CITIES, GUZARS, POPULATION LOCATION AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF KASHKADARYA OASIS (XVIII-EARLY XX CENTURIES) PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020)

CITIES, GUZARS, POPULATION LOCATION AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF KASHKADARYA OASIS (XVIII-EARLY XX CENTURIES)

Berdiev Jamshid1* 1*Teacher of the Department “World history” at Karshi State University, Karshi City, Uzbekistan. 1*Berdiev Jamshid

Berdiev Jamshid. Cities, Guzars, Population Location and Ethnic Composition of Kashkadarya Oasis (XVIII-Early XX Centuries)-- Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 17(7), 5424-5436. ISSN 1567-214x

Keywords: Kashkadarya Oasis, Urbanization Processes, Interaction of Population, the Fortress of the City Bek, City Guzars, Composition of Population, Representatives of different Nationalities.

ABSTRACT This article provides information about the processes of urbanization of Kashkadarya oasis in the south of Uzbekistan in the XVIII-early XX centuries. The author made a scientific- comparative analysis of urbanization processes in Karshi, Shakhrisabz, Kitab, Yakkabag, Ghuzar cities of Kashkadarya oasis on the basis of primary sources of XVIII-XX centuries, as well as modern literature created on the basis of these sources. In addition, the article summarizes the dynamics, structure, classes of the population in the cities of Kashkadarya oasis during the period under study, the sights of cities, markets, fortresses, protective facilities, are included in scientific circulation.

INTRODUCTION As the objects that form the theoretical basis of the problem, it is possible to include Shakhrisabz, Kitab, Ghuzar and Yakkabag cities in the Oasis. These cities were considered as socio-economic and cultural centers not only in the oasis of Kashkadarya, but also in the entire emirate of Bukhara, which was especially important in the Foreign Economic Relations of the emirate.

Referring to the sources in this place, Karshi (city and the territories around it) region, which was one of the largest administrative regions in the oasis, was largely ruled by the crown prince of the Emir[2:240]. The regions were in turn governed by landowners. For example, Karshi region was divided into 15 units, Kitab region - into 9 units, Shakhrisabz region - into 14 units, Yakkabag region - into 11 units, Chirakchi region – into 6 units, Ghuzar region - into 6

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units. The land domains included several large and small villages. The landowners performed duties of tax collection, night supervision and administrative management in their territories [3:19].

It is known that the period we were studying was Karshi city, one of the major urbanization centers of Kashkadarya oasis. During this period, the city was the center of Karshi Region, located in the southeast of Bukhara, on the left bank of the lower current of the Kashkadarya River. Surrounded by walls, this city was not only a trade and economic center, but also as a political and cultural center stood after Bukhara and Samarkand in the emirate. The residence of the heir to the throne was also located in Karshi.

THEORY By the beginning of the XIX century, due to political events and socio- economic situation, urbanization processes in Kashkadarya oasis had improved compared to the earlier times, the location and ethnic composition of the population changed. Because of trade, migration processes, population relations, ethno-cultural relations, large and small cities were developed, and the ethnic composition of the population became diverse. Since the above issues related to the period of the oasis we are studying, have not been fully analyzed in the scientific literature, we will try to partially fill this gap in this section.

As we noted in the above sections, in the period under scrutiny, the emirate of Bukhara was divided into 27 regions, a certain part of which was the oasis of Kashkadarya. The oasis of Kashkadarya was ruled by being divided into regions, land domains and kents. Cities such as Karshi, Kitab, Shakhrisabz, Guzar played a major role not only in the administrative-territorial system but also in the economic and cultural life of the entire emirate[1:7]. In addition, about ten more small towns and large villages in the oasis area were important in the development of urbanization processes in the oasis as the centers of the regions and land domains (state-owned lands), as well as in the administrative management system.

STAMENT OF THE PROBLEM From the middle of the XVIII century, Karshicity consisted of a horde (ark), a farmstead and a fortress, which were destroyed in later periods. On the square in the center of Karshi there were 4 madrasahs, a bath, a mosque, a residence for a crown prince, an army and a bek, surrounded by a wall with a minaret and three gates (Kunchikar, Kasbi, Samarkand). The city wall was surrounded by trenches, and outside this wall, there were residential houses of the population consisting of influential people of the region [4:244].

At the beginning of the XIX century, there were more than 20 guzars (small streets) in the old part of the city of Karshi. Their names were associated with professions specializing in a certain type, local people, as well as place names. For example, Temirchi (blacksmith), Navvaiguzar (the street of bakers), Khalvagar (a person who cooked khalva, a type of sweets), Kulolchilik (pottery), Charmgar (a person ho works with leather), Chilangaran, Kamashi,

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Eronguzar, Arabhona, Beklerbegi, Kattatut, Egarchi (saddle maker), Jugiguzar are among these.

In the registan, main area of Karshi, there were the market and stalls, madrasa, jome mosque and caravanserai. Markets, baths, hundreds of mobile stores, closed caravanserais, handicraft shops, and bakeries were located in this area. The area around the registan was surrounded by field courtyards, vineyards, fields and gardens [1:6].

According to information, in the middle of the XIX century in the city of Karshi there were more than a thousand residential houses, among which there were also two-floor (bolokhonali) houses [5:220]. Roughly speaking, the population of the city was more than six thousand people during this period.

According to sources from the second half of the XIX century, Karshi was considered a large trade and economic center, local markets were very large, there were many rows of stalls, mobile and workman shipstores, closed palaces (tims), caravanserais. In 1870, in Karshi City market there were 1400 shops, and once a week (on Friday – J.B.) 10-15 thousand customers visited them from all remote regions. In Karshi markets, it was possible to meet not only domestic products, but also many foreign products (soap, needles, various fabrics, salt, paints, metal containers, etc.) [6].

DISCUSSION The researchers noted that Karshi city was located at the intersection of important trade caravan routes, connecting and mediating roads coming from major economic and cultural centers such as Termez, Balkh, Merv, Urgench, Bukhara, Samarkand, Ghuzar and Shakhrisabz. The trade caravans arriving in Bukhara from India, Iran, Afghanistan passed through Karshi. During the market days (once a week), which were considered important in the foreign trade of Karshi oasis, from 6 thousand to 15 thousand cattle types such as camels, horses, donkeys, sheep, goats and cows entered the markets. Iranian and Turkmen Carpets, Russian metal dishes, French soap, Turkmen horses, Indian paints, and Afghan fabrics were especially in demand in Karshi markets [7:17]. Especially the areas around the city were the most favorable trade zone for nomadic Turkmens in the steppe.

According to V.V. Krestovsky, on both sides of Karshi registan, the madrasah and mosque of Abdullakhan were located, the other two sides were occupied by rows of stalls. One of the four main city streets adjacent to the registan led to the newly built madrasah of Shermukhammad. There was the Kok Gumbaz mosque located opposite the city market and, in total, there were 16 mosques, 12 madrasahs [5:221] that played an important role in the cultural and educational life of Karshi.

Shakhrisabz, the second major cities in Kashkadarya oasis (in some sources of the period we are studying “Shaar”-J.B.). In the XVIII-XIX centuries, Shakhrisabz city was also surrounded by protective walls, there were 6gates (Kunchikar, Karshi, Charmgar, Teparlik, Kitab) on these walls. In the center of the city, there was a fortress, where the bek(governor) Shakhrisabz and his

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relatives lived. The fortress of the bek of Shakhrisabz was named as "Shakhrisabz Afrasiab" among the local people [8:173]. There was the registan, which was considered as the city square, was situated in front of the bek‟s farmstead. Moreover, there was the Chursu market located in the center of the city, where the roads at the gates of the city led to this market.

In the period we are studying, Shakhrisabz was divided into 52 guzars. According to the information, each of the guzars had its own mosque, and in the guzars, there were 20-30 apartments for 100 people. It is estimated that in the city, where the main population was Uzbeks, about 4 thousand families lived during this period. There is also information that by the beginning of the XX century more than 50 thousand inhabitants lived in Shakhrisabz[9:141].

During this period, because Shakhrisabz was a large trade and economic center, there were a lot of large and small traders and caravanserais here. Sources testify that traders who specialized in trading with a certain type of product had their own mobile stores and shops in the urban markets (mainly in the Chursu market – J.B.). Large traders were engaged in trade activities with other cities. There were seven caravanserais in Shakhrisabz in the middle of the XIX century; their number had reached 28 by the beginning of the XX century [4:34].

The handicraft products produced in all regions of the emirate of Bukhara could be found in the Shakhrisabz markets. According to the research, in addition to local products in Shakhrisabz's Chorsu market, it was possible to meet the products of Russian and Chinese merchants who came through the cities of the Kokand Khanate, as well as Indian, Iranian, Afghan products, handicraft items that came through the Termez – Ghuzar [10:83].

The city of Shakhrisabz, formerly known as "Qubbatulilm-val-adab", to some extent preserved its status even in the Last Middle Ages. Sources say that although in this period the cultural life of Shakhrisabz was associated with Kokand cultural environment, the city was one of the cultural centers of Kashkadarya oasis. According to the data of A. Kun, about 10 mosques and madrasahs were functioning in Shakhrisabz. Landowners and wealthy merchants established schools from their own expenses (e.g. Abduvakhab Barlas, Mullah Husniddin Kari, follow savdog merchants and etc.). Mosques and madrasahs functioned from the “waqf” endowments and charity accounts [11: 224].

In Shakhrisabz, there were large traders who traded with other cities and lived mainly in the central guzars near the Chursu market. In the city, there were many artisans such as embroiderers, designers, soap-making men, blacksmiths, potters, cist-making men. However, knitting did not develop widely compared to other cities [12:16].

The city of Kitab was also one of the main administrative, economic and cultural centers of the Oasis. There was bek‟s farmstead n the center of Kitab city, which was the center of Kitab region [13]. On the territory of this place, there was a palace, a stable, a mosque, 2 reception rooms, an inner courtyard

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with a swimming pool, a veranda. According to information, the Emir of Bukhara often came to the inner courtyard of Kitabbek‟s residence, where the Emir's 250-person army permanently lived [14:41].

In front of Kitabbek‟s farmstead there was the registan square, next to which the main market of the city was located (this market is now functioning almost in its place – J.B.). Around the bazaar, according to sources, there were a number of guzars, the number of which exceeded 70. According to estimates, the population of Kitab city was more than 18 thousand people in the middle of the XIX century [15:12]. The main part of the population living in the guzars was Uzbeks, and the name of the guzars, as in other cities, were associated with the location of the population and the types of crafts. Especially such crafts as pottery, thread and silk weaving (boz, olacha, silk), gilding and embroidery were widespread in Kitab city. [8:177].

According to the analytical data, at the beginning of the XX century textile was widely developed in Kitab city. During this period, there were about a thousand textile machines under the hands of the city's largest entrepreneur - merchant master Tursunjon, who was engaged in the production of about 30 pieces of yarn in textile boilers in his large workshop. In this workshop, cotton, wool, silk, semi-silk fabrics were woven, taken to the Oasis and other cities of the emirate (Karshi, Shakhrisabz, Bukhara, Samarkand, Kattakurgan), and even to Russia[12:177].

In the middle of the XIX century in the city of Kitab 6 caravanserais, 2 baths, 4 madrasahs, 3 bazaars and 4 mosques were functioning, mosques and schools were functioning in every part of the city [16:41].

In the period we are studying, the city of Ghuzar was one of the political- administrative, trade-economic and military-strategic centers of Kashkadarya Oasis. Due to the fact that Termez, which was located in the south of Uzbekistan, in particular along the Amudarya crossings, and then the Fergana Valley, Tashkent Oasis, Jizzakh and Samarkand in the north-east direction, connecting with Iran, Afghanistan, India, the directions coming from East Turkistan, Kashgar, Ettisuv passed through Ghuzar [7:177], which was not so large, butits status was high even in the Last Middle Ages. Many Russian tourists, officers, participants of expeditions who visited Central Asia, also recognize this situation [17:52].

According to the researchers, who provided information based on the sources, the heir to the throne of the emirate of Bukhara was appointed as the Bek of Ghuzar. Various taxes collected from the southern regions of the emirate, which was a large state, were collected in one place in Ghuzar, after which they were sent to the Emir‟s Treasury. The land of the city and the region of Ghuzar was given to the Bek as "Mulki Hurri Holis", and we can also observe this situation in the 50-60 years of the XIX century on the example of the Abdumalik (Great) Tura [18:23].

The fortress of the city of Ghuzar (Bek‟s fortress), which dates back to the period we are studying, was located on a hill along the Ghuzar river (ruins of

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which are now in the south-west of the city of Ghuzar, near the Central Market – J.B.). According to the sources, Ghuzar was a clean, tidy and charming town with wide and long roads visible from not so long distance from the South. Ghuzar had a noble natural appearance due to its convenient location. The fortress and verandas, whose thin long pillars, characteristic of Asian architecture, were visible, looked incredibly beautiful under the rays of the summer sun. Large minarets, the fortress surrounded by walls made of clay, made up a different landscape [3: 37].

The Ghuzar fortress was located on the banks of the Ghuzardarya coast, on one of the hills in the city, and the river served as its natural wall. The Ghuzar fortress was also used for military purposes. Ghuzar was also surrounded by gardens, like many other cities of this period. GHuzar was one of the cities that gained fame with its healthy climate due to its convenient location and the presence of Zilal river water in the lush area, as well as the absence of swampy or saline areas[17:38]. In addition to the products of local artisans and livestock in the markets of Ghuzar, various products from China, Russia, Iran, Afghanistan and India could be found in Bukhara, Termez, Balkh, Samarkand and Shakhrisabz because most of the upcoming trade routes passed through the territory of Ghuzar. Red salti of Ghuzar, sweet and large grain raisins were popular in the cities of Karshi, Shakhrisabz, Surkhan oases, as well as in Bukhara, Zarafshanoases.

Yakkabag city was one of the region centers of the Kashkadarya oasis. Adjacent to the Shakhrisabz region on the north-east side, adjacent to the mountains on the south side, this city was located on the plain on both banks of the upper reaches of the Yakkabag (Kyzylsuv) River. The main part of the city, as well as the old fort, which was the residence of Bek, was located on a hill much higher than the plain. There was a market on the right side of the Yakkabagdarya; there were two beautiful towers guarding the entrance to the fortress in front of the market square. The fortress was surrounded by a pakhsawall, and in the middle of a well-preserved fort there was bek‟s residence, surrounded by 2-3 rows of walls. Around the fort, there were thick gardens, several hundred-year-old plane trees.

The entire Shakhrisabz oasis and the Yakkabag Town could be seen from the bek‟s fortress in Yakkabag. On the square opposite the fortress, there was the city madrasah. Lush gardens, picturesque mountains, rivers, fir and plane trees and villages surrounded the area of the city. According to D.Logofet, the population of the settlement consisted of 5 000 people [2:186].

The local population currently calls the Yakkabag fortress as “Old Yakkabag”. In the castle at the beginning of the XIX century, a madrasah was erected by the khakim of the region, Yadgardevonbegi. A two-stored madrasah had 22 cells on the upper floor and 23 on the lower floor. Built of baked brick, this madrasa gate was in the form of dome, the facade of the building was built by the method “guldasta minor”. The dome and “minor guldasta” were decorated with blue mosaics [19: 72].

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Yakkabag farmstead was surrounded by a high and thick wall. The remains of this wall still protrude from the ground and are striking one‟s eye. The fortress had an area of about 40 hectares, in the center of which there was the Ark, where the governor lived and the citizen‟s wishes were listened to. The entrance to and exit from the fortress were accomplished through the gates Kunchikar and Kunbotar, and people could enter the Ark through the Kokdarvoza gate and leave it from the Akdarvoza gate [20:24].There is data saying that there were such guzars as Muchin, Tatar, Degrez, Sharshar, Jiyda, Arab and Madrasah in the Yakkabag fortress [21:115].

The ethnic history of the Kashkadarya oasis in the XVIII–beginning of the XX century, the population of cities and villages were relatively poorly studied as an object of research, and due to the insufficient generalization of research on the ethnic composition and social lifestyle of the local population, we found that this section should also address these issues.

In some statistics it is noted that the Oasis had a total population of 434.494 people, of which 62.374 were urban residents (14.3 %), whereas rural population 372.120 (77.320 families comprising 85.7 %). In rural districts, Uzbeks made up 80.7%, Tajiks – 11%, Arabs - 4,7% and representatives of other nationalities 3,6%; while in the cities, 95,5 %of the population was Uzbeks, 0,6 % was Tajiks, 0,6 % - Arabs, 3,3 %- local Jews and 0,5 % was representatives of other nationalities [22: 222].

In another population census data conducted in Uzbekistan, the total number of the population of the Kashkadarya Oasis was 219.111 people at the beginning of the XX century [23:149]. It is noted that 13.6 % of them lived in cities; the total land area of the Oasis was 26.001sq.km.Moreover, there is information saying that 8.5 people of the city population lived in the area of 1 sq. km, and 7.3 people of the village population lived in the area of 1 sq. km [23:252]. 85.1 % of the population of the Oasis was Uzbeks, 9.3 %was Tajiks, 1.4 %- Turkmen, 0.3 % - Kazakhs, 3.4 % - Arabs; 83.5 % of the population living in the villages consisted of Uzbeks, 10.7 % of Tajiks, 1.6 % of Turkmen, 0.4 % of Kazakhs and 3.8 % of Arabs [23:231].

Various information about the existed cities in the emirate are given in the available sources. According to them, cities were divided into large or small categories, depending on the number of inhabitants. Karshi and Shakhrisabz cities were included into the group with more than 50000 dwellers while Shakhrisabz, Kitab, Chirakchi and Yakkabag cities were among those with the population of 5000-15000 people [24:141].

In the population census data, the population and national composition of the cities of the oasis were following: 39,038 of the total registered population in cities, 30,360 of them were Uzbek; 4,102 of Russian; 823 of Arab; all of the Jews of Central Asia; 692 of Israeli Jews; 587 of Tatar; 466 of Ukrainians; all of the Uighurs; 185 of Tajik; 11 of Turkmen; 86 of Armenian; 70 of Gypsies; 54 of Persian; all of the Germans; 32 of Polish; all of the Georgians; 23 of Moldavian; 17 of Lett; 16 of Belarus, Afghanistan; 15 of Lezghin; 14 of Bashkir, 8 of Kyrgyz, 5 of Chuvash; all of the Kalmyk, 3 of Lithuanian; 2 of

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Bulgarian, Udmurt, Ottoman Turkish, Indian; 245 people‟s nationalities were not clearly specified.1 representative from different nationalities: Chinese, Romanian, Estonian, Finnish, Ossetian, and Turkish nationalities inhabited [25:25].

Sources say that Karshi, Shakhrisabz, Ghuza rregions in the Oasis were close to Bukhara in terms of the number of inhabitants[2:39]. Colonel Galkin's research in this regard showed that about 500.000 inhabitants lived in the Shakhrisabz Valley and in the Karshi Plains [24:13].

According to comparative analysis, it is possible to observe some discrepancies in the information about the inhabitants of the oasis in the sources about the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries. For example, Semyonov-Tian-Shanski, who studied the number of inhabitants of the cities in the oasis, noted that approximately 60.000-70.000 people lived in Karshi, while about 20.000 – in Ghuzar, about 30.000 - in Shakhrisabz, about 3000 in Kitab, about 5000 people came to live in Chirakchi [26:680]. The data of the sources indicate that the number of inhabitants in the oasis was actually higher than the number. In particular, the data quoted by Colonel Belyavsky say that the population of Shakhrisabz region was 140.000, and if to add the population of villages located on the banks of the upper reach of Kashqadarya, the rivers of Aksuv, Tankhoz and Kyzylsuv, their number would about 280.000 people [24:89]. Captain Archipov and Captain Pokotilo also confirmed this information [27:60].

A. Kun, who studied the inhabitants of the city of Shakhrisabz and their way of life, noted that the region was divided into 14 guzars, such as Kuloli, Khoja, Hauzimardan, Sariasiya, Juikhaltak, Kunchikar, Tagi Aksaray, Sari Bazar, Mumin Degrezi, Kazi, kushkhana, Chagar, Charmgar and Kitab. According to him, 4000 families in these guzars, and the number of inhabitants was close to 20,000 [11:24]. American diplomat E. Skyler, who visited Kitab and Shakhrisabz in the 70-ies of the XIX century, also confirmed this information [28: 28]. By the beginning of the XX century, the number of guzarshad reached 52[29:131]. The largest of these could combine 100 houses, whereas the smallest consisted of 20-30 houses [30:61].

The kenagas and sarai clans of Uzbeks formed the majority of the population of Shakhrisabz region [29: 132]. In addition, Kyrgyz and Jews inhabited the region. The inhabitants of the region were mainly engaged in farming and cattle breeding (sheep, mainly the population living in the mountains and grasslands) [24:90].

The information of A. Kun about Kitab City and its inhabitants is considered important. According to him, the city consisted of 51 guzars and 3.700 families lived there. If on average, 5 people lived in each apartment, it can be assumed that the population of the city was around 18.500 people. Each guzar had one school and a mosque, in addition to which several bibikhaliphas, three madrasahs, a number of mosques where Muslims could accomplish Friday pray, three caravanserais and one bathroom functioned in the city. The city was surrounded by a defensive wall consisting of 7gates: Ravotak,

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Karapoycha, Govkhana, Khoja Rushnoyi, Jangal, Lulikhana and Kunchikar [11: 22].

According to Captain Archipov, the inhabitants of the Ghuzar region lived in about 40.000 yards and grasslands, one part of which consisted of nomadic Kyrgyz-Kungrats, and the other part consisted of settled Uzbek – Kavchin, Sart, Khoja and Tajiks [27:182]. In the archival documents, it is noted that the city of Guzar had about 20,000 inhabitants [25:95].

Colonel Fedorov, who conducted reconnaissance work in Ghuzar and sent the information to Captain Archipov, noted that the number of senior residents in the region was 25.000 people, together with younger ones; the total population was more than 50.000 people. Of these, around 20.000, namely, about 80 % of the total population were Uzbeks, around 5.000, or about 20 % were Tajiks. At the same time, several Jewish families, about 50 Indians, 5 Afghans and 50 Gypsies lived in the city of Ghuzar. The total area of the region was 4.500 sq. verst or 90 sq. miles, and up to 280 people on average lived in 1 sq. mile. About 22.000 people of the population of the region were located in the valley of the KattaUra river, about 3.500 were located in the Kichik Ura river, about 2.000 were located in the banks of the Ghuzardarya, namely, in the north- eastern part of the region. In some parts of the region, the population was relatively dense, in particular, the total area of Garmistan domain was 3,5 sq. miles the average population of each square mile was about 550 people [24: 165].

The following table reflects the location of the inhabitants of Kitab, Shakhrisabz, Yakkabag, Chirakchi and Ghuzarregions:

Table 1. The The The The names Names of number № number number of of tribes regions of land of yards population and clans domains 1 Kitab 9 20.000 60.000 Kenagas 2 Shakhrisabz 14 50.000 150.000 and 3 Yakkabag 11 23.000 70.000 Kurama Sarai and 4 Chirakchi 6 10.000 30.000 Kurama Kungrat 5 Ghuzar 6 20.000 60.000 and Kurama

The data on the land area and population of the Bukhara emirate are different, indicating that at the beginning of the XVIII–XX centuries the ethnic composition of the Kashkadarya Oasis was composed of representatives of different tribes. During this period such clans as Mangit, Sarai, Kavchin, Kataghan, Kutchi, Kipchak, Chinese, Kirk and other clans lived in Karshi city and in the areas around it. Kenagas, Sarai, Kutchi, Turkish, kataghan, Kalmak, Kangli, Chuyut, Kiyat, Kungrad, Mojor, Mangit, Mitan, Mongol, Nayman, Sayatclans resided in Shakhrisabz and the areas around it. Kavchin, Keroyit,

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Kungrad, Mangit and other clans lived in Ghuzar and in the territories near it [31:622].

In the middle of the XIX century, 45 people from the Tatars and 75 people from the Chagatai lived In Shakhrisabz region. The origin of the Chagatoi dates back to Chagatai Mongols, while the Kangli were located along the upper reaches of Kashqadarya [23:220].

Uzbek tribes living in the Kshkadarya oasis also include daymaks and saids. Aymaks consisted of 3.625 people in total, 3.170 of which were living in the Karshi Oasis, 455 were living in the upper reaches of Yakkabagdarya. In addition, 95 of the saids were located along the upper reaches of Kashqadarya. It is also noted in the data that such people as Chimboy (175 people in the city of Macrid), karakaval (125 people), qulyoz (125 people, both of whom lived in the mountain city of Bozarik), whose origin is unknown, are also recorded [23:223].

The Tajiks made up the majority in Kitab city in relation to Shakhrisabz [11:18]. The number of Tajiks from Chagatai Tajikistan inhabiting the oasis of Kashkadarya was the following: 6,125 people resided along the upper reach of Kashkadarya; 250 people lived in Shakhrisabz; 7,280 people lived in Karshi [23:231].

In the emirate, there were also chagatai Tajiks and peoples who spoke and considered themselves Tajik, but were called by the names of the Uzbek tribes. At the beginning of the XX century in the territory of the Kashkadarya oasis, they were registered in the following order:

Table 2. The names of a The names Geographical territory Number tribe or a clan of kents Olot Beshkent Karshi region 295 The lower reach of Kasbi 880 Kashkadarya Aymak The lower reaches of Kamashi 6400 Kashkadarya The upper reach of Barlas Dzauz 1940 Kashkadarya Kungirat Fazli Karshi region 775 The upper reach of Dzauz 430 Kashkadarya The upper reach of Tarakhli Buzarik 40 Yakkabag The upper reach of Самоқ 235 Yakkabag

Arabs living in the cities and villages of the Oasis spoke three languages: Arabic, Tajik and Uzbek. According to the colloquial language, they were called "Arab-Tajik", "Arab-Uzbek", although in terms of origin, all three go to one ethnic group-Arabs.

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During the period under focus, about 2000 Arabs lived in a number of villages and towns of Karshi region of central Bukhara without Borders. 3,680Arabsinhabited Jeynov, Kamashi, along the banks of Maymanak (the lower reaches of Kashkadarya), 1.500 Arab residents lived in Pulatl. During the registration of Arabs, it was found that in the lower reaches of Kashqadarya there were such clans as Karabakh, Mushkaki, Hashim, Khodjaki [23:248]. Moreover, Arabs inhabited Karshi city and such villages as Arabkhana, Kukchak, Kaklah, Pulati and Jeynov, as well as Koson[32:186]. In addition, there were 30 Jewish families in KItab, 100 Jewish families in Shakhrisabz, which organized separate avenues and engaged in trade [33:25]. The Jews of Bukhara spoke not Uzbek or Western Jewish language, but the language that only they could understand, and only their priests understood the Western Jewish language. In the cities, Jews were forbidden to ride a horse, wear clothes from silk fabrics, thick belts and wrap a turban on their heads. They mostly wore clothes made of elm or, a belt worn around their waist was made of a thread or cane, and they wore a small headdress in a circular shape on their heads [34:116]. Several dozen Jewish families who inhabited Ghuzar formed a separate avenues and separate rows in the markets [35:68]. The Jews living in the emirate of Bukhara, in comparison with the inhabitants of other cities in Asia, recognized that the emirate people were kind to them [36:95]. At the same time, here there were only those Indians who were involved in the usury. Since they lived in caravanserais, the total number was not determined. They were externally medium-sized, black-eyed, black-bearded people, described in the sources as cruel, mischievous and scandalous people [37:34]. There were also Afghans who made up a minority of the whole population [11: 18].

In addition, the Iranians (50-60 households), the Uighurs (287 people) and the Jews lived in Karshi city. It is unknown when the Uighurs entered the city. Turkmen people inhabited the villages of Pomuk, Chandir and Mubarek. At the beginning of the XIX century, the city was inhabited by Russians (2.773 people) and Ukrainians, Jews, Germans, Tatars, Armenians who emigrated from Russia, as well as Gypsies around the city [32:186].

CONCLUSION The following conclusions can be drawn based on the study of the ethnic composition and urbanization processes of the population of Kashkadarya oasis at the beginning of the XVIII–XX centuries:

 Uzbekand other nationalities inhabited the oasis and they were engaged in agriculture, livestock, handicraft and trade, the majority (85%) of the population was Uzbeks;  the main part of the population of the oasis consisted of the rural population, which inhabited mountains, foothills and steppes. At the beginning of XX century 13.6% of the population of Kashkadarya lived in the cities;  the population living in rural areas was located according to their tribes and clans; and the location of the population in urban areas, its ethnic composition and social status were related to their crafts and commercial

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activities;  At the beginning of the XIX–XX centuries, some uncertainties and confusion were observed in the information on the number of the population living in Kashkadarya oasis. This situation requires further research on this problem and clarification on the issue.

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