Notes on the Contributors

Anthony Arnold is associated with Hoover Institution, and has served as an intelligence analyst in Afghanistan, Germany, Sweden, Burma, Japan, and Eng• land, specializing in Soviet affairs. He retired from federal service in 1979 and now lives in northern California. Arnold is the author of Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq (1983).

Vyacheslav Belokrenitsky is Head of the Near and Middle East Department in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, Moscow, USSR.

Marie Broxup is Director of the Society of Central Asian Studies in London, England and is Editor of the quarterly Central Asian Survey, published from London. A specialist of Soviet Central Asian Islam, she has published numerous articles and books, including The Islamic Threat to the Soviet State (1983) co• authored with Alexandre Bennigsen.

Helena Cobban read philosophy, politics and economics at St Hugh's College, Oxford. She lived in Lebanon from 1974 to 1981; her work in the area - for five years as Beirut correspondent of The Sunday Times and The Christian Science Monitor - has kept her in constant contact with people from all Lebanese groups. While researching a political analysis of the PLO, The Palestinian Liberation Organization: People, Power and Politics (1984) and The Making of Modern Lebanon (1985), she was a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University and then a Journalist-in-Residence at Georgetown University. Currently, she is nominated as a scholar with the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC.

Lt Col. Joseph J. Collins, a specialist on Afghanistan, is Strategic Analyst in the Office of the Chief of Staff in the US Department of Defense. An author of several articles, his recent publication was The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1986). He has also served as Professor of International Studies at the US Military Academy, West Point, New York.

Kail C. Ellis is Director of the Institute of Contemporary Arab and Islamic Studies and also Dean of Arts and Sciences at Villanova University. He has contributed articles and chapters to various volumes and edited The Vatican, Islam and the Middle East. He is a specialist on the problems of political development in the Middle East.

Yurl V. Gankovsky is Professor in the Near and Middle East Department of the Institute of Oriental Studies, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow. He is author of several books and numerous articles on Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Melvin A. Goodman is Professor of International Studies in the Department of National Security Policy at the National War College, Ft. McNair, Washington, DC. An author of numerous articles, he specializes on Soviet foreign policy towards the states in the Middle East.

Hafeez Malik is Professor of Political Science at Villanova University in Pennsylva• nia. From 1961 to 1963, and from 1966 to 1984, he was Visiting Lecturer at the 319 320 Notes on the Contributors

Foreign Service Institute of the US Department of State. An author/editor of several books and numerous articles, he was from 1971 to 1974 President of the Pakistan Council of the Asia Society, New York. Also, he is President of the Pakistan-American Foundation; founding Director (1973--88) of the American Institute of Pakistan Studies, and since 1977 Editor of the Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, and Executive Director of the American Council for the Study of Islamic Societies since 1983.

Surjit Mansiogh is currently Visiting Scholar at the School of Advanced Inter• national Studies (Johns Hopkins University) in Washington, DC. Professor Man• singh has been on the faculty of the American University, The University of Delhi (India), Trinity University (Texas) and a Visiting Professor at the University of Torino (Italy). She was a member of the Indian Foreign Service before joining the academic profession. She has published numerous papers in American and Indian journals and is the author of India's Search for Power: Indira Gandhi's Foreign Policy (1984), co-author of Diplomatic History of Modern India (1989) and author of Historical Dictionary of India (forthcoming).

Vladimir Moskalenko is Head of the Pakistan Section in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, Moscow, USSR, and author of The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Its Emergence and the Main Stages of Its Evolution (Russian).

Railya Muqeemjanova is a Senior Research Associate in the Department of Middle East Studies in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, Moscow, USSR.

Augustus Richard Norton, who received his PhD from the University of Chicago, is an author of Amal and the Shi'a (1987), and Associate Professor of Comparative Politics at the US Military Academy, West Point, New York. He was one of the military observers in the UN Truce Supervision Organization in South Lebanon during 198ij-81, and studied at close range the Lebanese-Syrian politics during the Israeli occupation of the area.

Martha Brill Olcott is Chairman of the Department of Political Science at Colgate University in Hamilton, New York. She studied in the United States, France and the Soviet Union, receiving her doctorate from the University of Chicago. She has been awarded many grants and fellowships during her academic career. She has written and lectured extensively on the subject of the Kazakhs, Islam, and the people of Central Asia and their political impact on the Soviet Union. Professor Olcott's latest book is a compilation of translated readings with Lubomyr A. Hajda, The National Problem in the Soviet Union.

R.K. Ramazani, the Harry Flood Byrd, Jr. Professor of Government and Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia, has specialized in the Middle East for nearly thirty-five years. He serves on the editorial board of the Middle East Journal, on the board of governors of the Middle East Institute, and as associate editor of the Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. His numerous books on the Middle East include The United States and Iran: The Patterns of Influence and the prizewinning Foreign Policy of Iran, 1500-1941: A Developing Nation in World Affairs. Notes on the Contributors 321

Alvin Z. Rubinstein is Professor of Political Science and Senior Fellow of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania. An author of several books, Rubinstein received several fellowships from the Ford Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation and John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.

Joseph Wright Twinam, a career foreign service officer of the US Department of State, retired after serving as US Ambassador to Bahrain. Currently, he:, John C. West Professor of Government and International Studies at the Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.

Lawrence Ziriog is Professor of Political Science at Western Michigan University. He has lived, worked, studied and travelled in Pakistan over a period of twenty-one years. He was an advisor to the Pakistan Administrative Staff College from 1964 to 1966 and he is the author, co-author and editor of five books either dealing specifically with Pakistan or containing sections about Pakistani politics and foreign policy. He has had articles published in many journals and has contributed chapters to numerous books. Appendix: List of Participants in the Seminar

Domestic Determinants of Soviet Foreign Policy Towards South Asia and the Middle East

6-8 October 1988

Maj. Gen. (Retd.) M. Imtiaz Ali, former Military Secretary to Prime Minister Z.A. Bhutto, and Advisor on Defense to Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto.

Captain Christopher E. Allen, Special Operations Command, Ft. Bragg, NC

Dr Anthony Arnold, Hoover Institution, Stanford University

Dr Vyacheslav Ya. Belokrenitsky, Chairman, USSR Near and Middle East De• partment, Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow

Mr Yossef Bodansky, Baltimore, Maryland

Dr Ralph Braibanti, James B. Duke Professor of Political Science, Duke Univer• sity, Durham, North Carolina

Dr Marie Broxup, Director, Central Asian Studies Institute, Oxford (Britain)

Mr. R.K. Bruce, Assistant Manager for Public Affairs, MOBILE Middle East Development Corporation, New York

Dr Maya Chadda, Professor of Political Science, William Paterson College, Wayne, NJ

Dr David C. Champagne, Special Operations Command (Airborne), Ft. Bragg, NC

Dr Helena Cobban, Visiting Scholar, Brookings Institution, Washington DC

Lt. Col. Joseph J. Collins, Office of the Chief of Staff, US Army, Pentagon

Col. Ralph A. Cossa, National Defense University, Washington, DC

Col. Harley C. Davis, Commanding Officer, Special Operations Command (Air• borne), Ft. Bragg, NC

Fr. Edmund J. Dobbin, President of Villanova University

Ambassador Hermann F. Eilts, Director, Center for International Relations, Boston University

322 Appendix: List of Seminar Participants 323

Fr. Kail C. Ellis, Dean, Arts and Sciences, Villanova University, Villanova, Pa.

Dr Yuri V. Gankovsky, Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow

Mr Stephen Garrison, Soviet Research Analyst, JFK Center for Special Operation Command, Ft. Bragg, NC

Dr Melvin A. Goodman, National Defense University, Washington, DC

Mr Andrew R. Hart, University of Southern California, Columbia SC

Dr Charles Kennedy, Professor of Government and Politics, Wake Forest Univer• sity, Winson-Salem, NC

Dr Robert LaPorte, Professor of Political Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa

Dr Surjit Mansingh, School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, DC

Ambassador Jamsheed K.A. Marker, Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, DC

Brig. Gen. (Retd.) Theodore C. Mataxis, AZED Associates Limited, Southern Pines, NC

Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Kamal Matin-ud-Din, Director General, Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad, Pakistan

Mr David Nalle, Institute of International Education, Washington, DC

Dr Augustus Norton, United States Military Academy, West Point

Dr Martha Brill Olcott, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY

Ambassador James A. Placke, International Affairs Consultant, Washington, DC

Dr Saleem M.M. Qureshi, Professor of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Dr R.K. Ramazani, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va

Dr Abdullah Riar, Burtonsville, Maryland

Dr Thomas Robinson, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, DC

Dr Alvin Z. Rubinstein, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa

Dr Muhammed Shafiq, Assistant Professor of Islamic Studies, Peshawar Univer• sity, Visiting Fulbright Scholar, Temple University, Phila., Pa

Mr Agha Shahi, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 324 Appendix: List of Seminar Participants

Dr Naseer Shaikh, Secretary General, International Coordinating Committee, PPP

Dr Robert O. Slater, Director, Defense Intelligence College, Washington, DC

Dr Thomas Thornton, Professor of International Relaqons, School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, DC

Ambassador Joseph Wright Twinam, former US Ambassador to Bahrain, The Citadel, Charleston

Dr Lawrenze Ziring, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Mi

The following participants are from Villanova University

Dr Hafeez Malik Fr Kail C. Ellis Dr Fred Khouri Dr John Logue Dr Lynda P. Malik Dr Jack Schrems Dr Victor Krupitch Dr Joseph Thompson Dr Ann Lesch Dr Lowell Gustafson Dr Patrick Nolan Dr Julie Paparella Dr Ben Paparella Mr John F. Dobbyn Mr Edward Turzanski Dr Donald Dowd Dr John Murphy

Hospitality and local arrangements

Dolores Kephart H.L. Kephart Nadia Barsoum Magdy Barsoum Susan Hausman, Administrative Assistant Index

Abdel-Magid, Ismat, 288 Annameredov, S., 73 Abdel-Nasser, Gamal, 89, 216, 217, Anti-Americanism, 214, 218, 223, n9 286, 290, 292, 306 Anti-capitalism, 196 Abdullaeva, 59 Anti-imperialism, 220, 233, 250, 289, Acheson, Dean G., 3 290,291,306 Afghanistan, Soviet invasion of, 20, Anti-Soviet, 239 n,~,W,TI,~,%,m,~,~, Arab-Israeli conflict, xi 89, 98, 102, 118, 121, 142, 158, Arabuli, Memuka, 18 164, 173, 182, 183, 188, 189, 190, Arafat, Yassir, 103,250, 273, 285, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 218, 221, 313,315 222,239,248,252, 281, 303, 309, Arafat-Hussein Agreement (1985), 315 272 Afghanistan, Soviet withdrawal from, Arapov, Lt. Gen. V., 43 xi, 25, 89, 94, 95, 100, 102, 105, Arbatov, Georgy, 98 107, 114, 125, 133, 136, 139, 142, Arc of Crisis, 309 164, 182, 183, 185, 189, 204, 205, Arendt, Hannah, 3 207,221,222,252,264,305, 311, Arens, Moshe, 313 313,316 Arnold, Anthony, 22, 29, 30, 188,319 Afghanistan, Geneva Agreements on, Artemiev, A.I., 72 107 Asad, President Hafiz al-, 223, 267, Ahmadzai,200 283,285,296,297,315,316 Aitmatov, Chingis, 65 Asian collective security, 150, 151 AI-Asad, Hafez, 263, 267, 282, 315 Atheism, 8, 20, 52, 78, 79, 80, 105, AI-Banna, Hassan, 78 163, 196, 315 AI-Faisal, Prince Saud, 242, 243 Atkin, Muriel, 233 AI-Jilani, Abdel Qadir, 76 Autorkhanov, Abdurrakhman, 29,191 Alexiev, Alex, 43, 45, 47 Awami League, 176, 179 Ali, M. Imtiaz, xi Ali, Mir Laik, 162 Baghdad Pact, 134, 143, 162, 164,227, Ali, Muhammad, 163 231, 306 Ali, Salman, 169 Balance of power, 217, 239 Aliyev, Geydar, 100 Balance of trade, 148 All-Pakistan Progressive Writers' Bandar, Prince Bin Sultan, 243, 252 Assoc. (PPWA), 167 Bangladesh Army, 179,180 All-Union Unitary Economic Bani-Sadr, 234, 235 Complex, 55 Baradat, Leon P., 14 Amal,274 Bari, Mian Abdul, 160 Amanullah,46 Bauer, Raymond, 2 American hostage crisis, 229 Bay of Bengal, 180 Amin Hafizullah, xii, 21, 99, 100, 122, Bazargan, Mehdi, 233, 234, 235, 240 189, 192, 195 Beliaev, Igor, 77, 79, 80 Amoli, Ayatollah Abdullah Javadi, 9, Belokrenitsky, Vyacheslav, x, 22, 128, 20 173,319 Andropov, Yuri, 21, 54, 55, 99, 100, Belyayev, Igor, 233 112,113,190,196,199,250,282, Benedict, Ruth, 1 285 Bennigsen, Alexander, 234 Anikeyev, N.P., 173 Berdayev, Nicholas, 3, 74 Anishchev, U.P., 80 Beria, L., 56 325 326 Index

Bessmertnykh, Aleksandr, 92, 93 Chernenko, Konstantin, 55, 113, 196, Bhutto, Benazir, xii, 23, 120, 122, 250,282 123, 132, 157, 184 Chernobyl disaster, 129 Bhutto, Z.A., xi, xii, 29, 135, 157, Chernyayev, Anatoly, 87 159, 170, 179, 180, 181, 182 China-Pakistan ~litary Assistance Bialer, Seweryn, 6 Agreement for Weapons, 164 Bienstock, Gregory, 3 Churchill, Winston, 1,3 Bilateral Defense Agreement of Iran Churlanova, P., 76, 77 with U.S., 227, 231 CIA,169 Bipolarity, 113 Class struggle, 7 Blat, the network of informal deals, 2 Cobban, Helena, 30, 36, 37, 280, 319 Bolshevik Revolution, 5, 7, 213, 241; Cold War, 5, 8, 9, 116, 134, 135, 136, Bolshevik Party, 7 144,160,226,227,247 Borkenau, Fraz, 3 Collins, Joseph J., 16, 17,40,319 Borrowings from Hitler, 5 Colombo, 119 Brezhnev, Leonid, 7, 18,20,21,54, CO~CON, 149, 190 ~,~,M,m,~,~,~,~,%, Communist International (Comintern), 97, 100, 103, 105, 112, 113, 114, 5,94 142, 151, 190, 193, 195, 196, 201, Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP), 214,217,221,222, 230, 233, 242, 159, 167 250, 282, 284, 296, 300, 310; Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 26, Brezhnev plan for the military 152 neutralization of region (1980), Connor, Walter, 15 244; Brezhnev Doctrine, 205, 312 CPSU, x, 5, 21, 29, 54, 61, 77, 130, British Commonwealth of Nations, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198, 180 200,201,202,207,210,272,289 Bronfman, Edgar, 270 Crankshaw, Edward, 3 Broxup,~arie, 16,20,69,319 Cressy, George B., 4 Brutents, Karen, 93, 95, 96, 97, 272, Cultural Revolution, 177 289, 290, 291, 292 Culture and personality, 1 Bureaucratic collectivism, 3 Czarist Russian Empire, 5, 11 Bureaucratic tyranny, 4 Bush, George, 114 Dallin, David J., 4 Bynes, James F., 3 Daud Prince ~ohammad, 181 Byzantium, 4, 5 Decolonization, 213 Delhi Agreement (August 1973), 181 Cabinet ~ission Plan of Britain for Delhi Declaration, the, 130, 132 India, 161 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Camp David Accords, 249, 280, 283, (DRA), 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 308 198,199,200,201,202,204,205 Capitalism, 261, 262 Democracy, 181 Carr, E.H., 2 Deployment Force Doctrine, 248 Carrier Task Forces, 91 Desai, ~orarji, 142 Carter, J., 150, 158, 244, 249, 250, Detente, 247, 308 310; Carter Administration, 5; Deutscher, Isaac, 2 Carter Doctrine, 248, 309 Dialectical materialism, 7 Catherine the Great, 6 Dicks, Henry V., 1,2 Central Treaty Organization Dictatorship, 5 (CENTO), 116, 134, 143, 144, Diplomacy, 215, 252, 253, 260, 261, 162,164,170,179,180,231,235 274, 276, 308 Chamkani, Haji ~ohammed, 202 Diplomacy, American, 250; diplomatic Chebrikov, Viktor, 48, 101,207 representation, 82 Index 327

Dobrynin, Anatoliy, 87, 92, 93, 94, Fox, William T.R., 3 95,96,101,274,291 Fukuyama, Francis, 295 Domestic determinants, x, xi, 9, 10, 16, 22, 26, 30, 31, 40, 103, 112, Gadzhiev G., 79 114, 156, 182 Galbraith, Kenneth, 177 Dougherty, James L., 9 Gandhi, Rajiv, 23, 118, 119, 125, 132, DRA, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 138, 141, 147, 153; Gandhi, Mrs, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205 146, 151, 177, 179 Dubs, Adolph, 122 Gandhi, Indira, 120, 142 Dulles, John Foster, 3 Gankovsky, Yuri V., x, 22, 128, 173, 319 Eagleburger, Lawrence, 218 Garthoff, Raymond, 89, 281 Economic cooperation between Iran & Gemayyel, Amin, 285 USSR, 238; Economic-Technical Geneva Peace Accords between Cooperation Agreement, 230; Pakistan & Afghanistan, 29, 137, Economic Protocol, 230, 231, 238; 138,182,183,184,185,204,208 Economic-Technical Protocol, Gerasimov, Gennadiy, 238 230 Gerrymandering, 13, 19 Economic and political reform, 60 Geyvandov, Konstantin, 107 Eden, Anthony, 306 Ginsburg, George, 174 Eilts, Hermann Frederick, xii, 315 Glasnost, 8, 18, 19, 52, 63, 88, 111, Eisenhower, D., 162, 167, 168, 169, 125, 191, 244, 263 244; Eisenhower Doctrine, 306 Global escalation, 295 Elahi, Chaudhary Fazl, 181 Global disarmament, 152 Ellis, Kail C., xii, 303, 319 Godunov, Boris, 73 En-Lai, Chou, 163, 177, 178 Golan, Golia, 272 Esprit de corps, 45 Goodman, Melvin, A., 16,21,22,86, Eurasia, 4 296,319 Eurocentric view of USSR, ix Gorbachev, Mikhail, 8, 9, 18, 19, 20, European state system, 7 n,n,n,u,~,~,~,TI,~, Evolution of historical stages, 7 54,55,57,58,59,60,61,62,63, Executive agreement (1959), 166, 180, 64,65,71,82,87,88,89,92,94, 181, 183 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, Expansionism of USSR, 222, 306 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112, 113, Exploration Agreement of oil between 114, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 130, Iran & USSR, 230 131, 132, 133, 138, 139, 141, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 190, 191, 192, Factionalism, 191 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205, Fahd, King, 243, 315 207,210,214,218,219,221,237, Faisal, King, 243 240,243,249,251,252,253,254, Faiz, Faiz Ahmad, 167, 173 256, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, Falin, Valentin, 94, 95 266,267,271,275,282,285,288, Falstaff, 219 291,292, 296, 300, 304, 305, 311, Fedorov, Rafael, 95 312,313,315,316,317 Feinberg, Richard E., 35 Gordon-Polonskaya, L.R., 173 Feshback, Murray, ix, 42 Gorer, Geoffrey, 1 Fez Plan for Middle East Peace, 242 Goroshko, G., 131 Fischer, John, 4 Grady, Henry, F., 161 Five-Year Plan for Soviet Central Great Patriotic War, 6 Asia, 57 Great Game, the, 115, 122; Great Five-year trade agreement between Russian Policy, 3 USSR & Iran, 229 Gromyko, Andrei, 87, 89, 92, 93, 94, 328 Index

95, 99, 142, 190, 277 Iraqi Revolution (1958), 245 Groz, Koroly, 270 Iravani, Mohammad-Javad, 230 Gulbazoy, Sayed Mohammed, 195 Islam and nationalism, 71 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCe), 30, Islam and modernism, 72 33, 34, 102, 242, 243, 244, 251, Islamic socialism, 160 252, 253, 254 Islamic fundamentalism, 22, 30, 35, Gulf Region, 5, 28, 30, 32, 86, 91, 78, 83, 99, 103, 105, 150, 234, 103, 104, 106, 107, 143, 188, 208, 235, 247, 263, 303, 304 213,215,217,218,219,228,231, Ivan the Terrible, 6 232,236,237,238,241,244,245, 246,247,248,249,250,252,253, Jain, R.K., 174 254, 255, 309, 310, 312, 314 Jalandhri, Hafeez, 173 Jessup, Phillip c., 4 Haig, Alexander, 310 Jinnah, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Heikal, Mohamed, 88, 91 Ali, 28, 157, 161, 162, 166 Henze, Paul, 43 Jones, Ellen, 43 Hilferding, Rudolf, 3 Joumblatt, Walid, 274 Historical theories, 3 Joumblatt, Kamal, 274 Hitler, 188 Junejo, Muhammad Khan, 157, 185 Hoffer, Erich, 5 Hunt, R.N. Carew, 5 Kamalidenov, Z., 60 Hussein, King of Jordan, 103, 242, Kapitsa, Mikail, 151, 170 249,250,267,285 Karmal, Babrak, 99, 100, 185, 193, Hussein, Saddam, President of Iraq, 194,199,200,201,222 283 Karsh, Ephraim, 295 Katushev, Konstantin Fedorovich, 230 Ibrahim, Muhsin, 274 Kavtaradze, Sergey Ivanovich, 226 Ideal types, 2 Kennan, George F., 3 Ideology, 5, 241, 261, 280, 292, 299, Kennedy, J.F., 166 300 Kerner, Robert J., 4 IDF, 283, 284, 295 KGB,M,U,~,44,~,~,m,~, Idris, King of Libya, 306 90, 91, 99, 101, 121, 190, 191, Imperialism, 160, 172,210, 222, 223, 192,193,195,196,198,200,204, 232, 261, 262 207 Indian Ocean Zone of Peace, 150 KHAD, 121, 195, 198, 200, 204, 209 Inkeles, Alex, 2 Khan, Yahya, 175, 176, 177, 178 Intifadah, 268 Khan, Liaquat Ali, 134, 167 IOZOP Resolution (Indian Ocean Khan, A.M. Yahya, 157 Zone of Peace), 150 Khan, Ayub, 157, 169, 170, 171 Iqbal, Mohammed, 173 Khan, Akbar, 167 Iran, Shah of, 25, 136, 218, 221, 223, Khan, Sultan Muhammad, 178 225,226,227,228,229,230,231, Khan, Sahibzada Yaqub, 184 232, 233, 238, 239, 247, 252 Khayyam, Omar, 80 Iran, Islamic Republic in, 105 Khomeini, Ayatollah, Ruhollah, 9, 20, Iran, Islamic Revolution in, 20, 70, 35, 78, 99, 105, 218, 221, 228, 73,88,189,225,232,233,234, 233, 235, 236, 241, 242, 247, 252, 228,237,238,239,240,241,245, 303, 311, 316, 317 247, 248, 252, 263, 303, 309 Khommatdurdyev Dzh., 74 Iran, the influence of, 73 Khosrow, Nasir-e, 80 Iran, Soviet intervention in, 32 Khrushchev, Nikita, 20, 24,31,70,86, Iran-Contra affair, 254 87, 103, 144, 168, 169, 181,213, Iran-Iraq War, 105, 311, 312, 314, 316 214, 220, 221, 227, 306 Index 329

Kishiev, Kunta Haji, 76 Marshall, George C., 161 Kissinger, Henry, 3, 143, 145, 165, Martial Law, 62, 157, 176 177,178,283,308,314 Marxism-Leninism, x, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Kluckhohn, Clyde, 1,2 9,21,28,30,33,34,52,58,125, Kolarz, Walter, 4 143, 160, 161, 173, 189, 190, 192, Kolbin, Gennady, 59, 60 200, 202, 210, 216, 217, 220, 245, Ko1chak, Admiral, 205 246,247,248,261,305 Korniyenko, Georgy, 92, 100, 230 Masir, Najibullah, 207 Korolev, V., 72 Matin-ud-Din, Kamal, xi Kortunov, Andrey, 106 Mawdudi, Abul Ala, 78 Kosygin, Alexi, 87, 89, 145, 171, 174, Maynard, Sir John, 3 181 Mazcur, Anatole G., 4 Kovalenko, Ivan, 95 MccGwire, Michael, 293, 295,311 Kovalev, Anatoly, 93 McGee, George c., 4 Kozyrev, Andrey V., 8, 9, 35, 262 Mead, Margaret, 1 Kremenyuk, Viktor, 298 Medvedev, Vadim, 63, 92, 101 Krerninology, 3 Microanalytical approach, 40 Krutikhin, M., 233 Middle East peace settlement, 315 Kubashev, S., 60 Mikoyan, Anastas, 134 Kubra, Najmuddin, 76 Militarism, 8 Kucherenko, D., 73 Military Assistance Program, 167 Kulski, W.W., 6 Minh, Ho Chi, 149 Kunaev, Dinmukhamed, 19,57,59,60 Mirskiy, Georgiy, 292, 298 Kutab, Muhammed, 78 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 188,220,226, 249 Lastochka or swallow, 18 Momand, Qalander, 173 Lebanon, Israeli, invasion of, 37, 90, Monopolist bourgeoisie, 8 281 Monopolistic capitalism, 5 Lebanon, United Nations Interim Moore, Barrington, Jr, 2 Force in (UNIFIL), 106 Moskalenko, Vladimir, 22, 128, 173, Lebedev, Nicolai, I., 6, 7 320 Leites, Nathan, 2 Mossadegh, Dr Mohammad, 73, 227 Lenin, V.I., 6,55, 70, 115, 221, 239, Motyl, Alex, 49 274, 304; Order of, 274; Leninist Mountbatten, Lord, 160, 166 Doctrine, 54 Mubarak, Hosni, 250, 281, 288, 314 Levin, Aryeh, 271 Mujib, Sheikh, 176, 179 Ligachev, Yegor, 19,56,58,63, 101, Muqeemjanova, Railya, 22, 128, 173, 292 320 Linton, Ralph, 1 Muslim World League, 82, 176 Loginov, Vadim, 92 Mutual Assistance Agreement, 162 Mutual Defense Agreement, 179, 180 Machiavelli, N. 219 Macroanalytic approach, 16 Najibullah, 104, 121, 150, 189, 199, Makatov, Irshad, 77 200,201,202.203,205,207,222 Malih-Abadi, Jaush, 173 Naqshband, Sheikh Muhammad Malik, Hafeez, 1, 12, 26, 28, 29, 156, Bahauddin, 75 319 Nationalism, 5, 64, 76, 303, 304, 305, Manchka, Petr, 95 306; Radical, 214, National Mansingh, Surjit, 22, 25, 26, 141, 320 Movement, 160; National Front, Manto, Sadat Hasan, 173 228 Mao Tse Tung, 87 National Defense, 4 Marker, Jamsheed K.A., xii National Fatherland Front (NFF) of 330 Index

Afghanistan, 194, 195, 196 202,203,204,205,206,209 NATO, 104, 130, 144,217,274,284, Peoples Republic of China (PRe), 295,306, 307 162, 163, 170, 171, 178 Navon, Yitzhak, 270 Peres, Shimon, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271 Nazir, Hisham, 243 Perestroika, ix, x, 8, 18, 24, 49, 52, Nehru, Jawaharlal, 132, 143, 144, 158, 80, 111, 123, 126, 129, 148, 154, 166 191, 237, 240, 241, 264 Neo-globalism, 283 Peter the Great, 6, 188 Neo-Marxist, 3 Petkel, V.V., 78, 81, 84 New International Economic Order, Petrovsky, Vladimir, 106 144 Petrushevsky, IIya Pavlovich, 73 Nicolaevsky, Boris, 3 Pfaltzgroff, Robert L., 9 Nishanov, R.N., 60 Pipes, Richard, 4, 5 Nixon, Richard, 91, 158, 159, 170, Podgorny, President, 89 177, 178, 180; Nixon Doctrine Polarization, 216 (1969),309 Politburo, 9, 21, 22,56,57,59,63,87, Nobari-Heyrani, Naser, 231 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,96, Nonaligned Movement, 144, 216, 235 99, 100, 101, 111, 112, 190, 196, Noon, Firoz Khan, 160 197, 199, 200, 201, 292 Norton, Augustus Richard, 30, 34, 35, Political and economic reform, 54 36,260,320 Political dynamism, 234 Novae myshlenie ('new thinking'), 261 Political theories, 2 Nuclear proliferation, 151 Politics, polarization of regional, 214 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 151, Polyakov, Vladimir, 92, 93, 243, 268, 152 287,288 Ponomarev, Boris, 95 October Revolution, 188 Population redistribution, 13 Ogarkov, N.V., 43, 196, 197 PRC, 162, 163, 170, 171, 178 Oil pipeline and railroad agreements, Primakov, Yevgeniy, 98, 264, 268, 254 287,288,291,293 Olcott, Martha Brill, 16, 18, 19, 20, Primakov, Yuri, 202, 274, 275, 294 54, 320 Progressive Front, 252 Operational Code of Bolshevik Puzanov, Aleksandr, 99 Behavior, 2 Pyadyshev, Boris, 93

Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), 157, Qaddafi Mu'ammar, Colonel, 306 180 Qasmi, Ahmad Nadeem, 173 Palestine Liberation Organization Qavam, Ahmad, 226 (PLO), 36, 37, 102, 130,260,265, Qassim Abd aI-Karim, Colonel, 306 266,267,268,269,271,272" 273, Qotb, Sayyid, 78 274, 276, 283, 284, 285, 295, 296, Quisling, Vidkun, 205 297,312,315,317 Pan-Islamism, 59, 83 Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 139 Pan-Slavism, 5 Racism, 270 Pandit, Madam Vijyalakshmi, 166 Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi, 316 Panomarev, Boris, 274 Rakowska-Harmstone, Teresa, 13 Paputin, Viktor, 99 Ramazani, R.K., 30, 31, 32, 33, 225, Pares, Sir Bernard, 3 320 Pax Americana, 297, 298 Rao, P.V. Narasimha, 142 Peoples Democratic Party of Raphel, Arnold, 121, 122 Afghanistan (PDPA), 50, 181, Rapid Deployment Forces, 91, 249, 183, 192, 194, 195, 198, 199, 201, 310 Index 331

Rapprochement, 236 Shevchenko, Arkady, 93 Rashidov, Sharaf, 56, 57 Shulembaev, K.Sh., 72 Rasulaev, Abdurahman, 69 Shultz, George, 184, 250, 267, 274, Ratabzad, Anahita, 194 282 Reagan, Ronald, 23, 113, 114,243, Sihare, L.P., 142 248,249, 254, 255, 260, 272, 281, Simla Agreement between India and 282, 285, 294, 310; Reagan Pakistan (July 1972), 181 National Security Council,S; Singh, Swaran, 145 Reagan Doctrine, 281; Reagan Sino-Soviet Conflict, 7, 11, 13 Peace Plan, 296, 297 Six-Day War, 105 Realpolitik, 280, 291, 292 Six-Nation Five Continent Proposals Red Army, 18 (1984), 152 Regional Cooperation for Slavic institutions, 3 Development (RCD), 180 Slusser, Robert M., 174 Revolutionary Council (RC), 199, 201, Snow, Edgar, 4 202 Socialism,S, 9, 194, 205, 220, 221, Richardson, Elliott, 255 223, 262, 305, 312 Ro'i, Yaacov, 42 Social system, 2 Rockefeller Nelson, Governor, 168 Socialist-democracy v. imperialism, 24 Rostow, W.W., 2 Socialism v. capitalism, 24 Rubinstein, Alvin Z., 30, 31, 213, 321 Sofer, Ovadia, 269 Rush, Myron, 3 Sokolov, Marshal, 197 Rushidov, S., 18 South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 151 Sadat, Anwar, 88, 89, 91, 217, 249, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 280,281,282,283,286,287,288, (SEATO), 116, 143, 144, 162, 293, 308, 314; Sadat's peace 163, 164, 170, 179, 180, 306 initiative, 283 Southern Theater of Military Sadchikov, Soviet Ambassador, 226 Operations (TMO), 17,49 Saidbaev, Talib, 71 Soviet-Syrian Friendship Treaty Sanjabi, Karim, 234, 235, 239 (1980),315 Saud, Prince, 252 Soviet armed forces, 42 Schwarz, Soloman, 3 Soviet man, the, x Schwartz, Morton, 16, 40 Soviet-Indian Strategic Partnership, Secularism, 8 25,27 Shah, Muhammad Zahir, 139, 185 Soviet-Iraqi rapprochement, 232 Shah, Fath Ali, 239 Sphere of influence, 222, 249, 254 Shahi, Agha, xii, 185 Spirit of Leninist politics,S Shakespeare, William, 219 Spykman, Nicholas, 3 Shamil,81 Stalin, Joseph,S, 19, 20, 63, 70, 73, Shamir, Yitzhak, 267, 268, 269, 270, 87, 114, 144, 161, 166, 167, 189, 271 213,219, 222, 226 Shanwari, Hamza, 173 Stepanyants, Mara T., 173 Shaposhnikov, Vitaly, 95 Stetsenko, A.G., 167 Sharir, Avraham, 270 Strait of Hormuz, 315 Sharq, Mohammad Hassan, 138 Strategic Partnership between USSR Sheikh, Naseer, xii and India, 141, 142, 149 Shelest, Petr Y., 91 Strausz-Hupe, Robert,S Shevardnadze, Eduard A., xi, 9, 33, Suhrawardy, Prime Minister H.S., 169 92, 93, 95, 101, 102, 106, 124, Suleimenov, Olzhas, 65 184,206,242,243,244,247,250, Suslov, Mikhail, 190 270, 271, 289, 292, 313, 314, 316 Tabssum, Sufi, 173 332 Index

Taraqi, Noor Muhammad, xii Umbrella Agreement, between Kuwait Tarassov, Gennadi, 313 and the Soviet Union (1984), 251 Tarbagatai, Treaty of, 11 United Nations, 275; Security Council Terrorism, policy of state, 219 Resolutions (# 242, 338 & 598), Thatcher, Margaret, 114 168,236,253,255,256,267,273 Theories of Soviet foreign policy: 'Urge to the Sea', 4 anthropological, 1; sociological, 2; Usmankhodzhaev, I., 56, 60, 71 psychoanalytic, 2 Ustinov, Dmitri, 21, 99, 100, 190, 197 Theory of functional factionalism, 29 Thornton, Thomas Perry, 35 Valenta, Jerry, 4 Tito, President, 87 Valkenier, Elizabeth Kridl, 289 Tlas, Mustafa, 285 Vance, Cyrus, 255 Totalitarian, 3 Velayati, Ali Akbar, 236, 237 Toynbee, Arnold J., 4 Venice Declaration (1980), 312 Transit agreement between Iran and Vernadsky, George, 4 the Soviet Union, 229 von Ribbentrop, 249 Treaty of Aigan, 11 Vorontsov, Yuly, 92, 93, 106, 139, Treaties, friendship and cooperation, 254,269 21,24,29,86,117,131,132,141, Voznesensky, Nicholas A., 161 159,208, 216, 227, 246, 283, 286, 289, 307; Afghan-Soviet, 201; Warsaw Pact, 50, 101, 130, 153, 210, Indo-Soviet, 143, 145, 146, 151, 270 178, 179, 180, 182, 183; Weeks, Richard W., 12 Soviet-Syrian (1980), 315, 316; White Revolution, 228 Soviet-Egyptian, 308, 314; Treaty Wimbush, S. Enders, 43, 45 (1921), 239, 240, 288, 296; Winterton, Paul, 4 Soviet-Iraqi (1972), 232; World War I, 210, 213, 222, 228, 303 Soviet-Iranian (1921), 227 World War II, 5, 6, 8, 20, 31, 69, 70, Treaty of Alliance between Iran, 76, 115, 117, 125, 161, 190, 198, USSR, Britain, 225 210, 213, 228 Treaty, Tripartite Alliance (Aden World Gross National Product (GNP), Pact), 246, 248 161 Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (1950), 162 Xiaoping, Deng, 147 Treaty of Peace, Egypt and Israel Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 87, 92, 94, 95, (1979), 249, 308 112, 125 Treaty of Turkumanchai (1828), 228 Yasawi, Ahmed, 76 Tripartite Agreement (April 1974), Yazdi, Foreign Minister Ibrahim, 235 181 Yasov, Dimitri, 101 Tripartite Declaration between Yegorychev, Nikolai, 91 Britain, USSR, US, 225 Trotsky's The Revolution Betrayed Zagladin, Vadim, 96, 99 (1~37), 3 Zaheer, Sajjad, 167 Truman, Harry S., 3, 167, 226, 260; Zaitsev, Mikhail, 198 Truman Doctrine (1947), 306 Zevelev, Alexander, 13 Tsagalov, Maj. Gen. Kim, 205 Zhurkin, Vitaliy, 106 Twinam, Joseph Wright, 30, 33, 34, Zionism, 160, 243, 270 242, 321 Ziring, Lawrence, 22, 23, 24, 111, 321 Ziyang, Zhao, 9 Ul'yanovsky, Rostislav, 95, 96 Zone of Peace, 26, 133, 150 UI-Haq, Zia, 120, 121, 122, 123, 157, Zotov, Aleksandr, 93 181, 182, 185 Zvezda, Krasnaya, 17