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La Corona De Aragón En El Centro De Su Historia 1208-1458 Portada 23/9/09 09:51 Página 1 Departamento de Educación, Cultura y Deporte Corona Aragon en centro hist. 23/9/09 09:50 Página 1 LA CORONA DE ARAGÓN EN EL CENTRO DE SU HISTORIA 1208-1458 La Monarquía aragonesa y los reinos de la Corona Zaragoza y Monzón 1 al 4 de diciembre de 2008 ÁNGEL SESMA MUÑOZ (Director científico) Departamento de Educación, Cultura y Deporte Corona Aragon en centro hist. 23/9/09 09:50 Página 2 COLECCIÓN ACTAS, 74 © Gobierno de Aragón Diseñador: David Mazagatos Edita: Gobierno de Aragón Departamento de Educación, Cultura y Deporte ISBN: 978-84-8380-198-7 Dep. Leg.: Z-3.485/09 Realización: ARPIrelieve, S.A. Corona Aragon en centro hist. 23/9/09 09:50 Página 3 ÍNDICE Presentación, por J. ÁNGEL SESMA MUÑOZ ............................................................................. 5 LA ESTRUCTURA INTERNA DE UNA MONARQUÍA PLURAL Monarquía, Iglesia y Nobleza en la Corona de Aragón o la “gestión de la complejidad”, por CARLOS LÓPEZ RODRÍGUEZ ...................................................................... 13 La monarquía y las ciudades desde el observatorio de la fiscalidad, por MANUEL SÁNCHEZ MARTÍNEZ ................................................................................................... 43 La metamorfosis del Estado feudal. Las estructuras institucionales de la Corona de Aragón en el periodo de expansión (1208-1283), por CARLOS LALIENA CORBERA ....................................................................................................... 65 Los ejércitos del rey en la Corona de Aragón (siglos XIV-XV), por JORGE SÁIZ SERRANO ................................................................................................................... 97 Consejeros influyentes y personas de confianza en el entorno cortesano de los reyes de Aragón (siglos XIII-XV), por GERMÁN NAVARRO ESPINACH ............ 129 LA IMAGEN DEL REY El perfil trascendental de los reyes aragoneses, siglos XIII al XV: Santidad, franciscanismo y profecías, por NIKOLAS JASPERT ..................................... 183 Tradiciones e idiosincracias. Las relaciones entre Cataluña y Aragón en la historiografía (siglos XI-XIII), por STEFANO MARIA CINGOLANI .............................. 219 LOS REINOS La corte napoletana di Alfonso il Magnanimo: il mecenatismo regio, por ROBERTO DELLE DONNE .............................................................................................................. 255 Corona Aragon en centro hist. 23/9/09 09:50 Página 4 La conservación de la memoria: archivos regios, por ALBERTO TORRA PÉREZ 271 Ritos y gestos de la realeza en las cuatro grandes crónicas, por RAFAEL NARBONA VIZCAÍNO ..................................................................................................... 285 El entorno femenino de los reyes de Aragón, por MARÍA DEL CARMEN GARCÍA HERRERO ................................................................................ 327 La formación bajomedieval del sistema aragonés de Fueros y Observancias, por JESÚS MORALES .............................................................................................................................. 351 La organización central de la Corona de Aragón cismarina, por FLOCEL SABATÉ ............................................................................................................................... 393 Forme della rappresentanza nel regno di Sicilia: circolazione di modelli istituzionali nella Corona d’Aragona, por BEATRICE PASCIUTA ............................ 415 Parlamento e luogotenenza generale. Il regno di Napoli nella Corona d’Aragona, por FRANCESCO SENATORE ...................................................................................... 433 Corona Aragon en centro hist. 23/9/09 09:50 Página 5 PRESENTACIÓN La cultura occidental ha tenido siempre clara la idea de continuidad y de que lo que somos en cada momento se apoya en lo que fueron e hicieron nuestros pre- decesores. La historia es acumulativa y esencialmente inmutable; nada podemos hacer por cambiar lo sucedido, ni es factible borrar aquello que hoy no parece oportuno o nos incomoda, pero también, como la vida para García Márquez, la historia no es sólo lo que ocurrió, sino lo que se recuerda y cómo se recuerda. Los sucesos del tiempo pasado, aunque no alterarse ni eliminarse, sí pueden rememo- rarse y analizarse de diferentes maneras y con diferentes objetivos; por eso cada generación evoca y celebra unos acontecimientos y olvida otros. Junto a la inmu- tabilidad de lo que fue convive la variedad de interpretaciones y la iluminación o sombreado de figuras y hechos. Es el juego apasionante entre el pasado y el pre- sente, la historia como experiencia y la historia como esperanza. En el año 2008 se cumplieron el octavo centenario del nacimiento de Jaime I y el 550 aniversario del fallecimiento de Alfonso V, monarcas aragoneses de obligada presencia en nuestras vivencias históricas; entre ambos acontecimientos transcurre un cuarto de milenio de la historia de la Corona de Aragón. Son fechas y cifras redondas que deben invitar a la conmemoración y a la reflexión; es un largo perio- do del pasado al que solemos asomarnos para buscar nuestras raíces y sobre el que las proyecciones de sucesivos presentes han actuado no siempre con prudencia. En la primera fecha, 1208, se anunciaba, aunque entonces no se podía prever en qué circunstancias, el largo reinado de Jaime el Conquistador, que se prolon- garía hasta el último cuarto del siglo XIII. En su dilatado gobierno, se manifies- tan paradojas tan señaladas como que de una situación de profunda crisis política a su arranque, cuando con apenas cinco años, le encaramaron al trono de Aragón y Cataluña, vacante por la muerte de su padre en la batalla de Muret, se pasó a la gran conquista emprendida por el joven rey por tierras musulmanas y, con ella, el asentamiento definitivo de una monarquía que, al aglutinar los reinos de Aragón, Mallorca y Valencia y el principado de Cataluña, rebasaba el nivel peninsular y se situaba junto a las principales dinastías de la Cristiandad Latina. Finalmente, una Corona Aragon en centro hist. 23/9/09 09:50 Página 6 6 PRESENTACIÓN vez fortalecido el poder real, asentado en tan extensos territorios, fue el propio monarca quien procuró, a través de sus reiterados testamentos, la fragmentación de sus dominios para dotar de reinos y posesiones a sus hijos, aun a costa de debi- litar la corona y romper una unidad que parecía consolidada. El relativo fracaso de sus intentos y las acciones emprendidas por sus sucesores, con la intervención de una sociedad múltiple y en constante transformación, consi- guieron articular un proyecto político de gran dinamismo, no sólo en lo puramente político e institucional, sino también en lo económico, social y cultural. La Corona de Aragón así configurada, que en lo fundamental unía a Aragón, Cataluña, Mallor- ca y Valencia, constituyó el modelo básico para la formulación de una forma estatal medieval, que basaba su esencia en conservar y enriquecer la identidad de cada una de las partes que la constituían, al tiempo que se protegía y fortalecía la unión en tor- no a la monarquía, que era en definitiva lo que les imprimía carácter y potencia. La monarquía, cabeza y centro indiscutible del sistema, velaba por mantener el equilibrio del conjunto y de cada una de las piezas, lo que dio lugar durante los casi dos siglos que se mantuvo con pleno vigor a que, con cierta audacia y enor- mes muestras de sentido común y pragmatismo, se introdujeran novedades para mantener estable un sistema de gobierno compartido entre el rey y las fuerzas sociales, integradas por elementos de los grupos tradicionales de la nobleza y el clero junto con los representantes de la sociedad surgida del desarrollo urbano y las actividades mercantiles o artesanales. La paulatina construcción de un entra- mado institucional a dos niveles, global de la Corona que favorecía la cohesión general en torno al monarca, y particular para los territorios, desplegado de mane- ra sincrónica y simétrica en cada uno, que giraba alrededor de las instituciones representativas (Cortes y Diputación) surgidas para dotar de personalidad y auto- nomía, permitiendo el mantenimiento de códigos legales, lenguas, monedas, pesos y medidas propios, la fijación de fronteras económicas y territoriales en el interior y, en definitiva, el nacimiento de movimientos de tipo “nacional”, sin necesidad de romper la cohesión y unidad que definía la Corona. La segunda fecha, 1458, término final de nuestro itinerario, corresponde a la muerte de Alfonso el Magnánimo, que no sólo cierra el proceso de expansión medi- terránea iniciado en Sicilia, continuado en Cerdeña y culminado con la conquista del reino de Nápoles llevada a cabo por el propio Alfonso, sino que marca el fin defini- tivo de esa época vigorosa en la que se había desarrollado la comunidad de intereses y proyectos compartidos en el seno de la Corona. La voluntad de conservar la uni- dad, que se había mostrado fuerte incluso en momentos de graves tensiones como los levantamientos unionistas o el interregno, manifestó su agotamiento durante el rei- nado de Juan II, que tuvo que hacer frente a la guerra civil catalana, donde las deci- Corona Aragon en centro hist. 23/9/09 09:50 Página 7 MONARQUÍA, IGLESIA Y NOBLEZA EN LA CORONA DE ARAGÓN… 7 siones separatistas ponían el punto final a la secular convivencia y anunciaban la quiebra del sentimiento secular de solidaridad mantenido por los tres reinos y el prin- cipado. Después del reinado de Alfonso V los motivos y
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