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CITIES, GUZARS, POPULATION LOCATION AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF KASHKADARYA OASIS (XVIII-EARLY XX CENTURIES) PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) CITIES, GUZARS, POPULATION LOCATION AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF KASHKADARYA OASIS (XVIII-EARLY XX CENTURIES) Berdiev Jamshid1* 1*Teacher of the Department “World history” at Karshi State University, Karshi City, Uzbekistan. 1*Berdiev Jamshid Berdiev Jamshid. Cities, Guzars, Population Location and Ethnic Composition of Kashkadarya Oasis (XVIII-Early XX Centuries)-- Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 17(7), 5424-5436. ISSN 1567-214x Keywords: Kashkadarya Oasis, Urbanization Processes, Interaction of Population, the Fortress of the City Bek, City Guzars, Composition of Population, Representatives of different Nationalities. ABSTRACT This article provides information about the processes of urbanization of Kashkadarya oasis in the south of Uzbekistan in the XVIII-early XX centuries. The author made a scientific- comparative analysis of urbanization processes in Karshi, Shakhrisabz, Kitab, Yakkabag, Ghuzar cities of Kashkadarya oasis on the basis of primary sources of XVIII-XX centuries, as well as modern literature created on the basis of these sources. In addition, the article summarizes the dynamics, structure, classes of the population in the cities of Kashkadarya oasis during the period under study, the sights of cities, markets, fortresses, protective facilities, are included in scientific circulation. INTRODUCTION As the objects that form the theoretical basis of the problem, it is possible to include Shakhrisabz, Kitab, Ghuzar and Yakkabag cities in the Oasis. These cities were considered as socio-economic and cultural centers not only in the oasis of Kashkadarya, but also in the entire emirate of Bukhara, which was especially important in the Foreign Economic Relations of the emirate. Referring to the sources in this place, Karshi (city and the territories around it) region, which was one of the largest administrative regions in the oasis, was largely ruled by the crown prince of the Emir[2:240]. The regions were in turn governed by landowners. For example, Karshi region was divided into 15 units, Kitab region - into 9 units, Shakhrisabz region - into 14 units, Yakkabag region - into 11 units, Chirakchi region – into 6 units, Ghuzar region - into 6 5424 CITIES, GUZARS, POPULATION LOCATION AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF KASHKADARYA OASIS (XVIII-EARLY XX CENTURIES) PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) units. The land domains included several large and small villages. The landowners performed duties of tax collection, night supervision and administrative management in their territories [3:19]. It is known that the period we were studying was Karshi city, one of the major urbanization centers of Kashkadarya oasis. During this period, the city was the center of Karshi Region, located in the southeast of Bukhara, on the left bank of the lower current of the Kashkadarya River. Surrounded by walls, this city was not only a trade and economic center, but also as a political and cultural center stood after Bukhara and Samarkand in the emirate. The residence of the heir to the throne was also located in Karshi. THEORY By the beginning of the XIX century, due to political events and socio- economic situation, urbanization processes in Kashkadarya oasis had improved compared to the earlier times, the location and ethnic composition of the population changed. Because of trade, migration processes, population relations, ethno-cultural relations, large and small cities were developed, and the ethnic composition of the population became diverse. Since the above issues related to the period of the oasis we are studying, have not been fully analyzed in the scientific literature, we will try to partially fill this gap in this section. As we noted in the above sections, in the period under scrutiny, the emirate of Bukhara was divided into 27 regions, a certain part of which was the oasis of Kashkadarya. The oasis of Kashkadarya was ruled by being divided into regions, land domains and kents. Cities such as Karshi, Kitab, Shakhrisabz, Guzar played a major role not only in the administrative-territorial system but also in the economic and cultural life of the entire emirate[1:7]. In addition, about ten more small towns and large villages in the oasis area were important in the development of urbanization processes in the oasis as the centers of the regions and land domains (state-owned lands), as well as in the administrative management system. STAMENT OF THE PROBLEM From the middle of the XVIII century, Karshicity consisted of a horde (ark), a farmstead and a fortress, which were destroyed in later periods. On the square in the center of Karshi there were 4 madrasahs, a bath, a mosque, a residence for a crown prince, an army and a bek, surrounded by a wall with a minaret and three gates (Kunchikar, Kasbi, Samarkand). The city wall was surrounded by trenches, and outside this wall, there were residential houses of the population consisting of influential people of the region [4:244]. At the beginning of the XIX century, there were more than 20 guzars (small streets) in the old part of the city of Karshi. Their names were associated with professions specializing in a certain type, local people, as well as place names. For example, Temirchi (blacksmith), Navvaiguzar (the street of bakers), Khalvagar (a person who cooked khalva, a type of sweets), Kulolchilik (pottery), Charmgar (a person ho works with leather), Chilangaran, Kamashi, 5425 CITIES, GUZARS, POPULATION LOCATION AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF KASHKADARYA OASIS (XVIII-EARLY XX CENTURIES) PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) Eronguzar, Arabhona, Beklerbegi, Kattatut, Egarchi (saddle maker), Jugiguzar are among these. In the registan, main area of Karshi, there were the market and stalls, madrasa, jome mosque and caravanserai. Markets, baths, hundreds of mobile stores, closed caravanserais, handicraft shops, and bakeries were located in this area. The area around the registan was surrounded by field courtyards, vineyards, fields and gardens [1:6]. According to information, in the middle of the XIX century in the city of Karshi there were more than a thousand residential houses, among which there were also two-floor (bolokhonali) houses [5:220]. Roughly speaking, the population of the city was more than six thousand people during this period. According to sources from the second half of the XIX century, Karshi was considered a large trade and economic center, local markets were very large, there were many rows of stalls, mobile and workman shipstores, closed palaces (tims), caravanserais. In 1870, in Karshi City market there were 1400 shops, and once a week (on Friday – J.B.) 10-15 thousand customers visited them from all remote regions. In Karshi markets, it was possible to meet not only domestic products, but also many foreign products (soap, needles, various fabrics, salt, paints, metal containers, etc.) [6]. DISCUSSION The researchers noted that Karshi city was located at the intersection of important trade caravan routes, connecting and mediating roads coming from major economic and cultural centers such as Termez, Balkh, Merv, Urgench, Bukhara, Samarkand, Ghuzar and Shakhrisabz. The trade caravans arriving in Bukhara from India, Iran, Afghanistan passed through Karshi. During the market days (once a week), which were considered important in the foreign trade of Karshi oasis, from 6 thousand to 15 thousand cattle types such as camels, horses, donkeys, sheep, goats and cows entered the markets. Iranian and Turkmen Carpets, Russian metal dishes, French soap, Turkmen horses, Indian paints, and Afghan fabrics were especially in demand in Karshi markets [7:17]. Especially the areas around the city were the most favorable trade zone for nomadic Turkmens in the steppe. According to V.V. Krestovsky, on both sides of Karshi registan, the madrasah and mosque of Abdullakhan were located, the other two sides were occupied by rows of stalls. One of the four main city streets adjacent to the registan led to the newly built madrasah of Shermukhammad. There was the Kok Gumbaz mosque located opposite the city market and, in total, there were 16 mosques, 12 madrasahs [5:221] that played an important role in the cultural and educational life of Karshi. Shakhrisabz, the second major cities in Kashkadarya oasis (in some sources of the period we are studying “Shaar”-J.B.). In the XVIII-XIX centuries, Shakhrisabz city was also surrounded by protective walls, there were 6gates (Kunchikar, Karshi, Charmgar, Teparlik, Kitab) on these walls. In the center of the city, there was a fortress, where the bek(governor) Shakhrisabz and his 5426 CITIES, GUZARS, POPULATION LOCATION AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF KASHKADARYA OASIS (XVIII-EARLY XX CENTURIES) PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) relatives lived. The fortress of the bek of Shakhrisabz was named as "Shakhrisabz Afrasiab" among the local people [8:173]. There was the registan, which was considered as the city square, was situated in front of the bek‟s farmstead. Moreover, there was the Chursu market located in the center of the city, where the roads at the gates of the city led to this market. In the period we are studying, Shakhrisabz was divided into 52 guzars. According to the information, each of the guzars had its own mosque, and in the guzars, there were 20-30 apartments for 100 people. It is estimated that in the city, where the main population was Uzbeks, about 4 thousand families lived during this period. There is also information that by the beginning of the XX century more than 50 thousand inhabitants lived in Shakhrisabz[9:141]. During this period, because Shakhrisabz was a large trade and economic center, there were a lot of large and small traders and caravanserais here. Sources testify that traders who specialized in trading with a certain type of product had their own mobile stores and shops in the urban markets (mainly in the Chursu market – J.B.). Large traders were engaged in trade activities with other cities.

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