DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rhetoric of National-Moral Reconstruction in Occupied France, 1940-1944

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rhetoric of National-Moral Reconstruction in Occupied France, 1940-1944 After the Fall: The Rhetoric of National-Moral Reconstruction in Occupied France, 1940-1944 Ryan Perks A Thesis Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada © Copyright by Ryan Perks 2013 History M.A. Graduate Program January 2014 ii ABSTRACT After the Fall: The Rhetoric of National-Moral Reconstruction in Occupied France, 1940-1944 Ryan Perks Utilizing pre-existing scholarship on post-conflict reconstruction in twentieth-century Europe, as well as a variety of French primary sources, this thesis explores the concept of national-moral reconstruction as utilized by French political leaders in the wake of their country’s defeat by Nazi Germany in June 1940. In particular, this study analyzes the competing discourses employed by the Vichy regime and the various organizations of the French Resistance, as each group sought to explain to a broader public both the causes of the French defeat, as well as the repercussions of the German occupation of the country from June 1940 to August 1944. While previous scholarship has emphasized the physical and/or economic dimensions of post-conflict reconstruction—especially when considered in the context of the Second World War—this thesis focuses on issues of cultural identity and national history/memory in order to look at how French political leaders hoped to reconstruct the moral and cultural, as opposed to the strictly physical, fabric of their country in the wake of the comprehensive social, political, and military disaster brought about by the German occupation. Keywords: Vichy France; German occupation; Philippe Pétain; national-moral reconstruction; post-conflict reconstruction; nationalism; collective memory; the Resistance; civil war; Second World War. iii Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been completed without the support and encouragement of numerous individuals. First and foremost, I would like to offer a sincere thank you to my academic supervisor, Dr. Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez, for encouraging me to be both curious and critical when reflecting on the past. It is thanks to him that I have begun to develop a sense of how, to borrow an oft-repeated phrase, ‘the past isn’t what it used to be!’ A heartfelt thanks, as well, to the members of my thesis committee, Olga Andriewsky and Carolyn Kay, for taking the time to read my work and for providing such thoughtful comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank Dr. William Irvine, of York University, for agreeing to serve as external examiner; it is an honour to have as part of my thesis committee a scholar whose work has contributed so much to the study of modern France. Thanks also to David Sheinin and Tom Phillips, in the Departments of History and Business Administration, respectively, at Trent University, for reading an early draft of this manuscript and providing helpful comments. That said, any errors in fact or interpretation are, of course, entirely my own. I would also like to acknowledge the generous financial support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, from which I received a Joseph-Armand Bombardier Master’s Scholarship for the 2012-2013 academic year. More generally, I benefited immensely from my time as part of the History MA Program at Trent. I would like to offer a collective thanks to all of the individuals—teachers and fellow students alike—from whom I learned so much over the past two years. Finally, I wish to thank my parents, Brent and Donna Perks, for their constant encouragement, as well as my wife, Jessica Clancy, for her seemingly endless reserve of love, patience, and support. I could not have done any of this without her in my corner. iv Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v INTRODUCTION. THE MEANINGS OF NATIONAL-MORAL RECONSTRUCTION .......... 1 CHAPTER 1. BEFORE THE FALL: THE ORIGINS OF NATIONAL-MORAL RECONSTRUCTION IN FRANCE............................................................................................. 14 1. June 1940: Defeat, Armistice, Occupation............................................................................ 14 2. Establishing the Vichy Regime: From the Third Republic to L’État français ..................... 22 3. “The Way of Collaboration” ................................................................................................. 24 4. Collaboration as Reconstruction ........................................................................................... 28 5. Reconstructing What? The Third Republic and the French Civil War ................................. 32 6. A Period of Soul Searching ................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 2. THE REACTION: VICHY, PÉTAIN, AND THE RHETORIC OF NATIONAL- MORAL RECONSTRUCTION AFTER JUNE 1940 .................................................................. 45 1. Vichy: Some Problems of Interpretation ............................................................................... 45 2. Marshal Pétain: A Charismatic Leader ................................................................................. 52 3. Making Sense of the Defeat .................................................................................................. 62 4. Pétainist Discourse: The Rhetoric of National-Moral Reconstruction.................................. 65 5. Negating the Republic: Reconstruction as Historical Revisionism ...................................... 76 CHAPTER 3. MOBILIZING HISTORY: THE RESISTANCE, REVOLUTIONARY MEMORY, AND THE ANTI-VICHY RHETORIC OF NATIONAL-MORAL RECONSTRUCTION................................................................................................................... 84 1. The Nature of the Resistance in Occupied France ................................................................ 84 2. The Clandestine Press: Reconstruction as Revolutionary Memory ...................................... 89 3. A Republic—But What Kind? ............................................................................................ 100 4. Winning the War, Winning the Peace ................................................................................. 106 5. The Resistance versus Vichy: Two Versions of a Single History....................................... 110 CONCLUSION. NATIONAL-MORAL RECONSTRUCTION AT THE LIBERATION ....... 113 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 119 v List of Figures 1. Pétain, the natural leader of the nation ………………………………………………………..62 2. “The Gift to the Country, June 1940” ………………………………………………………...64 3. “Follow me with confidence” ………………………………………………………………...67 4. The National Revolution. “Work, Family, Fatherland” ………………………………………76 5. “The earth, it does not lie” ……………………………………………………………………80 1 INTRODUCTION. THE MEANINGS OF NATIONAL-MORAL RECONSTRUCTION This thesis looks at the ways in which French political leaders and organizations reacted to the defeat and occupation of their country by Nazi Germany between June 1940 and August 1944. It attempts to sketch the broader contours of what is referred to herein as the rhetoric of national- moral reconstruction in Nazi-occupied France, a term used to differentiate between a more narrowly physical or economic method of post-conflict reconstruction—the rebuilding of bombed-out cities, for example—and a much more abstract process of reconstructing the moral fabric of an entire nation in the wake of a comprehensive military, political, and social disaster. Perhaps the prime example of the former phenomenon in the twentieth century is the Marshall Plan, by which American political and financial leaders bankrolled the physical and economic rebuilding of Western Europe after the Second World War. While it would be naïve, especially given the Cold War context in which it took place, to deny the role of political ideology in the United States’ extension of economic aid to the region’s parliamentary democracies after 1945, it is generally understood that the Marshal Plan’s ostensible focus was on the physical rebuilding of a war-torn continent, its primary “mechanisms . almost entirely economic.”1 1 This is the judgement of one of the leading scholars on the subject of the postwar recovery of Western Europe. See Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-1951 (Berkeley: U of California P, 1984), 5. For an overview of the political consequences of postwar reconstruction in Western Europe, see Martin Conway, “Democracy in Postwar Western Europe: The Triumph of a Political Model,” European History Quarterly 32.1 (2002): 59-84. 2 By contrast, the French experience during the Second World War provides an example of a different type of reconstruction, one that in many ways was unlike that undertaken by the United States and its allies—France among them—after 1945. Here, the critical point of departure is the military defeat of the French Republic by Nazi Germany in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Murder in Aubagne: Lynching, Law, and Justice During the French
    This page intentionally left blank Murder in Aubagne Lynching, Law, and Justice during the French Revolution This is a study of factions, lynching, murder, terror, and counterterror during the French Revolution. It examines factionalism in small towns like Aubagne near Marseille, and how this produced the murders and prison massacres of 1795–1798. Another major theme is the conver- gence of lynching from below with official terror from above. Although the Terror may have been designed to solve a national emergency in the spring of 1793, in southern France it permitted one faction to con- tinue a struggle against its enemies, a struggle that had begun earlier over local issues like taxation and governance. This study uses the tech- niques of microhistory to tell the story of the small town of Aubagne. It then extends the scope to places nearby like Marseille, Arles, and Aix-en-Provence. Along the way, it illuminates familiar topics like the activity of clubs and revolutionary tribunals and then explores largely unexamined areas like lynching, the sociology of factions, the emer- gence of theories of violent fraternal democracy, and the nature of the White Terror. D. M. G. Sutherland received his M.A. from the University of Sussex and his Ph.D. from the University of London. He is currently professor of history at the University of Maryland, College Park. He is the author of The Chouans: The Social Origins of Popular Counterrevolution in Upper Brittany, 1770–1796 (1982), France, 1789–1815: Revolution and Counterrevolution (1985), and The French Revolution, 1770– 1815: The Quest for a Civic Order (2003) as well as numerous scholarly articles.
    [Show full text]
  • Luxembourg Resistance to the German Occupation of the Second World War, 1940-1945
    LUXEMBOURG RESISTANCE TO THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1940-1945 by Maureen Hubbart A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Major Subject: History West Texas A&M University Canyon, TX December 2015 ABSTRACT The history of Luxembourg’s resistance against the German occupation of World War II has rarely been addressed in English-language scholarship. Perhaps because of the country’s small size, it is often overlooked in accounts of Western European History. However, Luxembourgers experienced the German occupation in a unique manner, in large part because the Germans considered Luxembourgers to be ethnically and culturally German. The Germans sought to completely Germanize and Nazify the Luxembourg population, giving Luxembourgers many opportunities to resist their oppressors. A study of French, German, and Luxembourgian sources about this topic reveals a people that resisted in active and passive, private and public ways. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Elizabeth Clark for her guidance in helping me write my thesis and for sharing my passion about the topic of underground resistance. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Brasington for all of his encouragement and his suggestions to improve my writing process. My thanks to the entire faculty in the History Department for their support and encouragement. This thesis is dedicated to my family: Pete and Linda Hubbart who played with and took care of my children for countless hours so that I could finish my degree; my husband who encouraged me and always had a joke ready to help me relax; and my parents and those members of my family living in Europe, whose history kindled my interest in the Luxembourgian resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Andre Malraux's Devotion to Caesarism Erik Meddles Regis University
    Regis University ePublications at Regis University All Regis University Theses Spring 2010 Partisan of Greatness: Andre Malraux's Devotion to Caesarism Erik Meddles Regis University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.regis.edu/theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Meddles, Erik, "Partisan of Greatness: Andre Malraux's Devotion to Caesarism" (2010). All Regis University Theses. 544. https://epublications.regis.edu/theses/544 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by ePublications at Regis University. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Regis University Theses by an authorized administrator of ePublications at Regis University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Regis University Regis College Honors Theses Disclaimer Use of the materials available in the Regis University Thesis Collection (“Collection”) is limited and restricted to those users who agree to comply with the following terms of use. Regis University reserves the right to deny access to the Collection to any person who violates these terms of use or who seeks to or does alter, avoid or supersede the functional conditions, restrictions and limitations of the Collection. The site may be used only for lawful purposes. The user is solely responsible for knowing and adhering to any and all applicable laws, rules, and regulations relating or pertaining to use of the Collection. All content in this Collection is owned by and subject to the exclusive control of Regis University and the authors of the materials. It is available only for research purposes and may not be used in violation of copyright laws or for unlawful purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Labour Organization and the Quest for Social Justice, 1919–2009
    The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 Gerry Rodgers, Eddy Lee, Lee Swepston and Jasmien Van Daele INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2009 First published in paperback in 2009 by the International Labour Office, CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland First published in hardback in 2009 by Cornell University Press, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States (available for sale in North America only) Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copy- right Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 Gerry Rodgers, Eddy Lee, Lee Swepston and Jasmien Van Daele International Labour Office. – Geneva: ILO, 2009 ISBN 978-92-2-121955-2 (paperback) ILO / role of ILO / ILO standard setting / tripartism / workers rights / quality of working life / social security / promotion of employment / poverty alleviation / decent work / history / trend 01.03.7 Also available in hardback: The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 (ISBN 978-0-8014-4849-2), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geopolitics of Laïcité in a Multicultural Age: French Secularism, Educational Policy and the Spatial Management of Difference
    The Geopolitics of Laïcité in a Multicultural Age: French Secularism, Educational Policy and the Spatial Management of Difference Christopher A. Lizotte A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2017 Reading Committee: Katharyne Mitchell, Chair Victoria Lawson Michael Brown Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Geography ©Copyright 2017 Christopher A. Lizotte University of Washington Abstract The Geopolitics of Laïcité in a Multicultural Age: French Secularism, Educational Policy and the Spatial Management of Difference Christopher A. Lizotte Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Katharyne Mitchell Geography I examine a package of educational reforms enacted following the January 2015 attacks in and around Paris, most notably directed at the offices of the satirical publication Charlie Hebdo. These interventions, known collectively as the “Great Mobilization for the Republic’s Values”, represent the latest in a string of educational attempts meant to reinvigorate a sense of national pride among immigrant-descended youth – especially Muslim – in France’s unique form of state secularism, laïcité. While ostensibly meant to apply equally across the nationalized French school system, in practice La Grande Mobilisation has been largely enacted in schools located in urban spaces of racialized difference thought to be “at risk” of anti-republican behavior. Through my work, I show that practitioners exercise their own power by subverting and adapting geopolitical discourses running through educational laïcité – notably global security, women’s rights, and communalism – are nuanced by school-based practitioners, who interpret state directives in the light of their institutional knowledge and responsiveness to the social and economic profiles of their student populations.
    [Show full text]
  • “Politics, Ballyhoo, and Controversy”: the Allied Clandestine Services, Resistance, and the Rivalries in Occupied France
    “Politics, Ballyhoo, and Controversy”: The Allied Clandestine Services, Resistance, and the Rivalries in Occupied France By Ronald J. Lienhardt History Departmental Undergraduate Honors Thesis University of Colorado at Boulder April 8, 2014 Thesis Advisor: Dr. Martha Hanna Department of History Defense Committee: Dr. John Willis Department of History Dr. Michael Radelet Department of Sociology 1 Song of the Partisans By Maurice Druon Friend, can you hear The Flight of the ravens Over our plains? Friend, can you hear The muffled cry of our country In chains? Ah! Partisans, Workers and peasants, The alert has sounded. This evening the enemy Will learn the price of blood And of tears.1 1 Claude Chambard, The Maquis: A History of the French Resistance Movement (New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. , 1976), vii. 2 Table of Contents Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Chapter 1: Impending War, the fall of France, and the Foundations of Resistance---------------------8 France’s Initiative becomes outdated: The Maginot Line-------------------------------------------------------11 Failures to Adapt to the Progress of War: The Invasion and the fall of France----------------------------14 Collaboration and Life Under Occupation-------------------------------------------------------------------------20 Organization
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Overlord James Clinton Emmert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2002 Operation overlord James Clinton Emmert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Emmert, James Clinton, "Operation overlord" (2002). LSU Master's Theses. 619. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/619 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OPERATION OVERLORD A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Arts in The Interdepartmental Program in Liberal Arts by James Clinton Emmert B.A., Louisiana State University, 1996 May 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the support of numerous persons. First, I would never have been able to finish if I had not had the help and support of my wife, Esther, who not only encouraged me and proofed my work, but also took care of our newborn twins alone while I wrote. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Stanley Hilton, who spent time helping me refine my thoughts about the invasion and whose editing skills helped give life to this paper. Finally, I would like to thank the faculty of Louisiana State University for their guidance and the knowledge that they shared with me.
    [Show full text]
  • Groups Professionals Brochure 2019 -- 2020 2 3
    Groups Professionals Brochure 2019 -- 2020 2 3 THE MUSÉE DE L’ARMÉE LES INVALIDES Face to face with history! Located right in the heart of Paris in the prestigious setting of the Hôtel national des Invalides, the museum is home to one of the largest military history and art collections in the world, offering a unique overview of the history of France. It is one of the 10 most visited museums in France, with around 1.2 million visitors in 2018. This remarkable historic site is the other major building project commissioned by Louis XIV, predating Versailles. The Hôtel des Invalides was founded to house veterans and wounded soldiers. It now forms the unique, prestigious setting for the Musée de l’Armée. The museum's collections contain over 500.000 pieces, covering a period from the Middle Ages up to the present day and following a newly designed educational route: the armour and weapons of the Kings of France, swords, cannons, uniforms, paintings, photographs, the personal effects of important figures such as Françis I, Louis XIV and Charles de Gaulle, plus the Dome church, which since 1861 has been home to the monumental tomb of Napoleon Bonaparte, its golden dome reaching up into the skies of Paris at over 110 metres high. The museum stays lively all year round thanks to the many events organised here, including exhibitions, concerts, performances, immersive games and other activities. A fascinating place to be explored with family or friends, alone or in a group! The cour d’Honneur of the Invalides. 4 SERVICES AND SPECIAL OFFERS* The Musée de l'Armée offers tailor-made packages for tourism professionals at preferential rates.
    [Show full text]
  • Notions of Self and Nation in French Author
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 6-27-2016 Notions of Self and Nation in French Author- Aviators of World War II: From Myth to Ambivalence Christopher Kean University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Kean, Christopher, "Notions of Self and Nation in French Author-Aviators of World War II: From Myth to Ambivalence" (2016). Doctoral Dissertations. 1161. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1161 Notions of Self and Nation in French Author-Aviators of World War II: From Myth to Ambivalence Christopher Steven Kean, PhD University of Connecticut, 2016 The traditional image of wartime aviators in French culture is an idealized, mythical notion that is inextricably linked with an equally idealized and mythical notion of nationhood. The literary works of three French author-aviators from World War II – Antoine de Saint- Exupéry, Jules Roy, and Romain Gary – reveal an image of the aviator and the writer that operates in a zone between reality and imagination. The purpose of this study is to delineate the elements that make up what I propose is a more complex and even ambivalent image of both individual and nation. Through these three works – Pilote de guerre (Flight to Arras), La Vallée heureuse (The Happy Valley), and La Promesse de l’aube (Promise at Dawn) – this dissertation proposes to uncover not only the figures of individual narratives, but also the figures of “a certain idea of France” during a critical period of that country’s history.
    [Show full text]
  • Biblical Republicanism and the Emancipation of Jews in Revolutionary France
    W&M ScholarWorks Arts & Sciences Articles Arts and Sciences 5-1994 Translating the Marseillaise: Biblical Republicanism and the Emancipation of Jews in Revolutionary France Ronald Schechter College of William and Mary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/aspubs Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Schechter, Ronald, Translating the Marseillaise: Biblical Republicanism and the Emancipation of Jews in Revolutionary France (1994). Past and Present, 143, 108-135. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/aspubs/783 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts and Sciences at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. On 21 October 1792 the Jews of Metz joined their Gentile compatriots in celebrating a republican victory. Emancipated by the Constituent Assembly only one year previously, the newcomers to French citizenship took the occasion of a civic festival to celebrate their recently won freedom. Testimony to this public show of Jewish patriotic zeal is an extraordinary document, a Hebrew version of the "Marseillaise," which the "citizens professing the faith of Moses" sang to republican soldiers in the synagogue of Metz. There was nothing blasphemous in the patriotic hymn, and indeed the Jews were following an ancient tradition by praying for the land to which they had been dispersed. For the period of the Revolution, however, it was an unique event, and as such provides the historian with a rare opportunity to glimpse into the world of French Jewry on the morrow of its emancipation.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Supplément Cinéma De
    Label européen des langues, prix d’excellence pour l’innovation dans l’enseignement et l’apprentissage des langues décerné par l’agence Erasmus + France / Education Formation Le supplément cinéma de Un film de Jonathan Teplitzky Dans les salles le 31 mai 2017 4 pages en anglais pour découvrir le contexte historique du film et une interview de l'acteur principal Brian Cox. VOCABLE Du X au X mois 2015 • 1 SYNOPSIS June 1944. A massive allied Forces army is secretly assembled on the south coast of Britain, poised to re-take Nazi-occupied Europe. One man stands in their way: Winston Churchill. Behind the iconic figure and rousing speeches, rediscover an impulsive, sometimes bullying personality – fearful, obsessive and hurting – who has faced political ridicule and military failure and therefore who is terrified he’ll be remembered as an architect of carnage… to be poised to être sur le point de / to stand, stood, stood in sb’s way barrer le chemin de qqn / iconic emblématique / rousing vibrant / bullying agressif, brutal / fearful inquiet / (to be) hurting souffrir / failure échec. THE DIRECTOR WINSTON CHURCHILL Jonathan Winston Churchill (1874-1965) was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to Teplitzky 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Throughout the 1930’s, Winston Churchill spoke out concerning is an Australian German rearmament, Britain’s lack of comparable military strength, and Adolf Hitler. In 1940, he writer and film gave special permission to De Gaulle to broadcast the Appeal of 18 June. During WW II, Churchill director, who has inspired the UK to keep fighting despite bad circumstances and helped to forge an alliance of Allied directed the Powers with the Soviet Union and the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ralph Rumney
    the consu I RALPH RUMNEY CONVERSATIONS WITH GERARD BERREBY WITH THE HELP OF GIULIO MINGHINI AND CHANTAL OSTERREICHER TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY MALCOLM IMRIE Contributions to the History of the Situationist International and Its Time, Vol. II CITY LIGHTS BOOKS SAN FRANCISCO © 2002 by Malcolm Imrie for this translation © 1999 by Editions Allia, Paris, forLe Consul by Ralph Rumney All rights reserved. 10 987654321 Cover and book design: StefanGutermuth/doubleu-gee Editor: James Brook This work, published as part of the program of aid for publication, received support from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Cultural Service of the French Embassy in the United States. Cet ouvrage publie dans le cadre du programme d'aide il la publication beneficie du soutien du Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et du Service Culture! de l'Ambassade de France represente aux Etats-Unis. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rumney, Ralph, 1934. [Consul. English] The consul I by Ralph Rumney ; translated from the French by Malcolm Imrie. p. cm. - (Contributions to the history of the Situationist International and its time ; 2) ISBN 0-87286-398-0 1. Rumney, Ralph, 1934--Interviews. 2. Artists--England-Interviews. 3. Internationale situationniste. 4. Avant-garde (Aesthetics)-Europe-History-20th century. I. Title. IL Series. N6797.R83 A35 2002 700'.92-dc21 2002019772 CITY LIGHTS BOOKS are edited by Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Nancy J. Peters and published at the City Lights Bookstore, 261 Columbus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94133. Visit us on the Web at www.citylights.com. To Sindbad Flee the ruins and don't cry in them.
    [Show full text]