Tokyo: Kaizō sha, 1937. ———. Shin Yō roppa no tanjō ᣂᱏ⟜Ꮙߩ⺀↢ (Birth of a New Europe). Tokyo: Kaizō , 1940. ———. Shō kanshu (Collection of Short Breaks). Tokyo: Kaizō sha, 1934. Zhong Shuhe 摇 㱛. Zhou Zuoren wenleibian ੱᢥ䰣亾 (The Edited Writings of Zhou Zuoren). Vol. 7. Hunan: Hunan wenyi chubanshe, 1998. Zhou Guowei உ. Lu Xun yu riben youren 㞉ㄦਈᣣᧄੱ (Lu Xun and His Japanese Friends). Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 2006. Zhou Zuoren ੱ. Nihon bunka o kataru ᣣᧄᢥൻࠍ⺆ࠆ (Talking about Japanese Culture). Translated by Kiyama Hideo. Tokyo: Chikuma shobō, 1973. Index
Abe Isō, 43, 76, 191 Beijing University, 69 Adachi Kenzō, 138, 143 “Beikoku no daitōryo kōhotachi” (The Adams, Henry Brooks, 219n6 Candidates for the American “Aikokushin no kōka” (The Merits and Presidency), 154 Demerits of Patriotism), 69, 72 “Bijutsu no Shina no zakkan” “Ainshutain no sekaikan” (Einstein’s (Miscellaneous Impressions of Worldview), 154–6 Chinese Art), 117 Aizawa Jiken (Aizawa Incident), 140 Black, Dora, 70–1, 220n17 Ajia no ko (Children of Asia), 123 Bodhidharma, 195 Ajiashugisha (Asianist), 128 Bolshevik, 26–8, 30 Akai reikon (Red Spirit), 54 bundan (literary community), 49 Akita Chūgi, 38, 43, 48, 145, 181 Bungei (Literary Arts), 59, 130 Akutagawa Prize, 10, 89, 185 Bungei sensen (Literary Battle Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, 91, 114 Line), 54 Amakasu Incident, 99 Bungei shunjū (Literary Seasons), 4, Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 24, 211n24 38, 56, 175, 217n97 “Antoku chijō o midasu” (disrupting “Bungō Shou o mukaete” (Welcoming public safety and order), 52 the Literary Master Shaw), 85 An’ya kōrō (A Dark Night’s Passing), 50 bunkobun series, 186 Aoyama Kaikan, 103 Bunmei saiken (Rebuilding Araki Sadao, 85 Civilization), 71 Arishima Ikuma, 99, 129 “Buoyant Billions: A Comedy of Arishima Takeo, 49, 67, 99 No Manners,” 223n94 dramatic play concerning, 54 Bushido, 18 Arizaka Nanpō, 38 “Bushō jōka” (In the City of Asahi shimbun (Asahi News), 161, Wuchang), 228n17 164, 171 Ashida Hitoshi, 164, 177, 236n67 Cai Yuanpei, 83 Assimilation Society, 141–2, 232n33 Capron, Horace, 67 Atarashiki mura (New Village), 118 Chian iji hō (Peace Preservation Law), Atlantic Monthly, 36 51, 61–2 Chian keisatsu hō (Public Safety Police Baba Tsunego, 160, 174, 177, 180 Law), 52 Bayue de xiangcun (The Village in Chikuma Shobō, 186 August), 126 Chōshū Domain, 137 246 Index chōzen naikaku (transcendental Ema Shōko, 172 cabinets), 136 Engels, Friedrich, 85 Chuangzaoshe (Creation Society), 122 enpon (books costing one yen each), 8, “Chūgoku no tōitsu to Tōa no meiun” 87–109, 185–7 (Chinese Unification and the Fate theories regarding origins of, of East Asia), 166 224n33 Chūgoku yonjūnen (Forty Years in enpon jidai (age of the enpon), 104, 186 China), 130 “enpon wars,” 108 Chūnichi kyōikukai (Sino-Japanese Education Association), 118 Fenollosa, Ernest, 219n6 Chūō Kōron (Central Debate), 4, 7, 33, Fogel, Joshua, 10, 112 58, 217–18n99 Foreign Ministry, 75 relationship to Kaizō, 45–6, 116, “Fubo no omokage” (Memories of 124, 164, 182, 185, 214n37 My Parents), 20 Chūō Kōronsha, 62, 169 “Fukkan no kotoba” (Some Words Clark, William Smith, 66 about the Revival of Production), Claudel, Paul, 187 165, 185 Collected Works of Contemporary Fukuda Tokuzō, 43, 53, 72 Japanese Literature, see Gendai Fujimori Seikichi, 54, 99 Nihon bungaku zenshū Fujin kōron (Women’s Public Debate), 4 Collier’s Magazine, 95 Fujin kurabu (Women’s Club), 38 Comprehensive magazines Fujin zasshi (women’s magazines), 38 see sōgō zasshi Fujokai (Women’s World), 38 Funada Kyōji, 194 Dai Lu Xun zenshū (Great Collected “Futatsu no shakai taisei to heiwa ni Works of Lu Xun), 127 kiso” (Two Social Systems and Dai Nippon rengō seinendan (United the Foundations of Peace), 166 Young Men’s Association of “Fuzi zhi jian” (Between Father and Japan), 94 Child), 126 Daisan intānashonaru hihan (Critique of the Third International), 53 Gendai Nihon bungaku zenshū “Daitōa kesshu no hongi” (True (Collected Works of Meaning of Uniting the Greater Contemporary Japanese East Asian Nations), 61 Literature), 59, 87–8, 89–90, Daitōa kyōeiken (Greater East Asian 94–103, 105, 120, 185–6, 226n75 Co-Prosperity Sphere), 60, 157 series of same name published by Daitōashō (Ministry of Greater East Chikuma shobō in Shōwa period, Asia), 157 106, 226n75 Der Einstein-film, 80 Gendai Shina gō (Contemporary China Diet, Japanese national, 56, 138, Issue), 113, 114–20, 125, 228n10 218n103 “Gendai Shina ni okeru Kōshisama” dōnin zasshi (coterie journals), 34–5, (Confucius in Contemporary 37, 93, 213n2 China), 125 Gendai taishū bungaku zenshū Einstein, Albert, 8, 77–82, 154–6, (Collected Works of Contemporary 179, 190–1 Mass Literature), 104 Eliot, Charles W., 95 genrō (Meiji oligarchs), 135–6, 147 Index 247
Geopolitics, 60 Heilong Province, China, 29 George V, 23–4 heimin saishō (commoner prime Gilded Age, 35–6 minister), 137 Gisei (A Sacrifice), 54, 99 Higuchi Ichiyō, 97 Goering, Hermann, 152 Hino Ashihei, 57 Go ichigo jiken (May 15 Incident), Hirata Kanichirō, 160 139 Hirota Kōki, 147 Gokoku Dōshikai (National Protection Hirotsu Kazuo, 175, 181 Alliance), 162 Hitler, Adolf, 151–2, 170–1 Gorky, Maxim, 187 “Hittoraa sōtō gaisen” (Triumphal Gotō Asatarō, 5, 209n6 Return of Premier Hitler), Grant, Ulysses S., 67–8, 78 151–2, 170 Great Kantō Earthquake, 10, 90–2, Hōchi Kōdō, 103 94–5 Home Ministry, 51–2, 54–5, 57–9, Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity 71, 75, 94 Sphere see Daitōa kyōeiken honbunshugi (dutifulness), 211n29 Guandong Army, 146, 148 Hōrōki (Diary of a Vagabond), 48, Guo Moruo, 116, 122, 228n10, 120, 165, 215n57 230n74 and n75, 238n29 Hōsei University, 22 Hoshino Jun’ichirō, 55 “Hachi jikan rōdōsei no kakuritsu” Hosoi Wakizō, 91 (The Establishment of an Eight Hosokawa Karoku, 61–2 Hour Work Day), 43 Hu Feng, 126 Hakubunkan, 55, 225n55 Hu Shi, 74, 113, 116 hakuri tabai (small profit margin with hyakunan kokufuku (overcome a massive sales), 100 hundred challenges), 195 “Hamaguchi naishō to kaiken shite” Hyūga Minshutō (Hyūga Peoples’ (Meeting with Home Minister Party), 163 Hamaguchi), 55 Hamaguchi Osachi, 55–6, 138 Ibuse Masuji, 124 Hanihara Masanao, 75 Ikejima Shinpei, 4, 175 Hara Takashi, 25, 28, 38, 137, Ikiru Shina no sugata (Portrait of a 231n14 Living China), 130 Harper’s, 36 Ikite iru heitai (Living Soldiers), 58, Harvard Classics, 95 217–18n99 Hatoyama Ichirō, 3, 162 Inoue Jun’nosuke, 143 Hatsubai kinshi dōmeikai (Sales Ban International Planned Parenthood Prevention League), 55 Federation, 73 “Hatsubai kinshi ni tai suru” interwar period, 209n1 (Concerning Sales Bans), 56 Inukai Tsuyoshi, 138 Hattori Unokichi, 112 Ishihara Jun, 77, 80 “Hawai no inshō” (Impressions of Ishikawa Tatsuzō, 58 Hawaii), 153–4 Ishimoto, Keikichi, Baron, 74 Hayashi Fumiko, 48–9, 107, 120, 165, Ishizaka Yōjirō, 165 186, 215n57 isshō no nengan (lifelong desire), 134 Hayashi Senjūrō, 147 Itagaki Taisuke, 141, 232n33 Heibonsha, 103–4 itansha (heretic), 14 248 Index
Itō Sei, 175 “Kaizō nikki” (Reform Diary), 40 Iwanami Press, 8, 105, 186 “Kaizō no kyorei” (The Great Spirit of Reform), 40 Japan Chronicle, 70, 220n16 “Kaizō to boku” (Kaizō and I), 186 Japanese Population Control Study Kaji Wataru, 111, 166 Group, 191 “Kakaku tōsō yori kōsei tōsō e” (From Japan-Soviet Alliance, 155 Values Struggles to Public Welfare Jews, Nazi policies toward, 152–3 Struggles), 53 Jiji shinpō (New Journal of Current Kakushin kurabu (Reform Club), 137–8 Events), 49 Kamitsukasa Shōken, 141–3 “Jikyūsen wo ronzu” (On This War of Kangaku (Sinology), 227n2 Attrition), 227n7 kangakusha (Sinologist), 112, 128 Jitsugyō no Nihon (Business Kanikōsen (The Crab-Canning Boat), 5 Japanese), 89 Kasa Shintarō, 174 Jiyūtō (Freedom Party), 163 Katayama Tetsu, 162 Jokō aishi (Tragic History of Factory Katō Shizue, 73–6, 190–1, 221n45 Girls), 91 Katō Tomosaburō, 30, 138 “Jūgonen” (Fifteen Years), 2, 96 Kawabata Yasunari, 4–5, 175 Keio University, 71, 79 Kagaku chishiki (Scientific “Keizai seikatsu kaizō tōjō no ichidai Knowledge), 81 fukuon” (The Great Harmony of Kagaku gahō (Scientific Illustrated), 81 Developments in Restructuring Kagawa Tomohiko, 6, 47, 69, 162–3, the Economic Life), 42 186, 190, 234n13 kempeitai, 124, 209n6 Kagoshima Prefecture, 12, 17, 22, 143, Kenseikai, 56, 137–8, 141, 143 161, 178 Khabarovsk, 27–8, 30 Kaihō (Emancipation), 34–5, 56, 217n92 Kikuchi Kan, 3, 38, 55–6, 98, 107, in relation to Kaizō, 45–6 186, 209n4, 217n93, 223n12 Kaizō (Reconstruction), 7–8, 9, 12, Kimura Ki, 82, 94, 97, 225n44 14, 33–63, 82, 113, 114–23, 156, “Kindai seiyō bunmei ni taisuru gojin 158, 159, 170, 213n17 and n19 no taido” (My Attitude Toward cover of second issue, 41 Western Civilization), 116 essay by Zhou Zuoren, 117 Kingu (King), 37, 213n10 evolution of, 143–7 Kirishima no uta (Songs of Kirishima), revival in postwar Japan, 163, 215n60 164–7, 177 Kisaki Masaru, 160–1, 164–5, 171, thirtieth anniversary issue of 178, 210n9 in April, 1949, 174–5 Kishi Nobusuke, 209n4 Kaizōsha, 6, 9, 11 Kishida Ryūsei, 117 in the postwar period, 164–7, 169, Kitamura Tōkoku, 97 171–2, 175 Kitano-maru, 78 struggle for control of after Kjellen, Rudolf, 60 Yamamoto’s death, 181–3 Kobayashi Takiji, 5–6, 12, 209n7 Kaizōsha kankei shiryō kenkyūkai Kobe, 70 (Research Association for Kōbō no Shina o gyōshimeru Materials Related to (Scrutinizing the Rise and Kaizōsha), 12 Fall of China), 128 Index 249
Kōda Rohan, 47, 116 MacArthur, Douglas, 78, 162, 168, 191 Koiso Kuniaki, 157 Mack, Edward, 10, 89 kojin zasshi (individual magazine), 144 Maeo Shigesaburō, 182 Kokka Sōdōin hō (National Mailer, Norman, 176 Mobilization Law), 148 Manchuria, 84 kokubetsushiki (final viewing Manchurian Incident, 139 ceremony), 180 Mandel, Georges, 150 “Kokubō no hongi to sono kyōka no “Manmō shinkokka ron” (Concerning teisho” (The True Meaning of the New Manchurian State), 84 National Defense and a Proposal Man-Sen (Manchuria and the Korean for its Strengthening), 147 Peninsula), 187 Kokumin dōmei (National Alliance), 140 Mao Zedong, 113, 227n7 Kokumin Kyōdōtō (Peoples’ Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 148 Cooperative Party), 163–4 Marukusu Engerusu zenshū (Collected Kokumintō (Peoples’ Party), 138, 163 Works of Marx and Engels), 85, kōkyū zasshi (upper-class magazine), 35 105, 107, 226n75 Komaki Saneshige, 60 Maruya Saiichi, 109 komon (advisees), 67 Marxism, 168, 184 Konoe Fumimarō, 60 Masamune Hakuchō, 40, 116, 174 “Kōnichi yūgekisen ron” (On This Maspero Henri, 112 Anti-Japanese Guerrilla War), Masuda Giichi, 89 227n7 Masuda Wataru, 124, 127–8, 230n64 kōshōchū (under negotiation), 98 Matsubara Kazue, 11 Kōtoku Shūsui, 99 Matsudaira Tsuneo, 27–8 Kozai Yoshinao, 221n52 Matsuoka Yōsuke, 148 Kropotkin, Peter, 53 Meiji Period, 66–7 Kuhara Fusanosuke, 26, 212n47 educational ideals of, 21 Kuhara Mining Company, 26 Meiji Restoration, 18 Kuhara Zaibatsu, 26, 142 Meiji Taishō bungaku zenshū Kume Masao, 103 (Collected Works of Meiji and Kunikida Doppo, 98 Taishō Literature), 104 Kurata Hyakuzō, 54 Miki Takeō, 194 Kurosawa Torizō, 162 “Mingjing” (A Clear Mirror), 126 Kuwata Kumazō, 42 Minseitō, 59, 108, 138, 140, 143, 146 Kyōdō Minshutō (Cooperative Mishima Yukio, 5, 175 Democratic Party), 163–4 Mita Grand Lecture Hall, 71, 79 Kyushu danji, 17–18, 19, 141–2, Mita shimbun (Mita News), 79 168–72, 210n11 Mitsunaga Hoshio, 100 Miyake Yasuko, 80 Ladies’ Home Journal, 36 Mizushima Haruo, 11, 134 Lake Baikal, 26 Modern Japanese Literature, as a “Laoren” (Old Man), 126–7 discursive field, 10 League of Nations, 84 Moji, 70 Liang Qichao, 116 Moji Shimbun (Moji News), 23 Liu Bannong, 119 Morison, Samuel E., 176 Lu Xun, 8, 82–3, 111, 118, 120–3, “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown”, 23 124–8, 187, 192, 229n51 Mugi to heitai (Barley to Soldiers), 58 250 Index
Mukhin, Fyodor Nikanorovich, 30 Nishida Kitarō, 77 Murakami Jun, 59 Nitobe Inazō, 67 Mushanokoji Saneatsu, 49, 117, 118, Noble Peace Prize, 3, 6 129, 192, 217n95 Noble Prize for Physics, 78, 81, 190 Mussolini, Benito, 148, 170–1 Nogi Maresuke, 211n27 Nozaka Sanzō, 166 Nagai Kaffū, 98, 100, 175, 225n55 Nyonin geijutsu (Women’s Arts), 48 Nagai Ryūtaro, 140 Nagaoka Hantarō, 77–8, 155 Occupation, of postwar Japan, 8, Nagata Tetsuzan, 140 168–9, 170–2, 173, 176 Nagayo Yoshirō, 117 Ogata Taketora, 177 Nahan (A Call to Arms), 125 Ogawa Mimei, 80 Naitō Konan, 112 Ōhashi Kōhei, 160 Nakajima Chikuhei, 140 Okada Keisuke, 140 Nakazato Kaizan, 13, 91 Okada Seiichi, 194 Naked and the Dead, The, 176, Okinawa, 20–1 236n65 Okuma Shigenobu, 136–7 “nana korobi, ya oki” (seven times “Onjōshugi ni tsuite” (Concerning down, eight times up), 195 Paternalism), 43 Nanjing, 58 Onoda Masashi, 172–3, 176, 181 Nation, The, 36 Ōno Magohei, 89, 100 Natsume Soseki, 98, 225n55 Ō Shō kun (Wang Zhaojun), 116 Nazism, 152 Ōsugi Sakae, 99 New York Times, The, 162 Oura Kanetake, 22–3, 141 Nihon Denpō Tsūshinsha (Japan Oura Scandal, 141 Telegraph and Communication Ouyang Shan, 126 Company), 100 Ozaki Kōyō, 97, 101 Nihon jidō bunko (Japanese Children’s Literature), 105 Panghuang (Wandering), 125 Nihon Kyōdōtō (Japan Cooperative Parrott, Lindesay, 162–3, 194, 234n15 Party), 8, 161–2, 193–4 Pelliot, Paul, 112 Nihon Kyōsantō (Japanese Communist Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 20 Party) 6, 33, 139 Pope Pius XII, 151 Nihon Nōmototō (Japanese Potsdam Declaration, 63 Agricultural Fundamentalist Princeton University, 80, 82 Party), 163 Purge, in Occupation Japan, 168–9, Nihon Shinpōtō (Japanese Progressive 170–1 Party), 161 Nihon teikoku tōkei nenkan (The “Reconstruction” see Kaizō Almanac of Japanese Imperial “Riben jin sanshinian xiaoshuo Statistics), 93 zhi fada” (Developments in Nihon University, 22 Japanese Fiction in the Last Ni-ni-roku Jiken (February 26 Thirty Years), 117 Incident), 140 Rikken Dōshikai (Association of Nippon fashizumu no shitenbō (New Believers of Constitutional Perspectives on Japanese Fascism), Government), 136 228n17 Rikken Minseitō, 136 Index 251
“Rōdōshō wo shinsetsu subeshi” Sendai, township in Kagoshima (The Ministry of Education Prefecture, 180, 195 Should Be Overhauled), 40 Sendai Magokoro Literature Museum, “Rōdō undo no senjutsu toshite 12, 13 no sabotāju” (Sabotage as a Sendai River, 143, 232n39 Military Technique for the Labor Sengoku Kōtarō, 162 Movement), 53 “Senji Eikoku no genjō” (Current Rolland, Romain, 150, 187 Conditions in Wartime England), Roma hōō ekkenki (Record of an 149–50 Audience with the Pope), 151 Singapore, 124 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 154, 176 Shakai Kakushintō (Social Reform Rōyama Masamichi, 60–1 Party), 164 Russell, Bertrand, 6, 8, 12, 68–73, 188–9, Shakai Minshūtō (Social Masses Party), 219n14, 220n26, 221n50 139, 231n26 “Russell Boom,” 72 Shakai shūkyō ron shū (Collected “Russell-Einstein Manifesto,” 190 Essays on Society and Russo-Japanese War, 18 Religion), 99 Ryoshū (Loneliness on a Journey), 165 Shanhai (Shanghai), 121 Sha Ting, 126 Saigō Takamori, 18, 184 Shaw, George Bernard, 8, 82–5, 108, Saionji Kinmochi, 135, 147 125, 150, 191, 223n94 Saitō Makoto, 85 Shiba Ryōtarō, 36–7 Saitō Takao, 59–60, 218n103 “Shibori no tabi” (The Siberian Trip), sakkatachi no oyaji (writers’ dad), 186 29, 212n43 San Francisco Treaty, 176 Shidehara Kijūrō, 163 Sanger, Margaret, 8, 73–7, 190–1, Shiga Naoya, 49–51, 98, 160, 174 221n45 and 49 Shigemitsu Mamoru, 157 Sapporo Agricultural College, 66 Shimanaka Hōji, 63, 169 Satō Eisaku, 3, 209n4 Shimanaka Yūsaku, 4 Satō Haruo, 114, 123, 192 Shimazaki Toson, 129, 225n55 Satomi Ton, 43, 49, 98, 103, 160 Shimbunshi ho (Newspaper law), Satsuma, 24 217–18n99 Satsumasendai City, 12, 195 Shina bunka no kaibō (An Anatomy of Saturday Evening Post, The, 36–7 Chinese Culture), 5 sayoku shisō no jidai (Age of Leftist Shina jihen (The Sino-Japanese War) Thought), 184 129–30, 230n74 Seigaku tōzen to Chūgoku jijō: zassho “Shina o ryokō shite” (Traveling sakki (The Eastern Spread of China), 217n95 Western Learning: Notes on Shina rōnin (China hands), 113 Various Books), 230n64 “Shina shōsetsu no hanashi” seiji seinen (political youth), 134 (A Discussion of Chinese seiji zasshi (political journal), 144 Fiction), 117 Seiyūkai, 26, 136, 138–40, 146 Shinatsū (China hand), 5 Sekai bunkajin junrei (A Pilgrimage Shinchō (New Wave), 35, 229n51 to the World’s Cultural Figures), Shinchōsha Press, 8, 103–4 170, 187 Shinkankakuha (New Perception Seki Chūka, 11 School), 4, 121 252 Index
“Shinpan sekai chizu” (The New Song Qinling, 83 World Map), 61 Sōtaisei riron geki (Dramatic Shinseinen (New Youth), 93 Rendering of the Theory of Shinshōsetsu (New Fiction), 81 Relativity), 81 shintaisei (new political order), 148 Subaru (The Pleiades), 35 “Shinya ni shirusu” (Recorded in the suketto (hired hands), 219n2 Middle of the Night), 125 Sugimori Hisahide, 45 Shin Yōroppa no tanjo (Birth of Suzuki Kisaburō, 138 a New Europe), 148–56, 170 Shirakaba (White Birch), 49 Taft, William Howard, 219n6 Shirakabaha (White Birch School), 49, Tagore, Rabindranath, 187 99, 116, 118 Taigyaku Jiken (Great Treason Shiratori Kurakichi, 112 Incident), 99 Shisen o koete (Crossing the Horizon Tairiku (The Continent), 34, 59, 111, of Death), 6, 47, 69, 188, 215n52 128, 170 and 53 “Taishō Conservatism,” 138 Shixue zazhi (Journal of Historical “Taishō Democracy,” 7, 33–4, 51, 184 Studies), 112 impact on comprehensive Shōgakusei zenshū (Collected Works magazines, 34–8 for Elementary Students), 105 Taishō Political Crisis, 136 “Shōjakkoku no unmei” (The Fate of “Taishū bungei dangi” (A Discussion Small, Weak Nations), 151 of Popular Literature), 209n5 Shōnan taimuzu (Shōnan Times), 124 Taiwan, 141 Shōwakai (Shōwa Association), 140 Taiwan Incident, 141, 158 Shōwa kenkyūkai (Study Group of Taiyō (The Sun), 33 the Shōwa Period), 60 in relation to Kaizō, 46–7, 175 Shōwa Period, readership in, 92–4 Taiyo-maru, 74 Shufu no tomo (Housewives’ Friend), 38 Takahashi Korekiyo, 140 Shunyōdō, 103–4, 225n55 Takamura Kōtaro, 175 Shuppanbutsu hōan (Published Takasu Yasujirō, 97 Materials Bill), 56–7 Takii Kōsaku, 49–50, 216n78 “Shū Sakunin no shinkyō” (Zhou Tanabe Hajime, 78 Zuoren’s State of Mind), 129 Tanaka Kōtaro, 117 Siberia, Yamamamoto Sanehiko’s years Tanizaki Jun’ichirō, 12, 41, 43, 111, in, 26–32 114, 228n10 Singapore, 124 Tao Jingsun, 116 Sino-Japanese War, 18 Tatsuta-maru, 148 Skazhutin, 28–30, 212n39 Tayama Katai, 40, 41 Smedley, Agnes, 74 “Teikoku no shudōteki kōwa jōken” Smith, John Henderson, 24 (The Empire’s Autonomous sōgō zasshi (comprehensive Terms of Peace), 40 magazines), 7, 34, 38, 60, 97, tenkanki no chanpion (champion of 212–13n1, 213n2 that period of change), 108 impact on Japanese intellectual tennōshugi (Imperialism), 61 history, 36–7 Terauchi Hisaichi, 140 Solf Wilhelm, 221n53 Terauchi Masatake, 26, 137, 147 Index 253
Theory of Relativity, 79 wan man (one man), 6, 44 Tian Han, 116 Warera (Us), 34–5 Tōa kyōdōtai (East Asian Washington Disarmament Community), 60 Conference, 74 Tōa shinchitsujo (New Order for “Watashi wa hito wo damashitai” East Asia), 60 (I Want to Deceive People), 126 Tōgō Heihachirō, 18, 24–5, 211n25 Wells, H. G., 150, 187 “Tōgō-san no ichidanmen” (One facet wentan (literary community), 112 of Tōgō), 24 see also Japanese bundan Tōjō Hideki, 148, 157, 166 Wilson, Woodrow, 26 Tokkō (Special Higher Police), 61 Woman Rebel, The, 73 Tokuda Shūsei, 26, 40 “Women de xianhua” (Our Idle Tōkyōdō, 89, 100 Gossip), 117 Tokyo Imperial University, 112, 179 Women’s Birth Control League, 191 Library of, 96 Women’s Movement, in Japan, 76 Tokyo Industrial Club, 176 Woolf, Virginia, 24 Tokyo Magazine Union, 38, 89 World Committee Against Imperialist Tokyo mainichi shimbun (Tokyo Daily War, 83 News), 26, 38, 141–2 World Population Conference, 73 Tomonaga Shinichirō, 190 Tōshōgū Shrine, 68 Xiao Hong, 126 Tōyōgaku, (East Asian Studies), 112 Xiao Jun, 126 Trotsky, Leo, 187 Xie Liuyi, 116 Twenty-One Demands, 137, 231n11 Xin qingnian (New Youth), 117 Xu Zhimo, 116 Uchiyama Kanzō, 5–6, 66, 82, 111, 113, 115, 120, 125, 192, 222n78, Yamakawa Hitoshi, 53, 174 226n75 “Yamamoto Kaizō”, 140–3 Ugaki Kasushige, 147 Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, 136 Ukita Wamin, 237n24 Yamamoto shimbun (Yamamoto “Umi no hibiki” (Echoes of the Sea), News), 23–4 116 Yamazaki Imasa, 56 United States, Yamamoto’s writings “Yang” (Sheep), 126 about, 153–4 Yanagida Izumi, 225n44 Universal-Bibliothek, 225n39 Yanaihara Tadao, 84 “Unmei” (Fate), 47 Yasukuni Shrine, 84 Uzumaku Shina (Eddying China), 128 yatoi (employees), 67 Yiwen (Translations), 126 Vatican, 151 YMCA, of Tokyo, 75 Vladivostok, 27 Yokohama Incident, 61–2, 218n116 Vologodsky, Petr Vasilevich, 27 Yokomitsu Riichi, 120–1, 165 Yokoyama Taikan, 174 waka poetry, 175–6 Yokozeki Aizō, 38, 43–4, 47–8, 69, Wakai hito (A Youngster), 165 145, 174, 181, 213n31 wakon yōsai (Japanese spirit, Western Yomiuri shimbun (Yomiuri News), 54, techniques), 157 97, 119, 141–2 254 Index
Yosano Akiko, 43, 215n60 Zenkoku Rōnō Taishūtō (Nationwide Yoshida Shigeru, 3, 163, 166, 175 Labor Masses Party), 231n26 Young, Robert, 70 Zhang Ziping, 116 Yu Dafu, 122, 124, 129, 192 Zhang Zuolin, 119 Yukawa Hideki, 4, 81, 190 Zhongguo xiaoshuo shilue (A Brief Yumedono (Hall of Dreams), 13, 54, 91 History of Chinese Fiction), 127 Yusi (Threads of Words), 117, 119 Zhongliu (Central Current), 126 Yuwai xiaoshuoji (Stories from Zhou Wen, 126 Abroad), 117 Zhou Zuoren, 117–18, 123, 129–30, Yuzhou feng (Cosmic Wind), 230n74 192, 230n75, 238n29 Zola, Emile, 150 zaibatsu, 25, 139, 216–17n83 zuihitsu (personal essay), 235n61 Zeiya Mines, 29 Zuojia (The Writer), 126