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Berthierine and Chamosite Hydrothermal: Genetic Guides in the Pena˜ Colorada Magnetite-Bearing Ore Deposit, Mexico

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Berthierine and Chamosite Hydrothermal: Genetic Guides in the Pena˜ Colorada Magnetite-Bearing Ore Deposit, Mexico Earth Planets Space, 58, 1389–1400, 2006 Berthierine and chamosite hydrothermal: genetic guides in the Pena˜ Colorada magnetite-bearing ore deposit, Mexico M. L. Rivas-Sanchez1, L. M. Alva-Valdivia1, J. Arenas-Alatorre2, J. Urrutia-Fucugauchi1, M. Ruiz-Sandoval3, and M. A. Ramos-Molina3 1 Laboratorio de Paleomagnetismo y Geof´ısica Nuclear, Instituto de Geof´ısica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de Mexico,´ Mexico´ (D. F.) 04510 Mexico´ 2 Laboratorio Central de Microscop´ıa, Instituto de F´ısica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de Mexico,´ Mexico´ (D. F.) 04510 Mexico´ 3 Direccion´ General y Direccion´ de Tecnolog´ıa, Consorcio Minero Benito Juarez,´ Pena˜ Colorada, S. A. de C. V., Av. del Trabajo No. 1000, Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico´ (Received December 14, 2005; Revised June 1, 2006; Accepted June 6, 2006; Online published November 8, 2006) We report the first finding of berthierine and chamosite in Mexico. They occur in the iron-ore deposit of Pena˜ Colorada, Colima. Their genetic characteristics show two different mineralization events associated mainly to the magnetite ore. Berthierine is an Fe-rich and Mg-low 1:1 layer phyllosilicate of hydrothermal sedimentary origin. Its structure is 7 A,˚ dhkl [1 0 0] basal spacing and low degree structural ordering. The phyllosilicate has been identified by a lack of 14 A˚ basal reflection on X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. These data were supported by High Resolution Transmision Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) images that show thick packets of berthierine in well defined parallel plates. From the analysis of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), we found around [1 0 0] reflections of berhierine 7.12 A˚ and corresponding angles of hexagonal crystalline structure. Berthierine has a microcrystalline structure, dark green color, and high refraction index (1.64 to 1.65). Birefringence is low, near 0.007 to null and it is associated to nanoparticles (<15 nm) and microparticles of magnetite (<25 μm), fine grain siderite, and organic matter. Its texture is intergranular–interstratified with colloform banding. The chamosite Mg-rich is of hydrothermal epigenetic origin affected by low-degree metamorphism. It is an Fe-rich 2:1 layer silicate, with basal space of 14 A,˚ dhkl [0 0 1]. The chamosite occurs as lamellar in sizes ranging from 50 to 150 μm. It has intense green color and refraction index from 1.64 to 1.65. The birefringence is near 0.008, with biaxial (-) orientation and a 2V small. It is associated mainly to sericite, epidote, clay, feldspar, and magnetite. Chamosite is emplaced in open spaces filling and linings. Mossbauer¨ spectra of berthierine and chamosite are similar. They show the typical spectra of paramagnetic substances, with two well defined unfoldings corresponding to the oxidation state of Fe+2 and Fe+3. Chemical composition of both minerals was obtained by an electron probe X-ray micro-analyzer (EPMA). The radio Fe+Mg+Mn vs Si and Al show similar chemical compositions and different XRD patterns in the crystalline structure provoked by the environmental conditions of emplacement. A hydrothermal environment was predominant, occurring before, during, and after the magnetite mineralization. The identification of magnetite nanoparticles supports the hypothesis of a marine environment, specifically exhalative sedimentary (SEDEX) for the berthierine. Key words: Berthierine, chamosite, magnetite nanoparticles, iron-ore, SEDEX, Pena˜ Colorada, Mexico. 1. Introduction thrust zone (Yoshida, 1998), in metamorphic rock in the Berthierine and chamosite are relatively scarce minerals Sierra Albarrana pegmatite body (Del Mar Abad-Ortega in nature, approximately just around 15 localities around and Nieto, 1995), in the coal-swamp deposits in Paleo- the world are known associated to iron deposits. Some are gene and Upper Triassic coal, Japan (Iijima and Matsumoto, SEDEX in origin (Damyanov and Vassileva, 2001; Xu and 1982). Veblen, 1996; Kimberley, 1989; Curtis and Spears, 1968 This is the first report of berthierine and chamosite in the Wiewiora et al., 1998), other sulfide massive volcanogenic magnetite-bearing ore deposit of Pena˜ Colorada, Mexico.´ (Slack et al., 1992), metamorphic origin (Wybrecht et al., It is located to the north of the Sierra Madre del Sur, in 1985), and associated to bauxite and laterite (White et al., the northwestern part of the Colima State (Fig. 1). It is 1985; Toth and Fritz, 1997). These minerals also occur in the major iron-ore deposit of Mexico. It has 173 million Northampton ironstone (Hirt and Gehring, 1991), in pale- tons of ore reserves of high-grade Fe magnetic. We made osol near Waterval Onder, South Africa (Retallack, 1986), mineralogical, physicochemical, and textural studies of the in the oolitic ironstone beds, Hazara, Lesser Himalayan high-degree-of-purity berthierine and chamosite obtained through a metallurgical process, together with other repre- Copyright c The Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sci- ences (SGEPSS); The Seismological Society of Japan; The Volcanological Society sentative minerals associated to the main ore (magnetite). of Japan; The Geodetic Society of Japan; The Japanese Society for Planetary Sci- Berthierine and chamosite are considered good indicators ences; TERRAPUB. of the geological processes and conditions under which this 1389 1390 M. L. RIVAS-SANCHEZ et al.: BERTHIERINE AND CHAMOSITE HYDROTHERMAL Fig. 1. Localization of the study area. deposit was formed. Thus, they represent an important key stratified orebody; (2) breccia stockwork-type and veins of in the knowledge of the environmental characteristics that magnetite with chamosite. 500 samples from both areas contribute to the formation of important iron-ore deposits were obtained using a systematic sampling and divided in in the world (Damyanov and Vassileva, 2001; Slack et al., two groups: (1) Base samples, with the representative char- 1992; Bhattacharyya, 1983). The results obtained support acter of the deposit (mineralogical associations and textu- the hypothesis of a SEDEX origin for this deposit. ral relations); and (2) Samples from metallurgical processes SEDEX deposits are formed from the hydrothermal fluid to obtain products such as magnetic and nonmagnetic con- discharge on the Earth crust surface in a marine environ- centrates. The last ones were separated by density to erase ment. The basins of extensional type provoke the tectonic the background produced by the associated minerals, which activity that accompanied the fluid ascent along the active result in a high proportion of high purity chamosite and faults and the discharge through the hot springs, producing berthierine. This purity was controlled by direct optical chemical precipitation (exhalites) deposited on the marine microscopy, high-quality images were obtained by optical floor. The constant repetition of hydrothermal fluids dis- microscopy, XRD and HRTEM. charge and the exhalite formation provoke sedimentation Base samples and metallurgical products (concentrates) processes, compaction and diagenesis during the evolution were examined under transmitted and reflected light mi- of the sedimentary basin (Pirajno, 1992). These processes croscopy using a Leitz SM-LUX-POL polarized micro- are important components in the formation of exhalative scope. More that 200 thin and polished sections were stud- sedimentary deposits. ied. The optical properties were studied in each separated For the mineralogical characterization we applied several crystal of chamosite and berthierine using oil immersion. methodologies to analyze berthierine and chamosite miner- They present refractive index ranging from 1.56 to 1.70. als associated to magnetite and their textural relations (size For identification purposes, shape and orientation were con- and shape). Main objectives include: (1) studies of min- trolled. eralogical features, mineral association and texture rela- The berthierine and chamosite concentrates were ana- tion that were completed using reflected-transmitted light lyzed by XRD Simens D-500 using Cu-Kα (λ = 1.5418 microscopy, XRD, EPMA and Mossbauer¨ spectroscopy; A)˚ in conditions of 40 kV and 30 mA. Representative (2) identification of magnetite nanoparticles investigated base samples and magnetic and non-magnetic concentrates through HRTEM. of each type of mineral (berthierine and chamosite) were This study shows a complex mineralogy divided into selected for detailed analysis. The XRD patterns from two paragenetic types: (1) chamosite of hydrothermal epi- selected samples were prepared by the standard methods genetic origin associated mainly to massive/disseminated heated at 550◦C for 1 hour. The purpose was to pro- magnetite-sericite-clay mineral quartz and epidote; and (2) voke alteration of the crystalline structure of berthierine and berthierine of hydrothermal origin, due to hydrothermal- chamosite to corroborate the kaolin-type and chlorite-type ism and diagenetic processes in a SEDEX environment. structure for berthierine and chamosite, respectively, fol- Berthierine is associated to siderite, organic matter and lowing the Bailey (1988) method. The kaolin-type structure micro-nanoparticles of botryoidal magnetite. is characteristic of diagenetic chlorite formed in a marine sedimentary exhalative environment. Polytype identifica- 2. Material and Methodology tion was according to Bailey (1988) and Carroll (1970). In the Pena˜ Colorada iron-ore deposit, there are two Representative areas of berthierine and chamosite were well differentiated zones because of their mineralogical selected in the
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